Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Caractérisation poreux'
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Dutour, Julien. "Simulation numérique et caractérisation de matériaux poreux." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS0027.
Full textThis PhD concerned three different aspects, related both to simulation and resolution of structures from X-ray powder data:- The first aspect of my thesis aims at finding new solutions for solving complex structures for which a single method is unable to provide the solution when a single crystal is not available. Taking advantage of the expertise of the group in powder crystallography, solid state NMR and computer simulation, we decided to conjugate these three complementary approaches for trying to reach a solution. - The second part present the energetic studies of hypothetic porous germanates, which seem to be good candidates for the applications of porous solids (catalysis, gas storage or separation). - The third point concerned the extension of the AASBU to hybrid structures. The concept of SBU applies both to the inorganic and organic moieties. We had to find the proper ways for ‘sticking’ these bricks together in all the possible ways for providing not only the known structures, but also new virtual (or not yet discovered) ones. For two new structures, we decided to focus on the association of organic linkers with the rare inorganic trimeric units of three octahedra linked by a mu3-O, the chemical conditions of existence of which being established by the chemistry group of the laboratory. Coupled with either trimesic (MIL-100) or terephtalic (MIL-101) acids, this trimer gives two green powders. The indexation of the patterns lead to cubic symmetries (Fd-3m) and huge cell parameters (a = 72A for MIL-100 and 89A for MIL-101, corresponding to the unprecedented cell volumes of 380,000 and 706,000A3)
Amaral-Labat, Gisèle. "Gels poreux biosourcés : production, caractérisation et applications." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0081/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents the preparation and the characterization of highly porous monolithic materials mainly derived from natural resources. The objectives were to: (i) develop new gels, biosourced up to the 91% level; (ii) suggest alternatives to supercritical drying in CO2, and (iii) investigate properties of interest for such gels in the organic state and, in some cases, after pyrolysis for obtaining carbon gels. For those purposes, tannin and soy flour were tested as precursors, at different concentrations and different pH, and three ways of drying were used: supercritical drying, freeze drying and evaporative drying. The obtained gels were characterized in terms of density, porosity, pore size distributions and specific surface area, whether in organic or in carbon form, depending on the intended application or expected type of porosity. Mechanical and thermal properties were also measured. The obtained broad range of porous textures allowed suggesting applications such as thermal insulators, catalyst supports or electrodes for electrochemical capacitors
Gavillon, Roxane. "Préparation et caractérisation de matériaux cellulosiques ultra poreux." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173409.
Full textLes propriétés rhéologiques des solutions cellulose-NaOH-eau préparées ont été étudiées. Le temps, la température et l'augmentation de la concentration de cellulose conduisent à la formation d'un gel irréversible. L'ajout d'urée retarde la gélification et améliore la qualité du solvant.
Nous avons déterminé les cinétiques de régénération de la cellulose des gels physiques de cellulose et nous les avons comparées à celle des solutions de cellulose-NMMO-eau. La concentration en cellulose, le type et la température du bain non-solvant sont les principaux paramètres qui gouvernent la diffusion du solvant de la solution de cellulose vers le bain de régénération et donc la structure finale du matériau.
Les Aérocelluloses ont une porosité ouverte, supérieure à 90%, avec un diamètre de pores moyen de quelques centaines de nanomètres. Les propriétés mécaniques du matériau dépendent des paramètres de préparation.
L'Aérocellulose a été évaluée dans diverses applications. Nous avons créé des structures composites cellulose-particules inorganiques. Nous avons pyrolysé les Aérocelluloses afin d'obtenir des structures carbonées poreuses. Les Aérocelluloses carbonées utilisées dans les piles primaires au lithium ainsi que les Aérocelluloses carbonées platinées testées comme support catalytique pour les électrodes dans les piles à combustibles conduisent à des résultats prometteurs.
Hamoudi, Ali. "Méthode inverse pour la caractérisation des milieux poreux." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1489.
Full textCarlu, Jean-Claude. "Synthèse et caractérisation de polymères poreux : applications catalytiques." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10109.
Full textTran, Dinh Hoang. "Caractérisation du milieu poreux : approches mécanique et acoustique." Le Havre, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEHA0001.
Full textThe research performed in this thesis aims to study the characterization of the filtration of suspended particles through a saturated porous media using both acoustic and mechanical methods. The step input injections of suspended particles (silt) with different concentrations were carried out in the laboratory column filled with the porous media (glass beads or sand). The retention of the particles is derived from the breakthrough curves and the hydro-dispersive parameters are then deduced by the analytical solution of the advection-dispersion equation. In order to describe the phenomenon of deep filtration, an acoustic method is carried out by using the measurements of ultrasound transmission and reflection. A numerical simulation based on the Biot-Stoll theory is developed and the results are adjusted with the experimental data. The evolution of the mechanical and the acoustical parameters of the porous media with the frequency and the depth of the porous media are determined by an inverse method
Bai, Ruonan. "Caractérisation de milieux poreux hétérogènes par approche acoustique." Thesis, Le Havre, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEHA0009/document.
Full textA theoretical and experimental study of wave propagation in double porosity media submitted to the flowing of turbid liquids is led. Two samples of double porosity materials assumed to obey Berryman and Wang’s extension (1995) of Biot’s theory in the low frequency regime are considered : (i) ROBU® (pure binder-free borosilicate glass 3.3 manufactured to form the individual grains) and (ii) Tobermorite 11 Å ( the individual porous cement grains show irregular shapes). We propose on the one hand a numerical study of wave propagation through a rectangular box filled with a double porosity medium and, on the other an experimental validation in laboratory. The characterizations of the double porosity medium by using mechanical tools are also presented. The tracing tests for characterizing the transport and the deposition of suspended particles contained in saturating liquids, are realized. The interpretations of the results are based on the transfer time, the restitution ratio, the retention capacity, the spatial profile of the retention and the size sorting of transported particles. The aim of our research is to develop a method for non-destructive testing that allows an assessment of the degree of clogging resulting from the deposition of fine particles in the pores, for example
Merlet, Samuel. "Elaboration et caractérisation de poly(phénylquinoxaline)s poreux." Chambéry, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CHAMS023.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to develop new high performance polymeric materials with closed submicron porosity. The adopted strategy is an original foaming process based on the in-situ gas generation from pendant thermolabile group decomposition. A thermostable polymer matrix poly(phenylquinoxaline)s (PPQ) has been chosen, as well as the thermolabile group tertbutylcarbonate (Boc). A preliminary model study was performed to precisely define the adapted strategy. Grafting the Boc structure on phenol group was shown to be efficient and the thermal decomposition provides carbon dioxide and isobutene in a very clean and quantitative way, which should lead to a good control of the foaming process of the system PPQ + CO2 /isobutene. Different monomers bis(α-diketone)s were synthesized and polymerized with a commercial bis(o-diamine), leading to PPQ with pendant phenol groups. Depending on the experimental conditions are prepared several structures having various phenol contents and specific repartitions depending on the monomer or "statistic”/”sequenced" architecture. The functionalisation of these phenol groups into Boc thermolabile groups could lead to a gas concentration from 150 to 654 mg/g and a repartition derived from the phenol ones. Three key parameters enable a good control of the porous materials morphology. They are the gas concentration, the glass transition (Tg) of the polymer and the foaming temperature. Using high foaming temperatures lead to macroporous PPQ foams (ultra and microcellular foams) whose morphologies are similar with ones obtained after a conventional CO2 foaming process. Parameters of this macroporosity can be controlled by playing on the gas concentration and the Tg of the polymer. Moreover foaming of "sequenced" architecture (bloc copolymers) lead to the formation of ultra and microcellular foams with a double distribution of pores. This bimodal distribution is probably due to microscopic phase segregations. All studied polymers associated with moderated foaming temperatures enable the formation of nanocellular foams with closed porosity. This results show that it is possible to form and stabilize nano-cells (8-40 nm) from a nucleation and growth mechanism in a polymer matrix. The production of such very small sizes and high cell densities requires a high nucleation rate (elevated gas concentration) and a limited growth of nucleated nano-cells (elevated system viscosity). Among the studied structures, the PPQ-OH foams show the best compromise between a high gas concentration (345 mg/g) and a high Tg (370 °C) and lead to very interesting nanocellular materials (Φ: 8-11 nm – Nc: 4 1016 cells/cm3 – P: 14-16 %vol)
Campesi, Renato. "Synthèse, caractérisation et étude des propriétés thermodynamiques d'hydrogénation de nanocomposites matériaux poreux / métaux-alliages." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461689.
Full textBouchard, Jonathan. "Caractérisation d'un régénérateur ferromagnétique poreux utilisé en réfrigération magnétique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1835.
Full textBarrande, Maud. "Caractérisation de matériaux poreux pour la séparation de protéines." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11050.
Full textGros-Jean, Mickaël. "Fabrication et caractérisation de structures nanocomposites silicium poreux/CdS." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10186.
Full textBustillo, Julien. "Caractérisation non destructive du silicium poreux par méthode ultrasonore." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4026/document.
Full textPorous silicon is a material that is currently used in many fields such as biology and microelectronics, thanks to its remarkable properties. Non-destructive characterization of this kind of material is still limited, mostly due to thickness of porous layer and pore size. The aim of this work is the development of an ultrasonic characterization method to allow monitoring of in situ etching in real time. First, the study of electrochemical etching and tanks where it is made to have the estimated microgeometric parameters of the porous layer. Through knowledge of the pore size and orientation, the mechanical constants md the values of permeability and tortuosity are estimated. Second, propagation of the ultrasonic waves within the material bi-porous Si-Si layer is examined. Modelling of the porous i layer is performed through the Biot model to estimate the longitudinal speed to calculate the theoretical spectrum transmission through the etched wafer. A measurement using an insertion-substitution method allows a determination of transmission spectrum. The parameters of the porous layer (thickness and porosity ) are determined by an inverse problem resolution, based on a genetic algorithm. A comparison with destructive measurements shows the interest of the ultrasonic measurement
Renault, Amélie. "Caractérisation mécanique dynamique de matériaux poro-visco-élastiques." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1915.
Full textLavilluniere, Hugo. "Élaboration et caractérisation de composés poreux pour le stockage d'énergie et la conversion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1264.
Full textABSTRACTThis thesis aims to develop covalent organic networks (COFs) for use in the context of energystorage as electrode materials for supercapacitors. They have remarkable porosity and specificsurfaces, making them suitable for such use. The study first focuse d on the synthesis of a COFbased on a boronic ester, called COF5, focusing on the optimization of a new microwaveassisted synthesis route that enhances its performance in terms of storage. The specific surfacearea of the COF obtained was doubled compare d to that obtained by the solvothermal method,and its crystalline structure boosted the electronic conductivity. Incorporated as an electrodematerial, it demonstrated very high cycling stability. The second part of this work focused onthe development of core crown composites of COF5 associated with carbon nanotubes as acapacitive additive and electronic conductor by incorporating this additive during the synthesisof COF. If the conductivity of this composite is multiplied by 1000 compared to that of CO F5,its specific capacitance quadruples after an activation period and demonstrates very strongcycling stability. Finally, COF5 was associated with the electronically conductive polymer,polyaniline. The most efficient type of composite was produced by ad sorption of the monomerfollowed by electropolymerization in the porosity of the COF. The specific capacitance doubledto reach 672 F.g 1 at 2 mV.s 1 with very high stability without any sign of degradation after10,000 CV cycles at 100 mV.s 1. This work d emonstrates the great potential of incorporatingconductive polymer inside the pores of a covalent organic network to improve itselectrochemical performance.Keywords:Covalent organic framework , S olvothermal synthesis, M icrowave assisted method ,Specific surface area, P orosity, E lectrochemistry, S upercapacitor, P seudocapacitor, EDLCs,Carbon nanotubes , Polyaniline
Aufort, Gabriel. "Caractérisation morphologique et mécanique de milieux poreux 3D : application à la microarchitecture osseuse." Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE2040.
Full textJacquet, Claudine. "Caractérisation géométrique et propriétés de transport de milieux poreux consolidés." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844830.
Full textAtalla, Youssef. "Développement d'une technique inverse de caractérisation acoustique des matériaux poreux." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1779.
Full textWali, Alami Salah-Eddine. "Synthèse et caractérisation de polymères poreux : applications comme réactifs supportés." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10116.
Full textMokthari, Ilham. "Synthèse et caractérisation de polyimides poreux à faible constante diélectrique." Chambéry, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CHAMS049.
Full textThis research work concerns the elaboration of low dielectric constant materials to be used as interlayer dielectrics in microelectronics. The strategy adopted for the generation of porosity relies on the thermal degradation of thermolabiles polycaprolactone sequences simply dispersed or covalently linked to thermostable polyimide matrices, slightly crosslinked by a photochemical process. The first part of this work is devoted to the synthesis and characterization of different polyimides matrices. In a second part, functionnalized polycaprolactone segments (amine-PCL or diamine-PCL) have been synthesized, characterized and involved in a polycondensation reaction in order to end up with controlled architecture copolymers. The last part of the work is related to the elaboration of porous materials. First, the experimental conditions suitable for a complete elimination of the thermolabile segments without any mage to the polyimide matrix have been determined. Therefore, a precise study of the influence of different parameters (polyimide structure, glass transition temperature, polycaprolactone proportion introduced. . . ) on the elaboration of porous structures have been realized. The results obtained suggest at two parameters are crucial for the elaboration of porosity : a high transition temperature of the matrix as well as a phase separation of the thermolabile segments in the themostable polymer
Teriierooiterai, Marie-Laure. "Caractérisation ultrasonore d'un milieu poreux : application aux céramiques poreuses d'hydroxyapatite." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR3305.
Full textVezin, Vincent. "Caractérisation par diffusion centrale des rayons x du silicium poreux." Poitiers, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991POIT2311.
Full textMetzger, Thomas. "Dispersion thermique en milieux poreux : caractérisation expérimentale par technique inverse." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL065N.
Full textJacquet, Claudine. "Caractérisation géométrique et propriétés de transport de milieux poreux consolidés." Grenoble INPG, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844830.
Full textPasquiou, Anne. "Pellets d'argiles gonflantes : élaboration et caractérisation hydromécanique." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-45-46.pdf.
Full textChevillotte, Fabien. "Étude acoustique des matériaux poreux à cellules fermées." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1451.
Full textCargnelli-Barral, Katia. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'aérogels organiques de très faible densité." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20023.
Full textOuali, Chakib. "Caractérisation multi-échelle de l’écoulement de mousses en milieux poreux en contexte EOR." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS001.
Full textFoam has long been used as a mobility control agent in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes to enhance sweep efficiency and overcome gravity segregation, viscous fingering and gas channeling, which are gas-related problems when the latter is injected alone in the reservoir. However, the systematic use of foam in reservoir engineering requires more in-depth knowledge of its dynamics in porous media. The literature shows two types of experimental approaches based either on petrophysical studies carried out on 3D porous systems and based on pressure measurements, or on microfluidic studies that allow direct visualization of foam flow but are limited to 1D or 2D model systems. The research investigated in this thesis aims to bridge the gap between these two approaches. The proposed strategy is to characterize in situ the foam flow in 3D porous media with techniques providing a wide range of temporal and spatial resolutions. A coreflood setup giving access to classical petro-physical measurements was developed and then coupled to different observation cells designed specifically for each characterization instrument. First, an X-ray CT scanner was used to describe and visualize the foam flow at the core scale. The rheological behavior of foam on this scale was studied as a function of the injection conditions such as gas velocity and foam quality. Secondly, Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) was used to probe the foam structure in situ during the flow, on a wide length scale, up to three orders of magnitude in size. In situ foam texture (size and density of bubbles and lamellae) was measured for different foam qualities and at different propagation distances from the injection point. A comparison to the geometric characteristics of the porous medium was also realized. Thirdly, High Resolution Fast X-ray Micro-tomography on a Synchrotron was used to visualize the foam flow at the pore scale. This allowed to confirm visually some foam characteristics measured with SANS and to investigate on local intermittent gas trapping and mobilization. This study is an important step in the multi-scale characterization of foam flow in 3D porous media and provides some answers to certain generally accepted assumptions
Chennell, Philip. "Préparation et caractérisation de surfaces poreuses ordonnées en polymères en vue d'applications médicales." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS005/document.
Full textUreteral stents and nephrostomy catheters are made of silicone or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). A topographical modification creating an ordered porous surface could limit the infectious risks during their implantation, by reducing bacterial adhesion and creating a loading platform from which anti-infectious compounds could be released.In this work, a two-steps replication method was used to create ordered porous polymer surfaces (silicone or TPU) using porous anodic aluminium oxide (PAAO) as master template. The PAAO surfaces were prepared by double mild or double hard/mild anodization. Three intermediate mould materials were tested (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polystyrene, polyacrylate resin). The polymer material (silicone or TPU) was then moulded onto the intermediate mould surfaces that possessed freestanding pillar arrays, to imprint pores. The obtained surfaces were characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic methods. The initial PAAO surfaces prepared by double mild anodization possessed pores of about 50 nm diameter and 100 nm depth, whereas those prepared after development of the double hard/mild anodization method were bigger, of about 125 nm diameter and several hundred nanometers deep. The intermediate mould structure possessed freestanding arrays, but instabilities (lateral adhesion) were noted for certain conditions. The best pattern replication was observed for TPU. In conclusion, these novel porous polymeric surfaces could be optimized and tested for an anti-biofilm effect
Iskandar, Antoine. "Caractérisation de l'espace poreux de roches sédimentaires par l'étude d'équilibres capillaires." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569140.
Full textJaffel, Hamouda. "Caractérisation multi-échelles de matériaux poreux en évolution : cas du plâtre." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122888.
Full textLeclaire, Philippe. "Caractérisation physique de matériaux poreux pour l'étude des interactions acoustique/structure." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871339.
Full textLa première partie de ce mémoire est consacrée aux paramètres physiques des milieux poreux et à leur caractérisation. Suite aux travaux théoriques importants de Biot qui fut un pionnier dans le domaine, la propagation acoustique dans les milieux poreux saturés de fluide est maintenant relativement bien connue grâce aux nombreuses contributions depuis les années 1970-80 d'une communauté scientifique assez large. Cependant, l'une des difficultés majeures rencontrées dans la pratique était l'absence d'information sur certains paramètres définis dans le domaine des hautes fréquences de Biot, dans les modèles les plus élaborés. Les hautes fréquences de Biot sont telles que l'épaisseur de peau visqueuse des ondes est petite devant les dimensions caractéristiques des pores mais ces fréquences demeurent inférieures aux basses fréquences des modèles de diffusion de sorte que les longueurs d'ondes restent très grandes devant les dimensions des hétérogénéités (diffuseurs). Dans ce contexte, notre principale contribution fut la proposition de méthodes originales basées sur la propagation d'ultrasons aériens ou dans un gaz saturant le matériau poreux pour la mesure de la tortuosité et des longueurs caractéristiques visqueuse et thermique. Ces recherches ont donné lieu à plusieurs thèses de doctorat conduites à Leuven et au Mans, en particulier, la thèse de Luc Kelders soutenue à la K. U. Leuven en 1998. Les autres faits et résultats marquants de ces recherches sont :
- la caractérisation complète pour la première fois grâce à ces expériences, de certains matériaux jusqu'alors inconnus.
- la réalisation d'un banc de mesure ultrasonore pour la mesure des paramètres haute fréquence. Le dispositif est maintenant couramment utilisé à la demande d'industriels et a été installé dans plusieurs laboratoires, notamment au Japon.
- la réponse à une question sur l'origine de l'excès d'atténuation observé à haute fréquence et non prédit par les modèles basés sur la théorie de Biot. Dans la plupart des matériaux utilisés en acoustique, cet excès d'atténuation est dû à la diffusion, lorsque les longueurs d'ondes ne peuvent plus être considérées comme grandes devant les dimensions des hétérogénéités. Dans ce cas, les modèles basés sur des phases effectives ne sont plus valables et doivent faire place aux modèles de diffusion.
Les recherches sur la caractérisation des paramètres physiques des milieux poreux et sur les relations entre ces paramètres continuent. Récemment, des recherches ont été entreprises par Z. E. A. Fellah, C. Depollier au Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica à Leuven et au Laboratoire d'acoustique de l'Université du Maine et une nouvelle méthode basée sur la réflexion des ondes ultrasonores a été développée dans le but d'augmenter le domaine d'applicabilité des méthodes ultrasonores.
Une approche temporelle des signaux ultrasonores transitoires transmis et réfléchis dans les couches poreuses a été proposée par ces auteurs et de nouvelles méthodes sont en cours d'étude pour la caractérisation de matériaux inhomogènes. Un certain nombre de ces méthodes sont basées sur des résultats établis en électromagnétisme. La partie B de ce mémoire étudie l'influence des paramètres physiques des milieux poreux sur les vibrations de plaques poreuses et les interactions fluide/squelette. Un modèle analytique de la vibration en flexion de plaques poreuses basé sur l'application de la théorie classique des plaques minces et la poroélasticité de Biot a été proposée. Ce problème n'a que très peu été étudié analytiquement. La raison principale en est sans doute la grande puissance et la flexibilité du traitement numérique de ce type de problème. Quel peut être l'intérêt de ce genre d'étude analytique, confinée à des géométries simples éloignées des situations réelles lorsque des problèmes plus complexes peuvent être résolus numériquement? Le but principal de cette étude a été de mieux comprendre l'influence des paramètres physiques définis dans la partie A sur les caractéristiques de la vibration. Ici, un intérêt particulier est porté sur la physique des interactions entre la phase solide et la phase fluide au cours de la vibration. La thèse de doctorat de M. J. Swift soutenue à l'Université de Bradford en 2000 à été consacrée à la fabrication et à l'étude des propriétés physiques et acoustiques de matériaux recyclés. Durant ces recherches, un procédé de fabrication de plaques poreuses minces, absorbantes et relativement rigides a été développé. Les matériaux produits ont été caractérisés et étudiés expérimentalement en vibration. Le procédé a fait l'objet d'un brevet et a permis la création d'une entreprise satellite (spin off) à l'université de Bradford. Les avancées qui ont résulté de ces recherches furent :
- la proposition d'un modèle analytique de la vibration en flexion d'une plaque poreuse mince relativement rigide saturée par un fluide. Le modèle est valable pour des matériaux relativement rigides lorsque les longueurs d'onde acoustiques sont plus grandes que l'épaisseur de la plaque, ce qui est souvent le cas.
- la proposition d'une formule analytique approchée donnant les fréquences de résonances de la plaque en fonction des paramètres physiques du matériau et des conditions de bord.
- l'étude détaillée de l'influence de la porosité, de la tortuosité et de la perméabilité sur les fréquences de résonance et sur l'amortissement. On trouve que les fréquences de résonance augmentent avec la porosité et la perméabilité, et diminuent lorsque la tortuosité augmente alors que l'amortissement augmente avec la porosité, diminue lorsque la tortuosité augmente et atteint un maximum en fonction de la perméabilité à une fréquence caractéristique du milieu poreux
- la découverte d'une fréquence d'amortissement maximal de la plaque vibrante liée aux propriétés du matériau (porosité, tortuosité et perméabilité). Cette fréquence est donnée par la fréquence caractéristique de Biot divisée par la tortuosité.
Le modèle rend compte de la réponse élastique instantanée de la plaque et du mouvement relatif entre le solide et le fluide. Il inclut l'amortissement structural (lié aux parties imaginaires du module d'Young et du coefficient de Poisson) et aussi les pertes par friction visqueuse, entre le solide et le fluide. Des renseignements qualitatifs ont été obtenus lors de l'étude de l'influence de la tortuosité et de la perméabilité. Ainsi, les résonances de plaques poreuses sont fortement liées à l'existence de forces d'inertie et de forces de friction. Ces forces sont associées aux échanges de quantité de mouvement et aux mouvements relatifs entre le solide et le fluide. Il apparaît que des variations des forces d'inertie sont accompagnées par des variations inverses des forces de friction. Nous pensons que ces renseignements sont importants et qu'une bonne compréhension des phénomènes physiques accompagnant les vibrations peut certainement contribuer à une bonne formulation numérique des vibrations de structures complexes incluant des matériaux poreux. La dernière partie de ce mémoire traite de la propagation d'ondes guidées dans des couches poreuses et dans des matériaux mous pour la caractérisation de leurs propriétés élastiques et viscoélastiques.
Cette étude apporte une contribution à la détermination des propriétés mécaniques du squelette solide et complète l'étude des paramètres physiques des milieux poreux. L'un des avantages de la propagation guidée pour l'étude de matériaux fortement atténuants est qu'elle permet de concentrer l'énergie dans l'épaisseur d'une couche. Quant aux ondes stationnaires, elles permettent non seulement de concentrer l'énergie à une fréquence donnée mais aussi de travailler avec des plaques dont les dimensions sont finies (par rapport aux longueurs d'onde). Ces travaux, aussi bien expérimentaux que théoriques, font suite à des travaux d'Allard sur la propagation d'ondes de Rayleigh dans des matériaux poreux pour la détermination du module de cisaillement à haute fréquence. L'idée est de faire la jonction entre les méthodes vibratoires classiques de mesure à basse fréquence des modules élastiques et la méthode basée sur l'onde de Rayleigh dans le but de caractériser des matériaux mous dans un large domaine de fréquences. Une partie importante de la thèse de doctorat de L. Boeckx soutenue en février 2005 est consacrée à ce sujet. La principale difficulté rencontrée fut la génération et la détection d'ondes guidées dans ce type de matériau très atténuant et dans le même temps très dispersif à certaines fréquences. Des résultats dignes d'intérêt dans cette étude sont certainement :
- la proposition d'une méthode d'excitation et de détection d'ondes guidées dans des matériaux très atténuants basée sur l'établissement d'ondes stationnaires dans le matériau, l'idée étant d'exciter le matériau mou avec une sinusoïde continue dans le but de maximiser l'énergie appliquée à une fréquence donnée.
- l'observation pour la première fois de plusieurs modes guidés dans de la matière très molle tels que les modes A0, S0 et A1 dans une couche de mousse polyuréthane hautement poreuse montée dans les conditions de Lamb. la détermination des courbes de dispersion expérimentales à partir du tracé du profil d'ondes stationnaires et de la transformée de Fourier spatiale de ce profil fournissant les périodicités spatiales des différents modes susceptibles de se propager à une fréquence donnée.
- la caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et viscoélastiques de mousses polyuréthane dans un domaine de fréquences compris entre 50 Hz et 4 kHz, typiquement.
- la description théorique faisant intervenir la théorie des modes guidés et les équations de la poroélasticité dans des couches de matériau placées dans différentes configurations.
- la prédiction de l'existence de deux familles de modes guidés dans les couches poreuses et la confirmation de l'existence de modes symétriques et antisymétriques lorsqu'une couche poreuse est placée dans les conditions de Lamb où les fluides environnant les deux faces de la couche sont les mêmes.
Suite à ces travaux et en application de cette technique de détection d'ondes guidées, des recherches sur les propriétés mécaniques de matériaux mous tel que des gels, du caoutchouc ou des films de liquide très visqueux appliqués sur un substrat rigide ont débuté au Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica. Une collaboration avec l'ECIME de l'université de Cergy Pontoise vise à caractériser la transition liquide-solide de milieux gélifs tels que du yaourt. Des gels synthétiques ou biologiques affichent des propriétés acoustiques étonnantes qui demandent à être étudiées plus précisément. Une autre étude est en actuellement en cours en collaboration avec l'Université du Maine sur la propagation d'ondes de surface et d'ondes guidées dans des milieux granulaires et des sables. D'autres perspectives de recherche font intervenir le banc ultrasonore développé à Leuven et au Mans. Il existe par exemple un intérêt particulier pour le vieillissement de la mie de pain, un milieu poreux bien connu et apprécié.
Gagnon-Thibault, Évelyne. "Synthèse et caractérisation de matériaux polymères poreux pour le stockage d'hydrogène." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29167/29167.pdf.
Full textGuerri, Frédéric. "Caractérisation de matériaux poreux à structure fractale : les aérogels de silice." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30045.
Full textDeville, Lilas. "Modélisation et caractérisation expérimentale des joints à brosse." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2326/document.
Full textBrush seals are compliant dynamic seals that are used in the turbomachines. They are made of a brush of fine bristles sandwiched between two plates, in such a way that the assembly fills the gap between the rotor and the stator. The bristles are usually made from a cobalt based alloy called Haynes 25 (other materials can be used, such as Kevlar). The behaviour of these seals shows a strong coupling between the fluid flow and the brush deformation.This kind of seal can be modelled by considering the brush as a porous medium. This method presents the benefit of a rather simple calculation of the flow, but it requires the use of experimental data in order to calibrate its permeabilities (i.e. its ability to let the fluid flow through it). The aim of this thesis is to propose a model using the porous medium approach but without the need of preliminary experimental data. An iterative simulation between the calculation of the bristles' deformation under the influence of the pressure forces and the solving of the flow in the porous medium formed by the deformed brush was developed. It relies on the numerical calculation of the permeabilities obtained from the pressure drop generated by an array of cylinders representative of the brush.Low diameter Haynes 25 seals were tested with air in order to verify the validity of the results given by the simulation. The evolution of the mass flow rate with the pressure difference and the interference between the seal and the rotor was studied. Displacements of the rotor and temperature of the seals were also monitored during the tests
Lahlali, Douadi. "Elaboration et caractérisation de morphologies poreuses dans des polymères thermodurcissables époxy." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0073/these.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis, we worked out porous epoxy thermoset polymers by several ways: i) from polymer blends ii) from structuration of block copolymers iii) by “templating”. The choice of epoxy thermoset matrices allows a good thermal behaviour, rather high glass transition temperatures, Tg>150°C, and a processing as films or as massive monoliths. First, classical thermoplastic-thermoset polymer blends allowed obtaining a broad range of sizes of the separated thermoplastic phase by changing the formulation of the thermosetting precursors. Mesopores were generated by the thermodegradation of the dispersed phase. Then a copolymer is dispersed in the precursor epoxy-amine monomers and generates various organized structures (lamellae, cylindrical) which are maintained during crosslinking of the monomers. The achievement of porous films was made by extraction of the copolymer in an organic solvent. The third technique consists in the impregnation of a porous silica by epoxy-amine monomers in order to obtain a replica of the initial silica after chemical etching in basic medium. Thus we succeeded in making “hyperporous” epoxy/amine monoliths
Khouzami, Roger. "Synthèse et caractérisation physicochimique de tamis moléculaires de type aluminophosphate." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10082.
Full textZerhouni, Othmane. "Etude des propriétés élastiques effectives de matériaux poreux à microstructure aléatoire : Impression 3D, caractérisation, expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IPPAX008.
Full textThis thesis deals with the 3D-printing, numerical simulation and experimental testing of porous materials with random isotropic microstructures. In particular, we attempt to assess by means of well-chosen examples the effect of partial statistical descriptors (i.e., porous volume fraction or porosity, two-point correlation functions and chord-length distribution) upon the linear effective elastic response of random porous materials and propose (nearly) optimal microstructures by direct comparison with available theoretical mathematical bounds. To achieve this, in the first part of this work, we design ab initio porous materials comprising single-size (i.e. monodisperse) and multiple-size (polydisperse) spherical and ellipsoidal non-overlapping voids. The microstructures are generated using a random sequential adsorption (RSA) algorithm that allows to reach very high porosities (e.g. greater than 80%). The created microstructures are then numerically simulated using finite element (FE) and Fast Fourier Tranform (FFT) methods to obtain representative isotropic volume elements in terms of both periodic and kinematic boundary conditions. This then allows for the 3D-printing of the porous microstructures in appropriately designed dog-bone specimens. An experimental setup for uniaxial tension loading conditions is then developed and the 3D-printed porous specimens are tested to retrieve their purely linear elastic properties. This process allows, for the first time experimentally, to show that such polydisperse (multiscale) microstructures can lead to nearly optimal effective elastic properties when compared with the theoretical Hashin-Shtrikman upper bounds for a very large range of porosities spanning values between 0-82%. To understand further the underlying mechanisms that lead to such a nearly optimal response, we assess the influence of several statistical descriptors (such as the one- and two-point correlation functions, the chord-length distribution function) of the microstructure upon the effective elastic properties of the porous material. We first investigate the ability of the two-point correlation function to predict accurately the effective response of random porous materials by choosing two different types of microstructures, which have exactly the same first (i.e., porosity) and second-order statistics. The first type consists of non-overlapping spherical and ellipsoidal pores generated by the RSA process. The second type, which uses the thresholded Gaussian Random Field (GRF) method, is directly reconstructed by matching the one- and two-point correlation functions from the corresponding RSA microstructure. The FFT-simulated effective elastic properties of these two microstructures reveal very significant differences that are in the order of 100% in the computed bulk and shear moduli. This analysis by example directly implies that the two-point statistics can be highly insufficient to predict the effective elastic properties of random porous materials. We seek to rationalize further this observation by introducing controlled connectivity in the original non-overlapping RSA microstructures. The computed effective elastic properties of these microstructures show that the pore connectivity does not change neither the two-point correlation functions nor the chord-length distribution but leads to a significant decrease in the effective elastic properties. In order to quantify better the differences between those three microstructures, we analyze the link between the local geometry of the porous phase and the corresponding computed elastic fields by computing the first (average) and second moments of the elastic strain fluctuations. This last analysis suggests that partial statistical information of the microstructure (without any input from the corresponding elasticity problem) might be highly insufficient even for the qualitative analysis of a porous material and by extension of any random composite material
Nait-Ali, Benoît. "Elaboration, caractérisation et modélisation de matériaux poreux : Influence de la structure poreuse sur la conductivité thermique effective." Limoges, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIMO0038.
Full textOuali, Chakib. "Caractérisation multi-échelle de l’écoulement de mousses en milieux poreux en contexte EOR." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS001/document.
Full textFoam has long been used as a mobility control agent in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes to enhance sweep efficiency and overcome gravity segregation, viscous fingering and gas channeling, which are gas-related problems when the latter is injected alone in the reservoir. However, the systematic use of foam in reservoir engineering requires more in-depth knowledge of its dynamics in porous media. The literature shows two types of experimental approaches based either on petrophysical studies carried out on 3D porous systems and based on pressure measurements, or on microfluidic studies that allow direct visualization of foam flow but are limited to 1D or 2D model systems. The research investigated in this thesis aims to bridge the gap between these two approaches. The proposed strategy is to characterize in situ the foam flow in 3D porous media with techniques providing a wide range of temporal and spatial resolutions. A coreflood setup giving access to classical petro-physical measurements was developed and then coupled to different observation cells designed specifically for each characterization instrument. First, an X-ray CT scanner was used to describe and visualize the foam flow at the core scale. The rheological behavior of foam on this scale was studied as a function of the injection conditions such as gas velocity and foam quality. Secondly, Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) was used to probe the foam structure in situ during the flow, on a wide length scale, up to three orders of magnitude in size. In situ foam texture (size and density of bubbles and lamellae) was measured for different foam qualities and at different propagation distances from the injection point. A comparison to the geometric characteristics of the porous medium was also realized. Thirdly, High Resolution Fast X-ray Micro-tomography on a Synchrotron was used to visualize the foam flow at the pore scale. This allowed to confirm visually some foam characteristics measured with SANS and to investigate on local intermittent gas trapping and mobilization. This study is an important step in the multi-scale characterization of foam flow in 3D porous media and provides some answers to certain generally accepted assumptions
Ceglia, Gaétane. "Élaboration et caractérisation de matériaux polymères poreux modèles à base d’émulsions contrôlées." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14462/document.
Full textPolymer foams are cellular materials commonly used for safety applications in many industrial sectors (aeronautic, passive safety, gears…). To even improve their performances, the link between their structural parameters (cell sizes, density...) and their mechanical behaviour should be better understood and modelled. A way of producing such foams is to polymerize the continuous phase of highly concentrated emulsions. The advantage of such an emulsion-based strategy is that it becomes possible to take advantage of the good control over emulsion parameters (drop size, dispersed phase volume fraction, continuous phase composition) to elaborate model foams with cells and pores having narrow size distributions. The production of model foams makes it possible to determine independently the influence of each parameter on the compression modulus and to compare the results with existing models
Gaétane, Ceglia. "Elaboration et caractérisation de matériaux polymères poreux modèles à base d'émulsions contrôlées." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731266.
Full textLeca, Denis. "Caractérisation des altérations du granite d'Auriat (Creuse). Étude de son espace poreux." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569148.
Full textArioua, Mourad. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'un substitut osseux poreux à base de verre bioactif." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0078/these.pdf.
Full textThe study relates to the development and the characterization of an osseous substitute containing bioactive glass. In this work we chose the 45S5 glass (Bioglass® developed by Hench) for the development of the porous blocks. The glass synthesis was made starting from the chemical components according to the traditional method (melting and quenching). The development of the porous blocks was made by dry way and slip casting way. Their micro- and macroporosity were controlled respectively by the sintering temperature and the addition of porogene particles. Crystallinity was controlled by heat treatments. The immersion of porous blocks in simulated body fluid (SBF) during various times, made it possible to study the bioactivity: an immersion of a few hours in the SBF causes the appearance on the surface of submicronic porosities, very favourable to cells attachment
Alhaddad, Samiara. "Migration de matières solides dans un milieu poreux : caractérisation de l'érosion interne." Le Havre, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LEHA0008.
Full textThis research work aims to improve knowledge and to better understand the dynamics of internal erosion in soils by suffusion. Internal erosion is defined as migration of particles under the effect of subterranean hydraulic flow. The migration of the constituent elements of soil from the structure causes modification of hydraulic and mechanical characteristics of the structure. Thus, a modification in the permeability of the structure can create a loss of seal or pores pressure that can eventually lead to failure of the structure. The experimental study of the initiation and development of internal erosion by suffusion are conducted using reconstituted soils in columns with rigid walls. The primary objective is to identify and evaluate the influence of various parameters that control spatial and temporal responses of reconstituted soils subjected to flow. The parameters studied are hydraulic conditions, forms and sizes of grains constituting the granular matrix, type and size and the percentage of fines. The internal erosion is quantified by tracking the evolution of hydraulic characteristics and the quantitative and qualitative characterization of suspended particles evacuated. Mathematical models are employed to study the effect of different test parameters on the wrenching and draining of fine particles and to estimate the mass eroded
Perret, Anouk. "Méthodologie de caractérisation microstructurale 3D de matériaux poreux structurés pour la thermique." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0042/document.
Full textThe national objectives on the reduction of the rejections of greenhouse gases bring to the necessity of a thermal renovation for 75 % of the French buildings. As the requirements for old and new buildings increase their standards, design thinner and more efficient insulation materials is of great and increasing interest. New insulating materials with thermal conductivities lower than the still dry air (25 mW / (m. K)), such as based silica xerogel products (15 mW / ( m.K )), recently developed, are an interesting choice to answer those new fonctionnalities. In our study, silica xerogels (porosity > 80 %, specific surface > 600 m ²/g) are available as granular materials and binded stiff composite boards (xerogels / latex). The optimization of these materials requires to understand the link between their microstructure, their thermal conductivity and their mechanical behaviour
Le, Gallo Olivier. "Contribution à la mécanique des milieux poreux saturés : modélisation poroélastique, évolutions quasistatiques, protocole de caractérisation." Paris 12, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA120002.
Full textMerrouche, Abdallah. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux gallophosphates microporeux de type structural LTA et cloverite." Mulhouse, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MULH0229.
Full textGriffiths, Stéphane. "Contribution à la caractérisation ultrasonore de matériaux poreux par variation de pression statique." Le Mans, 2007. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2007/2007LEMA1002.pdf.
Full textUltrasonic characterization of porous media, wildly used as acoustic absorbent, is generally well known. However, some materials are difficult to characterize in transmission, and, in the presence of scattering, characterization turns out problematic. It is to answer this double problem that a method of ultrasonic characterization by variation of the static pressure of the saturating fluid was developed. This technique indeed allows an increased transmission through the porous medium. It allows also in theory the separation of losses due to scattering and due to viscothermicity according to Nagy's first studies in 1995. A first Phd thesis on this subject, taken back within the framework of the present thesis, showed that it is effectively possible to separate scattering's losses of viscothermic losses. Although equivalent fluid model corresponds well to experimental data in the presence of weak scattering for the transmission's coefficient and the speed in the material, the model is not valid anymore in the presence of higher scattering. It is however possible to consider the characteristic length of viscothermic effects. It is not necessary, with this method, to know the characteristics of the scattering to estimate acoustical parameters of the material. The second area of research concerning the characterization of very damped materials, a new experimental system was developed during this thesis to realize measurements up to 20 bars. Thus it appeared that the linear behavior described by the equivalent fluid model observed for low pressures (up to 6 bars) is not any more respected for higher pressures (reaching 18 bars). This behavior varies with the mechanical nature and resistivity of the material, and the realized measurements are very sensitive to variations of temperature. An analytical model based on a simplification of Biot's model, taking these variables into account, was thus used to explain these phenomena. As variations of measurements with temperature are not explained with this model, it is then supposed that mechanical parameters vary with it. Knowing the influential parameters to the considered pressures and the frequencies, it is from then possible to estimate by minimization, under some conditions, some of acoustical and mechanical parameters. The algorithm of minimization must be however still optimized to bring to light clearly the thermal dependence of the mechanical parameters
Dallamano, Julien. "Caractérisation de la morphologie d'aérogels de silice en relation avec les conditions d'élaboration." Mulhouse, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MULH0386.
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