Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbides

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbides'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbides"

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De Bonis, Angela, Mariangela Curcio, Antonio Santagata, Agostino Galasso, and Roberto Teghil. "Transition Metal Carbide Core/Shell Nanoparticles by Ultra-Short Laser Ablation in Liquid." Nanomaterials 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10010145.

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Transition metal carbide nanoparticles are a class of technological interesting materials with a wide range of applications. Among metal carbides, tantalum carbides have good compatibility with the biological environment while molybdenum carbides are used as catalyst in electrochemical reactions. Laser ablation of bulk transition metal targets in some liquids is here reported and laser ablation in organic solvents is used as simple synthetic strategy for the production of carbide nanostructures. Herein, the nanoparticles produced by ultra-short laser ablation of tantalum and molybdenum in water, acetone, ethanol and toluene have been characterized by TEM, XRD and XPS analysis. The combined effect of metal and solvent chemical and physical properties on the composition of the nanomaterials obtained has been pointed out. In particular, the different reactivity of Ta and Mo with respect to oxidizing species determines the composition of particles obtained in water, on the other hand the organic solvents decomposition allows to obtain transition metal carbide (TMC) nanoparticles. The observed carbonaceous shell formed on TMC allows to protect the particle’s carbidic core and to improve and tailor the applications of these nanomaterials.
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Wang, Xijie, Guangqiang Li, Yu Liu, Yulong Cao, Fang Wang, and Qiang Wang. "Investigation of Primary Carbides in a Commercial-Sized Electroslag Remelting Ingot of H13 Steel." Metals 9, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121247.

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The characteristics of primary carbides in a commercial-sized (one ton) electroslag remelting (ESR) ingot of AISI H13 steel were investigated. The interaction between the primary carbides and inclusions was also clarified. The results indicate that there are two types of primary carbides, V-rich and Mo-rich primary carbides, in the H13 ESR ingot. The quantity, the area fraction, and the size of the two primary carbides tend to decrease from the center of the H13 ESR ingot to the outer surface. Additionally, the V-rich primary carbide is obviously larger than the Mo-rich primary carbide. The Al2O3 inclusion can promote the precipitation of the V-rich primary carbide, while the MnS inclusion encourages the precipitation of Mo-rich primary carbide. The CaO∙Al2O3 inclusion cannot act as the nucleation site for the precipitation of the two primary carbides. The solid fraction that the V-rich primary carbide begins to precipitate ranges from 0.965 to 0.983, and that for the Mo-rich primary carbide and the MnS inclusion change from 0.9990 to 0.9998 and from 0.989 to 0.990, respectively.
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Huang, Yu, Guoguang Cheng, and Meiting Zhu. "Effect of Ti Content on the Behavior of Primary Carbides in H13 Ingots." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060837.

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The Ti element plays a role in pinning grain boundaries but also has a good binding ability to C and N, forming large primary carbides. Therefore, the effect of Ti content on primary carbides’ behavior in H13 ingots was comprehensively studied. A non-aqueous electrolysis method was used to determine the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of primary carbides. We found a great difference between the two-dimensional (2D) and the three-dimensional characteristics of primary carbides. When performing 2D analyses, the density of the primary carbides appeared high, while their size was small. The actual characteristics of primary carbides can be obtained only by 3D observation. The primary carbide showed a typical dendritic structure, whose center consisted of Ti–V-rich carbide wrapped by V-rich carbide. As the Ti content increased, the size of the primary carbide increased from 24.9 μm to 41.3 μm, and the number density increases from 25.6 per/mm2 to 43.9 per/mm2. The Ti4C2S2 phase precipitated first, then changed into Ti–V-rich carbide, and finally further partly transformed into V-rich carbide. The addition of elemental Ti promoted the precipitation and transformation of primary carbides, resulting in an increase of the number density and size.
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Maddi, Lakshmiprasad, and Ajay Likhite. "Advances in Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI) - A Wearresistant Material." Current Materials Science 14, no. 2 (August 12, 2021): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666145414666210423125555.

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Background: Ductile irons provide a more viable alternative for malleable cast iron in areas that do not demand extreme wear resistance. Austempering of ductile irons was a well researched area in the last two decades. Attempts to further improve the wear resistance led to the development of Carbidic austempered ductile iron (CADI), wherein the carbides contribute to wear resistance. Combination of ausferritic matrix, graphite nodules, and carbides (eutectic and alloy) symbolizes the microstructure of CADI. Methods: Two principal approaches adopted by the researchers to change the microstructure are (i) addition of carbide forming elements (ii) heat treatment (s). Results: Both the above methods result in the refinement of graphite nodules, carbide precipitations, along fine ausferrite. Conclusion: Improvement in hardness, toughness and wear resistance was observed largely as a consequence of fine carbide precipitations and formation of martensite.
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Byeon, Jai Won, S. I. Kwun, and Kae Myung Kang. "Assessment of Mechanical Degradation in Pressure Vessel Steel by Morphological Analysis of Carbides." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.561.

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In this study, mechanical degradations in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel were evaluated by quantitative morphological analysis of carbides. Based on the morphology, carbides were classified as globular, fine acicular, rod, and grain boundary one. Mean size of carbides were determined as a function of morphology and thermal degradation time at 630°C. Area fraction of grain boundary carbides and fraction of grain boundary M6C carbides were observed to increase rapidly in the initial stage of degradation and then gradually afterwards. Both mean size of globular carbide and fraction of grain boundary M6C carbides were linearly correlated with strength. Potentials of carbide morphology analysis as a health monitoring technique were discussed, in term of correlation coefficient with strength.
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Jaworski, J., R. Kluz, and T. Trzepieciński. "Influence of Heat Treatment on Content of the Carbide Phases in the Microstructure of High-Speed Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0091.

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Abstract This article presents the results of investigations of the effect of heat treatment temperature on the content of the carbide phase of HS3-1-2 and HS6-5-2 low-alloy high-speed steel. Analysis of the phase composition of carbides is carried out using the diffraction method. It is determined that with increasing austenitising temperature, the intensification of dissolution of M6C carbide increases. As a result, an increase in the grain size of the austenite and the amount of retained austenite causes a significant reduction in the hardness of hardened steel HS3-1-2 to be observed. The results of diffraction investigations showed that M7C3 carbides containing mainly Cr and Fe carbides and M6C carbides containing mainly Mo and W carbides are dissolved during austenitisation. During austenitisation of HS3-1-2 steel, the silicon is transferred from the matrix to carbides, thus replacing carbide-forming elements. An increase in a degree of tempering leads to intensification of carbide separation and this process reduce the grindability of tested steels.
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Lee, Junmo, Taekyung Lee, Young Jin Kwon, Dong-Jun Mun, Jang-Yong Yoo, and Chong Soo Lee. "Role of Mo/V carbides in hydrogen embrittlement of tempered martensitic steel." Corrosion Reviews 33, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0052.

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AbstractThe vulnerability of tempered martensitic steel to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) has attracted attention from a number of researchers. Although utilizing carbide precipitation is one of effective methods to improve HE resistance, few studies have focused on the effects of carbide characteristics, such as the chemical composition and morphology of carbide. This work clarifies the role of Mo carbide and V carbide in the HE behavior of tempered martensitic steels with four steels whose chemical composition was carefully controlled. The beneficial effect of carbides is discussed in terms of hydrogen trapping and fracture mode. The low amount of trapped hydrogen and undissolved carbide led to excellent HE resistance of Mo carbides compared to V carbides. In addition, the superior mechanical performance of Cr-Mo steel was also interpreted by the effect of Cr addition as well as Mo carbides.
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He, Bao, Jing Li, Cheng-bin Shi, and Hao Wang. "Effect of Mg addition on carbides in H13 steel during electroslag remelting process." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 5 (2018): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018071.

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The effect of Mg on carbides precipitation in H13 steel was studied based on the Thermo-Calc thermodynamic calculation. The results showed that the precipitation temperature of MC phase was significantly improved by adding Mg. The Mg addition had no effect on the type of precipitated carbides. The as-cast microstructure and the characteristic of carbides in Mg-containing H13 steel were analyzed by OM and SEM-EDS. The results showed that the segregation of as-cast microstructure was released and the size of carbides was reduced by increasing Mg. The distribution of carbides was more homogeneous. The formed MgO · Al2O3 arising from Mg treatment provided preferred nucleation site for TiN, which was the core of heterogeneous nucleation of carbides, resulted in decreasing the size of carbides. Furthermore, partial Mg would melt into the carbides, which would change the morphology of carbide and induce the formation of leaf-like carbides. The electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) results showed that the segregation of V and Mo in H13 steel was inhibited by Mg, and the dissolved Mg in carbide promoted the heterogeneous nucleation of carbides.
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Rivero, H. D., José A. García, E. Cándido Atlatenco, Alejandro D. Basso, and J. Sicora. "Effect of the ratio Mo/Cr in the precipitation and distribution of carbides in alloyed nodular iron." MRS Proceedings 1485 (2012): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.278.

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ABSTRACTThis investigation deals with the effect of 2/0, 1/1 and 1/0.5 Cr/Mo ratios on the local fraction, distribution and the comparative size of carbides precipitated in cast nodular iron. “Y” block castings with a thickness of 1.5 cm are cast in green sand molds. Two samples are cut from each casting, one located on the center and another on the wall. The carbide volume fraction is evaluated by a digital analysis system. Each sample is analyzed in three zones: bottom, middle and top. Carbide mappings are generated according to the average local carbide fraction in order to get the distribution of carbides on the casting. Results show that higher volume fractions of carbides precipitate for the ratio 2/0 of Cr/Mo with values between 28.5 and 19.5%. The lowest fraction of carbides is presented in nodular iron alloyed with a Cr/Mo ratio of 1/1 between 6.5 and 4.6%. Also a very heterogeneous distribution of the carbides is observed in the three alloys and massive carbides are observed in the last freezing zone of the castings.
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Thuvander, Mattias, Hans Magnusson, and Ulrika Borggren. "Carbide Precipitation in a Low Alloyed Steel during Aging Studied by Atom Probe Tomography and Thermodynamic Modeling." Metals 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11122009.

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Carbide precipitation in martensitic low alloyed steels contributes to the mechanical properties through precipitation hardening. A high number density of carbides is desired to maximize the hardening effect, which is achieved through the precipitation of carbides on the dislocations in the martensitic structure. In this study, the nucleation, growth, and coarsening of vanadium and molybdenum carbides during aging at 600 °C for periods up to four weeks were investigated. The work covers characterization with atom probe tomography, which showed that the nucleation of V and Mo rich MC/M2C carbides takes place on dislocations. The growth of these carbides proceeds by the diffusion of elements to the dislocations, which has been modeled using Dictra software, confirming the rate of the reaction as well as the depletion of carbide formers in the matrix. For longer aging times, particle coarsening will decrease the number density of particles with a transition from dislocation-based carbides to separate rounded carbides.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbides"

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Chrysanthou, Andreas. "Formation of some transition metal carbides." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37972.

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Mao, Ou. "Formation and stability of Sm2Fe17 carbides." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42089.

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Phase formation and transformation in mechanically alloyed iron-rich Sm-Fe-C is the principal subject of this thesis. Ternary Sm-Fe-C is a complicated system. The strategy was therefore to start with a binary system. A series of mechanically alloyed R$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$ powders were investigated for a better understanding of both the Sm-Fe alloy system in general and the Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$ compound in particular. The objective was to learn (1) what is the steady-state in the mechanically alloyed R$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17},$ and (2) how the 2-17 structure is formed from the mechanically alloyed precursors. Phase formation and transformation in the mechanically alloyed Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$C$ sb{x}$ with various carbon contents was then studied. The objective in this case was to learn (1) how the 2-17 structure with interstitial carbon is formed, (2) what is the maximum C content in the 2-17 structure, the critical content $x sb{c},$ and (3) what phase(s) is (are) formed with $x>x sb{c}.$
Phase transformation from Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$C$ sb{x}$ to Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{14}$C was the second subject for study. As required by this study, the grain refinement process was investigated first. The objective was to prepare the nanocrystalline Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$C$ sb{x}$ with various grain sizes. Emphasis was on the ball milling of Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$/graphite mixture in the hope of forming a nano-scale mixing of Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$ and graphite by ball milling. Solid-solid reaction between the Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$ and graphite leading to the formation of nanocrystalline Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$C$ sb{x}$ was then studied. The phase transformation from Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$ was carried out with nanocrystalline Sm$ sb2$Fe$ sb{17}$C$ sb{x}$ samples. Samples prepared by other methods were also studied. The objective was to learn (1) what the transformation product is and (2) what the kinetics of the phase transformation and its grain size dependence are. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Riaz, Shahid. "Titanium based composites containing particulate carbides." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264184.

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Gasparrini, Claudia. "Oxidation of zirconium and uranium carbides." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/59006.

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Oxidation of uranium carbide (UC) was investigated because it is used as a preliminary treatment prior to storage and permanent disposal of carbide nuclear fuels. Working with UC present some challenges, mainly related to its radioactivity and pyrophoricity, therefore initial studies were conducted on zirconium carbide (ZrC) which is isostructural and exhibits similar chemistry to UC. High temperature environmental scanning electron microscopy (HT-ESEM) was used to examine in situ the oxidation of both ZrC and UC. Oxide products were subsequently analysed using macro to nano characterisation techniques, such as focused ion beam secondary ions mass spectroscopy (FIB-SIMS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Oxidation of ZrC was studied from 1073 to 1373 K in air and at 1073 K in a 200 Pa oxygen atmosphere. UC oxidation was studied from 723 to 1173 K at different oxygen atmospheres (2–100 Pa) and from 873 to 1173 K in air. A key result was the improved understanding of the role of cracking in the oxidation mechanism of both carbides. Cyclic cracking parallel to the carbide/oxide interface and crack propagation at corners was found to be responsible for the Maltese cross shape of the oxide in ZrC. The oxidation mechanism of ZrC was governed by oxygen diffusion through a layer of constant thickness formed by the cyclic debonding of the interface after the oxide layer reached approximately 20 μm at 1073 K. The interface was an approximately 2 μm thick intermediate layer comprising zirconia nanocrystals (≤5 nm) in an amorphous carbon matrix. Crack length stabilisation was characteristic of UC oxidation to UO2+x while an exponential increase of crack length triggered an explosive transformation producing U3O8 in samples oxidised from 723 to 848 K in 2–100 Pa O2 atmosphere. The explosive transformation was caused by UC self-ignition which proceeded as a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction through the previously fragmented sample. UC oxidised in air from 873 K to 1173 K showed that better oxide conversion can be achieved at lower temperatures, 873 K, as oxide sintering at higher temperatures, 1173 K, limited further oxidation only on cracked surfaces. Oxide cracking was ascribed to the stresses generated from the volumetric transformation from the carbide to the oxide.
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Lindahl, Bonnie. "Equilibrium Study of Chromium Containing Cemented Carbides : Solubility of chromium in tungsten carbide and η-phase." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49974.

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This project treats the W-C-Co-Cr quaternary system at low carbon contents. The main goals with this project were to find a four phase equilibrium between WC, Co-binder phase, η-phase (M6C) and a fourth unknown phase, to discover which the fourth phase is and to establish whether or not WC dissolves any chromium. In order to answer these questions a number of alloys were prepared, the compositions were chosen using thermodynamic calculations and observations from previous alloys. The samples were prepared using a powder metallurgical route and they were sintered at 1410oC. The samples were prepared for analysis via grinding and polishing and then analyzed using LOM, SEM, EDS, WDS and XRD. The results showed that no four phase equilibrium could be found in the analyzed spectra and therefore neither could the fourth phase. However other interesting phenomena were found. The η-phase showed a much higher solubility of chromium than previously thought. According to the current Sandvik-Seco database the η-phase should dissolve a maximum of 0.21 wt% and the maximum value detected using WDS was 8.42 wt%. The solubility of chromium in WC was found to be approximately 5 wt%. The most important conclusion that could be drawn from this project was that the Sandvik-Seco database for the W-C-Co-Cr system still needs to be improved, especially concerning the solubility of chromium in the η-phase.
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Markström, Andreas. "Thermodynamic modelling of carbides in multicomponent systems." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10013.

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This thesis concerns thermodynamic modeling of carbides in multicomponent systems. Focus has been made on systems interesting for cemented carbide production but the results are also useful for many other application were the material consist of different carbides, for example tool steels/high speed steels. The Co-W-C system forms the basis in cemented carbide production. An accurate thermodynamic description of this system is therefore crucial for extrapolation into higher order systems. New experimental results on the liquid+fcc+graphite+WC and liquid+fcc+WC+M6C equilibrium temperatures, that has recently been published, shows that these equilibrium temperatures are higher than the values used in the available assessment of Co-W-C. Since an accurate description of these equilibrium temperatures are very important for production of cemented carbides and when extrapolating into higher order systems a reassessment of the Co-W-C system is presented. Cr is sometimes deliberately added to lower the melting point, reduce grain growth and/or increase corrosion resistance in the production of cemented carbides. When adding chromium there is a risk of forming an unwanted M7C3 carbide. It is therefore of great interest to know the stability of this carbide. New experimental results on the maximum solubility of Co in the M7C3 is presented as well as a new thermodynamic description of the Co-Cr-C system which accurately describes the solubility of Co in the M7C3 carbide in the temperature range 1373- 1723 K. The assessment of a system, and the determination of Gibbs energy functions, is straightforward when reliable and consistent thermochemical and phase equilibrium information is available. However, reliable experimental information is often lacking or does not give a unique set of model parameters, and therefore different strategies to estimate information have been developed. In the present work the excess energies for A1-xBxC mixed carbides (where A and B are metals) have been calculated using ab-initio calculations, for 14 systems. A thorough comparison has been made with experimentally assessed excess energies. The comparison shows that ab-initio calculations can be used to predict the sign, magnitude and symmetry of the excess energy for A1-xBxC mixed carbides. The calculated excess energies have also successfully been used to describe several AC-BC systems where the experimental information does not give a unique determination of the excess energy in traditional CALPHAD modeling. Experimental work has also been done on the C-Co-Ti-V-W-Zr system in order to determine the extension of the miscibility gaps in TiC-ZrC and VC-ZrC into the (TiC or VC)-ZrC-WC system. Thermodynamic calculations were used to design samples that will form a miscibility gap in equilibrium with liquid, WC and graphite. Samples were produced from powder and sintered for 1 week in controlled atmosphere at 1300, 1410 and 1500 °C. From the microstructure it could be concluded that the samples form a miscibility gap in equilibrium with liquid, WC and graphite at all temperatures. The composition of the MCx carbides was measured using an analytic SEM. The new experimental information was used to assess the thermodynamic description for the TiC-ZrC system.

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Yamasaki, Shingo. "Modelling precipitation of carbides in martensitic steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/218538.

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The purpose of this work was to model carbide precipitation in steels of a quaternary system which includes two substitutional elements. The work focuses on secondary hardening steels which are used for high-strength components, where hydrogen embrittlement is one of the major factors responsible for failure. It is believed that carbide particles can act as hydrogen trapping sites, thus reducing the risk of embrittlement. The thesis begins with a review of the physical metallurgy of secondary hardening steels and the phenomena of hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen trapping. The basic theory for the precipitation processes, including the nucleation and diffusion-controlled growth of particles, is reviewed in Chapter 2. Significant progress has recently been made in modelling the overall kinetics of transformations which occur simultaneously. The new theory, also reviewed, adopts classical nucleation and diffusion-controlled growth concepts and takes into account the capillarity effect. In the present work, a modified model has been developed for the precipitation of needle-shaped carbides, and a new model for plate-shaped carbides. The models are then verified experimentally, using five steels designed specifically for this purpose. Using the chemical compositions of the steels and thermodynamic data, the carbide precipitation, dissolution and coarsening kinetics at 600°C were estimated. It is found that reasonable agreement can be obtained between experiment and theory for ternary steels, when multicomponent diffusion and capillarity effects are taken into account. This applies to both needle and plate-shaped particles. The same approach was then used successfully for quaternary steels. For the specific steels studied, M2C- and M4C3-type carbides are expected to be hydrogen trapping sites which improve the hydrogen embrittlement properties. Experimental results on the hydrogen trapping capacity of the steels confirm this expectation and the relationships between the hydrogen trapping capacity and the features of M4C3 carbide particles are discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn and suggestions are made for future work.
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Haglund, Sven. "Sintering of cemented carbides : experiments and modeling /." Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 1998. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs98/hagl0529.pdf.

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Liu, Chunxin. "Alternative binder phases for WC cemented carbides." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168229.

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WC cemented carbides are composites consisting of WC and a binder phase. WC/Co is widely used as cutting tools due to its excellent combination of hardness and toughness. This thesis work was performed at the R&D department of Sandvik Coromant and aimed to find the alternative binder phase to substitute cobalt. Several compositions of Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-Co binder have been investigated in this study. The WC/Co reference samples were also prepared. The initial compositions were decided by the CALPHAD method. The samples were then produced by the means of powder metallurgy. The producing conditions, especially the sintering conditions, were manipulated to achieve full dense and uniform samples. The samples were analyzed by XRD, LOM, SEM, and EDS. Mechanical properties test has also been performed.The results showed that adjustment on carbon content is necessary to attain desirable structure. Increasing Fe content in the binder tends to make the materials harder. For Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-Co, the martensitic transformation is essential to the mechanical performance. The induced “transformation toughening” in 72Fe28Ni and 82Fe18Ni binders significantly promoted the toughness. Furthermore, the grain growth inhibition by Fe was confirmed. The relations between sintering temperature, grain size and mechanical properties have been discussed. Compared with the WC/Co references, several compositions showed close and even superior mechanical performance which might provide solutions for the future alternative binder phase.
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Kaplan, Bartek. "Equilibrium aspects of Cr-alloyed cemented carbides." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Termodynamisk modellering, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175856.

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In view of the extensive use of Cr as a grain growth inhibitor in WC-Co cemented carbides this thesis comprises a combined experimental and ab initio study of a number of critical issues pertaining to phase equilibria of the subsystems to the W-Co-Cr-C system. To be able to predict which of the stable Cr-carbides forms above the solubility limits of Cr and C in the fcc phase the respective solubility of Co in Cr23C6, Cr7C3 and Cr3C2 are investigated experimentally. Furthermore, the site occupancies of Co in Cr7C3 are investigated by neutron diffraction as a first step towards a more realistic model for this phase. The energetics of the ternary intermetallic R-phase and the unstable Co3C2 end-member compound are investigated by density functional theory. For Co3C2, the quasi-harmonic vibrational Gibbs energy is also calculated. By subsequent CALPHAD assessment an improved thermodynamic description is developed and its agreement with experiment is investigated. The resulting thermodynamic description allows for improved accuracy in predicting the formation of carbide phases as a function of C content and Co/Cr ratio as well as liquidus and solidus temperatures. Remaining issues may be attributed to the thermodynamic description of the W-Cr-C system and the stability of the Cr-based carbides in the Cr-C system. In the case of the Cr-based carbides, severe experimental scatter prevents an accurate determination of the stability of either of them. As a first attempt to resolve the situation, a state of the art ab initio approach is applied to calculate the finite temperature thermodynamic properties of Cr3C2, benchmarked with reported heat capacity and relative thermal expansion measurements.

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Books on the topic "Carbides"

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Kosolapova, T. Ya. Carbides. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8006-1.

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Kurlov, Alexey S., and Aleksandr I. Gusev. Tungsten Carbides. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00524-9.

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Samsonov, Grigorii V. Refractory Carbides. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995.

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Vanger, Sofia H. Silicon carbide: New materials, production methods, and applications. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Hellwege, K. H., and A. M. Hellwege, eds. Elements, Borides, Carbides, Hydrides. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b31112.

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Kosolapova, T. I͡A. Carbides: Properties, Production, and Applications. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995.

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World directory and handbookof hardmetals. 4th ed. East Barnet: International Carbide Data, 1987.

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Brookes, Kenneth J. A. World directory and handbook of hardmetals. 4th ed. Barnet, Herts: International Carbide Data, 1987.

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Anasori, Babak, and Yury Gogotsi, eds. 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes). Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19026-2.

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Upadhyaya, G. S. Nature and properties of refractory carbides. Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbides"

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Kurlov, Alexey S., and Aleksandr I. Gusev. "Introduction." In Tungsten Carbides, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00524-9_1.

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Kurlov, Alexey S., and Aleksandr I. Gusev. "Phases and Equilibria in the W–C and W–Co–C Systems." In Tungsten Carbides, 5–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00524-9_2.

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Kurlov, Alexey S., and Aleksandr I. Gusev. "Ordering of Tungsten Carbides." In Tungsten Carbides, 57–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00524-9_3.

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Kurlov, Alexey S., and Aleksandr I. Gusev. "Nanocrystalline Tungsten Carbide." In Tungsten Carbides, 109–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00524-9_4.

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Kurlov, Alexey S., and Aleksandr I. Gusev. "Hardmetals WC–Co Based on Nanocrystalline Powders of Tungsten Carbide WC." In Tungsten Carbides, 191–237. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00524-9_5.

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Groppe, Markus. "Cemented Carbides." In CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, 1–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_6689-4.

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Groppe, Markus. "Cemented Carbides." In CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, 185–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53120-4_6689.

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Groppe, Markus. "Cemented Carbides." In CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, 127–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20617-7_6689.

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Storms, E. K. "Boron Carbides." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 304–5. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145265.ch107.

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Storms, E. K. "Yttrium Carbides." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 307. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145265.ch111.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbides"

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George Mathews, Nidhin, Juha Lagerbom, Jarmo Laakso, Turkka Salminen, Mari Honkanen, Tomi Lindroos, Anssi Laukkanen, Elina Huttunen-Saarivirta, and Gaurav Mohanty. "High-Entropy Carbides: Processing And Characterization." In Euro Powder Metallurgy 2023 Congress & Exhibition. EPMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59499/ep235765276.

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High entropy carbides (HEC) are multi-metal carbides involving at least five types of metal atoms at near-equal concentrations. They exhibit crystalline periodicity and a precise carbon sublattice but display disorder in terms of metal cation packing, therefore, they also have unconventional mechanical and physical properties. Up till now, the high entropy carbide compositions presented in literature have been rich in critical raw materials (CRM), such as hafnium (Hf). We explore the feasibility of fabricating sustainable high-entropy carbide compositions, free of CRMs, using conventional ceramic processing techniques, such as mechanical milling and thermal treatments. Five compositions of multi-metal carbides were chosen based on their entropy forming ability from literature. Metal powders and carbon were mixed in stoichiometric proportions using ball milling and sintered at high temperatures (2000 ºC). X-ray and electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the materials and verify the formation of single-phase multi-metal carbides and chemical homogeneity at micrometer length scales. In addition, the mechanical properties of a selected composition was studied using nanoindentation.
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Wang, Yafei, Songyan Hu, Guangxu Cheng, Zaoxiao Zhang, and Jianxiao Zhang. "Influence of Quenching-Tempering on the Carbide Precipitation of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel Used in Reactor Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93054.

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Abstract The carbide precipitation of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel is studied during the head-fabrication heat treatment process using gold replica technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Shapes, structures and sizes of carbides before and after heat treatment are analyzed. The dissolution of strip-shaped carbides and the precipitation of granular carbides are confirmed. Amorphous films at the boundaries of carbides are observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), which is formed due to the electron irradiation under TEM.
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Prabin, A., K. S. Anvitha, and R. Sathish. "Corrosion Inhibition on Cemented Tungsten Carbides." In Euro Powder Metallurgy 2023 Congress & Exhibition. EPMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59499/ep235763660.

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Cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) materials are made of tungsten-carbide grains embedded in a cobalt matrix and are used for making metal cutting and mining tools through powder metallurgical processes. Cobalt is known to be prone to corrosion in aqueous environments. Various surface preparation processes for cemented carbide exposes the cobalt phase in multiple aqueous environments where the corrosion mechanism is not well understood. Therefore, this study aims to understand the corrosion behavior of cemented carbides with different inhibitors in varying pH and temperature environments. The study also evaluates conditions where the corrosion inhibitor can be removed or reduced for different surface conditions for cemented carbide processes, and for alternate corrosion inhibitors with lesser health and environmental impacts. The results of this study will help improve cemented carbide tool performance in highly demanding service conditions and applications in oil and gas extraction in tetra-phasic conditions (seawater, sand, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons).
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Trindade Rosário Pessanha, Ítalo, Sara Fidelis Silva, Vithoria Réggia Gomes Pessanha, Michel Picanço Oliveira, Márcia Giardinieri de Azevedo, and Bárbara Ferreira de Oliveira. "Spark plasma sintering of cemented carbide WC-10% wt. AISI 304L cemented carbides using nanopowders." In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Exatas & Engenharias, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/885x331120212333.

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Tungsten carbide (WC) cemented carbides with alternative binders to cobalt have been researched due to the low availability, high cost and toxicity of this element. Promising results have been found for the use of austenitic stainless steel microparticles of AISI 304L as binders in cemented carbides, since they have good wettability with WC and produce materials with mechanical properties and corrosion resistance comparable to cemented from the WC-Co system. In this context, this work aims to produce cemented carbides using a combination of WC nanoparticles and 10% AISI 304L stainless steel. The production of these composites will be carried out via sintering by spark plasma sintering at different temperatures. Density, densification, microstructure, hardness and fracture toughness of the samples will be analysed. It is expected to show the benefits of using nanoparticles to produce carbide, in addition to the effects of temperature in the sintering process. Finally, a comparison will be made with data found in the literature on cemented carbides from the WC-Co system that will indicate the possibility of replacing AISI 304L as a binder of these materials.
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Islam, Monsur, and Rodrigo Martinez-Duarte. "Additive Manufacturing of Carbides Using Renewable Resources." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52206.

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Here we report initial results towards additive manufacturing of carbides. We shaped and heat treated biopolymers-metal oxide gel composites in order to obtain 3-D carbide structures. Renewable biopolymers such as iota-carrageenan, chitin and cellulose were used to form the gels. Heat treatment of the gel composites resulted in amorphous porous carbonaceous material with high surface area. The carbonaceous materials preserved the original 3D shape. The ongoing work is on optimization of the conditions for carbide synthesis. We are also studying the rheology of the gel composites to aid to the additive manufacturing.
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Hasebe, Y., M. Yoshida, E. Maeda, and S. Ohsaki. "Effects of Phosphorus Addition on the Creep Behavior and Microstructure of Wrought γ′-Strengthened Ni-Based Superalloys." In AM-EPRI 2019, edited by J. Shingledecker and M. Takeyama. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2019p0479.

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Abstract In this work, the effects of phosphorus addition on the creep properties and microstructural changes of wrought γ’-strengthened Ni-based superalloys (Haynes 282) were investigated, focusing on the effects of carbides precipitation. In an alloy with a phosphorus content of 8 ppm, precipitation of M23C6 carbides was observed in both grain boundaries and the grain interior prior to the creep tests. Grain boundary coverage by carbide increased with phosphorus content up to approximately 30 ppm. On the other hand, the amount of M23C6 in the grain interior decreased with phosphorus content. The results of the creep tests revealed the relationship between the time to rupture and the grain boundary coverage by carbides. The microstructure of the crept specimens showed the existence of misorientation at the vicinity of grain boundaries without carbides, as demonstrated via electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. These results suggest that the observed improvement in the time to rupture is due to a grain-boundary precipitation strengthening mechanism caused by grain boundary carbides and that phosphorus content affects the precipitation behavior of M23C6 carbides in the grain interior and grain boundaries. These behaviors were different between alloys with the single addition of phosphorus and alloys with the multiple addition of phosphorus and niobium.
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Uusitalo, M., P. Vuoristo, T. Mäntylä, L.-M. Berger, and R. Backman. "The Effect of Chlorine on Degradation Mechanisms of Thermal Sprayed Coatings at Elevated Temperatures." In ITSC2003, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2003p0485.

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Abstract The significance of biofuels and the other chlorine-containing fuels in energy production is in strong increase. Serious erosion-corrosion problems in boilers combusting fuels with high chlorine-content have been detected frequently. A series of erosion-corrosion and corrosion tests were performed on thermal sprayed coatings and coating precursors in chlorine-containing environments in order to evaluate possibilities to utilize thermal sprayed coatings for erosion-corrosion protection in boilers combusting chlorine-containing fuels. A series of hot erosion and erosion-corrosion tests were performed on thermal sprayed coatings at elevated temperatures with and without chlorine. Carbide-containing HVOF coatings performed well in hot erosion tests, but they were completely destroyed in the presence of chlorine due to rapid oxidation of carbides. Metallic HVOF coatings with high chromium content performed well in both conditions. Iron-based arc-sprayed coatings with unhomogeneous microstructure suffered more hot erosion and erosion-corrosion damages than metallic HVOF coatings. The E-C (erosion-corrosion) resistance of carbide-containing coatings in the presence of chlorides was worse than expected. A series of oxidation tests were performed on various carbides in order to elucidate the effect of chlorine on high temperature oxidation behavior of carbides. TGA and isothermal oxidation tests proved that gaseous chlorine-containing species and also solid chlorides have a detrimental effect on oxidation resistance of tested carbides.
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Scrivani, A., A. Giorgetti, F. Bianchi, L. Campanini, L. Coppelletti, and H. Keller. "Thermal Spray Coatings for Application in Petrochemical Field: A Comparison of Tungsten Carbide, Chromium Carbide and Inconel 625." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0540.

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Abstract An important problem for the petrochemical industry is the behaviour of materials in aggressive environments, when hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and sand, which contribute to corrosion erosion of the surface, are present. Generally, the use of hard materials such as thermal sprayed tungsten carbide and chromium carbide reduces this problem. Cemented carbides are quite suitable for this purpose: they are composite materials of pure carbides with binder metal alloys of low melting point and high ductility; the selection of the binder metals depends mostly on its ability to wet the surface of the carbide particles to ensure secure coating adhesion. Among the cemented carbides, namely tungsten carbide cobalt-chromium based (WC/CoCr) is considered as the standard for application to ball valve bodies and seats in the petrochemical field, while chromium carbide nickel-chromium based (Cr3C2/NiCr) is suitable for particular applications. Inconel 625 is also used in this field and usually applied by welding. This paper addresses the characterization of corrosion behavior of HVOF coated samples of WC/CoCr, Cr3C2/NiCr and Inconel 625 in aggressive environments, and in particular ferric chloride test according to standard ASTM G48-92 and H2S/CO2 test based on NACE standards has been carried out. According to the test results, WC/CoCr based coatings show the best behavior both in terms of corrosion, thus confirming to be very versatile and useful for the application in petrochemical field.
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Lyphout, C., J. Kitamura, K. Sato, J. Yamada, and S. Dizdar. "Tungsten Carbide Deposition Processes for Hard Chrome Alternative: Preliminary Study of HVAF vs. HVOF Thermal Spray Processes." In ITSC2013, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, G. Mauer, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2013p0506.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of a preliminary study comparing high-velocity oxyfuel and airfuel spraying for the deposition of tungsten carbide coatings as an alternative to electrolytic hard chrome plating. Two tungsten carbide powders with a Co matrix and two with a Co-Cr matrix were sprayed on steel substrates using commercial HVOF and HVAF equipment. The coatings obtained are evaluated by means of SEM and XRD analysis, microhardness and adhesion measurements, and corrosion and wear resistance testing. Detailed results are presented and discussed with emphasis on the role of carbide grain size, carbide contiguity, and binder mean free path. In general, HVOF coatings show significantly higher dry wear resistance, owing to the presence of coarser primary carbides from the initial coarser powder. HVAF coatings, on the other hand, exhibit lower porosity and finer well-distributed primary carbides, giving them an advantage in terms of sliding wear resistance.
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PETERSEN, T. "Coefficient of friction of cemented carbides machined by sinking EDM." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479-191.

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Abstract. Cemented carbides possess properties that predestine them as a durable tool. However, these properties hinder conventional machining, which is why Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a promising alternative. Three different EDMed cemented carbides were compared with a ground surface in a pin-on-disk test setup. They were evaluated under dry and lubricated conditions with two distinct antibody materials. The tests did not reveal a correlation between the surface roughness of the cemented carbide pins and the coefficient of friction. However, some test sets yielded very different results, which is why particular considerations should be made with new sliding compositions.
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Reports on the topic "Carbides"

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Dixon, G. Radiation damage of transition metal carbides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6669449.

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Dixon, G. Radiation damage of transition metal carbides. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10142586.

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Chen, Jingguan. Structure-Property Relationship in Metal Carbides and Bimetallic Alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1121881.

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S. Ted Oyama and David F. Cox. New catalysts for coal processing: Metal carbides and nitrides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/754428.

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Koc, R., J. S. Folmer, and S. K. Kodambaka. New method for synthesis of metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/494133.

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David Moy, Jun Ma, Robert Hoch, Jim Leacock, Jason Willey, Asif Chishti, Fabio RIbeiro, et al. New Nanoscale Catalysts Based on Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbides and Oxycarbides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799250.

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Bronson, Arturo, and Vinod Kumar. A Computational-Experimental Study of Plasma Processing of Carbides at High Temperatures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1243051.

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Oyama, S. T., and D. F. Cox. New catalysts for coal processing: Metal carbides and nitrides. First quarterly report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/245609.

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Finch, C. B., Y. K. Chang, and M. M. Abraham. Single-crystal growth of Group IVB and VB carbides by the floating-zone method. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6337340.

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Perry, Scott S., and Stephen V. Didziulis. Fundamental Investigations of the Surface Chemistry and Tribology of Metal Carbides and Metal Nitrides. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419509.

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