Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbohydrate contents

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbohydrate contents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbohydrate contents"

Satoh, Yuhi, Shigeki Wada, and Shun’ichi Hisamatsu. "Relationship between iodine and carbohydrate contents in the seagrass Zostera marina on the northwestern Pacific coast of central Japan." Botanica Marina 63, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0004.

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AbstractPreviously, we reported seasonal variation in iodine contents in the seagrass Zostera marina. Herein, we sought the factors controlling this variation, and investigated relationships between iodine and carbohydrate contents, using extracts and residues of seagrass samples extracted with 0.1 N HCl. In plants, carbohydrates in HCl-extracted and residual fractions are considered to represent storage and structural carbohydrates, respectively. On average, 44% and 56% of total iodine in samples was contained in the HCl-extracted and residual fractions, respectively. Both HCl-extracted and residual iodine contents showed seasonal trends similar to that of total iodine, being high in winter–spring and low in summer. Total and HCl-extracted carbohydrate contents showed reverse seasonal trends from those of iodine, whereas residual carbohydrate contents had comparable values throughout the sampling period. In the total and HCl-extracted fractions, negative correlations between iodine and carbohydrate contents were confirmed, suggesting that carbohydrates do not play important roles in iodine accumulation. Although most monosaccharide contents were not correlated with iodine contents in these two fractions, residual galactose content was positively correlated with residual iodine. We accordingly suggest that one or more specific structural carbohydrate constituents may potentially function as an iodine store in Z. marina.

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Gao, Yifan, Jia Feng, Junping Lv, Qi Liu, Fangru Nan, Xudong Liu, and Shulian Xie. "Physiological Changes of Parachlorella Kessleri TY02 in Lipid Accumulation under Nitrogen Stress." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071188.

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In order to study the effects of nitrogen stress on the lipid synthesis of Parachlorella kessleri TY02 and to understand the changes in growth, photosynthetic pigments, total protein and total carbohydrate contents during lipid accumulation, the cells of the strain were cultured in nitrogen-deficient (N−) and nitrogen-rich (N+) media for one week. Changes in cell growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, neutral lipid and total lipid content, total protein content and total carbohydrate content were measured and analyzed. The results showed that, under nitrogen stress, the algal strain grew slowly, and chlorophyll and total protein contents decreased, while total carbohydrate and total lipid contents increased. This indicated that, under nitrogen stress, most of the carbon flowed to the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. Meanwhile, reducing the nitrogen content was a relatively economical and easy to operate method of promoting lipid accumulation.

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Li, Xingkang, Yuanmei Liang, Kai Li, Peng Jin, Jie Tang, Anna Klepacz-Smółka, Stanislaw Ledakowicz, and Maurycy Daroch. "Effects of Low Temperature, Nitrogen Starvation and Their Combination on the Photosynthesis and Metabolites of Thermosynechococcus E542: A Comparison Study." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102101.

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Both low temperature and nitrogen starvation caused chlorosis of cyanobacteria. Here, in this study, for the first time, we compared the effects of low temperature, nitrogen starvation, and their combination on the photosynthesis and metabolites of a thermophilic cyanobacterium strain, Thermosynechococcus E542. Under various culture conditions, the growth rates, pigment contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored, and the composition of alkanes, lipidomes, and carbohydrates were determined. It was found that low temperature (35 °C) significantly suppressed the growth of Thermosynechococcus E542. Nitrogen starvation at 45 °C and 55 °C did not affect the growth; however, combined treatment of low temperature and nitrogen starvation led to the lowest growth rate and biomass productivity. Both low temperature and nitrogen starvation caused significantly declined contents of pigments, but they resulted in a different effect on the OJIP curves, and their combination led to the lowest pigment contents. The composition of fatty acids and alkanes was altered upon low-temperature cultivation, while nitrogen starvation caused reduced contents of all lipids. The low temperature did not affect carbohydrate contents, while nitrogen starvation greatly enhanced carbohydrate content, and their combination did not enhance carbohydrate content, but led to reduced productivity. These results revealed the influence of low temperature, nitrogen starvation, and their combined treatment for the accumulation of phycobiliproteins, lipids, and carbohydrates of a thermophilic cyanobacterium strain, Thermosynechococcus E542.

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ANGERS, D. A., and G. R. MEHUYS. "EFFECTS OF CROPPING ON CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT AND WATER-STABLE AGGREGATION OF A CLAY SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-037.

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In a previous study, the mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates of a clay soil was increased by up to 50% after two growing seasons under barley and alfalfa compared to fallow or corn. The objective of the present study was to determine whether rapid changes in water-stable aggregation under different crops were related to changes in soil carbohydrate content. Compared to fallow or corn, cropping to barley and alfalfa for 2 yr did not affect the soil C and N contents but significantly increased carbohydrate content by up to 25%. The correlation (r = 0.63, P = 0.001) between aggregate mean weight diameter and carbohydrate content suggested that at least part of the change in water-stable aggregation was related to carbohydrates. Treatment of the soil with sodium periodate prior to wet-sieving confirmed the partial involvement of carbohydrates in the stabilization of aggregates by crops. The remainder of the crop effect on aggregation was removed by sodium tetraborate which suggests that more-humified, though ill-defined, organic substances were also involved. Key words: Carbohydrates, aggregate stability, barley, alfalfa, corn, periodate

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Lobato, A. K. S., Gonçalves-Vidigal MC, Filho PS Vidigal, R. C. L. Costa, F. J. R. Cruz, D. G. C. Santos, C. R. Silva, Silva LI, and Sousa LL. "Changes in photosynthetic pigment and carbohydrate content in common bean cultivars infected by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 2 (February 24, 2009): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/259-pse.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate contents on resistant and susceptible plants of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. (cvs. Mexico 222 and Widusa) infected by <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i> race 23. The experimental design used was entirely randomized in factorial scheme, with 2 cultivars (Mexico 222 and Widusa) and 2 treatments (control and inoculated). The cultivar Widusa (susceptible) showed a significant reduction in photosynthetic pigments, and an increase in the total carbohydrates, sucrose and reducing carbohydrates, whereas the cultivar Mexico 222 (resistant) showed a significant change in the carotenoid and total carbohydrate contents.

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Sivaci, Aysel, and Sevcan Duman. "Seasonal variation of carbohydrate content in stem and leaves of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 43, no. 2 (January 19, 2015): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i2.21677.

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Seasonal change of total carbohydrate contents in samples taken from leaves and stems of almond varieties was investigated. Carbohydrate contents in the leaves and stem of all varieties showed seasonal differences. The highest carbohydrate content in the leaves and stem of all varieties was found in April, and January, respectively. The lowest carbohydrate content in the leaves of Nonpareil was found in July, that of Ferragnes and Texas in October. The lowest level of carbohydrate content in the stem of all varieties was found in July. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i2.21677 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(2): 223-225, 2014 (September)

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BALDOCK, J. A., B. D. KAY, and M. SCHNITZER. "INFLUENCE OF CROPPING TREATMENTS ON THE MONOSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF THE HYDROLYSATES OF A SOIL AND ITS AGGREGATE FRACTIONS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss87-046.

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The influence of three cropping treatments on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the carbohydrate fraction of a silt loam soil and its water-stable aggregates was assessed. Three cropping treatments were considered: bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) grown continuously for 15 yr (B15), grain-corn (Zea mays L.) grown continuously using conventional tillage for 15 yr (C15), and grain-corn grown continuously for 13 yr followed by 2 yr of bromegrass (B13C2). Six water-stable aggregate size fractions ranging from 8.00–4.70 to 0.25–0.10 mm in diameter were separated from the soil by wet sieving. The carbohydrate fraction was extracted by acid hydrolysis, reduced, acetylated to alditol acetates and analyzed by temperature-programmed capillary gas chromatography. Total carbohydrate content was not significantly influenced by cropping treatment but was observed to increase as aggregate size decreased irrespective of cropping treatment. The carbohydrate content in the different aggregate size fractions was positively correlated with both organic carbon and clay contents. With the exception of xylose and mannose, the monomeric sugars behaved similarly to total carbohydrates. Based on the magnitude of the ratio of the content of mannose to that of arabinose plus xylose, the contribution of plant carbohydrates to the total carbohydrate fraction increased as aggregate size decreased in the B15 treatment, but decreased in the C13B2 and C15 treatments. No significant correlations existed between either the total carbohydrate content or the content of individual sugars, and the stability of aggregates in the soils from the different cropping treatments. Key words: Wet aggregate stability, soil organic matter, soil structure, crop rotation, corn, bromegrass

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Subaktilah, Yani, Agung Wahyono, Silvia Oktavia Nur Yudiastuti, and Qurrota A’yun Mahros. "Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata L) terhadap Nilai Gizi Brownies Kukus Labu Kuning." Jurnal Ilmiah Inovasi 21, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jii.v21i1.2629.

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Pumpkin is one of an agricultural commodity which is rich in nutrients. Pumpkin also has high vitamin and mineral contents including betacarotene, vitamin C and vitamin B1. Pumpkin flour is suitable to be added into food products in order to increase the nutrient contents. The study aimed to know the effect of pumpkin flour substitution on the chemical characteristic of steamed brownies. The pumpkin flour substitution were 0%,20%,40%,60%, 80%, and 100% based on wheat flour weight. The result showed that the pumpkin flour substitution significantly increased the moisture contents, ash contents, and carbohydrate contents of steamed brownies. The highest fat content, protein content, and carbohydrate content showed in those of 20% pumpkin flour substitusion. It contained 29,43% of fat content, 8,65% of protein content, and 8,65% of carbohydrate content, respectively.

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Brown, Christopher S., Eric Young, and David M. Pharr. "Rootstock and Scion Effects on the Seasonal Distribution of Dry Weight and Carbohydrates in Young Apple Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 5 (September 1985): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.5.696.

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Abstract Carbohydrates were measured in young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees throughout the period of 28 Mar. 1983 to 16 Apr. 1984. Two rootstocks, M.9 (full dwarf) and MMIII (vigorous) and 2 scion cultivars, ‘Redchief and ‘Northern Spy’ were used in the 4 possible combinations. Trees were separated into 5 classes of vegetative tissue and analyzed for starch, sorbitol, and soluble sugars. Dry weights also were measured. Trees of MMIII had a greater dry weight in the above and below ground portions than trees on M.9. Carbohydrate contents followed a similar pattern. ‘Northern Spy’ scions had greater dry weight and carbohydrate content in the above ground portion than ‘Redchief. ‘Redchief had greater dry weight and carbohydrate content in the below ground portion than ‘Northern Spy’. Above ground starch content and below ground sorbitol and soluble sugar content did not follow this pattern.

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Garcia-Luis, A., F. Fornes, and J. L. Guardiola. "Leaf Carbohydrates and Flower Formation in Citrus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 2 (March 1995): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.2.222.

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The carbohydrate contents of the leaves of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees were altered before or during the low temperature flower induction period to determine the relationship between gross levels of carbohydrates and flower formation. Early removal of the fruit and girdling of the branches on either fruiting or defruited trees caused an accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and increased flower formation. Shading the trees resulted in a transient reduction in leaf carbohydrate levels and in a decrease in flower formation. Although a relationship between carbohydrate levels and flowering was consistently found, our results show that the gross levels of carbohydrates do not appear to limit flower formation in citrus.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbohydrate contents"

Jordaan, Michelle Bernitta. "Effect of processing on the starch and glycemic properties of Digitaria spp." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2024.

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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013.
Acha starch was isolated and purified from clean and milled acha grain. Functional, thermal and physicochemical properties of acha starch were analysed using appropriate methods. Wheat starch was used as the reference standard. Acha bread from acha grain was baked and the consumer sensory acceptability was evaluated and white wheat bread was used as the reference standard. The effect of baking, boiling, steaming and microwaving on the starch and glycemic properties of the acha starch was evaluated. With regard to thermal properties, gelatinisation temperature of acha and iburu starches typifies that of waxy starch. Acha starch has similar retrogradation temperature profiles as that of wheat. There were however significant differences in some of the functional properties (pasting and turbidity) and physico-chemical properties (in vitro starch digestibility), but no significant difference in the texture profile analysis (TPA) and water binding capacity (WBC). WBC of both acha varieties was higher than that for wheat starch. Due to its high break down viscosity, white acha starch can be included in foods that are subjected to high temperature processing. This indicates that both acha starch varieties can be used for hot and cold desserts as well as for soft jelly like sweets and confectionery toppings. A prescreening exercise using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Xanthan gum, yeast and acha starch as the variables was successful in concluding a recipe which rendered acha bread with the optimum specific loaf volume for both white and black acha bread. The optimum recipe consisted 8.0 % acha starch, 2.0 % xanthan gum, 2.0 % CMC and 1.0 % yeast. The majority of the consumer panellists found the crust colour, taste and aroma to be moderately desirable. This implies that most consumers find acha bread to have the potential to be marketed as wheat free bread. The different processing methods baking, boiling, microwaving and steaming, affected the black and white acha starch hydrolysis. The amount of starch hydrolysed for the different processing methods was in the following order: baking > boiling > microwaving > steaming. It can thus be concluded that different processing methods affects the micro structure and physical properties of the acha and wheat samples which thus influence their starch hydrolysis. The equilibrium percentage of starch hydrolysed after 180 min incubation was affected differently for the various starches, black acha, white acha and wheat starch by the different processing methods and times. In the case of baking black acha starch and wheat bread were affected similarly. However, this was not the case for microwaving, steaming and boiling, where both acha starch varieties and wheat starch were affected in the same way. The rate of starch hydrolysis for both acha varieties and wheat grain for the different processing methods, steaming, boiling, microwaving and baking was affected to the same degree respectively.

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Hu, Yuncai. "Growth response of wheat plant to salinity in hydroponics and soil : I Interactive effects of salinity and macronutrients on the growth, yield, and mineral element contents under hydroponic conditions : II Spatial and temporal distribution of growth and the mineral element and carbohydrate contents in the leaves under saline soil conditions /." Zürich, 1996. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11619.

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Muir, Lindsay Jane Minette. "Carbohydrate content of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata." Thesis, University of Bath, 1986. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378542.

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Nardozza, Simona <1980&gt. "Genotypic variation in Actinidia deliciosa fruit size and carbohydrate content." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/722/.

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In a global and increasingly competitive fresh produce market, more attention is being given to fruit quality traits and consumer satisfaction. Kiwifruit occupies a niche position in the worldwide market, when compared to apples, oranges or bananas. It is a fruit with extraordinarily good nutritional traits, and its benefits to human health have been widely described. Until recently, international trade in kiwifruit was restricted to a single cultivar, but different types of kiwifruit are now becoming available in the market. Effective programmes of kiwifruit improvement start by considering the requirements of consumers, and recent surveys indicate that sweeter fruit with better flavour are generally preferred. There is a strong correlation between at-harvest dry matter and starch content, and soluble solid concentration and flavour when fruit are eating ripe. This suggests that carbon accumulation strongly influences the development of kiwifruit taste. The overall aim of the present study was to determine what factors affect carbon accumulation during Actinidia deliciosa berry development. One way of doing this is by comparing kiwifruit genotypes that differ greatly in their ability to accumulate dry matter in their fruit. Starch is the major component of dry matter content. It was hypothesized that genotypes were different in sink strength. Sink strength, by definition, is the effect of sink size and sink activity. Chapter 1 reviews fruit growth, kiwifruit growth and development and carbon metabolism. Chapter 2 describes the materials and methods used. Chapter 3, 4, 5 and 6 describes different types of experimental work. Chapter 7 contains the final discussions and the conclusions Three Actinidia deliciosa breeding populations were analysed in detail to confirm that observed differences in dry matter content were genetically determined. Fruit of the different genotypes differed in dry matter content mainly because of differences in starch concentrations and dry weight accumulation rates, irrespective of fruit size. More detailed experiments were therefore carried out on genotypes which varied most in fruit starch concentrations to determine why sink strengths were so different. The kiwifruit berry comprises three tissues which differ in dry matter content. It was initially hypothesised that observed differences in starch content could be due to a larger proportion of one or other of these tissues, for example, of the central core which is highest in dry matter content. The study results showed that this was not the case. Sink size, intended as cell number or cell size, was then investigated. The outer pericarp makes up about 60% of berry weight in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. The outer pericarp contains two types of parenchyma cells: large cells with low starch concentration, and small cells with high starch concentration. Large cell, small cell and total cell densities in the outer pericarp were shown to be not correlated with either dry matter content or fruit size but further investigation of volume proportion among cell types seemed justified. It was then shown that genotypes with fruit having higher dry matter contents also had a higher proportion of small cells. However, the higher proportion of small cell volume could only explain half of the observed differences in starch content. So, sink activity, intended as sucrose to starch metabolism, was investigated. In transiently starch storing sinks, such as tomato fruit and potato tubers, a pivotal role in carbon metabolism has been attributed to sucrose cleaving enzymes (mainly sucrose synthase and cell wall invertase) and to ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (the committed step in starch synthesis). Studies on tomato and potato genotypes differing in starch content or in final fruit soluble solid concentrations have demonstrated a strong link with either sucrose synthase or ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, at both enzyme activity and gene expression levels, depending on the case. Little is known about sucrose cleaving enzyme and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoforms. The HortResearch Actinidia EST database was then screened to identify sequences putatively encoding for sucrose synthase, invertase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoforms and specific primers were designed. Sucrose synthase, invertase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoform transcript levels were anlayzed throughout fruit development of a selection of four genotypes (two high dry matter and two low dry matter). High dry matter genotypes showed higher amounts of sucrose synthase transcripts (SUS1, SUS2 or both) and higher ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPL4, large subunit 4) gene expression, mainly early in fruit development. SUS1- like gene expression has been linked with starch biosynthesis in several crop (tomato, potato and maize). An enhancement of its transcript level early in fruit development of high dry matter genotypes means that more activated glucose (UDP-glucose) is available for starch synthesis. This can be then correlated to the higher starch observed since soon after the onset of net starch accumulation. The higher expression level of AGPL4 observed in high dry matter genotypes suggests an involvement of this subunit in drive carbon flux into starch. Changes in both enzymes (SUSY and AGPse) are then responsible of higher starch concentrations. Low dry matter genotypes showed generally higher vacuolar invertase gene expression (and also enzyme activity), early in fruit development. This alternative cleavage strategy can possibly contribute to energy loss, in that invertases’ products are not adenylated, and further reactions and transport are needed to convert carbon into starch. Although these elements match well with observed differences in starch contents, other factors could be involved in carbon metabolism control. From the microarray experiment, in fact, several kinases and transcription factors have been found to be differentially expressed. Sink strength is known to be modified by application of regulators. In ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit, the synthetic cytokinin CPPU (N-(2-Chloro-4-Pyridyl)-N-Phenylurea) promotes a dramatic increase in fruit size, whereas dry matter content decreases. The behaviour of CPPU-treated ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit was similar to that of fruit from low dry matter genotypes: dry matter and starch concentrations were lower. However, the CPPU effect was strongly source limited, whereas in genotype variation it was not. Moreover, CPPU-treated fruit gene expression (at sucrose cleavage and AGPase levels) was similar to that in high dry matter genotypes. It was therefore concluded that CPPU promotes both sink size and sink activity, but at different “speeds” and this ends in the observed decrease in dry matter content and starch concentration. The lower “speed” in sink activity is probably due to a differential partitioning of activated glucose between starch storage and cell wall synthesis to sustain cell expansion. Starch is the main carbohydrate accumulated in growing Actinidia deliciosa fruit. Results obtained in the present study suggest that sucrose synthase and AGPase enzymes contribute to sucrose to starch conversion, and differences in their gene expression levels, mainly early in fruit development, strongly affect the rate at which starch is therefore accumulated. This results are interesting in that starch and Actinidia deliciosa fruit quality are tightly connected.

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Rinehardt, Karl Fredric. "The effects of a 43% and an 80% carbohydrate diet, consumed during intense swim training, on the ability to enhance swim training intensity /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148733599290227.

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Lambert, Charles Paul. "Fluid replacement after exercise in the heat : influence of beverage carbonation and carbohydrate content." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722187.

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This investigation evaluated the Influence of beverage carbonation and carbohydrate content on fluid replacement following exercise/thermal dehydration. Eight recreationally trained men cycled at 50% of their maximal aerobic power in a hot environment (40°C 40% relative humidity) until a body weight loss of 4.12 ± 0.02% was attained. In the subsequent four hours subjects ingested one of four randomly assigned solutions at 15 minute intervals. The total volume ingested equalled that lost during dehydration. The solutions varied in their carbohydrate and carbonation content as follows: 1) CK: carbonated 10% carbohydrate solution, 2) NCK: non-carbonated 10% carbohydrate solution, 3) CNK: carbonated non-caloric solution, and 4) NCNK: non-carbonated non-caloric solution. Before dehydration and at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes of recovery subjects performed a five minute cycling bout (SCB) at 70% venous blood samples were obtained before and after dehydration, and at 30, 90, 150, and 240 minutes of of their maximal aerobic power. In addition, resting data from the carbohydrate treatments were pooled and recovery. Rehydration evaluated from body weight, plasma volume, plasma protein, and urine volume data was not significantly (p> 0.05) different between treatments at any time. In addition, carbonated beverage (CK and CNK) ingestion did not significantly alter the pC02 or pH of venous blood at rest or the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise, however, the ingestion of carbohydrate beverages (CK and NCK) elevated the RER during the SCB relative to the level elicited by Ingestion of non-carbohydrate beverages. Oxygen consumption during the SCB at 240 minutes was significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the non-carbohydrate treatments (NCNK vs. CK and CNK and NCNK vs. NCK), however, no differences in caloric expenditure were observed. Arterialized blood lactate one minute after each SCB was not different between treatments. Lactate levels were significantly higher, however, when compared to the non-carbohydrate treatments. No significant differences were observed in ratings of perceived exertion, or ratings of gastrointestinal comfort. The results of this Investigation suggest that solutions which are carbonated and/or contain a carbohydrate concentration of 10 b are as effective as non-carbonated and/or non-carbohydrate solutions with regard to fluid replacement. In addition, the ingestion of carbonated beverages does not appear to be associated with alterations in the pC02 or pH of venous blood or gastric distress relative to the levels attained with non-carbonated beverages.
School of Physical Education

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Cicek, Mine II. "Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Seed Sucrose Content Using Molecular Markers in an Interspecific Glycine Cross." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36506.

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Sucrose content is one of the important seed quality traits in soybean, especially for oriental soyfood production. However, little genetic information is available on this quantitative trait yet. A previous study was conducted on seed sucrose content of soybean using a population of F2-derived lines from an interspecific cross between an adapted high-sucrose (8.3%) G. max breeding line (V71-370) and a low sucrose (1.6%) G. soja plant introduction (PI407162). Nineteen marker loci, mapping to seven linkage groups (A1, A2, E, F, L1, I, and M), were significantly associated with seed sucrose content after screening 178 polymorphic genetic markers, including RFLPs, SSRs, RAPDs and morphological markers. The replicated field experiments were planted in 1993 and 1995. The objective of my study was to evaluate QTLs associated with seed sucrose content utilizing an additional 153 F2:3 families from the same cross. DNA samples from the additional families were analyzed with the nineteen genetic markers associated with sucrose in the previous study. Sucrose data were obtained from seeds harvested from a field experiment conducted in 1995. Single factor analysis of variance results for the sucrose data obtained from the 153 F2:3 families were compared to the 1995 data for the 144 F2:3 families of the previous study. Of the nineteen genetic markers significantly associated with seed sucrose content in the previous study, seven were also significantly associated in this study. These genetic markers include sgA458a on linkage group A2, NBS61 on linkage group E, sgB164, R-B4a and sgB162 on linkage group L1, and R-B4b and sgA144 on linkage group I. The percent phenotypic variation explained by significant individual markers varied from 2.9 to 6.8% in the 153 F2:3 families. This study shows that seed sucrose content, a quantitative trait, may be improved using the molecular marker technology. Further research is necessary in different genetic backgrounds of G. max in order to implement these markers in a breeding program for selection.
Master of Science

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Boop, Christopher. "Altered carbohydrate and protein content in sports beverages : influence on recovery from heavy endurance exercise /." Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (662.82 KB), 2010. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2010/masters/boopca/boopca_masters_04-21-2010_01.pdf.

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Karim, Zida Muhammad. "Relationship between phenolic content of potato and digestion of carbohydrate in vitro and in vivo." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15592/.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important crop in the world after rice and wheat. Potato tubers are rich in starch, but also contain minor amounts of phenolic compounds. The chlorogenic acid isomer 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) is the predominant phenolic acid in potato. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between phenolic content and starch digestibility in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, the effect of 5-CQA on digestion of commercial potato starch by porcine pancreatic alpha amylase (PPAA) was investigated. The results showed that co- and pre-incubation of PPAA with 5-CQA significantly reduced PPAA activity in a dose dependent manner with an IC50 value of about 2 mg mL-1. Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that 5-CQA exerts a mixed type inhibition as km increased and Vmax decreased. Secondly, in vitro starch digestion was performed on steam cooked tubers from five varieties of potato (Desiree, Mozart, Rooster, Maris Piper and Maris Peer) with varying phenolic content. 5-CQA content of peeled tuber tissue ranged from 10.36 to 29.46 mg 100g-1 dry weight (DW) in raw tubers and 6.51 to 21.24 mg 100g-1 DW in cooked tubers. With the exception of Desiree, 5-CQA levels decreased after cooking. The composition of the tubers in term of dry matter (DM), total starch (TS), free sugars, starch properties (amylose and starch granule structure) were also determined. Significant differences in digestibility by PPAA alone were observed between potato varieties when measured as area under curve (AUC) of glucose released in vitro (p ≤ 0.05). Rooster had the highest and Maris Piper the lowest AUC. Similar results were obtained when an in vitro digestion that simulated gastric (including pepsin) and intestinal (including amyloglucosidase AMG) digestion was used to calculate hydrolysis index (HI) and estimated glycaemic index (eGI). Finally, the digestibility of potato was measured in vivo using steamed tubers from Desiree, Rooster and Maris Piper. Standard glycaemic index (GI) methodology was followed. The results showed that Rooster has the highest GI (120), followed by Maris Piper (109) and Desiree (98). The differences were not statistically significant. Strong and positive correlations were observed between in vivo GI and eGI (p ≤ 0.01). It was observed that estimated glycaemic index (eGI) of cooked potato negatively correlated with 5-CQA (r=-0.91, p ≤ 0.05 ) and in vivo glycaemic response (GI) negatively correlated with TPC and 5-CQA (r =-0.82,-0.91) (p ≤ 0.05) respectively. Principle component analysis indicated that starch digestibility is affected by multiple factors including phenolic, dry matter, starch content, starch granule size and crystalline lamella structure. It appears that the same single factor does not strongly determine digestibility in all varieties.

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Andersson, Katja, and Alva Helin. "Alger som mat : - Litteraturstudie och sammanställning av makroalgers näringsinnehåll." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230583.

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Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa samt jämföra olika ätbara makroalgarter från det Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta och Chlorophyta divisionerna utifrån dess näringsinnehåll. Detta för att analysera algernas utvecklade potential som livsmedel och som substitut till animaliska proteinkällor. För att uppnå syftet kommer algarternas näringsinnehåll att sammanställas utifrån protein-, kolhydrat- och fettinnehåll genom datainsamling av tidigare forskning. Rapporten utgörs av en litteraturstudie där insamling av data sker via databasen Google Scholar och enbart originalartiklar väljs ut. Algernas näringsvärde jämförs sedan med värden för sju referensprodukter som används som proteinkällor på livsmedelsmarknaden idag. Rapporten visar att alger hos divisionen Rhodophyta har det högsta proteininnehållet, men att även alger hos övriga divisioner innehåller mer protein än ett flertal av referensprodukterna. De granskade algarterna har generellt sett goda förutsättningar att substituera många av referenslivsmedlen och därmed den näringsinnehållsmässiga potentialen för utvecklad användning inom livsmedelsindustrin.
The aim of the report is to compile and compare different edible macroalgaes from the Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta divisions by their nutritional content. This in order to analyze if the algaes have potential for expanded use on the food market and as a substitute for animal protein sources. To achieve the aim, the nutritional content of the algaes will be compiled on the basis of protein, carbohydrate and fat content through a data collection of previous research. This bachelor thesis is a study of literature, where only journal articles and scientific reports are used. The algaes nutritional values are then compared to values for seven reference products, that are used as protein sources on the food market today. The report shows that the algal species from the Rhodophyta division have the highest protein content, and that algae from the other divisions show protein contents higher than most of the reference values. The reviewed algaes generally have good qualifications to substitute many of the reference products and therefore, as regards the nutritional content, big potential for expanded use within the food industry.

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Books on the topic "Carbohydrate contents"

Dr. Atkins' New carbohydrate gram counter: More than 1200 brand-name and generic foods listed with carbohydrate, protein, and fat contents. New York: M. Evans and Company, 1996.

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W, Cui Steve, ed. Food carbohydrates: Chemistry, physical properties, and applications. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.

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Hudnall, Marsha. Carbohydrates: What you need to know. Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed Publishing, 1998.

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1953-, Eliasson Ann-Charlotte, ed. Carbohydrates in food. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.

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Jo-Ann, Heslin, ed. The ultimate carbohydrate counter. 3rd ed. New York: Pocket Books, 2010.

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The low GI handbook: The new glucose revolution guide to the long-term health benefits of low GI eating. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Lifelong, 2010.

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Barbosa, Aneli M. Bioactive oligosaccharides: Production, biological functions, and potential commercial applications. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Comunicaciones, MNR, ed. Carbohidratos: Recetas balanceadas e información vital para su salud. Bogotá, Colombia: Grupo Editorial Norma, 2008.

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Kraus, Barbara. Calories and carbohydrates. 6th ed. New York: New American Library, 1985.

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Calories and carbohydrates. 6th ed. New York: New American Library, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbohydrate contents"

He, Zhongqi, Daniel C. Olk, and Heidi M. Waldrip. "Soil Amino Compound and Carbohydrate Contents Influenced by Organic Amendments." In Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 69–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6_4.

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Horbowicz, M. "Changes of Carbohydrate Contents During Natural and Accelerated Ageing of Some Vegetable Seeds." In Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, 803–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5716-2_88.

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Donoso, C., A. Pieters, M. D. Fernández, M. Azkue, and A. Herrera. "Stomatal Characteristics and Carbohydrate Contents in Four Xerophytic Species from Venezuela Following Exposure to Elevated CO2." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere, 3605–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_849.

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Ghesquiere, An, and Jost Baert. "Breeding Perennial Ryegrass with Enhanced Water Soluble Carbohydrate Content." In Quantitative Traits Breeding for Multifunctional Grasslands and Turf, 173–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9044-4_26.

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Battistelli, A., W. Martindale, and R. C. Leegood. "Effects of Light and Carbohydrate Content on Acclimation of Spinch Photosynthesis to Low Temperature." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere, 3829–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_902.

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Turner, Lesley, Andrew Cairns, Markku Farrell, and Mervyn Humphreys. "Testing a QTL Index for Marker Selection of Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Content in Perennial Ryegrass." In Sustainable use of Genetic Diversity in Forage and Turf Breeding, 465–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8706-5_69.

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Van Wychen, S., and L. M. L. Laurens. "Total Carbohydrate Content Determination of Microalgal Biomass by Acid Hydrolysis Followed by Spectrophotometry or Liquid Chromatography." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 191–202. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7651_2017_106.

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Amundson, Robert G., Robert J. Kohut, and John A. Laurence. "Mineral Nutrition, Carbohydrate Content and Cold Tolerance of Foliage of Potted Red Spruce Exposed to Ozone and Simulated Acidic Precipitation Treatments." In Management of Nutrition in Forests under Stress, 175–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3252-7_16.

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"CONTENTS." In Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, v—viii. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2318(03)58009-x.

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"Contents." In Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, V—VIII. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2318(04)59006-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbohydrate contents"

Nakamura, Tadashi, Tadasu Urashima, Hirokazu Kawase, Kazumasa Kimura, Youko Watanabe, and Ikichi Arai. "THE CHANGE OF BOVINE MILK SIALYLOLIGOSACCHARIDE CONTENTS IN INITIAL STAGE OF LACTATION." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.791.

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Moreira, Ramón, Santiago Vilas Arufe, Jorge Sineiro, and Francisco Chenlo. "Effect of air drying temperature on phytochemical properties of brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7496.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of convective air-drying at different temperatures (35, 50, 60 and 75°C) on the color of Bifurcaria bifurcata (BB) seaweed powders obtained after milling, the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic and carbohydrate content of the aqueous extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. BB seaweed powders exhibited significant color differences between powders obtained from BB dried at 35ºC (yellowish-green) and 50–75 °C (brown). High air drying temperature (above 60ºC) significantly reduced the total polyphenolic, carbohydrate content and scavenging activity of aqueous extracts of BB. Keywords: Phaeophyceae Antioxidant activity Carbohydrates Color Polyphenols

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Dias, Fernanda Furlan Goncalves, Juliana M. Leite Nobrega De Moura Bell, and Kazunori Machida. "Bioprocessing strategies to improve the extractability and functional properties of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from full-fat chickpea flour." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/tajg6981.

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Interest in sustainable cost-effective and efficient extraction processes of plant-based matrices has risen due to health, environmental, and social concerns. The concurrent extraction of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates can be achieved by aqueous and enzymatic extraction processes, addressing low extractability by mechanical pressing and the use of flammable solvents. Being a source of proteins, starch, and fiber, chickpeas can be used as a matrix to generate added value compounds for food, feed, and fuel applications. The application of alkaline protease, preceded or not by carbohydrase pretreatments, was evaluated on the extractability of oil, protein, and carbohydrates from full-fat chickpea flour and protein functionality. Enzymatic extraction increased oil and protein extractability from 49.8 to 72.0–77.1% and 62.8 to 83.5–86.1%, respectively. Although the use of carbohydrase pretreatments, before the addition of protease, did not increase oil and protein extractability, it did increase the carbohydrate content of the extracts from 7.7 to 9.2–9.3 mg/mL, with the release of new oligosaccharides revealed by LC-MS/MS. Enzymatic extraction produced proteins with higher solubility (25.6 vs. 68.2–73.6%) and in vitro protein digestibility (83.8 vs. 90.79–94.7%). Post-extraction -galactosidase treatment of the extracts completely hydrolyzed flatulence-causing oligosaccharides into simple sugars. However, because high water usage is a requirement to maximize extractability in single-stage extractions, a two-stage countercurrent extraction process was developed to reduce water usage without loss in extractability. Countercurrent extraction reduced ~50% of the water used in the extraction while increasing oil and protein extractability to 95.8 and 95.7%, respectively. Techno-economic analysis demonstrated improved annual profitability of the countercurrent process despite its higher operating costs. This study highlights the effectiveness of solvent-free enzymatic strategies to maximize process extractability and feasibility, shedding light on the development of a more competitive process to produce chickpea proteins, lipids, and potential prebiotic oligosaccharides for subsequent industrial applications.

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Bala, Yakubu Abubakar, Ahmed Umar Faruk, and Adamu Abdullahi Shehu. "Organoleptic Properties and Nutritional Composition of Ready-to Eat Soya Bean Curd (Awara) Sold in Wudil Town, Kano-Nigeria." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.052.

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A research on organoleptic properties and nutritional composition of ready-to-eat Soya bean curd (Awara) was carried out. A total of fifty (50) samples of Awara were purchased from different locations in Wudil town within the period of eight weeks, in which ten (10) samples were purchased for five times at an interval of two weeks. The samples were subjected to sensory analysis to determine consumer preference using 9-point hedonic scale, Proximate analyses were also carried out on the 50 representative samples using the official method of analysis of the AOAC, 2005. The results of proximate composition shows that sample J had the highest mean moisture content (28.94%) while sample B had the least mean moisture content (9.96%), sample D had the highest mean ash content (5.31%) while sample G had the least mean ash content (2.67%), sample D had the highest mean protein content (32.00%) while sample A had the least (5.31%), the sample G had the highest mean fat content (43.12%) while the sample J had the least (28.89%), the sample J had the highest mean crude fibre content (1.26%) while the sample A had the least and the sample J had the highest mean carbohydrate contents than the sample B had the least. Values obtained from the samples analyzed in table 1 (organoleptic properties) were subjected to Kruskal Wallis-H test at 95% confidence interval, significantly different variables were subjected to LSD to determine the source of variation, the result of the analysis shows that there is no significant difference between the samples in terms of colour, tenderness, thickness, flavor and overall acceptability but differs significantly in spices and saltiness. The result obtained in table 2 (Nutritional composition) was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA one way) and the result shows that there is no significant difference in terms of fat and carbohydrate but all the remaining component (ash, protein, crude fibre and moisture) differs significantly from one another within the samples analyzed. The qualities of some Awara samples analyzed do not conform to the NAFDAC standards. The organoleptic variation observed with the NAFDAC’s standards indicated the likelihood of poor sanitation and handling procedure during production, storage and selling of the product. The result of this study is of public health concern and call for effective quality control in Awara production by the producers. It is thus recommended that appropriate government regulatory bodies ensure that quality compliance is enforced.

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Ai, Yongfeng. "Pulse starch as a promising gelling agent and resistant starch source for industrial applications." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/gkpg9582.

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As sustainable and protein-rich crops, pulses—including pea, lentil, faba bean, and dry bean—have attracted tremendous interests for the production of plant-based proteins. Nevertheless, starch is the main constituent of pulse grains, the content of which typically ranges from 35% to 52%. Therefore, the global pulse processing industry is developing effective strategies to find new markets for this co-product from pulse protein fractionation. Our recent research demonstrated that: (1) under normal processing conditions (e.g., at 95 °C cooking), round pea and lentil starches formed remarkably stronger gels than commercial starches from other botanical sources; (2) under high-temperature processing conditions (e.g., at 140 °C cooking), wrinkled pea starch developed the firmest gel among common native starches. The gelation mechanisms of various pulse starches over cooking temperatures of 95–140 °C will be illustrated in the presentation. Having relatively higher amylose contents (35–80%) than common commercial starches, pulse starches can be more suitable for the development of resistant starch (RS), a new type of dietary fiber that can deliver low glycemic and insulinemic benefits to consumers. Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) effectively increased the RS contents of round pea (CDC Bronco variety) and wrinkled pea (MPG87 variety) starches from 5.8% to 11.0% and from 21.4% to 29.9%, respectively. The “structure-function-digestibility” relationships of the HMT-modified pea starches will be discussed. The presented unique functional and nutritional attributes of pulse starches will be meaningful for the agri-food industry to generate new value from this leading carbohydrate component in pulse seeds.

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Aldisi, Zulfa, Nabil Zouari, Samir Jaoua, Maria Dittrich, Hamad Al-Kuwari, and Tomaso Bontognali. "Characterization of the Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) of Virgibacillus Strains capable of Mediating the Formation of High Mg-Calcite and Protodolomite." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0026.

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The origin of dolomite –a common carbonate mineral– is the subject of an ongoing debate. It has been proposed that extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) excreted by microbes contain specific organic molecules that facilitate the incorporation of magnesium in the carbonate minerals. We characterized the EPS produced under different conditions by measuring total carbohydrate (TCHO), total protein (TP) content and by (FTIR) analysis. We report the formation of Mgcarbonates with a mol% Mg higher than 41%, exclusively in association with EPS, rich in carbohydrates (TCHO > than 75% of the total EPS mass). Moreover, FTIR analysis of these EPS revealed the presence of protein secondary structures (e.g., β-sheets) known to favor mineral nucleation. These results suggest that some organic molecules with specific functional groups (e.g., carboxyl and hydroxyl groups) may be of key importance for overcoming the kinetic barriers that else prevent the incorporation of Mg into carbonate minerals, a crucial step for the formation of dolomite in natural environments.

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Трушина, Элеонора Николаевна, Оксана Константиновна Мустафина, Татьяна Николаевна Солнцева, and Валерий Дмитриевич Кузнецов. "EVALUATION OF ADEQUACY OF DAILY ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF DIETS OF JUNIOR ATHLETES." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ “Нацразвитие” (Санкт-Петербург, Август 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/aug292.2020.66.33.002.

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В исследовании участвовали 20 спортсменов-юниоров (мастера спорта и кандидаты в мастера спорта) в возрасте 17-18 лет и 10 добровольцев соответствующего возраста и интенсивности физической нагрузки. В результате исследований установлено, что суммарная калорийность потребленных за сутки продуктов в основном соответствовала энерготратам спортсменов обследованных групп. Соотношение белки/жиры/углеводы в суточном рационе спортсменов свидетельствует о недостаточной квоте углеводов в соответствии с формулой оптимального питания для юных спортсменов. При этом потребление добавленного сахара у спортсменов всех категорий превышало рекомендуемый уровень (10% от калорийности суточного рациона). The study involved 20 junior athletes (masters of sports and candidates for masters of sports) aged 17-18 and 10 volunteers of the corresponding age and intensity of physical activity. As a result of the research, it was found that the total calorie content of products consumed per day basically corresponded to the energy consumption of athletes in the surveyed groups. The ratio of protein / fat / carbohydrates in the daily diet of athletes indicates an insufficient carbohydrate quota in accordance with the optimal nutrition formula for young athletes. At the same time, the consumption of added sugar in athletes of all categories exceeded the recommended level (10% of the caloric content of the daily diet).

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Casu, Rosanne E., Anne A. Rae, Chris P. L. Grof, Chris C. Lynne McIntyre, Phillip A. Jackson, Scott C. Chapman, John M. Manners, and Graham D. Bonnett. "NEW GENES FOR INCREASING THE SUCROSE CONTENT OF SUGARCANE." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.772.

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Thomas, David, Emma Bermingham, Mark Roberts, and Wayne Young. "An investigation into the effect of high fat and carbohydrate diets on a range of biomarkers associated with pancreatitis in dogs." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/uvdt4784.

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Studies suggest that dogs preferentially choose fat as their major dietary energy source (59-63% of the total metabolisable energy (ME) content of the diet). However, high fat diets have been linked to the development of pancreatitis in dogs. This study investigated several biomarkers associated with pancreatitis in dogs fed either a high fat (HF; Protein: Fat: Carbohydrate content; 35%:63%:2% ME; n= 10 dogs) or high carbohydrate (HC; Protein: Fat: Carbohydrate content; 17%:32%:51% ME) diet.A high fat meal tolerance test (MTT) was undertaken on dogs (n=20) at baseline consuming a commercial dry food diet (Protein: Fat: Carbohydrate content; 23%:25%:52% on an ME basis) and then again after 8 weeks consuming either a HF (n=10) or HC (n=10) diet. Briefly, after an overnight fast, dogs were fed a single meal containing 100% of their daily requirements (P: F: C content; 35%:63%:2% ME). Each dog was then blood sampled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 hours post-prandially. Samples were analysed for plasma triglycerides and markers of pancreatitis (i.e., pancreatic lipase, endotoxin, C-reactive protein, Interleukin 1-alpha, Interleukin 6 and Tumour necrosis factor-alpha). The postprandial peak plasma concentration of triglycerides (Cmax) were higher (p less than 0.001) at baseline, compared to after feeding of the either the HC or HF diets for 8 weeks. This suggests dietary components such as moisture level, specific ingredients, level of diet processing, and possibly apparent nutrient digestibility were potential factors driving this response. There was no effect of feeding either HF or HC diets on Cmax values (P >0.05) during the final MTT. This study suggests that feeding a HF diet for 8 weeks does not elevate blood markers associated with pancreatitis, with the serum biochemistry and complete blood count indicating the dogs remained clinically healthy.

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Chiriac, Tatiana, Vera Miscu, Svetlana Djur, Veronica Dumbraveanu, Liviu v, Veronica Doni, and Iulia Iatco. "Changes in carbohydrate content in spirulina biomass in the presence of silver nanoparticles." In National Scientific Symposium With International Participation: Modern Biotechnologies – Solutions to the Challenges of the Contemporary World. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb21.016.

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Reports on the topic "Carbohydrate contents"

Bennett, Alan, and Arthur Schaffer. Sucrose Metabolism in Developing Fruit of Wild and Cultivated Lycopersicon Species. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613009.bard.

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The project focused on a strategy to enhance tomato fruit soluble solids by evaluating components of carbohydrate metabolism in fruit of wild tomato species that accumulate sucrose rather than hexose and have extremely high soluble sugar contents. The overall goal was to determine the extent to which sucrose accumulation contributes to elevated soluble solids levels and to understand the underlying genetic and biochemical basis of the trait. The research objectives were to evaluate near isogenic L. esculentum lines segregating for sucrose- and hexose-accumulation, determine the biochemical basis of sucrose accumulation and develop molecular genetic strategies to enhance sucrose accumulation in fruit. The inheritance of the sucrose accumulation gene (sucr) was evaluated in both L. chmielewskii and L. hirsutum and shown to be conferred by a single recessive gene in each species. Stable L. esculentum lines homozygous for the sucr gene from L. chmieliewskii and L. hirsutum were well characterized on a genetic and physiological basis and have been introduced into breeding programs to modify fruit sugar composition. The metabolic basis of sucrose accumulation was determined to result from the lack of sucrose hydrolytic capacity. The invertase gene was cloned and its analysis indicated that it is transcriptionally silent in sucrose-accumulating fruit. Transgenic plants expressing an antisense invertase gene were produced and shown to accumulate high levels of sucrose, confirming the role of invertase as the primary determinant of sucrose accumulation and demonstrating the feasibility of a general strategy to genetically engineer sugar composition.

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Schaffer, Arthur, Jack Preiss, Marina Petreikov, and Ilan Levin. Increasing Starch Accumulation via Genetic Modification of the ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591740.bard.

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The overall objective of the research project was to utilize biochemical insights together with both classical and molecular genetic strategies to improve tomato starch accumulation. The proposal was based on the observation that the transient starch accumulation in the immature fruit serves as a reservoir for carbohydrate and soluble sugar content in the mature fruit, thereby impacting on fruit quality. The general objectives were to optimize AGPase function and activity in developing fruit in order to increase its transient starch levels. The specific research objectives were to: a) perform directed molecular evolution of the limiting enzyme of starch synthesis, AGPase, focussing on the interaction of its regulatory and catalytic subunits; b) determine the mode of action of the recently identified allelic variant for the regulatory subunit in tomato fruit that leads to increased AGPase activity and hence starch content. During the course of the research project major advances were made in understanding the interaction of the small and large subunits of AGPase, in particular the regulatory roles of the different large subunits, in determining starch synthesis. The research was performed using various experimental systems, including bacteria and Arabidopsis, potato and tomato, allowing for broad and meaningful conclusions to be drawn. A novel discovery was that one of the large subunits of tomato AGPase is functional as a monomer. A dozen publications describing the research were published in leading biochemical and horticultural journals. The research results clearly indicated that increasing AGPase activity temporally in the developing fruit increase the starch reservoir and, subsequently, the fruit sugar content. This was shown by a comparison of the carbohydrate balance in near-isogenic tomato lines differing in a gene encoding for the fruit-specific large subunit (LS1). The research also revealed that the increase in AGPase activity is due to a temporal extension of LS1 gene expression in the developing fruit which in turn stabilizes the limiting heterotetrameric enzyme, leading to sustained starch synthesis. This genetic variation can successfully be utilized in the breeding of high quality tomatoes.

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Morrison, Mark, Joshuah Miron, Edward A. Bayer, and Raphael Lamed. Molecular Analysis of Cellulosome Organization in Ruminococcus Albus and Fibrobacter Intestinalis for Optimization of Fiber Digestibility in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586475.bard.

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Improving plant cell wall (fiber) degradation remains one of the highest priority research goals for all ruminant enterprises dependent on forages, hay, silage, or other fibrous byproducts as energy sources, because it governs the provision of energy-yielding nutrients to the host animal. Although the predominant species of microbes responsible for ruminal fiber degradation are culturable, the enzymology and genetics underpinning the process are poorly defined. In that context, there were two broad objectives for this proposal. The first objective was to identify the key cellulosomal components in Ruminococcus albus and to characterize their structural features as well as regulation of their expression, in response to polysaccharides and (or) P AA/PPA. The second objective was to evaluate the similarities in the structure and architecture of cellulosomal components between R. albus and other ruminal and non-ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. The cooperation among the investigators resulted in the identification of two glycoside hydrolases rate-limiting to cellulose degradation by Ruminococcus albus (Cel48A and CeI9B) and our demonstration that these enzymes possess a novel modular architecture specific to this bacterium (Devillard et al. 2004). We have now shown that the novel X-domains in Cel48A and Cel9B represent a new type of carbohydrate binding module, and the enzymes are not part of a ceiluiosome-like complex (CBM37, Xu et al. 2004). Both Cel48A and Cel9B are conditionally expressed in response to P AA/PPA, explaining why cellulose degradation in this bacterium is affected by the availability of these compounds, but additional studies have shown for the first time that neither PAA nor PPA influence xylan degradation by R. albus (Reveneau et al. 2003). Additionally, the R. albus genome sequencing project, led by the PI. Morrison, has supported our identification of many dockerin containing proteins. However, the identification of gene(s) encoding a scaffoldin has been more elusive, and recombinant proteins encoding candidate cohesin modules are now being used in Israel to verify the existence of dockerin-cohesin interactions and cellulosome production by R. albus. The Israeli partners have also conducted virtually all of the studies specific to the second Objective of the proposal. Comparative blotting studies have been conducted using specific antibodies prepare against purified recombinant cohesins and X-domains, derived from cellulosomal scaffoldins of R. flavefaciens 17, a Clostridium thermocellum mutant-preabsorbed antibody preparation, or against CbpC (fimbrial protein) of R. albus 8. The data also suggest that additional cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, F. intestinalis DR7 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Dl may also employ cellulosomal modules similar to those of R. flavefaciens 17. Collectively, our work during the grant period has shown that R. albus and other ruminal bacteria employ several novel mechanisms for their adhesion to plant surfaces, and produce both cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal forms of glycoside hydrolases underpinning plant fiber degradation. These improvements in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial adhesion and enzyme regulation now offers the potential to: i) optimize ruminal and hindgut conditions by dietary additives to maximize fiber degradation (e.g. by the addition of select enzymes or PAA/PPA); ii) identify plant-borne influences on adhesion and fiber-degradation, which might be overcome (or improved) by conventional breeding or transgenic plant technologies and; iii) engineer or select microbes with improved adhesion capabilities, cellulosome assembly and fiber degradation. The potential benefits associated with this research proposal are likely to be realized in the medium term (5-10 years).

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