Dissertations / Theses: 'Carbohydrate contents'

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Jordaan, Michelle Bernitta. "Effect of processing on the starch and glycemic properties of Digitaria spp." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2024.

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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013.
Acha starch was isolated and purified from clean and milled acha grain. Functional, thermal and physicochemical properties of acha starch were analysed using appropriate methods. Wheat starch was used as the reference standard. Acha bread from acha grain was baked and the consumer sensory acceptability was evaluated and white wheat bread was used as the reference standard. The effect of baking, boiling, steaming and microwaving on the starch and glycemic properties of the acha starch was evaluated. With regard to thermal properties, gelatinisation temperature of acha and iburu starches typifies that of waxy starch. Acha starch has similar retrogradation temperature profiles as that of wheat. There were however significant differences in some of the functional properties (pasting and turbidity) and physico-chemical properties (in vitro starch digestibility), but no significant difference in the texture profile analysis (TPA) and water binding capacity (WBC). WBC of both acha varieties was higher than that for wheat starch. Due to its high break down viscosity, white acha starch can be included in foods that are subjected to high temperature processing. This indicates that both acha starch varieties can be used for hot and cold desserts as well as for soft jelly like sweets and confectionery toppings. A prescreening exercise using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Xanthan gum, yeast and acha starch as the variables was successful in concluding a recipe which rendered acha bread with the optimum specific loaf volume for both white and black acha bread. The optimum recipe consisted 8.0 % acha starch, 2.0 % xanthan gum, 2.0 % CMC and 1.0 % yeast. The majority of the consumer panellists found the crust colour, taste and aroma to be moderately desirable. This implies that most consumers find acha bread to have the potential to be marketed as wheat free bread. The different processing methods baking, boiling, microwaving and steaming, affected the black and white acha starch hydrolysis. The amount of starch hydrolysed for the different processing methods was in the following order: baking > boiling > microwaving > steaming. It can thus be concluded that different processing methods affects the micro structure and physical properties of the acha and wheat samples which thus influence their starch hydrolysis. The equilibrium percentage of starch hydrolysed after 180 min incubation was affected differently for the various starches, black acha, white acha and wheat starch by the different processing methods and times. In the case of baking black acha starch and wheat bread were affected similarly. However, this was not the case for microwaving, steaming and boiling, where both acha starch varieties and wheat starch were affected in the same way. The rate of starch hydrolysis for both acha varieties and wheat grain for the different processing methods, steaming, boiling, microwaving and baking was affected to the same degree respectively.

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Hu, Yuncai. "Growth response of wheat plant to salinity in hydroponics and soil : I Interactive effects of salinity and macronutrients on the growth, yield, and mineral element contents under hydroponic conditions : II Spatial and temporal distribution of growth and the mineral element and carbohydrate contents in the leaves under saline soil conditions /." Zürich, 1996. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11619.

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Muir, Lindsay Jane Minette. "Carbohydrate content of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata." Thesis, University of Bath, 1986. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378542.

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Nardozza, Simona <1980&gt. "Genotypic variation in Actinidia deliciosa fruit size and carbohydrate content." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/722/.

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In a global and increasingly competitive fresh produce market, more attention is being given to fruit quality traits and consumer satisfaction. Kiwifruit occupies a niche position in the worldwide market, when compared to apples, oranges or bananas. It is a fruit with extraordinarily good nutritional traits, and its benefits to human health have been widely described. Until recently, international trade in kiwifruit was restricted to a single cultivar, but different types of kiwifruit are now becoming available in the market. Effective programmes of kiwifruit improvement start by considering the requirements of consumers, and recent surveys indicate that sweeter fruit with better flavour are generally preferred. There is a strong correlation between at-harvest dry matter and starch content, and soluble solid concentration and flavour when fruit are eating ripe. This suggests that carbon accumulation strongly influences the development of kiwifruit taste. The overall aim of the present study was to determine what factors affect carbon accumulation during Actinidia deliciosa berry development. One way of doing this is by comparing kiwifruit genotypes that differ greatly in their ability to accumulate dry matter in their fruit. Starch is the major component of dry matter content. It was hypothesized that genotypes were different in sink strength. Sink strength, by definition, is the effect of sink size and sink activity. Chapter 1 reviews fruit growth, kiwifruit growth and development and carbon metabolism. Chapter 2 describes the materials and methods used. Chapter 3, 4, 5 and 6 describes different types of experimental work. Chapter 7 contains the final discussions and the conclusions Three Actinidia deliciosa breeding populations were analysed in detail to confirm that observed differences in dry matter content were genetically determined. Fruit of the different genotypes differed in dry matter content mainly because of differences in starch concentrations and dry weight accumulation rates, irrespective of fruit size. More detailed experiments were therefore carried out on genotypes which varied most in fruit starch concentrations to determine why sink strengths were so different. The kiwifruit berry comprises three tissues which differ in dry matter content. It was initially hypothesised that observed differences in starch content could be due to a larger proportion of one or other of these tissues, for example, of the central core which is highest in dry matter content. The study results showed that this was not the case. Sink size, intended as cell number or cell size, was then investigated. The outer pericarp makes up about 60% of berry weight in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. The outer pericarp contains two types of parenchyma cells: large cells with low starch concentration, and small cells with high starch concentration. Large cell, small cell and total cell densities in the outer pericarp were shown to be not correlated with either dry matter content or fruit size but further investigation of volume proportion among cell types seemed justified. It was then shown that genotypes with fruit having higher dry matter contents also had a higher proportion of small cells. However, the higher proportion of small cell volume could only explain half of the observed differences in starch content. So, sink activity, intended as sucrose to starch metabolism, was investigated. In transiently starch storing sinks, such as tomato fruit and potato tubers, a pivotal role in carbon metabolism has been attributed to sucrose cleaving enzymes (mainly sucrose synthase and cell wall invertase) and to ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (the committed step in starch synthesis). Studies on tomato and potato genotypes differing in starch content or in final fruit soluble solid concentrations have demonstrated a strong link with either sucrose synthase or ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, at both enzyme activity and gene expression levels, depending on the case. Little is known about sucrose cleaving enzyme and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoforms. The HortResearch Actinidia EST database was then screened to identify sequences putatively encoding for sucrose synthase, invertase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoforms and specific primers were designed. Sucrose synthase, invertase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoform transcript levels were anlayzed throughout fruit development of a selection of four genotypes (two high dry matter and two low dry matter). High dry matter genotypes showed higher amounts of sucrose synthase transcripts (SUS1, SUS2 or both) and higher ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPL4, large subunit 4) gene expression, mainly early in fruit development. SUS1- like gene expression has been linked with starch biosynthesis in several crop (tomato, potato and maize). An enhancement of its transcript level early in fruit development of high dry matter genotypes means that more activated glucose (UDP-glucose) is available for starch synthesis. This can be then correlated to the higher starch observed since soon after the onset of net starch accumulation. The higher expression level of AGPL4 observed in high dry matter genotypes suggests an involvement of this subunit in drive carbon flux into starch. Changes in both enzymes (SUSY and AGPse) are then responsible of higher starch concentrations. Low dry matter genotypes showed generally higher vacuolar invertase gene expression (and also enzyme activity), early in fruit development. This alternative cleavage strategy can possibly contribute to energy loss, in that invertases’ products are not adenylated, and further reactions and transport are needed to convert carbon into starch. Although these elements match well with observed differences in starch contents, other factors could be involved in carbon metabolism control. From the microarray experiment, in fact, several kinases and transcription factors have been found to be differentially expressed. Sink strength is known to be modified by application of regulators. In ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit, the synthetic cytokinin CPPU (N-(2-Chloro-4-Pyridyl)-N-Phenylurea) promotes a dramatic increase in fruit size, whereas dry matter content decreases. The behaviour of CPPU-treated ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit was similar to that of fruit from low dry matter genotypes: dry matter and starch concentrations were lower. However, the CPPU effect was strongly source limited, whereas in genotype variation it was not. Moreover, CPPU-treated fruit gene expression (at sucrose cleavage and AGPase levels) was similar to that in high dry matter genotypes. It was therefore concluded that CPPU promotes both sink size and sink activity, but at different “speeds” and this ends in the observed decrease in dry matter content and starch concentration. The lower “speed” in sink activity is probably due to a differential partitioning of activated glucose between starch storage and cell wall synthesis to sustain cell expansion. Starch is the main carbohydrate accumulated in growing Actinidia deliciosa fruit. Results obtained in the present study suggest that sucrose synthase and AGPase enzymes contribute to sucrose to starch conversion, and differences in their gene expression levels, mainly early in fruit development, strongly affect the rate at which starch is therefore accumulated. This results are interesting in that starch and Actinidia deliciosa fruit quality are tightly connected.

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Rinehardt, Karl Fredric. "The effects of a 43% and an 80% carbohydrate diet, consumed during intense swim training, on the ability to enhance swim training intensity /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148733599290227.

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Lambert, Charles Paul. "Fluid replacement after exercise in the heat : influence of beverage carbonation and carbohydrate content." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722187.

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This investigation evaluated the Influence of beverage carbonation and carbohydrate content on fluid replacement following exercise/thermal dehydration. Eight recreationally trained men cycled at 50% of their maximal aerobic power in a hot environment (40°C 40% relative humidity) until a body weight loss of 4.12 ± 0.02% was attained. In the subsequent four hours subjects ingested one of four randomly assigned solutions at 15 minute intervals. The total volume ingested equalled that lost during dehydration. The solutions varied in their carbohydrate and carbonation content as follows: 1) CK: carbonated 10% carbohydrate solution, 2) NCK: non-carbonated 10% carbohydrate solution, 3) CNK: carbonated non-caloric solution, and 4) NCNK: non-carbonated non-caloric solution. Before dehydration and at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes of recovery subjects performed a five minute cycling bout (SCB) at 70% venous blood samples were obtained before and after dehydration, and at 30, 90, 150, and 240 minutes of of their maximal aerobic power. In addition, resting data from the carbohydrate treatments were pooled and recovery. Rehydration evaluated from body weight, plasma volume, plasma protein, and urine volume data was not significantly (p> 0.05) different between treatments at any time. In addition, carbonated beverage (CK and CNK) ingestion did not significantly alter the pC02 or pH of venous blood at rest or the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise, however, the ingestion of carbohydrate beverages (CK and NCK) elevated the RER during the SCB relative to the level elicited by Ingestion of non-carbohydrate beverages. Oxygen consumption during the SCB at 240 minutes was significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the non-carbohydrate treatments (NCNK vs. CK and CNK and NCNK vs. NCK), however, no differences in caloric expenditure were observed. Arterialized blood lactate one minute after each SCB was not different between treatments. Lactate levels were significantly higher, however, when compared to the non-carbohydrate treatments. No significant differences were observed in ratings of perceived exertion, or ratings of gastrointestinal comfort. The results of this Investigation suggest that solutions which are carbonated and/or contain a carbohydrate concentration of 10 b are as effective as non-carbonated and/or non-carbohydrate solutions with regard to fluid replacement. In addition, the ingestion of carbonated beverages does not appear to be associated with alterations in the pC02 or pH of venous blood or gastric distress relative to the levels attained with non-carbonated beverages.
School of Physical Education

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Cicek, Mine II. "Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Seed Sucrose Content Using Molecular Markers in an Interspecific Glycine Cross." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36506.

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Sucrose content is one of the important seed quality traits in soybean, especially for oriental soyfood production. However, little genetic information is available on this quantitative trait yet. A previous study was conducted on seed sucrose content of soybean using a population of F2-derived lines from an interspecific cross between an adapted high-sucrose (8.3%) G. max breeding line (V71-370) and a low sucrose (1.6%) G. soja plant introduction (PI407162). Nineteen marker loci, mapping to seven linkage groups (A1, A2, E, F, L1, I, and M), were significantly associated with seed sucrose content after screening 178 polymorphic genetic markers, including RFLPs, SSRs, RAPDs and morphological markers. The replicated field experiments were planted in 1993 and 1995. The objective of my study was to evaluate QTLs associated with seed sucrose content utilizing an additional 153 F2:3 families from the same cross. DNA samples from the additional families were analyzed with the nineteen genetic markers associated with sucrose in the previous study. Sucrose data were obtained from seeds harvested from a field experiment conducted in 1995. Single factor analysis of variance results for the sucrose data obtained from the 153 F2:3 families were compared to the 1995 data for the 144 F2:3 families of the previous study. Of the nineteen genetic markers significantly associated with seed sucrose content in the previous study, seven were also significantly associated in this study. These genetic markers include sgA458a on linkage group A2, NBS61 on linkage group E, sgB164, R-B4a and sgB162 on linkage group L1, and R-B4b and sgA144 on linkage group I. The percent phenotypic variation explained by significant individual markers varied from 2.9 to 6.8% in the 153 F2:3 families. This study shows that seed sucrose content, a quantitative trait, may be improved using the molecular marker technology. Further research is necessary in different genetic backgrounds of G. max in order to implement these markers in a breeding program for selection.
Master of Science

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Boop, Christopher. "Altered carbohydrate and protein content in sports beverages : influence on recovery from heavy endurance exercise /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (662.82 KB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/masters/boopca/boopca_masters_04-21-2010_01.pdf.

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Karim, Zida Muhammad. "Relationship between phenolic content of potato and digestion of carbohydrate in vitro and in vivo." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15592/.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important crop in the world after rice and wheat. Potato tubers are rich in starch, but also contain minor amounts of phenolic compounds. The chlorogenic acid isomer 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) is the predominant phenolic acid in potato. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between phenolic content and starch digestibility in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, the effect of 5-CQA on digestion of commercial potato starch by porcine pancreatic alpha amylase (PPAA) was investigated. The results showed that co- and pre-incubation of PPAA with 5-CQA significantly reduced PPAA activity in a dose dependent manner with an IC50 value of about 2 mg mL-1. Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that 5-CQA exerts a mixed type inhibition as km increased and Vmax decreased. Secondly, in vitro starch digestion was performed on steam cooked tubers from five varieties of potato (Desiree, Mozart, Rooster, Maris Piper and Maris Peer) with varying phenolic content. 5-CQA content of peeled tuber tissue ranged from 10.36 to 29.46 mg 100g-1 dry weight (DW) in raw tubers and 6.51 to 21.24 mg 100g-1 DW in cooked tubers. With the exception of Desiree, 5-CQA levels decreased after cooking. The composition of the tubers in term of dry matter (DM), total starch (TS), free sugars, starch properties (amylose and starch granule structure) were also determined. Significant differences in digestibility by PPAA alone were observed between potato varieties when measured as area under curve (AUC) of glucose released in vitro (p ≤ 0.05). Rooster had the highest and Maris Piper the lowest AUC. Similar results were obtained when an in vitro digestion that simulated gastric (including pepsin) and intestinal (including amyloglucosidase AMG) digestion was used to calculate hydrolysis index (HI) and estimated glycaemic index (eGI). Finally, the digestibility of potato was measured in vivo using steamed tubers from Desiree, Rooster and Maris Piper. Standard glycaemic index (GI) methodology was followed. The results showed that Rooster has the highest GI (120), followed by Maris Piper (109) and Desiree (98). The differences were not statistically significant. Strong and positive correlations were observed between in vivo GI and eGI (p ≤ 0.01). It was observed that estimated glycaemic index (eGI) of cooked potato negatively correlated with 5-CQA (r=-0.91, p ≤ 0.05 ) and in vivo glycaemic response (GI) negatively correlated with TPC and 5-CQA (r =-0.82,-0.91) (p ≤ 0.05) respectively. Principle component analysis indicated that starch digestibility is affected by multiple factors including phenolic, dry matter, starch content, starch granule size and crystalline lamella structure. It appears that the same single factor does not strongly determine digestibility in all varieties.

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Andersson, Katja, and Alva Helin. "Alger som mat : - Litteraturstudie och sammanställning av makroalgers näringsinnehåll." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230583.

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Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa samt jämföra olika ätbara makroalgarter från det Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta och Chlorophyta divisionerna utifrån dess näringsinnehåll. Detta för att analysera algernas utvecklade potential som livsmedel och som substitut till animaliska proteinkällor. För att uppnå syftet kommer algarternas näringsinnehåll att sammanställas utifrån protein-, kolhydrat- och fettinnehåll genom datainsamling av tidigare forskning. Rapporten utgörs av en litteraturstudie där insamling av data sker via databasen Google Scholar och enbart originalartiklar väljs ut. Algernas näringsvärde jämförs sedan med värden för sju referensprodukter som används som proteinkällor på livsmedelsmarknaden idag. Rapporten visar att alger hos divisionen Rhodophyta har det högsta proteininnehållet, men att även alger hos övriga divisioner innehåller mer protein än ett flertal av referensprodukterna. De granskade algarterna har generellt sett goda förutsättningar att substituera många av referenslivsmedlen och därmed den näringsinnehållsmässiga potentialen för utvecklad användning inom livsmedelsindustrin.
The aim of the report is to compile and compare different edible macroalgaes from the Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta divisions by their nutritional content. This in order to analyze if the algaes have potential for expanded use on the food market and as a substitute for animal protein sources. To achieve the aim, the nutritional content of the algaes will be compiled on the basis of protein, carbohydrate and fat content through a data collection of previous research. This bachelor thesis is a study of literature, where only journal articles and scientific reports are used. The algaes nutritional values are then compared to values for seven reference products, that are used as protein sources on the food market today. The report shows that the algal species from the Rhodophyta division have the highest protein content, and that algae from the other divisions show protein contents higher than most of the reference values. The reviewed algaes generally have good qualifications to substitute many of the reference products and therefore, as regards the nutritional content, big potential for expanded use within the food industry.

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Vlasyk, L. I., O. V. Kushnir, N. M. Fundiur, and O. M. Iftoda. "The content of carbohydrates in dietary intake of preschool institutions in the town of Chernivtsi." Thesis, БДМУ, 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17001.

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Jose-Cunilleras, Eduardo. "Effect of exercise and of meals of differing starch content on glucose kinetics and muscle glycogen utilization and replenishment in horses." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1091482764.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Document formatted into pages; contains 181 p. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2005 Aug. 6.

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Sturgill, Daphne J. L. "The effects of a hypocaloric diet, with varying protein/carbohydrate ratios, on the nitrogen balance of male weightlifters." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94474.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a hypocaloric liquid diet, with varied protein/carbohydrate ratios, on two groups of male weightlifters. A maintenance diet was consumed by all subjects for one week prior to the experimental phase, and all subjects participated in a resistance weight training program. The experimental groups consumed either a moderate protein/high carbohydrate diet (MP/HC) with 0.8 g/kg body wt/d protein or high protein/moderate carbohydrate diet (HP /MC) with 1.6 g/kg body wt/d protein diet for the experimental week. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected daily and two exercising sweat samples were taken for each subject. Fecal nitrogen losses were estimated and added to urine and sweat values for daily nitrogen excretion. There was a significant difference in nitrogen balance between the groups over time. Nitrogen balance was positive for the HP/MC group (4.13 g/d) and negative for the MP/HC group ( -3.19 g/d) . The results of this study suggest the possibility that weightlifters consuming a hypocaloric diet should consume more than the US RDA for protein to maximize retention of body protein.
M.S.

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Geissbühler-Vogel, Daniella Maria. "Localization of glucose-6-phosphatase activity and of carbohydrates in boar caput epididymal principal cells /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1997. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Teuscher, Thomas. "Absence of diabetes in a rural West African population with a high carbohydrat/cassava diet /." [S.l : s.n.], 1988. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Anderson, Jason Reid M. A. "The Moderating Role of Glucoregulation in Postprandial Cognitive Response to Beverages Varying in Carbohydrate Content: A Randomized, Counterbalanced, Crossover Trial." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1627129838431796.

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Leidy, Mary K. "The effects of varying protein/carbohydrate ratio of a hypocaloric diet on body composition and muscular function in body builders." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91044.

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The effects of two hypocaloric diets on body weight (BW), percent body fat (%BF), lean body mass (LBM) and static muscular endurance were studied in college aged experienced male weightlifters for 7 days. Nineteen (X age = 20.6) volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (n=5), High Protein/Moderate Carbohydrate - HP/MC (n=7) or Moderate Protein/High Carbohydrate - MP/HC (n=7). The two hypocaloric groups consumed 18 kcal/kg body weight for 7 days. The HP/MC group's diet contained 1.6 g/kg body weight/day of protein while the MP/HC group consumed 0.8 g/kg body weight/day of protein. Fat content of both diets was approximately equal so that carbohydrate content varied inversely with protein content. The control group was asked to follow a weight maintenance diet. All groups followed a similar supervised weight training regimen approximately 2 hours per day, six of the seven days of the study. Analysis of variance revealed that weight loss for the control group was not significant over the seven day experiment but that the two experimental groups showed a similar significant decrease in body weight of 3.6 kg for the HP/MC group and 4.0 kg for the MP/HC group. %BF of all subjects was significantly lower over the 7 day study using both skinfold measurements and hydrostatic weighing but there was no significant difference between the groups. LBM losses calculated from skinfold measurements were seen over time for all subjects and a significant interaction showed the 2 experimental groups to lose significantly more LBM over the 7 day study. LBM determined from hydrostatic weighing produced losses as well, but no differences were noted between the groups. All groups experienced quadricep endurance decrements over the 7 day study, but did not differ from each other. No significant changes were found for bicep endurance. It was concluded that neither the HP/MC diet nor the MP/HC diet was effective for maintaining LBM or quadricep endurance. However, both diets did produce significant losses in BW and %BF over the week long study.
M.S.

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Clarke, Matthew. "Investigating the effects of carbohydrate or fatty acid treatment on lipd content in HepG2 human hepatocytes and mouse primary hepatocytes." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604337.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common liver disease worldwide with its incidence closely linked to the rise in obesity. An estimated 20-30% of the UK population have fat accumulation in the liver (steatosis), which can progress to the more severe forms of NAFLO including steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. High dietary intakes of fructose have been associated with fibrosis severity in NAFLD, however the molecular mechanisms for this remain unknown. The objective of these experiments was to develop an in vitro model of fructose-induced steatosis. Initially, human hepatocytes (HepG2 liver cell line) were treated with fructose (0-60 mM), with and without glucose, and lipid accumulation was measured after 48,72 and 96h. There was no evidence of steatosis or altered cell viability in response to fructose or glucose treatment at any time point measured. Subsequently, primary mouse hepatocytes were isolated for culture with and without fructose. However, we observed that, regardless of glucose concentration in the isolation media (O versus 5 mM) or in the seeding media (5 versus 25 mM), the primary hepatocytes appeared steatotic at very early time points (4, 8 and 24h) after isolation and prior to fructose treatment. This is in contradiction to haematoxylin and eosin stained liver sections from matched littermates that exhibited no steatosis. Subsequent experiments aimed at manipulating both the primary hepatocyte isolation/seeding procedures to establish the cause of the steatosis observed immediately after seeding did not alter the extent of primary hepatocyte lipid content. Fatty acid treatments of the human liver cells under different culture conditions resulted in modest increase in hepatocyte lipid content. It was concluded that although fatty acid treatments could affect the HepG2 1ipid content, fructose treatments of HepG2 cells do not alter HepG2 cell lipid content. Future studies should determine the extent of fructose metabolism in HepG2 and the fate of secondary metabolites of fructose, and whether fructose alters expression of the enzymes of lipogenesis

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Gryka, Anna. "Alterations in the macronutrient content of the diet and the effects on body composition, cardiovascular disease risk and the control of energy metabolism in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/703.

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Background/Objective: Several studies have shown that a low carbohydrate diet (LCHOD) can improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The objective of the current study was to compare two ways of administration of a LCHOD: self-prepared meals versus ready-made meals, and their effects on weight loss, glycaemic control, body composition, cardiovascular risk and resting metabolic rate over 12 months. Research design and methods: Forty-one volunteers with the mean body mass index of 38.8 kg/m2 and poorly controlled T2DM (glycosylated haemoglobin, HbA1c > 7.5%) were randomized to either protein sparing modified fast (< 40g of carbohydrate daily, self-cooked; PSMF) or Go Lower (readymade meals; GL) diet. Both groups received multivitamin supplementation and attended monthly visits. The main outcome was weight loss and its composition. Results: Fourteen (34 %) participants completed 12 months of the intervention. There were no differences in the weight or any other changes between the diet groups at 12 months. Overall, body mass and fat mass decreased (-5.5 ± 7.3 kg, P < 0.001 and -5.1 ± 6.7 kg, P < 0.001 respectively) but fat free mass did not change. There was an overall reduction in HbA1c (-0.4 ± 1.1 %, P < 0.001), increase in HDL-cholesterol (+0.07 ± 0.18 mmol/L, P < 0.001) and decrease in triacylglycerol (-0.6 ± 2.4 mmol/L, P = 0.014). Resting metabolic rate significantly decreased (-137 ± 265 kcal/d, P < 0.001). Conclusion: LCHOD, independently of the approach taken, led to weight loss and improvements in glycaemic control in obese volunteers with poorly controlled T2DM. The results confirm that lifestyle modification using LCHOD is effective for improving T2DM and suggest that the type of approach to the diet can be matched to an individual’s preferences.

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Sá, Fabiano César [UNESP]. "Efeito da suplementação de enzimas sobre o processamento e digestibilidade de dietas extrusadas para cães contendo farelo de trigo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89239.

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O farelo de trigo é um coproduto da indústria alimentícia com custo acessível e importante fonte de fibra e amido que vem sendo empregado para cães. Contudo, este ingrediente apresenta Polissacarídeos Não Amiláceos (PNA’s), que não são digeridos pelos cães e podem causar distúrbios gastrintestinais, que interferem na absorção dos nutrientes. Com o intuito de aumentar a biodisponibilidade dos nutrientes do farelo de trigo em dietas extrusadas para cães, avaliou-se a suplementação com uma mistura de enzimas sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, qualidade e produção de fezes e parâmetros fermentativos intestinais. Foram formuladas duas dietas experimentais isonutritivas. A primeira possuía apenas milho e quirera de arroz como fonte de amido e fibra de cana de açúcar como fonte de fibra, que foi denominada ração controle negativo (CN). A segunda formulação apresentava 25% de farelo de trigo e foi desdobrada em quatro tratamentos: CP - dieta controle positivo, com farelo de trigo e sem adição de enzimas; ENZ1 – com enzimas na mistura antes da extrusão; ENZ2 - com as enzimas do ENZ1 mais α-amilase, na mistura antes da extrusão; ENZ2Pex - com as enzimas do ENZ2 após extrusão, como cobertura. O experimento seguiu delineamento em blocos casualizados no tempo, com dois blocos de 15 animais, três animais por tratamento em cada bloco e seis cães por tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias dos cinco tratamentos comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados foram, também, avaliados por meio de contrastes ortogonais pré-estabelecidos, a 5% de probabilidade. A adição de farelo de trigo levou à redução da digestibilidade dos nutrientes (p<0,05). A mistura de enzimas não resultou em diferenças na digestibilidade, qualidade das fezes e produtos de fermentação microbiana fecal...
The wheat bran is a byproduct of the food industry with affordable and important source of fiber and starch that has been used for dogs. However, this ingredient has no-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which are not digested by dogs and can cause gastrointestinal disturbances, which interfere with absorption of nutrients. In order to increase the bioavailability of nutrients in wheat bran extruded diets for dogs, we assessed whether supplementation with a mixture of enzymes on the digestibility of nutrients, quality and production of feces and intestinal fermentation parameters. Two experimental diets were formulated isonutrients. The first had only corn and broken rice as a source of starch and sugar cane fiber as a fiber source, which was designated negative control diet (NC). The second formulation showed a 25% wheat bran and was split into four treatments: CP - positive control diet with wheat bran and without enzymes; ENZ1 - with enzymes in the mixture before extrusion; ENZ2 - with enzymes ENZ1 more α-amylase in the mixture before extrusion; ENZ2Pex - with enzymes ENZ2 after extrusion, as cover. The experiment followed a randomized block design in time, with two blocks of 15 animals, three animals per treatment in each block and six dogs per treatment. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the mean of five treatment groups were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results were also evaluated using orthogonal contrasts pre-set at 5% probability. The addition of wheat bran led to reduced digestibility of nutrients (p <0.05). The mixture of enzymes resulted in no differences in digestibility, stool quality and fecal microbial fermentation products (p> 0.05). The productivity of feed increased with the addition of the mixture of enzymes ENZ2, reducing the cost of eletctricity production in the diet

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Shevchuk, Anastasiia [Verfasser], Nikolai [Akademischer Betreuer] Kuhnert, Gerd-Volker [Gutachter] Röschenthaler, and Ulrich [Gutachter] Engelhardt. "Variation of polyphenols and carbohydrates content in Camellia sinensis tea products / Anastasiia Shevchuk ; Gutachter: Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler, Ulrich Engelhardt ; Betreuer: Nikolai Kuhnert." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222738880/34.

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Sá, Fabiano Cesar. "Efeito da suplementação de enzimas sobre o processamento e digestibilidade de dietas extrusadas para cães contendo farelo de trigo /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89239.

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Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
Banca: João Martins Pizauro Junior
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Resumo: O farelo de trigo é um coproduto da indústria alimentícia com custo acessível e importante fonte de fibra e amido que vem sendo empregado para cães. Contudo, este ingrediente apresenta Polissacarídeos Não Amiláceos (PNA's), que não são digeridos pelos cães e podem causar distúrbios gastrintestinais, que interferem na absorção dos nutrientes. Com o intuito de aumentar a biodisponibilidade dos nutrientes do farelo de trigo em dietas extrusadas para cães, avaliou-se a suplementação com uma mistura de enzimas sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, qualidade e produção de fezes e parâmetros fermentativos intestinais. Foram formuladas duas dietas experimentais isonutritivas. A primeira possuía apenas milho e quirera de arroz como fonte de amido e fibra de cana de açúcar como fonte de fibra, que foi denominada ração controle negativo (CN). A segunda formulação apresentava 25% de farelo de trigo e foi desdobrada em quatro tratamentos: CP - dieta controle positivo, com farelo de trigo e sem adição de enzimas; ENZ1 - com enzimas na mistura antes da extrusão; ENZ2 - com as enzimas do ENZ1 mais α-amilase, na mistura antes da extrusão; ENZ2Pex - com as enzimas do ENZ2 após extrusão, como cobertura. O experimento seguiu delineamento em blocos casualizados no tempo, com dois blocos de 15 animais, três animais por tratamento em cada bloco e seis cães por tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias dos cinco tratamentos comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados foram, também, avaliados por meio de contrastes ortogonais pré-estabelecidos, a 5% de probabilidade. A adição de farelo de trigo levou à redução da digestibilidade dos nutrientes (p<0,05). A mistura de enzimas não resultou em diferenças na digestibilidade, qualidade das fezes e produtos de fermentação microbiana fecal ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The wheat bran is a byproduct of the food industry with affordable and important source of fiber and starch that has been used for dogs. However, this ingredient has no-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which are not digested by dogs and can cause gastrointestinal disturbances, which interfere with absorption of nutrients. In order to increase the bioavailability of nutrients in wheat bran extruded diets for dogs, we assessed whether supplementation with a mixture of enzymes on the digestibility of nutrients, quality and production of feces and intestinal fermentation parameters. Two experimental diets were formulated isonutrients. The first had only corn and broken rice as a source of starch and sugar cane fiber as a fiber source, which was designated negative control diet (NC). The second formulation showed a 25% wheat bran and was split into four treatments: CP - positive control diet with wheat bran and without enzymes; ENZ1 - with enzymes in the mixture before extrusion; ENZ2 - with enzymes ENZ1 more α-amylase in the mixture before extrusion; ENZ2Pex - with enzymes ENZ2 after extrusion, as cover. The experiment followed a randomized block design in time, with two blocks of 15 animals, three animals per treatment in each block and six dogs per treatment. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the mean of five treatment groups were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results were also evaluated using orthogonal contrasts pre-set at 5% probability. The addition of wheat bran led to reduced digestibility of nutrients (p <0.05). The mixture of enzymes resulted in no differences in digestibility, stool quality and fecal microbial fermentation products (p> 0.05). The productivity of feed increased with the addition of the mixture of enzymes ENZ2, reducing the cost of eletctricity production in the diet
Mestre

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Davis, Jonathan P. "Studies on the influence of ambient temperature and food supply on growth rate, carbohydrate content and reproductive output in diploid and triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5347.

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Kirschbaum, Daniel Santiago. "Assessing the relationships of chilling exposure, nonstructural carbohydrate content and foliar nitrogen applications with strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) transplant vigor and fruiting patterns in winter production systems /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Ayres, Bianca Maira Teixeira 1985. "Obtenção de acrilatos de frutose por biocatalise." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266983.

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Orientadores: Telma Teixeira Franco, Gustavo Paim Valença
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O presente trabalho estudou as melhores condições para a produção de monoacrilato de frutose a partir da esterificação de ácido acrílico com D-frutose catalisada pela lípase comercial de Cândida antárctica (Novozyme 435). O interesse na produção deste éster se dá devido à promissora propriedade absorvente de água do polímero a ser produzido, com diferentes aplicações possíveis. Esterificações enzimáticas são reações de equilíbrio cujo subproduto é a água. A presença desta tem de ser controlada para possibilitar atividade enzimática e evitar a hidrólise dos ésteres. A adição de peneira molecular 3 Á ao sistema foi investigada para remoção da água produzida e favorecimento do deslocamento do equilíbrio para síntese dos ésteres. A produção exclusiva de monoéster foi observada quando a razão molar frutose:ácido acrílico de 1:3, 55 °C, agitação de 200 rpm e 20 mg mL-1 de lípase foram empregadas. Quando a razão molar foi aumentada para 1:5 a conversão de frutose aumentou, mas o equilíbrio foi deslocado para a produção de di- e triéster de frutose. A adição de 3 g de peneira molecular em 25 mL de sistema reacional resultou na produção de 49.5 mM de monoacrilato de frutose com 84 % de conversão da frutose inicial e 41 % da conversão de ácido acrílico após 24 h de reação. Devido à inexistência de padrões de acrilatos de frutose no mercado, um método para quantificação destes por fatores de resposta de CLAE foi desenvolvido baseado nos dados cinéticos da reação
Abstract: The optimal conditions for the enzymatic production of fructose acrylates were studied. Fructose to acrylic acid molar ratio, the amount of immobilized lipase Candida antarctica and the influence of molecular sieve in the reaction media were studied. The results of these variables in converting sugar were monitored. Enzymatic esterifications are equilibrium reactions whose subproduct is water. The presence of this must be controlled to allow enzymatic activity of the lipase and to avoid hydrolysis of esters. The addition of molecular sieve 3 A to the system was investigated to remove of produced water and to shift the equilibrium to the synthesis of ester. The exclusive production of monoester was observed when the molar ratio of fructose: acrylic acid of 1:3, 55 °C, 200 rpm and 20 mg ml-1 of immobilized lipase was employed. When the molar ratio is increased the conversion of fructose increases, but the equilibrium was shifted to the production of di- and triester. The addition of 3 g of molecular sieve resulted in the production of 49.5 mM of fructose monoacrylates, 84 % conversion of the initial fructose and 41 % conversion of acrylic acid after 24 hours of reaction. Since sugar acrylates are not available, it were obtained the concentrations of esters from the determination of response factors of each ester by HPLC-RI based on linear regression
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química

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Silva, Carlos Davi Santos e. "Aspectos morfofisiológicos e de produção de plantas de macieiras cultivadas em diferentes altitudes no sul do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2015. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3539.

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Devido às diferenças de altitude entre as diversas regiões de cultivo de macieira no Brasil, conhecer as respostas fisiológicas das plantas nessas diferentes condições constituem-se questões relevantes a serem estudadas, uma vez que a altitude pode influenciar a interação das plantas com diversos fatores abióticos e bióticos, afetando o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das mesmas. Este trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar a densidade de estômatos e as trocas gasosas em folhas, a dinâmica do teor de amido e da relação C/N em ramos do tipo brindila, bem como a produção e qualidade de frutos de macieiras cultivadas em três diferentes altitudes. O experimento foi conduzido em pomares localizados nas altitudes de 1.000, 1.200 e 1.400 metros, nos ciclos 2012/2013, 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. Utilizou-se as cultivares de macieiras (Malus domestica Borkh.) Fuji Suprema e Imperial Gala, com 7-8 anos de idade, enxertadas sobre M-9 e 2.500 plantas ha-1. Durante os três ciclos produtivos foram avaliados o conteúdo de amido e a relação C/N em ramos do tipo brindila. Durante os ciclos 2013/2014 e 2014/2015 foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas em folhas de brindilas, o índice SPAD, produção e qualidade de frutos. Em dezembro de 2013 foi determinada a densidade de estômatos. Cada cultivar foi avaliada de forma independente e adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (1.000m, 1.200m e 1.400m de altitude) e sete repetições, sendo cada repetição representada por uma planta. Realizou-se a análise de variância dos dados e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott- Knott (p≤5). A cultivar Fuji Suprema apresentou densidade estomática crescente de acordo com a altitude, porém nenhuma alteração significativa foi identificada na cultivar Imperial Gala. De maneira geral, as diferenças nos parâmetros de trocas gasosas registradas entre cada altitude, dentro de cada época de avaliação, variaram principalmente em função das condições climáticas locais. A eficiência instantânea de carboxilação, no entanto, tendeu a ser maior com o aumento da altitude nas plantas de ambas as cultivares. Similar resposta foi identificada para o teor de amido nas brindilas, de ambas cultivares, porém foi observado que quanto maior a carga de frutos, menor foi o teor de amido nos ramos até a colheita. No geral o teor de amido e a relação C/N apresentaram uma relação diretamente proporcional com as variações na altitude dos pomares. A ocorrência de mancha de Glomerella na ‘Imperial Gala’ cultivada a 1.000m influenciou essas duas últimas variáveis. Os frutos de ambas as cultivares estudadas tenderam apresentar melhor qualidade nas maiores altitudes. Isso ficou evidenciado quando comparados a firmeza de polpa e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais.
Due to differences in altitude between the various apple-growing areas in Brazil it is extremely important to know the physiological responses of plants under those different conditions, because altitude can influence the interaction of plants with various biotic and abiotic factors affecting their growth and development. The objective of this work was to characterize the density of stomata, gas exchange in leaves, starch content dynamics, C/N ratio in brindila-type branches, and production and quality of apple tree fruits grown at three different altitudes. The experiment was conducted in orchards located at altitudes of 1000, 1200 and 1400 meters, 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 cycles. We used apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) Fuji Suprema and Imperial Gala cultivars that were 7-8 years old, grafted on M-19, and 2500 plants ha-1. During the three production cycles we evaluated the starch and C/N ratio in brindila-type branches. Gas exchange in brindilas leaves, SPAD index, fruits production and quality were evaluated during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 cycles. Stomata density was determined in December 2013. Each cultivar was evaluated independently and we adopted the completely randomized design with three treatments (1000m, 1200m, and 1400m altitude) and seven repetitions, each one represented by one plant. We performed analysis of variance (ANOVA) to the data set, and means were compared by Scott-Knott test (p≤5). Fuji Suprema cultivar showed growing stomata density in accordance with altitude, but no significant change was identified in Imperial Gala cultivar. In general, differences in gas exchange parameters recorded between each altitude, in each evaluating time varied mainly depending on local weather conditions. The instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, however, tended to be higher in both plants cultivars with increasing altitude. Similar response was identified for starch content in brindilas of both cultivars, however we observed that the higher the fruit load, the lower the starch content in the branches to harvest. In general, starch content and C/N ratio showed a directly proportional relationship with variation in altitude of the orchards. The occurrence of Glomerella spot in ‘Imperial Gala’ grown at 1000m influenced those latter two variables. The fruits of both cultivars studied tended to have better quality at a higher altitude. It was evidenced when the pulp firmness and total soluble solid content were compared.

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Vičíková, Magda. "Vliv listového dusíku a nestrukturních sacharidů na obsah a aktivitu enzymu Rubisco v podmínkách normální a zvýšené koncentrace oxidu uhličitého." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216719.

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This diploma thesis examines influence of content of leaf nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrates on Rubisco activity and its content under impact of ambient (A = 385 µmolCO2 mol-1) and elevated (E = 700 µmolCO2 mol-1) concentrations of carbon dioxide in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). The Rubisco activity was determined spectrophotometrically, the Rubisco content by using SDS-PAGE, the content of non-structural carbohydrates by using the anthron method and total leaf nitrogen was determined by using the Kjeldahl method. The Rubisco activity in needles of Norway spruce did not show acclimation on elevated concentration of carbon dioxide, but the activity was elevated concentration of carbon dioxide stimulated during the growing season. The acclimation was proved by Rubisco content, its content was significantly lower in needles cultivated under elevated carbon dioxide. Content of total leaf nitrogen was statistically significantly lower in needles of Norway spruce cultivated under elevated carbon dioxide then in needles cultivated under ambient concentration of carbon dioxide. On the contrary, the content of non-structural carbohydrates was significantly higher in needles cultivated under elevated concentration of carbon dioxide then in variant A. Seasonal changes of Rubisco content depended on content of non-structural carbohydrates, the Rubisco content decreased with increasing content of non-structural carbohydrates. No dependence was detected between seasonal changes of the total leaf content and the Rubisco content.

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Verdial, Marcelo Fontanetti. "Frigoconservação e vernalização de mudas de morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) produzidas em sistema de vasos suspensos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-27082004-171001/.

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Com o objetivo de estudar o sistema de produção de mudas de morangueiro em vasos suspensos e a aplicação das técnicas de frigoconservação e vernalização nas mudas produzidas nesse sistema, foram realizados quatro experimentos no Departamento de Produção Vegetal, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba/SP, no período compreendido entre janeiro de 2000 e junho de 2003. No primeiro experimento comparou-se o sistema de produção de mudas em vasos suspensos com o sistema convencional. Foram avaliados: matéria seca, teor de carboidratos totais e percentagem de sobrevivência de mudas. Foram utilizadas as cultivares IAC-Campinas, Pelican e IAC-Guarani. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três cultivares e dois sistemas de produção de mudas), com três repetições. As mudas produzidas em vasos suspensos apresentaram maior percentagem de sobrevivência e maiores teores de carboidratos totais. O segundo e terceiro experimentos tiveram como objetivo avaliar o uso da técnica de frigoconservação em mudas produzidas no sistema de vasos suspensos. As mudas foram acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno e frigoconservadas durante 120 dias em uma B.O.D. a -1 + 1oC. Foram então retiradas da câmara fria e plantadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido de 128 células preenchidas com vermiculita. As bandejas foram colocadas em uma câmara nebulizadora, onde permaneceram por 21 dias para enraizamento. Em seguida foram transplantadas para vasos de 250ml e levadas para casa de vegetação. Foi avaliada a percentagem de sobrevivência das mudas. No segundo experimento utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com cinco cultivares (IAC-Campinas, Dover, Pelican, Sequoia e Sweet Charlie) e nove repetições. No terceiro experimento foi utilizado o esquema fatorial 5x2 (cinco cultivares: IAC-Campinas, Oso Grande, Camarosa, Dover e Sweet Charlie; e dois tratamentos de enraizamento: com e sem ácido indol butírico) com quatro repetições. O sistema de frigoconservação adotado apresenou desempenho insatisfatório devido à baixa percentagem de sobrevivência das mudas. O quarto experimento estudou o efeito da vernalização em mudas de cinco cultivares de morangueiro produzidas no sistema de vasos suspensos. As mudas foram plantadas em vasos de 250 ml, preenchidos com substrato formulado com areia e vermiculita (4:1) e mantidas em casa de vegetação durante seis meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o fatorial 5x2, com cinco cultivares (IAC-Campinas, Dover, Sweet Charlie, Cartuno e Oso Grande) com e sem vernalização das mudas, com quatro repetições. Para vernalização, as mudas foram levadas para câmara fria, à temperatura de 10 + 2ºC, e fotoperíodo de 10 h de luz/dia, durante 28 dias. Em seguida, foram transplantadas para dois locais de cultivo com características climáticas distintas, Piracicaba,SP e Caldas,MG. Foram avaliadas as percentagens de sobrevivência, florescimento, frutificação e emissão de estolhos e o peso da matéria fresca e número de frutos produzidos por planta. A sobrevivência de mudas não foi afetada pela vernalização em nenhuma das localidades. Houve efeito significativo no florescimento e na frutificação das plantas vernalizadas apenas em Piracicaba. O estolonamento de plantas foi mais precoce em Piracicaba. Para todas as cultivares a produção de frutos foi e insignificante e comercialmente inviável em ambas as localidades.
With the objective of studying the runners production system in suspended pots under protected cultivation and the application of techniques of stored cold and vernalization of runners produced by this system, four experiments were conducted in the Department of Crop Production, ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP-Brazil. In the first experiment it was compared the conventional strawberry runners production system with the runner production system in suspended pots. For that, it was measured the dry matter and carbohydrates contents in runners and the survival percentage when the runner were transplanted to field production areas. The cultivars IAC-Campinas, Pelican and IAC-Guarani were used, in an experimental design of factorial arrangement 3x2 (three cultivars and two runners production systems), three replications. The runners produced by the system of suspended pots accumulated higher amount of total carbohydrates and the plant survival rate. The second and third experiments had the objective of evaluating the use of a technique of storage cold in runners produced in the system of suspended pots. After the selection, the runners were conditioned in polyethylene bags and storage cold conditions for 120 days in a B.O.D. at -1+1ºC. After that they were removed of the cold camera and planted in trays of expanded polystyrene of 128 cells with vermiculite. The trays were put in a spray chamber 21 days for rooting. After that hey were transplanted to pots of 250mL and then placed in the greenhouse. It was evaluated the percentage of runners survival. In the second experiment it was used the experimental entirely random design, five strawberry cultivars (IAC-Campinas, Dover, Pelican, Sequoia and Sweet Charlie), and nine repetitions. In the threat experiment the factorial outline used was 5x2 (five cultivars: IAC-Campinas, Big Oso, Camarosa, Dover and Sweet Charlie; and two treatments: with and without indol butyric acid) with four repetitions. The storage cold of strawberry runners produced in system of suspended pots lower percentage of survival of seedlings in the two experiments. Therefore, the system of storage cold was not compatible with the type of storage runners. The fourth experiment had the objective of studying the effect of the runner vernalization of five strawberry cultivars produced in suspended pot system. In order to have availability of strawberry runners during the off season, they were planted in pots of 250 mL, filled out with substrate formulated with sand and vermiculite (4:1) and kept in the greenhouse for six months. Completely randomized blocks with the factorial design 5x2, with five strawberry cultivars (IAC-Campinas, Dover, Sweet Charlie, Cartuno and Big Oso) and two treatments (with and without strawberry runners vernalization). For vernalization, the strawberry runners were taken from cold camera to the temperature of 10 + 2ºC, and fotoperiod of 10 h of light/day for 28 days. After that, they were transplanted for two cultivation places with different climatic conditions, Piracicaba/SP and Caldas/MG. They were analyzed the survival percentages, flower blooming, fructification and emission of stolons and the weight and number of fruits produced by plant. The strawberry runners survival was not affected by the vernalization in none of the places. There were only significant effect on flower appearance and fructification of the vernalized plants, only in Piracicaba. The runner emitions were earlier in Piracicaba. For all strawberry cultivars the production of fruits was very low and the produced fruits were unsuitable for commercialization in both places.

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Uhrová, Lucie. "Dynamika akumulace nestrukturních sacharidů a aktivity enzymu Rubisco při zvýšené koncentraci oxidu uhličitého a manipulaci sinku u buku lesního." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216886.

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This diploma thesis deals with dynamic of accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates and activity of Rubisco enzyme at elevated concentration of CO2 on beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Three years old seedlings of beech were cultivated in minisphere with ambient (385 µmol•mol-1, variant A), and with elevated concentration CO2 (700 µmol•mol-1, variant E) for four months. In every variant the first half of plants was fertilized by nitrogen (variant N+) and the second half was control (variant N-). Plants used for experiment were at first adapted for darkness for 12 hours. Subsequently tested leaves were cut off, leafstalk including short segment of branch (approximately 1 cm) was inserted into 0.7 M solution of sucrose (variant S) or water (variant V) and exposed to radiation 200 mol•m-2•s-1 for 0, 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes. Then leaf area and fresh mass of leaf blade were established, samples were fixed in liquid nitrogen and stored in deep freezer to analysis in –70 °C. Rubisco content was determined by SDS-PAGE method, Rubisco activity spectrofotometrically and content of non-structural carbohydrates by anthrone method and HPLC method. Rubisco content was significantly lower in the N- variant than in N+ variant. Rubisco content was also significantly lower in E than in A variant, which is an evidence of down-regulation. Rubisco activity is moderately stimulated at E variant with time, but differences between variant A and E are not statistically significant. Influence of sucrose feeding to Rubisco activity was not proved. Significant differences were detected by anthrone method in non-structural carbohydrates content between variants S and V, but not between variants A and E. Statistically significant increase of sucrose content with time was detected by HPLC method at variant AS, but not at variant ES.

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Charrier, Guillaume. "Mécanismes et modélisation de l'acclimatation au gel des arbres : application au noyer Juglans regia L." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662461.

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Le gel est un des facteurs majeurs limitant l'aire de répartition des végétaux. Il a pour conséquence de limiter l'efficience de la circulation de sève brute par formation d'embolie dans les vaisseaux du xylème. Lorsqu'il y a formation de glace dans les tissus, les cellules vivantes peuvent également être lysées dans les organes lignifiés, et dans les bourgeons. Pour pallier cela, différents mécanismes de résistance sont développés pour limiter la formation d'embolie ou la résorber, pour augmenter transitoirement la tolérance à la formation de glace dans les tissus et pour éviter d'exposer les bourgeons et jeunes feuilles aux gels printaniers tardifs. Ces différents traits ont été caractérisés pour onze espèces communes ayant des limites altitudinales potentielles contrastées. Puis la physiologie de l'acclimatation au gel chez Juglans regia L. a été caractérisée, essentiellement à travers les relations entre humidité pondérale, contenu en sucres solubles, climat et levée de dormance. L'ensemble de ces données a permis d'élaborer un modèle prédictif de la résistance au gel en relation avec la physiologie de l'arbre qui pourrait, couplé avec d'autres modèles simulant la période estivale, permettre d'estimer la conjonction de différents stress sur le potentiel de résistance.

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Zhou, Zewen. "Untersuchungen zum Blatt- und Wurzelmetabolismus sowie zum Phloem- und Xylemtransport in Zusammenhang mit der Stickstoff-Effizienz bei Raps (Brassica napus L.)." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961362308.

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Gary, Christian. "Etude et modélisation des effets à court terme du microclimat sur le bilan carbone de la tomate en phase végétative." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066246.

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CHEN, SHENG-HANG, and 陳勝航. "Changes of the activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and of carbohydrate contents in germinating sweet potato roots." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84416810605483319756.

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Chen, Chorng-Lii, and 陳崇禮. "Infuence of Water Stress on Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Contents of Ponkan Mandarin Trees." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40853292192930384752.

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碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系
82
@　果實產期外利用乾旱處理誘導椪柑開花結果，發現乾旱處理能誘導花芽分化，縮短花芽分化所需時間，但在 6、 7、8月進行乾旱處理誘導花芽分化較 9、10月處理為差，且所開的花易於落花無法著果。BA對椪柑具有催芽效果，樹體經催芽處理後，萌芽率約在25﹪左右。 8、 9、10月乾旱處理開花期分別較正期花提早 5個月、 4個月及 3個月。由乾旱處理對樹體碳水化合物及全氮含量之影響中發現，經 6週乾旱處理後，樹體內全碳水化合物與澱粉含量呈下降趨勢，造成枝、葉內還原糖與葉片中全糖含量的累積，在葉片中全氮含量則下降，而枝條與根部卻呈增加現象乾旱後經過充分供水，在萌芽期樹體內還原糖與葉片中全糖含量則呈下降，枝條內的澱粉含量則呈下降，枝條內的澱粉含量明顯增加，而樹體內的全氮含量會有增加現象。在水分逆境下，全碳水化合物與氮之比值或樹體水分含量與花芽分化似乎無接相關，但是 1年生枝條之全糖與氮之比值與花芽分化卻具有密切之關係。

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LIU, ZHI-FENG, and 劉志峰. "Activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and changes of starch contents in developing sweet potato roots." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64784869348663179773.

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Hopkins, Cheryl. "The nutritive value of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) selected for high dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrate contents." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10181.

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In traditional forage breeding programmes, breeders have spent decades improving the agronomic characteristics of grasses, such as herbage yield, persistence and resistance to diseases, without considering the nutrient requirements of the grazing animal. In an attempt to improve the nutritive value of Italian ryegrass, which is widely utilised for intensive dairy, lamb and beef production in South Africa, Enhancer ryegrass was developed from predominantly Italian types of Lolium multiflorum, with a minor Westerwolds component, by selecting for a higher concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) and lower moisture content than that currently available in commercial cultivars. The nutritional value of Enhancer was compared with Midmar ryegrass in a controlled environment study and in a grazing trial with weaned lambs; and with Dargle ryegrass in a grazing trial with Holstein dairy cows. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, lignin, nitrogenous compounds, mineral content and in vitro digestibility were also investigated as parameters of nutritive value. The anatomical features of Enhancer and Midmar were studied to determine possible structural differences. Weaned lambs grazed Enhancer and Midmar in an eight-paddock rotational grazing system, with 3.5 days spent in each paddock, allowing a 24.5 day regrowth period for the pastures. Holstein dairy cows grazed Enhancer and Dargle which were established on 16 and 19 hectare pastures, respectively. The n-alkane technique was used to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) in both grazing trials. Results from the controlled environment study suggest that the differences in the dry matter and TNC concentration of Enhancer are not positively linked to anti-quality factors associated with forage species, but can be attributed to genetic differences between the two grasses. Despite the significantly higher (P < 0.01) DMI of weaned lambs grazing Midmar compared with Enhancer, the lambs on Enhancer outperformed those on Midmar in terms of liveweight gain and carcass quality. The superior animal performance on Enhancer is likely due to an improvement in the readily digestible energy to protein ratio as a result of its significantly higher (P < 0.001) concentration of TNC compared with Midmar. Milk yield for cows grazing Enhancer in period 1 of the cross-over study was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than for cows grazing Dargle, despite the significantly lower (P < 0.05) DMI of animals on Enhancer. The higher TNC concentration relative to the true protein content of Enhancer would suggest that the protein metabolism in the rumen can be enhanced.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

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Zhang, Lei. "Quality evaluation of Manitoba grown soybeans : contents of soy isoflavones, hydrolysable carbohydrate, sucrose, and seed coat color under three different agronomic practices." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/21047.

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Aberle, Susan E. "Glucose and insulin responses to a carbohydrate snack in carbohydrate cravers and non-carbohydrate cravers." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27625.

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The controversial condition of carbohydrate craving is believed by some researchers to be a defect in the regulation of food intake by an individual. This defect is believed to be responsible for the inability of some persons to control their food intake and therefore their weight. Research was conducted to test the hypothesis that, given a group of carbohydrate cravers and a group of noncravers, the cravers will experience a greater plasma insulin response (concentration and area under the curve) than will the noncravers, and that, because of this higher response, the cravers will experience equal or lower plasma glucose levels during a carbohydrate load. A second hypothesis was that, because of cephalic insulin response due to sensory stimuli, cookies would elicit a greater plasma insulin response than would a glucose solution. This higher plasma insulin response may in part explain the uncontrollable snacking that some individuals experience. The purpose of this research was to attempt to identify a biochemical distinction between persons who crave carbohydrates and persons who do not crave carbohydrates. Eleven overweight female subjects, age 30 to 40, were recruited and divided into two groups, five carbohydrate cravers and six noncravers, based on scores received on a questionnaire that was devised for this study to attempt to distinguish between the groups. A Restrained Eating questionnaire was also administered to the subjects. Both groups had similar, but high, restrained eating scores, indicating that all of the subjects were probably restrained eaters. The eating restraint, as supported by the reported frequency of dieting among the subjects, may well have influenced the subjects' responses to the carbohydrate craving questionnaire. Utilizing these two groups of subjects, two tests were administered. The oral glucose tolerance test was administered, utilizing 75 g of carbohydrate each in the forms of glucose solution and cookies, which were administered in a random order. The tests were administered during the premenstrual phase of the subjects' menstrual cycles, 0-10 days prior to the onset of menstruation. Blood was drawn and assayed for plasma glucose and insulin. The research showed that the cravers experienced a significantly greater plasma insulin concentration and area under the curve than the noncravers, particularly at the 30, 60 and 120 minute time points with the glucose treatment. For the glucose treatment, the cravers experienced plasma insulin concentrations that were 32% to 50% greater than those of the noncravers in the early portion of the test. This supports the hypothesis which states that cravers will experience a greater plasma insulin response to a carbohydrate load than will noncravers. This elevated plasma insulin level may be responsible for the carbohydrate cravings that the individuals experience. There was no significant difference in plasma glucose levels at any time point in either of the tests as compared between the cravers and noncravers, thus supporting the expectation that these levels would be similar between the groups. The hypothesis that cookies would elicit a greater plasma insulin response than would a glucose solution was not supported. Any cephalic insulin response which may have resulted from the sight and smell of the cookies, while not specifically measured, was not strong enough to override the physiological factors that control insulin release. Therefore, the glucose solution elicited a significantly greater plasma insulin concentration than did the cookies in the cravers during the first two hours of the tests, and a significantly greater area under the curve for the cravers at 60 minutes and both groups at 120 minutes. However, the cookies did have an effect on insulin release at the fasting point, causing elevated (x = 79%) plasma insulin levels in three of five subjects who were waiting while others were eating the cookies, as compared with these subjects' fasting insulin levels when they were not exposed to the cookies prior to their glucose test. Another finding was a difference between the groups in fasting plasma insulin concentrations over the 10 day premenstrual portion of their menstrual cycles. The noncravers experienced fasting plasma insulin concentrations that decreased as the onset of menstruation was approached, which would parallel the decrease in progesterone levels. However, the cravers experienced first a decrease in fasting plasma insulin levels to day 3 premenstrual, and then an increase to the level of that found 8-10 day premenstrual. This pattern is contrary to what would be expected as progesterone levels drop, and suggests an altered pattern of progesterone levels in the cravers, although progesterone was not measured in this study. To summarize, in a group of overweight women, carbohydrate cravers and non cravers, the cravers experienced a greater plasma insulin response than did the noncravers for the glucose treatment but not for the cookie treatment, and there was no significant difference between the groups for plasma glucose concentration for either treatment.
Graduation date: 1991

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39

Fuller, Lesley Gordon. "Ultrasonic dispersion of clay from soil aggregates in relation to carbohydrate content." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17566.

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Boyd, Shannon. "The extent and content of outdoor advertisements for sugar-sweetened beverages and fast foods in Soweto." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17333.

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A research report submitted to the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health. 20 October 2014
Background: Health experts are calling sugar the new tobacco (Action on Sugar, 2014). The WHO recently revised its recommendations for a maximum daily limit on sugar intake of 25 grams. Yet a 2012 study showed that South African children and adolescents are consuming up to 50 grams and 100 grams per day respectively (Steyn et al., 2003). Sugar is now recognized for its role, not only in promoting caries, obesity and diabetes, but also in the development of cancers. The World Cancer Report 2014, warns of a ‘cancer tidal wave’ over the next 20 years (IARC, 2014) Health promotion alone is insufficient; drawing on the example of tobacco control, such as advertising restrictions, legislation is the key to prevention. The sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) industry is the leader among all sectors in marketing to young people (Arredondo et al., 2009), thus a similar approach is recommended for restricting SSB advertising to reduce chronic disease risk. There is no data regarding SSB advertising and obesogenic environments in South Africa. This pilot study is the first to describe the location, content and characteristics of outdoor print advertisements for SSBs and fast foods in South Africa. Methodology: This is a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a larger 2013 study investigating the obesogenic environment in Soweto, South Africa. All visible outdoor advertising and branding of SSBs and fast food in a five-square kilometer demarcated area were included. Data on content, quantity, location, size and type of advertisements was collected in the field and a photograph was taken for further analysis. Comparisons were drawn to photographs of alcohol advertising in the same area. Data was captured using a coding sheet and was analysed descriptively and using inferential statistics. The advertisements included billboards, banners, posters, pole advertisements, painted signs, branded school signs, branded shop signs, directional signs and branded umbrellas and fridges. A total of 237 photographs were included in the study. Results: The main findings of this study indicate a significant presence of advertising and branding for sugar-sweetened beverages in Soweto. SSB and fast food advertising and branding accounted for 62.86% of all advertising in the area under study. Of all SSB and fast food brands available in South Africa, Coca-Cola accounted for 86.58% of this advertising and branding. Unlike alcohol advertising, which is restricted to the locations in which alcohol is sold, advertising for SSBs is pervasive throughout the community, seen everywhere from shops and schools to transit stops and on street sides. Most SSB advertising and branding signage is medium or large in size. Images of people were only present in a small number of the adverts. However when people were present, they were consistently young people under the age of 35. The race of people in the adverts consistently represented the black African demographic of Soweto. While the main goal of the adverts appears to be product and brand recognition, there is a trend across the SSB adverts to convey messages of happiness, positivity, friendship, fun and well-being, suggesting that consumption of these products would lend to such outcomes for the consumer. A small percentage also promoted special deals to encourage product purchase. Conclusion: SSB advertising in Soweto is extensive, far surpassing advertising for junk food or alcohol. The government should consider implementing legislation, to restrict SSB advertising. The country should also urgently move to adopt WHO’s new guidelines on the daily upper limit for sugar intake (Mann, 2012), and to limit SSB intake specifically, which should be reflected in revisions to South Africa’s food-based dietary guidelines. Further research should focus on the association between the high rate of exposure to SSB advertising in Soweto and the level of consumption of SSBs and on the understanding of the advertising environment and how this affects the health literacy of South African children and adolescents.

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Moleki, Rorisang Anna Confidence. "Temporal composition of tannin and carbohydrate content in Eucalyptus leaves in South Africa." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24966.

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In South Africa, the genus Eucalyptus plays an important role as a plantation tree and hence forms a major economic component in the forest sector. An insect pest of these Eucalyptus species, Gonipterus scutellatus, causes periodic defoliation in the plantations. Plants have extraordinary array of chemicals (secondary metabolites), which defend them from herbivores. This study reports on the seasonal variation of the tannin concentration and carbohydrate content of the leaves of nine Eucalyptus species. Soluble tannins were quantified using Hagerman test and the carbohydrate content with a refractometer. Generally high tannin concentrations were observed during spring and late summer with low concentrations during autumn and winter. During the months of February, April, July tannin concentration was usually found to be higher than the carbohydrate content. The higher concentration of tannin could be linked to the allocation of carbon for the production of tannin instead of carbohydrates for growth.
Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted

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Hung, tzu-kang, and 洪子剛. "The study of NaCl and nitrogen concentration on lipid and carbohydrates content in Chlorella." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t3vu8t.

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碩士
中原大學
生物環境工程研究所
103
In recent years, fossil fuels are gradually depleted due to massive developments of the industry. Therefore, we need to search alternative energy sources. Today, there are four major energy resources: coal, fossil oil, natural gas, and biomass energy. In this situation, biomass energy is the only renewable resource that makes it a great subject to solve the problem of energy shortage. In different kinds of biomass energy resources, microalgae are regarded as the feedstock of sustainable biodiesel because of their higher lipid contents, faster growth and carbon fixing rates compared to regular terrestrial plants which have been used to produce biomass energy. In this study, Chlorella sp. S-A of faster growth rate and higher oil content among candidates were selected and cultivated in a two-stage procedure. Three different concentrations of nitrogen and NaCl supplements were treated, and investigated their effects on lipid and carbohydrate productivities in Chlorella sp. S-A. The first stage was designed to optimize biomass productivity by using modified artificial wastewater in which nitrogen concentrations were adjusted to 40, 177, 300 mg/L, respectively. After 6 days, system was shifted to the second stage. In the second stage, we added NaCl and adjust concentrations to 0, 10, 20 g/L, respectively. The optical density, cell numbers and dry weights were measured daily. After 12 and 24 hours of culturing, we harvested algae for measuring the oil and carbohydrate contents. By using response phase method to analyze the data, we got the best conditions for accumulating oil and carbohydrates, and the results may provide optimum information of bioenergy productions. The highest oil productivity (75.9 mg/L/day) was obtained at the initial nitrogen feed of 177 mg/L NO- 3, and 10 g/L NaCl at the later stage. The highest carbohydrates productivity (47.9 mg/L/day) was obtained at the initial nitrogen feed of 300 mg/L NO- 3. These results indicated that culturing algae S-A under appropriate salinity can increase oil content and productivity, but concentration of NaCl was not related to the accumulation of carbohydrates. The experimental data applied in the polynomial regression equation of response surface methodology was used to obtain the best solution of bioenergy raw materials. The best solution of oil productivity was 195 mg/L NO- 3 and 4.9 g/L NaCl. The best solution of carbohydrate productivity was 279.6 mg/L NO- 3 and 0.17 g/L NaCl. To achieve the maximum bioenergy production efficiency from different feedstock, culturing parameters may be adjusted according to the results of this study.

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Leatherwood, William Roland. "Influence of salt stress on germination, root elongation and carbohydrate content of five salt tolerant taxa." 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05112005-124544/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Lo, Chung-Yi, and 駱中怡. "Effect of Pulsing on the Postharvest Physiology and Carbohydrates Content of Cut Oriental Lily Flowers." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29488976314829157513.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
87
Oriental lilies can be produced in Taiwan during the winter and spring and are a potential source of export, However, cold storage often resulted in flower buds opening irregularly and yellowing of leaves. Previous studies have shown that treatment with 0.25mM STS mixed with 20% sucrose on‘Acapulco’allows the buds to open naturally and delays leaves yellowing. In this study, the effectiveness of pulsing with 0.25mM STS mixed with 20% sucrose on‘Casa Blanca’is tested. Other types of chemicals were also tested to understand the effects of pulsing on the morphology of Oriental lilies. When Oriental lilies were pulsed with 0.25mM STS, 0.25mM STS mixed with 20% sucrose, or 0.25mM GA3 mixed with 20% sucrose for 4 hours before cold storage, flower buds opened naturally after removal from storage. Although pulsing with sucrose increased flower diameter and longevity, it caused yellowing of the leaves. GA3 and 1-MCP could delay leaf yellowing but could not improve the quality of the flower; the effects of STS were inconstant. Ethylene production increased in‘Casablanca’after cold storage and when the leaves began to yellow but could be prevented by pulsing. Among the chemicals tested, GA3 was the most effective. The addition of 20% sucrose to GA3 caused a slight increase in ethylene levels. STS mixed with sucrose was ineffective against ethylene production, and STS displayed unstable effects. Respiration in the buds and leaves seemed to be lower by GA3 or STS but increased when sucrose was added. A higher respiration rate in flower buds causes earlier flowering, but the same occurrence in leaves causes it to senescence faster. Before storage,‘Casa Blanca’flowers contained high concentrations of soluble sugars and starch and its leaves contained low levels of them. After storage, the sugar content increased and the starch content decreased. When sucrose was added to the pulsing, soluble sugar levels increased, particularly in the fourth flower, which also contained a greatly increased starch content. In terms of the total soluble sugar distribution throughout the plant, the larger amount of soluble sugars was found in the stem and leaves before cold storage. After storage, the content of total soluble sugars greatly increased in the flowers. Respiration and flowering were effectively inhibited only when‘Casa Blanca’was stored at or below 5℃.A slight decline in respiration at 10℃ and the initial stages of flowering could be observed. When the flowers rewarmed to 25℃, the plants that were stored at 0℃ resumed respiration and flowering rapidly. The cold temperature preventing flowering and cell growth possibly by halted respiration. Useful information was obtained from this two-year study on the quality of ‘Casa Blanca’cut flowers, but many assumptions could not be thoroughly proven because of the low sampling number. The environment under which cut liles were cultivated before harvesting acutely affects the quality of the flowers. Since flower supply is unknown, it is difficult to determine the cause of a decrease in flower quality.

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Fisher, Anne Elizabeth. "The relationship between irradiance (quantity, quality and photoperiod), sinking rate and carbohydrate content in two marine diatoms." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3436.

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Diatoms are physiologically able to control their sinking rates through the selective accumulation of lighter ions in the vacuole (an energy-requiring process). The extent to which a diatom needs to physiologically control its sinking rate will depend on its excess density (i.e. the degree to which the cell is denser than seawater). The excess density of a diatom, and thus the amount of energy required to maintain a low sinking rate, might change with the carbohydrate content of the cells. The purpose of this work was to simultaneously measure sinking rate and carbohydrate content in 2 marine diatoms (Thalassiosira weissflogii and Ditylum brightwellii) to see if sinking rate is affected by irradiance driven changes in carbohydrate content. In the first set of experiments, carbohydrate content was varied by growing cells on light/dark cycles under high and low light. Sinking rate measurements (SETCOL method) were made at the end of the light period and the end of the dark period. Sinking rates were measured on live and heat-killed cells in order to compare the inherent sinking rate of the cell (determined by ballast) to the physiologically-determined sinking rate. In the second set of experiments, carbohydrate content was varied by growing cells under continuous red, white or blue light. Sinking rate was not positively correlated to carbohydrate content in T. weissflogii or D. brightwellii grown on light/dark cycles under low or high white light. Sinking rate in D. brightwellii was under physiological control in all experiments, but in T. weissflogii physiological sinking rate control was intermittent. D. brightwellii showed diel changes in buoyancy, with higher sinking rates at the end of the dark period than at the end of the light period, when cells were positively buoyant. T. weissflogii had higher sinking rates when grown under red light than under white or blue light, but there were no differences in carbohydrate content. D. brightwellii contained twice as much carbohydrate when grown under red light than under white or blue light, but there were no differences in sinking rate.

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Zhang, Li-Xiang, and 張立詳. "Annual Variations of Carbohydrate Content Dynamics in Taiwanese Urban Trees —A Case Study of Camphor and Sweetgum Trees." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65793814578604663773.

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碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
105
Carbohydrate is an index that has been developed for near a hundred years in plant physiology. As an autotroph, plants depend on photosynthate, or glucose, as their only source of energy. Carbohydrate also serves as materials of respiration, wood building, and defensive chemicals production. Owing to aforementioned reasons, carbohydrate content dynamics in different parts of plants show how plants distribute photosynthate and how they survive under various environments. Also, the best preserving way of trees in human cognition is to understand physiology of trees, and to maintain trees based on their physiological properties. Therefore, this study was used carbohydrate content dynamics as a physiological index to observe how urban trees have been interacted with the subtropical environment of Taiwan, and then providing suggestions of urban trees maintenances. This study has been taken two native species: Formosa sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana) and camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) for examples at campus of National Chung Hsing University in Taichung City, Taiwan. Each species has been detected for 6 individual trees. Triplicate sample collection were used for leaves, branches, and root which collected once per month from March 2016 to February 2017. Total Soluble Sugar (TSS) and starch content in samples were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method. Then this approach was compared carbohydrate content dynamics of two species with the factors of season changing, exploring how these two species to be detected to interact with the subtropical environment of Taiwan. The results were shown that carbohydrate content dynamics of both species has higher correlation with seasonal changes. Their TSS and starch content in leaves, branches, and roots was detected to be lower from the middle of winter to spring, which means that a fraction of carbohydrates offered for differentiation of leaf and flower bud during winter, preparing for the bud break in spring. The other fraction of carbohydrates turned into soluble sugars for the aboveground part of trees to adopt to coldness and drought during winter. Thus, TSS increased in leaves and branches. Besides, the carbohydrate content dynamics of leaves and branches were similar in both species, while dynamics of roots were different. This means that the differences of carbohydrate utilization models between deciduous and evergreen trees might be ambiguous under subtropical climate compared with temperate climate. Furthermore, starch content of roots of camphor trees and Formosa sweetgum both had two peaks in one year, and the time of peaks were similar. However, the degree of fluctuation of camphor trees was less than that of Formosa sweetgums, which means camphor trees might tend to store photosynthate in aboveground part in order to grow new leaves continuously throughout every season.

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Xin, Zhanguo. "Influence of high temperature stress on content and translocation of carbohydrates in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during grain filling." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27626.

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LI, JIA-HUI, and 李嘉慧. "The morphology and anatomy of Phalaenopsis, the effect of light intensity and different inflorescence development stage on carbohydrate content in phalaenopsis." Thesis, 1990. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67176822480611657216.

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Guertin, Claude. "Interaction between the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae], and white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) voss, its host plant : variations in foliar carbohydrate and amino acid content and insect feeding behaviour." Thesis, 1992. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/3494/1/NN73640.pdf.

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Moubarac, Jean-Claude. "Étude du comportement et des contextes associés à la consommation d’aliments sucrés dans une communauté montréalaise originaire du Moyen-Orient." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5041.

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Abstract:

L’Organisation mondiale de la Santé recommande aux individus de limiter leur consommation d’aliments sucrés dans le but de prévenir le développement des maladies chroniques. En santé publique, peu de recherches ont tenté d’identifier les facteurs individuels et contextuels qui peuvent influencer conjointement la consommation de ces aliments. Or, de telles connaissances seraient utiles pour guider les interventions nutritionnelles visant à en réduire la consommation. L’objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les facteurs reliés au comportement et les contextes associés à la consommation quotidienne d’aliments sucrés chez des adultes vivant dans un milieu urbain occidental. Cette étude a été menée auprès d'une communauté moyen-orientale établie dans la Ville de Montréal. Les aliments sucrés ont été définis comme étant les glucides raffinés dont la teneur en sucres totaux dépasse 20 % de l’énergie totale. Lors de l’étape exploratoire (N = 42), un rappel de 24 heures a permis d’identifier les sources d’aliments sucrés et de déterminer l’apport quotidien en sucres totaux de cette communauté. Une étude qualitative descriptive a été privilégiée et un cadre écologique a guidé la réalisation d’entrevues semi-dirigées sur les contextes de consommation (N = 42). Une analyse de contenu employant des procédures de codage initial et focus a mené à l’élaboration d’un instrument de mesure quantitatif sur les contextes de consommation. Cet instrument a été soumis à un pré-test (N = 20), puis administré à l’échantillon principal (N = 192). Une analyse factorielle exploratoire a permis de préciser les contextes de consommation. Les facteurs individuels mesurés incluent les données sociodémographiques, les symptômes dépressifs, la maîtrise de soi, l’assoupissement de jour, les perceptions ainsi que l’hémoglobine glycosylée. La consommation quotidienne de sucres totaux a été mesurée par un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire (N = 192). Une analyse de régression multivariée employant le modèle linéaire généralisé (distribution de type gamma et lien logarithmique) a été effectuée pour mesurer les relations entre les contextes de consommation, les facteurs individuels et la consommation de sucres totaux, en contrôlant l’âge et le sexe. L’apport quotidien en sucres totaux de l'échantillon est de 20,3 %, ce qui s’apparente aux apports des Canadiens et des Québécois. La consommation quotidienne moyenne est de 76 g/j. Les analyses qualitative et factorielle ont permis d’identifier un ensemble de 42 contextes de consommation regroupés en sept domaines (Actes et situations de grignotage, Stimuli visuels, Besoins énergétiques, Besoins émotionnels, Indulgence, Contraintes, Socialisation). La consommation quotidienne de sucres totaux est supérieure chez les hommes (B = 0,204, ES = 0,094, p = 0,03). Les facteurs positivement associés à la consommation sont le grignotage (B = 0,225, ES = 0,091, p = 0,01), la prise de dessert (B = 0,105, ES = 0,036, p = 0,001) ainsi que les symptômes dépressifs (B = 0,017, ES = 0,094, p = 0,03). L’âge (B = -0,01, ES = 0,004, p = 0,02), l’indulgence (B = -0,103, ES = 0,052, p = 0,05) et l’auto-modération (B = -0,121, ES = 0,042, p = 0,001) montrent, pour leur part, une association négative. Cette étude a privilégié une méthodologie mixte et a permis de développer une mesure innovatrice pour étudier les facteurs contextuels associés à la consommation d’aliments sucrés. Ceux-ci ont été analysés conjointement avec les facteurs individuels. Afin d'encourager les individus à réduire leur consommation de sucres totaux lorsque nécessaire, les initiatives en santé publique devraient en effet cibler les contextes de consommation de même que les facteurs individuels.
The World Health Organization recommends that individuals reduce their consumption of sweet foods and drinks to prevent chronic diseases. Research in public health has not generally sought to elucidate the environmental and individual factors that may jointly influence sweet food consumption. Such knowledge would be relevant, however, in supporting interventions on sweet food consumption. The aim of this thesis was to examine contextual and individual factors associated with daily consumption of sweet foods in adults living in a western urban setting. An established Middle Eastern community in Montreal was the setting for this study. Sweet food was defined as refined carbohydrates that contain more than 20% of total energy from total sugars. In a preliminary step (N = 42), 24-hour recalls enabled the identification of sweet food sources and the measurement of daily intake of total sugars from total energy intake. The context of sweet food consumption was studied through a qualitative descriptive study. An ecological conceptual framework was used to frame the context of sweet food consumption and thus to guide the collection of semi-structured interviews (N=42). Content analysis using open and focused coding techniques was used to inform the development of a quantitative measure to investigate the context of sweet food consumption. This measure was pilot-tested on 20 individuals and administered to the main sample (N = 192). Contextual domains were clarified using exploratory factor analysis. Individual factors measured included depressive symptoms, mastery, sociodemographic factors, perception, daytime sleepiness and HbA1C. A food frequency questionnaire was used to measure daily intake of sweet food (N = 192). Sweet food consumption followed a gamma distribution. Multivariate regression analysis using the generalised linear model (gamma distribution and log-link function) was used to estimate the associations between contextual and individual factors and consumption of sweet food, accounting for covariates (gender and age). Total sugar consumption was 20,3 % of total energy, similar to the average intake of the population of Quebec and Canada. Daily consumption of total sugars averaged 76 g/day. Qualitative analyses and factor analysis led to the identification and refinement of a 42-item contextual measure with items grouped into seven domains (emotional needs, snacking, energy demands, socialisation, visual stimuli, indulgence and constraints). Consumption of total sugars was higher amongst males (B = 0,204, SE = 0,094, p = 0,03). Domains positively associated with total sugar consumption included eating dessert (B = 0,105, SE = 0,036, p = 0,001), snacking (B = 0,225, SE = 0,091, p = 0,01) and depressive symptoms (B = 0,017, SE = 0,094, p = 0,03). Indulgence (B = -0,103, SE = 0,052, p = 0,05), self-moderation (B = -0,121, SE = 0,042, p = 0,001), and age (B = -0,01, SE = 0,004, p = 0,02) were negatively associated with sugar consumption. This mixed-methods study developed a novel measure to study the factors associated with sugar consumption. Individual and contextual factors were jointly associated with consumption of sweet foods. Contextual as well as individual factors should be jointly targeted by public health efforts to support individuals in limiting their consumption of sweet foods, as necessary.

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