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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbamate formation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Lőrincz, László, Zsolt Hovonyecz, János Madarász, Erzsébet Varga, and Edit Székely. "Resolution of ibuprofen with primary amine carbamates in supercritical carbon dioxide." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 63, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.12918.

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Three new, successful resolving agents, namely (S)-2-phenylglycinol, (R)-1-phenylethanaminium (R)-(1-phenylethyl) carbamate and (S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethanaminium (S)-(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl) carbamate of ibuprofen are presented. The carbamate salts are stable white crystals, they can be easily stored and handled. All salt forming resolution were performed in supercritical carbon dioxide as the only solvent. The enantioseparations were efficient (approx. 50 % enantiomeric purities, > 90 % yields in the crystalline phase) and robust. Unlike previous experiences with primary amine resolving agents, the diastereomeric salt formations and resolutions were competed in short times, even within one hour suggesting that the carbamates are intermediates of the salt formation reaction.

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2

Meigh, Louise. "CO2 carbamylation of proteins as a mechanism in physiology." Biochemical Society Transactions 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20150026.

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Carbamate bonds occur following the nucleophilic attack of CO2 on to an amine. In proteins, this can occur at lysine side chains or at the N-terminus. For CO2 binding to occur an amine must be present in the NH2 form and consequently carbamates represent a site-specific post-translational modification, occurring only in environments of reduced hydration. Due to the specific nature of these interactions, coupled with the inability of these bonds to survive protein preparation methods, carbamate reactions appear rare. However, more biologically important examples continue to emerge that use carbamates as key parts of their mechanisms. In this review, we discuss specific examples of carbamate bond formation and their biological consequences with an aim to highlight this important, and often forgotten, biochemical group.

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3

Dettman, Heather D., Joel H. Weiner, and Brian D. Sykes. "A 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study of the interaction of carbon dioxide with fluoro-amino acids." Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-140.

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The 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 3-fiuorophenylalanine and 3-fluorotyrosine in bicarbonate buffer are characterized by a main resonance band and a well-resolved upfield resonance. We show that the upfield resonance is due to the formation of a carbamate between the amino group of the amino acid and bicarbonate. The intensity of the upfield resonance is dependent on the pH (pD) of the solution and reflects changes in the concentration of the free amino acid and carbamate. Thus the normalized spectral peaks can be used to quantitate the free amino acid and carbamate concentrations and these concentrations have been used to determine the equilibrium constant of the carbamate reaction. The value of the equilibrium constant obtained, using an equation which considered the various ionic states of the reactants, was 8.52 × 10−6 ± 0.27 × 10−6 for 3-fiuorophenylalanine and 8.84 × 10−6 ± 0.72 × 10−6 for 3-fluorotyrosine. These values are within the range expected for amino acids and indicate that the fluorine nucleus does not perturb the reaction significantly and that the 19F NMR can be used to quantitate the formation of carbamates in solutions of fluorine-labelled amino acids.

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4

Jeong, Byung-Hoon, Hee-Kwon Kim, and David H. Thompson. "A Facile and Efficient Method for the Formation of Unsymmetrical Ureas Using DABAL-Me3." Australian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 7 (2016): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch15675.

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A practical synthetic method for the formation of unsymmetrical-substituted ureas is described. The synthesis of the unsymmetrical ureas was readily performed from 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate compounds by treatment of amines with bis(trimethylaluminum)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABAL-Me3). Using this reaction protocol, various trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted ureas were synthesized in high yields. This study offers a promising approach for the facile synthesis of a variety of unsymmetrical ureas from 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamates.

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5

Sakaitani, Masahiro, and Yasufumi Ohfune. "Syntheses and reactions of silyl carbamates. 2. A new mode of cyclic carbamate formation from tert-butyldimethylsilyl carbamate." Journal of the American Chemical Society 112, no. 3 (January 1990): 1150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00159a040.

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6

Delbressine, L. P. C., C. W. Funke, M. van Tilborg, and F. M. Kaspersen. "On the formation of carbamate glucuronides." Xenobiotica 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498259009046820.

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7

McCann, Nichola, Marcel Maeder, and Hans Hasse. "A calorimetric study of carbamate formation." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 43, no. 5 (May 2011): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2010.12.001.

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8

E, Yue, Qian Yang, Yang Guo, Lushi Lian, Jing Li, and Ernest R. Blatchley. "CH3NCl2 Formation from Chlorination of Carbamate Insecticides." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 22 (October 22, 2019): 13098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03891.

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9

Ciftja, Arlinda F., Ardi Hartono, and Hallvard F. Svendsen. "Carbamate Formation in Aqueous - diamine - CO2 Systems." Energy Procedia 37 (2013): 1605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.036.

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10

Aylott, R. I., G. C. Cochrane, M. J. Leonard, L. S. MacDonald, W. M. MacKenzie, A. S. McNeish, and D. A. Walker. "ETHYL CARBAMATE FORMATION IN GRAIN BASED SPIRITS: PART I: POST-DISTILLATION ETHYL CARBAMATE FORMATION IN MATURING GRAIN WHISKY." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 96, no. 4 (July 8, 1990): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1990.tb01030.x.

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11

Umeda, Takehiro, and Satoshi Minakata. "A practical method for the aziridination of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with a simple carbamate utilizing sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate." RSC Advances 11, no. 36 (2021): 22120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04297a.

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The efficient formation of tert-butyl N-chloro-N-sodio-carbamate by the reaction of simple tert-butyl carbamate with sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate would be a practical and green method for the aziridination of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

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12

Nakamura, Noriaki, Shohei Uchinomiya, Kazuya Inoue, and Akio Ojida. "Trimethyl-Substituted Carbamate as a Versatile Self-Immolative Linker for Fluorescence Detection of Enzyme Reactions." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092153.

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Self-immolative linker is a useful building block of molecular probes, with broad applications in the fields of enzyme activity analysis, stimuli-responsive material science, and drug delivery. This manuscript presents N-methyl dimethyl methyl (i.e., trimethyl) carbamate as a new class of self-immolative linker for the fluorescence detection of enzyme reactions. The trimethyl carbamate was shown to spontaneously undergo intramolecular cyclization upon formation of a carboxylate group, to liberate a fluorophore with the second time rapid reaction kinetics. Interestingly, the auto-cleavage reaction of trimethyl carbamate was also induced by the formation of hydroxyl and amino groups. Fluorescent probes with a trimethyl carbamate could be applicable for fluorescence monitoring of the enzyme reactions catalyzed by esterase, ketoreductase, and aminotransferase, and for fluorescence imaging of intracellular esterase activity in living cells, hence demonstrating the utility of this new class of self-immolative linker.

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13

Mourad, Aboul-fetouh E., and Verena Lehne. "Molecular Complexes of Cyclophanes, Part XVII Charge-Transfer Complexes of [2.2]- and [2.2.2]Paracyclophane-carbamates with π-Acceptors." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 42, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1987-0915.

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Charge-transfer (CT) complexation between some [2.2]- and [2.2.2]paracyclophane-carbamates as donors with 2,3-dichloro-5.6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDO ) as well as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) as π-acceptors has been evidenced by VIS. 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The site of interaction in the two different donor systems was determined. The results reveal no contribution of the nitrogen lone pair electrons of the carbamate functional group in the CT complexation. and the interaction is mainly of π-π* type. In addition, the existence of the transannular electronic interactions in [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives is responsible for CT complex formation.

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14

Kurshev, Nikita I. "Theoretical study of dimethylcarbonate production by urea alcoholysis." Butlerov Communications 62, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-62-4-38.

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Using the density functional method М06, the mechanisms of non-catalytic reactions of transesterification of urea with methanol with the formation of dimethyl carbonate, as well as in catalysis with zinc oxide and acetate, were studied. The transesterification proceeds stepwise with the intermediate formation of methyl carbamate. The non-catalytic process of transesterification of urea with methanol proceeds by the mechanism of nucleophilic SN2 substitution and is accompanied by the formation of pre-reaction complexes, which through synchronous transition states turn into post-reaction complexes, decomposing into ammonia and methyl carbamate in the first stage and dimethyl carbonate in the second. It has been established that methanol associates can take part in these reactions. Their participation is preferable both kinetically and thermodynamically. An analysis of the equilibrium constants of the reaction of urea with methanol at various temperatures showed that in a wide temperature range their values remain large in the first stage – the formation of methyl carbamate and become significantly reversible in the second – the conversion of methyl carbamate to dimethyl carbonate. Reactions involving acetate and zinc oxide proceed through the same stages as non-catalytic interactions. In the case of zinc acetate catalyzed reactions, if methanol monomer is involved in the reaction, the reaction of formation of methyl carbamate has a lower activation barrier compared to the reaction of conversion of methyl carbamate to dimethyl carbonate. If a methanol dimer is involved in the reaction, both reactions have a practically equal activation barrier. In the case of zinc oxide catalyzed interactions, reactions involving a methanol dimer were not detected. The participation of the catalyst leads to a significant decrease in activation barriers, and a more significant decrease occurs in the case of catalysis with zinc oxide. The reason for the different catalytic activity, in our opinion, is the difference in the charges on the urea carbon atom in the pre-reaction complexes.

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15

Qin, Yan, Beibei Duan, Jung-Ah Shin, Hee-Jin So, Eun-Sik Hong, Hee-Gon Jeong, Jeung-Hee Lee, and Ki-Teak Lee. "Effect of Fermentation on Cyanide and Ethyl Carbamate Contents in Cassava Flour and Evaluation of Their Mass Balance during Lab-Scale Continuous Distillation." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051089.

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When cassava is used for the production of distilled spirits through fermentation and distillation, toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is released from linamarin and carcinogenic ethyl carbamate is produced. Herein, cyanide and ethyl carbamate contents were monitored during the fermentation and lab-scale continuous distillation processes. Thereafter, mass balance and the influence of copper chips were evaluated. Results showed that 81.5% of cyanide was removed after fermentation. Use of copper chips completely prevented the migration of cyanide into the distilled spirits, while 88.3% of cyanide migrated from the fermented liquid in the absence of copper chips. Formation of ethyl carbamate was significantly promoted during distillation. Most of the produced ethyl carbamate (73.2%) was transferred into the distilled spirits in the absence of copper chips, only 9.6% of the ethyl carbamate was transferred when copper chips were used. Thus, copper chips effectively prevented the migration of cyanide and ethyl carbamate into the distilled spirts during continuous distillation.

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16

SUZUKI, Kumi, Hisashi KAMIMURA, Akihiro IBE, Setsuko TABATA, Kazuo YASUDA, and Motohiro NISHIJIMA. "Formation of Ethyl Carbamate in Umeshu (Plum Liqueur)." Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 42, no. 6 (2001): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.42.354.

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17

Butcher, Ken J. "Carbamate esters: a simple, mild method of formation." Synlett 1994, no. 10 (1994): 825–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1994-23018.

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18

Hellström, Anna-Karin, Hans Oskarsson, and Romain Bordes. "Formation, physicochemical and interfacial study of carbamate surfactants." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 511 (February 2018): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.100.

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19

Ingledew, W. M., C. A. Magnus, and J. R. Patterson. "Yeast Foods and Ethyl Carbamate Formation in Wine." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 38, no. 4 (1987): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1987.38.4.332.

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20

Sharma, Pooja, and Guijun Wang. "4,6-O-Phenylethylidene Acetal Protected D-Glucosamine Carbamate-Based Gelators and Their Applications for Multi-Component Gels." Gels 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8030191.

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The self-assembly of carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators has led to useful advanced soft materials. The interactions of the gelators with various cations and anions are important in creating novel molecular architectures and expanding the scope of the small molecular gelators. In this study, a series of thirteen new C-2 carbamates of the 4,6-O-phenylethylidene acetal-protected D-glucosamine derivatives has been synthesized and characterized. These compounds are rationally designed from a common sugar template. All carbamates synthesized were found to be efficient gelators and three compounds are also hydrogelators. The resulting gels were characterized using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and rheology. The gelation mechanisms were further elucidated using 1H NMR spectroscopy at different temperatures. The isopropyl carbamate hydrogelator 7 formed hydrogels at 0.2 wt% and also formed gels with several tetra alkyl ammonium salts, and showed effectiveness in the creation of gel electrolytes. The formation of metallogels using earth-abundant metal ions such as copper, nickel, iron, zinc, as well as silver and lead salts was evaluated for a few gelators. Using chemiluminescence spectroscopy, the metal–organic xerogels showed enzyme-like properties and enhanced luminescence for luminol. In addition, we also studied the applications of several gels for drug immobilizations and the gels showed sustained release of naproxen from the gel matrices. This robust sugar carbamate-derived gelator system can be used as the scaffold for the design of other functional materials with various types of applications.

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21

Shi, Huancong, Min Huang, Yuandong Huang, Lifeng Cui, Linna Zheng, Mingqi Cui, Linhua Jiang, Hussameldin Ibrahim, and Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul. "Eley–Rideal model of heterogeneous catalytic carbamate formation based on CO 2 –MEA absorptions with CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 and BaCO 3." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 5 (May 2019): 190311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190311.

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The mechanism was proposed of heterogeneous catalytic CO 2 absorptions with primary/secondary amines involving ‘catalytic carbamate formation’. Compared with the non-catalytic ‘Zwitterion mechanism’, this Eley–Rideal model was proposed for CO 2 + RR′NH with MCO 3 (M = Ca, Mg, and Ba) with four elementary reaction steps: (B1) amine adsorption, (B2) Zwitterion formation, (B3) carbamate formation, and (B4) carbamate desorption. The rate law if determining step of each elementary step was generated based on ‘steady-state approximation’. Furthermore, the solid chemicals were characterized by SEM and BET, and this rate model was verified with 39 sets of experimental datasets of catalytic CO 2 –MEA absorptions with the existence of 0–25 g CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 and BaCO 3 . The results indicated that the rate-determining step was B1 as amine adsorption onto solid surface, which was pseudo-first-order for MEA. This was the first time that the Eley–Rideal model had been adopted onto the reactions of CO 2 + primary/secondary amines over alkaline earth metal carbonate (MCO 3 ).

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22

Putera Setiawan, Anthony, Dionne Debra Mazvita, Huang Wendi, and Jin Chengyu. "Cloning and Purification of Ornithine Transcarbamoylase from Lactobacillus brevis and Its Application on Regulating Ethyl Carbamate Formation in Chinese rice wine." SDRP Journal of Food Science & Technology 5, no. 5 (2020): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jfst.5.5.ra.10665.

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It was studied that ornithine transcarbamoylase played important roles in ethyl carbamate (EC) formation. Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase) can degrade citrulline, a precursor of EC, through arginine deiminase pathway. Therefore, they are generally added to regulate EC catabolism in rice wine fermentation. In this work, OTCase were added in different concentration and ferment time. It turned out addition of OTCase could reduce EC to some extent, especially for low concentration enzyme addition and mid-stage addition time. Furthermore, the production of amino acids, volatile flavor compounds and sense of taste were not markedly affected. The discoveries reveal that EC can be reduced by supplying OTCase while rice wine leavening. Key words: Ethyl carbamate, Ornithine transcarbamoylase, Rice wine fermentation, Enzyme inhibition

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23

Mercy, Maxime, Nora H. de Leeuw, and Robert G. Bell. "Mechanisms of CO2 capture in ionic liquids: a computational perspective." Faraday Discussions 192 (2016): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00081a.

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We present computational studies of CO₂ sorption in two different classes of ionic liquid. The addition of carbon dioxide to four superbase ionic liquids, [P₃₃₃₃][Benzim], [P₃₃₃₃][124Triz], [P₃₃₃₃][123Triz] and [P₃₃₃₃][Bentriz], was studied using the DFT approach and considering anions alone and individual ion pairs. The addition of CO₂ to the anion alone clearly resulted in the formation of a covalently-bound carbamate function with the strength of binding correlated to experimental capacity. In the ion pair however the cation significantly alters the nature of the bonding such that the overall cohesive energy is reduced. Formation of a strong carbamate function occurs at the expense of weakening the interaction between anion and cation. In [N₁₁₁₁][l-ALA], a representative amino acid ionic liquid, evidence was found for a low-energy monomolecular mechanism for carbamate formation, explaining the 1 : 1 molar uptake ratio observed in some amino acid ionic liquids. The mechanism involves proton transfer to the carboxylate group of the aminate anion.

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24

Stowe, Haley M., Linas Vilčiauskas, Eunsu Paek, and Gyeong S. Hwang. "On the origin of preferred bicarbonate production from carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in aqueous 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 43 (2015): 29184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp04876a.

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25

Pinacho, Pablo, Juan Carlos López, Zbigniew Kisiel, and Susana Blanco. "Microsolvation of ethyl carbamate conformers: effect of carrier gas on the formation of complexes." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 33 (2020): 18351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp03093g.

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26

Rodríguez-Lazcano, Yamilet, Belén Maté, Víctor J. Herrero, Rafael Escribano, and Óscar Gálvez. "The formation of carbamate ions in interstellar ice analogues." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 8 (2014): 3371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53153h.

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27

Li, Guohui, Qiding Zhong, Daobing Wang, Xinyang Zhang, Hongbo Gao, and Shigang Shen. "Determination and formation of Ethyl Carbamate in Chinese spirits." Food Control 56 (October 2015): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.029.

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28

Sen, Sajal, Yue Li, Vincent Lynch, Kuppuswamy Arumugam, Jonathan L. Sessler, and Jonathan F. Arambula. "Expanding the biological utility of bis-NHC gold(i) complexes through post synthetic carbamate conjugation." Chemical Communications 55, no. 71 (2019): 10627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05635a.

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29

Shanmugam, Ramasamy, Arunachalam Thamaraichelvan, and Balasubramanian Viswanathan. "Methanol formation by catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 on a nitrogen doped zinc oxide surface: an evaluative study on the mechanistic pathway by density functional theory." RSC Advances 5, no. 74 (2015): 60524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra10581a.

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30

Zhang, Ming, Mingqing Chen, and Zhongbin Ni. "PPG-Terminated Tetra-Carbamates as the Toughening Additive for Bis-A Epoxy Resin." Polymers 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091522.

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We synthesized PPG-terminated tetra-carbamates as a new toughening additive for epoxy thermosets through facile addition reaction of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with poly(tetra-methylene glycols) (PTMG) and poly(propylene glycols) (PPG). The effects of prepared tetra-carbamates on the rheological behavior of neat epoxy resin were studied along with the various cured properties of their modified epoxy systems. Four carbamate groups (–NHCOO–) endow the prepared additives not only with good intramolecular interactions, but also with optimal intermolecular interactions with epoxy polymers. This results in the suitable miscibility of the additives with the epoxy matrix for the formation of the typical biphasic structure of microparticles dispersed in the epoxy matrix via polymerization-induced microphase separation. The impact strength and critical stress concentration factor (KIC) of cured modified epoxy systems with the additives are significantly higher than those of unmodified epoxy systems, without sacrificing the processability (Tg) and flexural strength. The toughening mechanism is understood as a synergism combination among the phase separation mechanism, the in situ homogeneous toughening mechanism, and the particle cavitation mechanism.

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31

Sabet-Sarvestani, Hossein, Hossein Eshghi, and Mohammad Izadyar. "Understanding the mechanism, thermodynamic and kinetic features of the Kukhtin–Ramirez reaction in carbamate synthesis from carbon dioxide." RSC Advances 7, no. 3 (2017): 1701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25769k.

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In this article, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the Kukhtin–Ramirez reaction of the carbamate formation from carbon dioxide have been investigated in the presence of various phosphorous reagents (PRs), theoretically.

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32

Ridho, Muhammad Rosyid, Aris Prasetyo, and Hairrudin Hairrudin. "Hepatoprotector Effect of Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) and Folic Acid to the Liver Histopathological Desccription of Pregnant Wistar Female Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Induced by Carbamate." Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ams.v6i1.10758.

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Abstract Carbamate is an insecticide with a working mechanism that inhibits the enzyme acetylcholineestrase (AChE). Obstacles to AChE will cause the formation of excessive free radicals in the body causing oxidative stress and causing lipid peroxidation in body cells, including hepatocyte cells in the liver. Pregnant women have a change in detoxification activity in the liver due to exposure to xenobiotic substances during pregnancy causing a decrease in cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) which will cause an increase in free radicals and can damage liver cells. Coconut water contains antioxidants that can neutralize free radicals in the body. While folic acid can encourage improvement in morphology of liver cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the hepatoprotector effect of coconut water and folic acid on the histopathology of the liver of pregnant female wistar rats induced by carbamate. The design of this study is true experimental with a post test only control group design. The sampling method used is simple random sampling. The number of samples in this study were 28 rats divided into 4 groups K (aquades), P1 (carbamate), P2 (carbamate and coconut water), and P3 (carbamate and folic acid). At the end of the study rat liver was taken to then become histological preparations. The One Way ANOVA test results showed a significant difference between groups compared (p <0.05). Post hoc LSD test results showed that group P1 had damaged liver histopathology, there were significant differences with group K and P3 (p <0.05), but there were no significant differences when compared with group P2 (p = 0.826). Meanwhile, the P3 group had significant differences when compared with all groups (p <0.05). The conclusion of this study is that giving coconut water cannot prevent liver damage due to carbamate induction, while folic acid has been shown to prevent liver damage due to carbamate induction, from liver histopathology. Keywords: carbamate, coconut water, folic acid, liver histopathology

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33

Sakaitani, Masahiro, and Yasufumi Ohfune. "A new mode of cyclic carbamate formation via tert-butyldimethylsilyl carbamate. Stereoselective syntheses of statine and its analogue." Tetrahedron Letters 28, no. 34 (January 1987): 3987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96439-6.

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34

Nunn, P., A. Davis, and P. O'Brien. "Carbamate formation and the neurotoxicity of L-alpha amino acids." Science 251, no. 5001 (March 29, 1991): 1619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1859531.

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35

Zeng, Zuo-Xiang, Xiao-Nan Li, Wei-Lan Xue, Chuan-Shun Zhang, and Shi-Chao Bian. "Heat Capacity, Enthalpy of Formation, and Entropy of Methyl Carbamate." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 12 (June 16, 2010): 5543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9014342.

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36

Haak, Edgar. "Ruthenium-Catalyzed Allenyl Carbamate Formation from Propargyl Alcohols and Isocyanates." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2008, no. 5 (February 2008): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200701067.

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37

Hasan, H. A. H. "Action of carbamate biocides on sterols, gibberellin and aflatoxin formation." Journal of Basic Microbiology 34, no. 4 (1994): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620340404.

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38

Riffkin, Harry L., Robert Wilson, David Howie, and Steven B. Muller. "ETHYL CARBAMATE FORMATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF POT STILL WHISKY." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 95, no. 2 (March 4, 1989): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1989.tb04618.x.

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39

McGill, D. J., and A. S. Morley. "ETHYL CARBAMATE FORMATION IN GRAIN SPIRITS: PART IV-RADIOCHEMICAL STUDIES." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 96, no. 4 (July 8, 1990): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1990.tb01033.x.

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40

Stephens, Matthew D., Nisakorn Yodsanit, and Christian Melander. "Evaluation of ethyl N-(2-phenethyl) carbamate analogues as biofilm inhibitors of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 28 (2016): 6853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00706f.

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A small molecule library consisting of 45 compounds was synthesized based on the bacterial metabolite ethylN-(2-phenethyl) carbamate. From this library, a more potent, broad-spectrum inhibitor of MRSA biofilm formation was discovered.

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41

Sarkar, Priyanka, Arpita Hazra Chowdhury, Sk Riyajuddin, Surajit Biswas, Kaushik Ghosh, and Sk Manirul Islam. "Zn(ii)@TFP-DAQ COF: an efficient mesoporous catalyst for the synthesis of N-methylated amine and carbamate through chemical fixation of CO2." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 3 (2020): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj04673a.

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Selective N-methylation and carbamate formation reactions were demonstrated via the chemical incorporation of CO₂ using a Zn-loaded TFP-DAQ COF (covalent organic framework) as an active catalyst under mild reaction conditions.

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42

Adamoczky, Anita, Lajos Nagy, Miklós Nagy, Miklós Zsuga, and Sándor Kéki. "Conversion of Isocyanide to Amine in The Presence of Water and Hg(II) Ions: Kinetics and Mechanism as Detected by Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 5588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155588.

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Aromatic isocyanides including isocyanonaphthalene derivatives have been proven to be very effective fluorescent sensors for the quantification of Hg(II) ions in water. Thus, the reaction of 1,5-isocyanoaminonaphthalene (1,5-ICAN), which is one of the most important members of this family, with water and HgCl2 as the oxidation agents, was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in order to get deeper insight into the kinetics and mechanistic details of this complex reaction. The reactions of 1,5-ICAN with water and HgCl2 were performed in various water/co-solvent mixtures of different compositions. The co-solvents used in this study were both aprotic solvents including tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide and protic solvents, such as ethanol and 2-propanol. It was found that in aprotic solvents the conversion of the isocyano group to amino moiety takes place, while in protic solvents the corresponding carbamate (urethane) group is formed in addition to the amino moiety. The variation of the resulting fluorescence intensities versus time curves were described using an irreversible, consecutive reaction model, in which the formation of isocyanate and carbamic acid intermediates, as well as diamino and carbamate (in the case of protic solvents) products were assumed. The formation of these intermediates and products was unambiguously confirmed by mass spectrometric measurements. Furthermore, by fitting the model to the experimental fluorescence versus time curves, the corresponding rate coefficients were determined. It was observed that the overall rate of transformation of the isocyano group to amino moiety increased with the water concentration and the polarity of the co-solvent. It was also supported that formation of diamino and carbamate derivatives in protic solvents takes place simultaneously and that the ratio of the amino to the carbamate function increased with the increasing water concentration. In addition, with an extension, the model presented herein proved to be capable of describing the kinetics of the transformation of 1,5-diisocyanonaphthalene (1,5-DIN) into 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN) in the mixtures of water/aprotic solvents.

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43

Mercy, Maxime, S. F. Rebecca Taylor, Johan Jacquemin, Christopher Hardacre, Robert G. Bell, and Nora H. De Leeuw. "The addition of CO2to four superbase ionic liquids: a DFT study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 43 (2015): 28674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05153c.

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DFT studies of the addition of CO₂to superbase ionic liquids show that strength of binding to the anion is correlated to experimental sorption capacity, but anion–cation cohesion with the ionic liquid is weakened by carbamate bond formation.

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Cheng, Beijun, and Angel E. Kaifer. "Reaction of Amino-Terminated PAMAM Dendrimers with Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous and Methanol Solutions." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020540.

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Polyamines have been used as active materials to capture carbon dioxide gas based on its well-known reaction with amines to form carbamates. This work investigates the reactions between three amino-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers (G1, G3 and G5) and CO2(g) in aqueous (D2O) and methanolic (CD3OD) solutions. The reactions were monitored using 1H NMR spectroscopy, and yielded dendrimers with a combination of terminal carbamate and terminal ammonium groups. In aqueous media the reaction was complicated by the generation of soluble carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The reaction was cleaner in CD3OD, where the larger G5 dendrimer solution formed a gel upon exposure to CO2(g). All reactions were reversible, and the trapped CO2 could be released by treatment with N2(g) and mild heating. These results highlight the importance of the polyamine dendrimer size in terms of driving changes to the solution’s physical properties (viscosity, gel formation) generated by exposure to CO2(g).

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45

Li, Bin, Kevin Huse, Christoph Wölper, and Stephan Schulz. "Synthesis and reactivity of heteroleptic zinc(i) complexes toward heteroallenes." Chemical Communications 57, no. 100 (2021): 13692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc05617d.

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Heteroleptic zinc(i) complexes Cp*Zn–ZnL1/2 were synthesized and reactions of Cp*Zn–ZnL22 with t-BuNCO and organoazides RN3 proceeded with insertion into the Zn–Zn bond and formation of novel zinc carbamate, bis-hexazene, triazenide, and azide complexes 4–7.

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46

Wang, Chuan, Mou Wang, and Meng-ping Zhang. "Ethyl carbamate in Chinese liquor (Baijiu): presence, analysis, formation, and control." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 4383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11348-1.

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HASHIGUCHI, Tomokazu, Hanae IZU, and Shigetoshi SUDO. "Lignin Is Linked to Ethyl-Carbamate Formation inUme(Prunus mume) Liqueur." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76, no. 1 (January 23, 2012): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.110656.

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48

Zimmerli, B., and J. Schlatter. "Ethyl carbamate: analytical methodology, occurrence, formation, biological activity and risk assessment." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 259, no. 3-4 (March 1991): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(91)90126-7.

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Bartoschek, Stefan, Julia A. Vorholt, Rudolf K. Thauer, Bernhard H. Geierstanger, and Christian Griesinger. "N-Carboxymethanofuran (carbamate) formation from methanofuran and CO2 in methanogenic archaea." European Journal of Biochemistry 267, no. 11 (June 2000): 3130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01331.x.

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50

Lin, Ivan J. B., and Ching-Sheng Chang. "Palladium-catalyzed formate-nitrobenzene-carbon monoxide reaction: Formation of carbamate ester." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 73, no. 2 (May 1992): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(92)80069-s.

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