Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Caractéristiques locaux'
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Loubaresse, Elodie. "Caractéristiques et rôles de brokers de réseaux inerorganisationnels : Le cas des réseaux locaux d'organisations." Paris 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA020087.
Full textNguyen, Thanh Tuan. "Représentations efficaces des textures dynamiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. https://bu.univ-tln.fr/files/userfiles/file/intranet/travuniv/theses/sciences/2020/2020_Nguyen_ThanhTuan.pdf.
Full textRepresentation of dynamic textures (DTs), well-known as a sequence of moving textures, is a challenge in video analysis for various computer vision applications. It is partly due to disorientation of motions, the negative impacts of the well-known issues on capturing turbulent features: noise, changes of environment, illumination, similarity transformations, etc. In this work, we introduce significant solutions in order to deal with above problems. Accordingly, three streams of those are proposed for encoding DTs: i) based on dense trajectories extracted from a given video; ii) based on robust responses extracted by moment models; iii) based on filtered outcomes which are computed by variants of Gaussian-filtering kernels. In parallel, we also propose several discriminative descriptors to capture spatio-temporal features for above DT encodings. For DT representation based on dense trajectories, we firstly extract dense trajectories from a given video. Motion points along the paths of dense trajectories are then encoded by our xLVP operator, an important extension of Local Vector Patterns (LVP) in a completed encoding context, in order to capture directional dense-trajectory-based features for DT representation.For DT description based on moment models, motivated by the moment-image model, we propose a novel model of moment volumes based on statistical information of spherical supporting regions centered at a voxel. Two these models are then taken into account video analysis to point out moment-based images/volumes. In order to encode the moment-based images, we address CLSP operator, a variant of completed local binary patterns (CLBP). In the meanwhile, our xLDP, an important extension of Local Derivative Patterns (LDP) in a completed encoding context, is introduced to capture spatio-temporal features of the moment-volume-based outcomes. For DT representation based on the Gaussian-based filterings, we will investigate many kinds of filterings as pre-processing analysis of a video to point out its filtered outcomes. After that, these outputs are encoded by discriminative operators to structure DT descriptors correspondingly. More concretely, we exploit the Gaussian-based kernel and variants of high-order Gaussian gradients for the filtering analysis. Particularly, we introduce a novel filtering kernel (DoDG) in consideration of the difference of Gaussian gradients, which allows to point out robust DoDG-filtered components to construct prominent DoDG-based descriptors in small dimension. In parallel to the Gaussian-based filterings, some novel operators will be introduced to meet different contexts of the local DT encoding: CAIP, an adaptation of CLBP to fix the close-to-zero problem caused by separately bipolar features; LRP, based on a concept of a square cube of local neighbors sampled at a center voxel; CHILOP, a generalized formulation of CLBP to adequately investigate local relationships of hierarchical supporting regions. Experiments for DT recognition have validated that our proposals significantly perform in comparison with state of the art. Some of which have performance being very close to deep-learning approaches, expected as one of appreciated solutions for mobile applications due to their simplicity in computation and their DT descriptors in a small number of bins
Nguyen, Huu-Tuan. "Contributions to facial feature extraction for face recognition." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT034/document.
Full textCentered around feature extraction, the core task of any Face recognition system, our objective is devising a robust facial representation against major challenges, such as variations of illumination, pose and time-lapse and low resolution probe images, to name a few. Besides, fast processing speed is another crucial criterion. Towards these ends, several methods have been proposed through out this thesis. Firstly, based on the orientation characteristics of the facial information and important features, like the eyes and mouth, a novel variant of LBP, referred as ELBP, is designed for encoding micro patterns with the usage of an horizontal ellipse sample. Secondly, ELBP is exploited to extract local features from oriented edge magnitudes images. By this, the Elliptical Patterns of Oriented Edge Magnitudes (EPOEM) description is built. Thirdly, we propose a novel feature extraction method so called Patch based Local Phase Quantization of Monogenic components (PLPQMC). Lastly, a robust facial representation namely Local Patterns of Gradients (LPOG) is developed to capture meaningful features directly from gradient images. Chiefs among these methods are PLPQMC and LPOG as they are per se illumination invariant and blur tolerant. Impressively, our methods, while offering comparable or almost higher results than that of existing systems, have low computational cost and are thus feasible to deploy in real life applications
Rambour, Philippe. "Propriétés galoisiennes des anneaux d'entiers en caractéristique p." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112316.
Full textBoldrini, Stefano. "Cognitive radio for coexistence of heterogeneous wireless networks." Doctoral thesis, Supélec, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/917817.
Full textKhoualed, Samir. "Descripteurs augmentés basés sur l'information sémantique contextuelle." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853815.
Full textAzario, Eric. "Analyse locale des caractéristiques hydrodynamiques d'un lit fluidisé circulant." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX11069.
Full textAstier, Raphaël. "L'uniformisation locale des surfaces d'Artin-Schreier en caractéristique positive." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS015V.
Full textThis thesis deals with uniformization, in characteristic p>0, of a rational valuation, in special cases where this valuation is centered on a singularity locally defined by the following equations :- either zp̂+f(x,y)=0, with f not a p-th power, and ordf >p,- or zp̂+e(x,y)z+f(x,y)=0, with ord (ez+f)>p (Artin-Schreier's case). Historically, it was in such cases that all difficulty of resolving surfaces in positive characteristic was concentrated. The novelty bringed in this work consists first in giving a bound to theminimum number of closed point's blowing-ups needed to uniformize, and second in anticipating (from the first ring) the Newton polygon's evolution and the parameter's choice for the successive blowing-ups along the valuation. In a first part, we come back on the Giraud's normal form of f in O_X(X)where X is a two dimensional regular scheme of characteristic p. The startingpoint is an polynomial expansion of f with a generating sequence for the valuation. We can then study and anticipate the behavior of this expansion and the associated Newton polygon modulo a p-th power. We then give a bound on the maximum number of blowing-ups needed for this polygon to become minimal, with only one vertex, and of maximal height one. This case correspond to the normal form of f. In a second part, using this results for the two above-mentionned cases, wegive an algorithm witch anticipate, in the first ring, the translations on zneeded to keep a minimal Newton polygon during the blowing-ups sequence (alongthe valuation), and we quantify the maximal size of such a sequence with last ring corresponding to a quasi-ordinary singularity
Belmonte, Romain. "Facial landmark detection with local and global motion modeling." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I066/document.
Full textFacial landmark detection is an essential task for a large number of applications such as facial analysis (e.g., identification, expression, 3D reconstruction), human-computer interaction or even multimedia (e.g., content indexing and retrieval). Although many approaches have been proposed, performance under uncontrolled conditions is still not satisfactory. The variations that may impact facial appearance (e.g., pose, expression, illumination, occlusion, motion blur) make it a difficult problem to solve. In this thesis, a contribution to both the analysis of the performance of current approaches and the modeling of temporal information for video-based facial landmark detection is made. An experimental study is conducted using a video dataset to measure the impact of pose and expression variations on landmark detection. This evaluation highlights the most difficult poses and expressions to handle. It also illustrates the importance of a suitable temporal modeling to benefit from the dynamic nature of the face. A focus is then placed on improving temporal modeling to ensure consideration of local motion in addition to global motion. Several architectures are designed based on the two main models from the literature: coordinate regression networks and heatmap regression networks. Experiments on two datasets confirm that local motion modeling improves results (e.g. in the presence of expressions). These experiments are extended with a study on the complementarity between spatial and temporal information as well as local and global motion to improve the design of the proposed architectures. By leveraging these complementarities more effectively, competitive performance with current state-of-the-art approaches is achieved, despite the simplicity of the proposed models
Boldrini, Stefano. "Cognitive radio for coexistence of heterogeneous wireless networks." Thesis, Supélec, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014SUPL0012/document.
Full textIn a scenario where multiple wireless networks of different technologies are available, this work addresses the problem of the design of a cognitive engine, core of a cognitive radio device, able to perform the surrounding radio environment recognition and the network selection with the final goal of maximization of final user Quality of Experience (QoE). Particular focus is put on the requirement of simplicity of all the elements involved, from hardware to algorithms, in order to keep in mind the importance of its practical realizability.Two aspects were investigated. For the surrounding radio environment recognition step, a network identification and automatic classification method based on MAC layer features was proposed and tested. As regards the network selection, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), i.e. application layer parameters, were considered in order to obtain the desired goal of QoE. A general model for network selection was proposed and tested for different traffic types, both with simulations and a practical realization of a demonstrator (implemented as an application for Android OS). Moreover, as a consequence of the originated problem of when measuring to estimate a network performance and when effectively using the network for data transmission and reception purposes, the multi-armed bandit problem (MAB) was applied to this context and a new MAB model was proposed, in order to better fit the considered real cases scenarios. The impact of the new model, that introduces the distinction of two different actions, to measure and to use, was tested through simulations using algorithms already available in literature and two specifically designed algorithms
Bugay, Stéphan. "Analyse locale des échelles caractéristiques du mélange : application de la technique P.I.V. aux cuves agitées." Toulouse, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAT0039.
Full textMechanical agitation is very often used by chemical engineers for operations such as blending, heat, mass transfer, … this is the subject of our work in which we analyse the mixing in stirred vessels with the use of Particle Image Velocimetry. P. I. V. Is a very recent technique, which enables the acquisition of instantaneous velocity vectors fields. The experimental data acquisition and treatment that are presented in this work were first validated by comparison to previous work in turbulent pipe flow. The experimental procedure and the treatment of experimental data are then used to analyse a mechanically agitated tank with an axial flow impeller (Ligthnin A310). This analysis gives a complete special 3D description of the 3 components of the mean velocity and of the 6 components of the Reynolds stresses. We have than studied the structure of the turbulence generated by such a turbine using quadrants analysis, high order statistics and Lumley-Newman diagram. It is important to highlight that one of the main advantages of P. I. V technique is to get instantaneous velocity vectors fields in a plane. Given statistical of such instantaneous velocity vectors fields, it is than possible to derive special two-point velocity correlation functions in order to deduce integral lengths scale of turbulence. Finally the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy is estimated both in pipe flow and in agitated tank
ASTIER, Raphael. "L'uniformisation locale des surfaces d'Artin-Schreier en caracteristique positive." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002087.
Full text- soit z^p+f(x,y)=0, avec f non puissance p-ième et ord f>p,
- soit z^p+e(x,y)z+f(x,y)=0, avec ord(ez+f)>p (cas d'Artin-Schreier).
Historiquement c'est dans ces cas particuliers que s'est trouvé concentrée la difficulté de résoudre les surfaces en caractéristique positive.
Les nouveautés ici consistent en une majoration du nombre minimum
d'éclatements de points fermés nécessaires pour uniformiser, et en une
description ``d'en bas'' de l'évolution du polygone de Newton ainsi que des
paramètres choisis pour les éclatés successifs le long de la valuation.
Dans la première partie de la thèse, on revient sur l'obtention de la forme
normale de Giraud pour f dans l'anneau O_X(X), où X schéma régulier de
dimension deux et de caractéristique p. Le point de départ est une
décomposition polynomiale de f en les curvettes associées à la valuation. On
prévoit ensuite via une puissance p-ième d'en bas, le comportement du
polygone de Newton de f moins cette puissance p-ième, et on majore le nombre
minimum d'équerres du graphe dual de la valuation nécessaires à ce qu'il devienne droit de hauteur au plus 1, et minimal, cas correspondant à la forme normale.
Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse on utilise cette étude pour les cas particuliers ci-dessus mentionnés, on donne un algorithme permettant de prévoir les translations à faire à la sortie des équerres pour avoir un polygone de Newton minimal. On quantifie combien d'équerres sont suffisantes pour obtenir une singularité quasi-ordinaire.
San, Saturnino Jean-Christophe. "Théorème de Kaplansky effectif et uniformisation locale des schémas quasi-excellents." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00973941.
Full textSiouffi-Freyder, Michèle. "Analyse des effets instationnaires sur les caractéristiques de l'écoulement en aval d'un rétrécissemnet local de section." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22083.
Full textBenlamlih, Omar. "Influence de la topographie locale du sol et de ses caractéristiques électriques sur la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques basses fréquences." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10069.
Full textCremer, Sandra. "Adapting iris feature extraction and matching to the local and global quality of iris image." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TELE0026.
Full textIris recognition has become one of the most reliable and accurate biometric systems available. However its robustness to degradations of the input images is limited. Generally iris based systems can be cut into four steps : segmentation, normalization, feature extraction and matching. Degradations of the input image quality can have repercussions on all of these steps. For instance, they make the segmentation more difficult which can result in normalized iris images that contain distortion or undetected artefacts. Moreover the amount of information available for matching can be reduced. In this thesis we propose methods to improve the robustness of the feature extraction and matching steps to degraded input images. We work with two algorithms for these two steps. They are both based on convolution with 2D Gabor filters but use different techniques for matching. The first part of our work is aimed at controlling the quality and quantity of information selected in the normalized iris images for matching. To this end we defined local and global quality metrics that measure the amount of occlusion and the richness of texture in iris images. We use these measures to determine the position and the number of regions to exploit for feature extraction and matching. In the second part, we study the link between image quality and the performance of the two recognition algoritms just described. We show that the second one is more robust to degraded images that contain artefacts, distortion or a poor iris texture. Finally, we propose a complete system for iris recognition that combines the use of our local and global quality metrics to optimize recognition performance
Nadaf, Javad. "Identification de régions chromosomiques (QTLs) impliquées dans la qualité de la viande et les caractéristiques métaboliques des oiseaux en relation avec leur croissance et leur composition corporelle." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARB198.
Full textGabelle, Jean-christophe. "Analyse locale et globale de l'hydrodynamique et du transfert de matière dans des fluides à rhéologie complexe caractéristiques des milieux de fermentation." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0023/document.
Full textEthanol made from cellulosic biomass is recognized as a promising substitute for fossil fuel and thus as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To be competitive, low cost cellulosic enzymes produced by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei are required. At high biomass concentration, the culture broth becomes so highly shear-thinning that mixing and mass transfer limitations may be encountered when the process is scaled up.In this study, we propose to complete data available in the literature for mixing times, power draw, and mass transfer (local and global) with measurements at several scales in model fluids (shear thinning) that mimic the rheology of biological media. Models and correlations that derive from this work can be used directly for industrial fermentor design. In order to study mixing, local shear rate and turbulence in detail, PIV is performed in transparent model fluids. The refined hydrodynamic characterisation relies on the dissociation of instantaneous velocity by means of the POD method. The change of key parameters with operating conditions gives relevant information for the scale-up of shear-sensitive micro-organisms
Klein, Philipp. "Non-Intrusive Information Sources for Activity Analysis in Ambient Assisted Living Scenarios." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH8932/document.
Full textAs people grow older, they are often faced with some degree of decreasing cognitive abilities or physical strength. Isolation from social life, poor quality of life, and increased risk or injuries are the consequence. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is a vision for the way people live their life in their own home, as they grow older: disabilities or limitations are compensated for by technology, where care-giving personnel is scarce or relatives are unable to help. Affected people are assisted by technology. The term "Ambient" in AAL expresses, what this technology needs to be, beyond assistive. It needs to integrate into the living environment in such a way that it is not recognized as such any more. Interaction with residents needs to be intuitive and natural. Technical equipment should be unobtrusive and well integrated. The areas of application targeted in this thesis are activity monitoring and activity pattern discovery in apartments or small houses. The acquisition of information regarding the residents' activity is vital for the success of any assistive technology. In many areas of daily life, this is routine already. State-of-the-art sensing technology includes cameras, light barriers, RFID sensors, radio signal localization using transponders, and pressure sensitive Floors. Due to their operating principles, they have a big impact on home and living environments. Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to research for non-intrusive activity information acquisition technology, that has minimal impact on daily life. Two base technologies are taken into account in this thesis
Faula, Yannick. "Extraction de caractéristiques sur des images acquises en contexte mobile : Application à la reconnaissance de défauts sur ouvrages d’art." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI077.
Full textThe french railway network has a huge infrastructure which is composed of many civil engineering structures. These suffer from degradation of time and traffic and they are subject to a periodic monitoring in order to detect appearance of defects. At the moment, this inspection is mainly done visually by monitoring operators. Several companies test new vectors of photo acquisition like the drone, designed for civil engineering monitoring. In this thesis, the main goal is to develop a system able to detect, localize and save potential defects of the infrastructure. A huge issue is to detect sub-pixel defects like cracks in real time for improving the acquisition. For this task, a local analysis by thresholding is designed for treating large images. This analysis can extract some points of interest (FLASH points: Fast Local Analysis by threSHolding) where a straight line can sneak in. The smart spatial relationship of these points allows to detect and localise fine cracks. The results of the crack detection on concrete degraded surfaces coming from images of infrastructure show better performances in time and robustness than the state-of-art algorithms. Before the detection step, we have to ensure the acquired images have a sufficient quality to make the process. A bad focus or a movement blur are prohibited. We developed a method reusing the preceding computations to assess the quality in real time by extracting Local Binary Pattern (LBP) values. Then, in order to make an acquisition for photogrammetric reconstruction, images have to get a sufficient overlapping. Our algorithm, reusing points of interest of the detection, can make a simple matching between two images without using algorithms as type RANSAC. Our method has invariance in rotation, translation and scale range. After the acquisition, with images with optimal quality, it is possible to exploit methods more expensive in time like convolution neural networks. These are not able to detect cracks in real time but can detect other kinds of damages. However, the lack of data requires the constitution of our database. With approaches of independent classification (classifier SVM one-class), we developed a dynamic system able to evolve in time, detect and then classify the different kinds of damages. No system like ours appears in the literature for the defect detection on civil engineering structure. The implemented works on feature extraction on images for damage detection will be used in other applications as smart vehicle navigation or word spotting
Tison, Juliette. "Utilisation de la modélisation neuronale et des caractéristiques des communautés diatomiques pour la bio-évaluation de l'état écologique des cours d'eau et l'accompagnement de leur restauration." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13145.
Full textTran, Antoine. "Object representation in local feature spaces : application to real-time tracking and detection." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLY010/document.
Full textVisual representation is a fundamental problem in computer vision. The aim is to reduce the information to the strict necessary for a query task. Many types of representation exist, like color features (histograms, color attributes...), shape ones (derivatives, keypoints...) or filterbanks.Low-level (and local) features are fast to compute. Their power of representation are limited, but their genericity have an interest for autonomous or multi-task systems, as higher level ones derivate from them. We aim to build, then study impact of low-level and local feature spaces (color and derivatives only) for two tasks: generic object tracking, requiring features robust to object and environment's aspect changes over the time; object detection, for which the representation should describe object class and cope with intra-class variations.Then, rather than using global object descriptors, we use entirely local features and statisticals mecanisms to estimate their distribution (histograms) and their co-occurrences (Generalized Hough Transform).The Generalized Hough Transform (GHT), created for detection of any shape, consists in building a codebook, originally indexed by gradient orientation, then to diverse features, modeling an object, a class. As we work on local features, we aim to remain close to the original GHT.In tracking, after presenting preliminary works combining the GHT with a particle filter (using color histograms), we present a lighter and fast (100 fps) tracker, more accurate and robust.We present a qualitative evaluation and study the impact of used features (color space, spatial derivative formulation).In detection, we used Gall's Hough Forest. We aim to reduce Gall's feature space and discard HOG features, to keep only derivatives and color ones.To compensate the reduction, we enhanced two steps: the support of local descriptors (patches) are partially chosen using a geometrical measure, and node training is done by using a specific probability map based on patches used at this step.With reduced feature space, the detector is less accurate than with Gall's feature space, but for the same training time, our works lead to identical results, but with higher stability and then better repeatability
Agne, Fatou. "Relations entre l'infiltrat lymphocytaire et les caractéristiques moléculaires d'une cohorte de 135 patients présentant un cancer colorectal : prévalence de la délétion du locus Apobec 3." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3308/document.
Full textColorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease associated to epigenetic abnormalities and molecular alterations inducing a destabilization of the cellular genome. Besides two well-established processes, microsatellite instability and chromosome instability, the destabilization of the genome may follow mobilisation of endongenised mobile genetic elements, such as HERV or LINEs-‐1. HERV have a potential to modulate immune response, which suggests that they could contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. We thus wanted to determine the relationship between intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration and the different molecular characteristics of tumours, taking into account factors that could influence the expression of HERV, such as the frequently observed deletion of a locus on 22q13 containing the Apobec 3 gene family. The intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration was assessed for three markers (CD3, CD8 and CD45RO). The molecular markers analysed were: the mutations of B-‐raf, K-‐ras and Pi3K genes, the instability status of microsatellites, the methylation of MLH1 and LINEs-‐1, a polymorphism in C-‐met and in HLA-‐G. These markers were linked to the deletion of the locus containing Apobec 3 genes, in a cohort of 135 colorectal cancer patients
Le, Viet Phuong. "Logo detection, recognition and spotting in context by matching local visual features." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS029/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a logo spotting framework applied to spotting logo images on document images and focused on document categorization and document retrieval problems. We also present three key-point matching methods: simple key-point matching with nearest neighbor, matching by 2-nearest neighbor matching rule method and matching by two local descriptors at different matching stages. The last two matching methods are improvements of the first method. In addition, using a density-based clustering method to group the matches in our proposed spotting framework can help not only segment the candidate logo region but also reject the incorrect matches as outliers. Moreover, to maximize the performance and to locate logos, an algorithm with two stages is proposed for geometric verification based on homography with RANSAC. Since key-point-based approaches assume costly approaches, we have also invested to optimize our proposed framework. The problems of text/graphics separation are studied. We propose a method for segmenting text and non-text in document images based on a set of powerful connected component features. We applied dimensionality reduction techniques to reduce the high dimensional vector of local descriptors and approximate nearest neighbor search algorithms to optimize our proposed framework. In addition, we have also conducted experiments for a document retrieval system on the text and non-text segmented documents and ANN algorithm. The results show that the computation time of the system decreases sharply by 56% while its accuracy decreases slightly by nearly 2.5%. Overall, we have proposed an effective and efficient approach for solving the problem of logo spotting in document images. We have designed our approach to be flexible for future improvements by us and by other researchers. We believe that our work could be considered as a step in the direction of solving the problem of complete analysis and understanding of document images
Hall, Daniela. "Viewpoint independent recognition of objects from local appearance." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0086.
Full textGarate, escamilla Homero Alejandro. "Understanding local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in fitness-related traits across the European beech range : implications under climate change." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0403.
Full textClimate change is modifying the distribution ranges of species worldwide. To better understand and more realistically predict future species ranges, it is critical to account for local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in populations’ responses to climate. This is challenging, however, because local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are trait dependent and because traits co-vary along climatic gradients across the range, with differential consequences for fitness. One way to address this challenge is to build models with empirical data from large-scale common-garden experiments such as those that have been established in past decades for some forest tree species. This thesis used individual measurements of several fitness-related phenotypic traits (vertical and radial tree growth, spring and autumn leaf phenology and recruit mortality) of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) recorded in the frame of BeechCOSTe52, the largest network of tree phenotypic traits measured in common gardens throughout Europe (>150,000 trees) for modeling the species’ likely response to recent climate change. Specifically, I pursued the following objectives: (i) to quantify range-wide variation and co-variation of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity for four major phenotypic traits related to fitness (vertical growth, radial growth, survival, and leaf flushing phenology), and to project its species range under current and future climate based on this information (chapter 1); (ii) to quantify variation among populations in spring and autumn leaf phenology and the resulting growing season length, and to predict their patterns at the range-wide scale under current and future climate (chapter 2); and (iii) to quantify phenotypic plasticity at different development stages for vertical growth, radial growth, survival, and spring and autumn leaf flushing phenology, and to determine the extent to which inter-annual climate variation during the 20th century is related to variation in phenotypic plasticity across the species range (chapter 3). After setting up the required databases, I performed different types of linear mixed-effect models that related trait variation and co-variation to local adaptation (i.e., trait variation related to the climate of the planted populations’ origin) and phenotypic plasticity (i.e., trait variation related to the climate of plantation site). Finally, I calculated a phenotypic plasticity index for populations based on their reaction norms (i.e., the shape or specific form of the phenotypic response to the environment of an individual or genotype). My results revealed that: (i) the contribution of plasticity to intra-specific trait variation is always higher than that of local adaptation, suggesting that beech is less sensitive to (moderate) climate change than previously reported; (ii) different traits and underlying climatic drivers constrain beech populations in different parts of the species range; (iii) considering trait co-variation improves predictions based on single traits; (iv) growing season length will increase under climate change in northern beech provenances but shrink in populations from the core and the southern range; (v) northern beech populations show high phenotypic plasticity for the investigated traits; and (vi) phenotypic plasticity tends to increase with age in growth-related traits. My results underline that population responses to climate across large geographical gradients are trait-dependent, suggesting that a complete set of fitness-related traits is required to fully understand species sensitivity to climate change
Rana, Aakanksha. "Analyse d'images haute gamme dynamique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENST0015.
Full textHigh Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging enables to capture a wider dynamic range and color gamut, thus enabling us to draw on subtle, yet discriminating details present both in the extremely dark and bright areas of a scene. Such property is of potential interest for computer vision algorithms where performance degrades substantially when the scenes are captured using traditional low dynamic range (LDR) imagery. While such algorithms have been exhaustively designed using traditional LDR images, little work has been done so far in contex of HDR content. In this thesis, we present the quantitative and qualitative analysis of HDR imagery for such task-specific algorithms. This thesis begins by identifying the most natural and important questions of using HDR content for low-level feature extraction task, which is of fundamental importance for many high-level applications such as stereo vision, localization, matching and retrieval. By conducting a performance evaluation study, we demonstrate how different HDR-based modalities enhance algorithms performance with respect to LDR on a proposed dataset. However, we observe that none of them can optimally to do so across all the scenes. To examine this sub-optimality, we investigate the importance of task-specific objectives for designing optimal modalities through an experimental study. Based on the insights, we attempt to surpass this sub-optimality by designing task-specific HDR tone-mapping operators (TMOs). In this thesis, we propose three learning based methodologies aimed at optimal mapping of HDR content to enhance the efficiency of local features extraction at each stage namely, detection, description and final matching
Zhu, Chao. "Effective and efficient visual description based on local binary patterns and gradient distribution for object recognition." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755644.
Full textOk, David. "Mise en Correspondance Robuste et Détection d'Éléments Visuels Appliquées à l'Analyse de Façades." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844049.
Full textMikolajczyk, Krystian. "Detection of local features invariant to affines transformations." Phd thesis, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584096.
Full textMercille, Geneviève. "Environnement alimentaire local et son association avec les habitudes alimentaires de personnes âgées." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9714.
Full textContext: Adequate access to healthful foods in residential environments may contribute to healthful dietary practices. Such access is important for older adults where changes associated with aging may accentuate their dependence on resources available in their residential neighborhood. However, this relationship has not been established for seniors. Objectives: This thesis aims to quantify associations between the local food environment and dietary patterns of independent urban-dwelling older adults. The thesis is part of a larger project involving the linkage of data from a cohort of Québec seniors living in the Montréal metropolitan area and data from a geographic information system. Three studies addressed the following specific objectives: (1) to develop relative indices of local-area food sources outlets to qualify stores potentially selling healthful foods and supply of restaurants in neighborhoods that were part of the study area, (2) to quantify associations between the relative availability of food stores and restaurants in residential area and dietary patterns of members of the cohort, (3) to examine the influence of subjective nutrition knowledge in the relationship between the residential food environment and dietary patterns among older men and women. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data from three different sources was performed: (1) person-level data on 848 participants from cycle 1 of the Québec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging , (2) 2001 Census data from Statistics Canada and (3) data from private businesses and services registry (2005), these two gathered in a geographic information system called Megaphone. Nonparametric bivariate analyses were applied to address objective 1. Associations between exposure to residential-area food sources and dietary patterns (objective 2), as well as moderating effect of nutrition knowledge (objective 3), were tested using linear regression analyses. Results: Analyses revealed three important results. First, the use of relative indices to characterize availability of local-area food sources is relevant to the study of dietary patterns, particularly regarding the supply of fast food restaurants. Second, the ubiquity of unfavorable aspects in the food environment, characterized by relatively higher fast food restaurants offer seem more detrimental to healthful eating habits that the presence of opportunities to buy healthful foods in food stores. Third, a residential food environment more favorable to healthful dietary patterns could reduce disparities in diet quality between women with low nutrition knowledge compared to women more knowledgeable. Conclusion: These results highlight the complex links between local environment and diet. If findings can be replicated in future research, population-based strategies to address an imbalance between accessibility to healthful food sources relative to unhealthful food sources, would be promising.