Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Caractérisation des cellules immunitaires'
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Juvin, Véronique. "Caractérisation pharmacologique du canal TRPV2 recombinant et analyse des fonctions de la protéine endogène dans les cellules immunitaires." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON1T016.
Full textSpehner, Laurie. "Caractérisation des réponses immunitaires périphériques des cancers épithéliaux exprimant les papillomavirus humains." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE011.
Full textThe increased incidence and the lack of therapeutic resources for non-operable forms of HPV+ cancer patients constitutes a major challenge. High immunosurveillance in HPV-associated tumors and the presence of viral antigens associated with oncogenesis of these cancers should focus on the development of immunotherapy strategies such as anti-tumor vaccination and adoptive transfer of TILs. These technological advances encourage a better understanding of immune responses in these pathologies and aim to develop strategies combining immunotherapies for the treatment of all HPV-related cancers. We first looked for tumor antigens associated with the prognosis of patients with anal canal cancer. The patients were treated with a combination of chemotherapy whose therapeutic benefit was demonstrated by our team. Monitoring specific T-immune responses in the peripheral blood of these patients has shown that telomerase is a tumor antigen associated with SCCA; and moreover that the presence of Telomerase-specific LT Th1 is a predictor of progression-free survival at 12 months. Our data also highlighted the influence of M-MDSC on the T-specific immune responses of our antigens as well as on the survival of patients with SCCA. As a result, M-MDSCs are a prognostic factor in the response to treatment of patients with metastatic SCCA treated with chemotherapy. The second work of this thesis validated the feasibility of isolating TILs from biopsy samples from patients with HPV-associated cancer. The specific T immune responses of HPV16 oncoproteins are correlated in 50 and 60% of cases between peripheral blood and tumor. The final objective of this thesis work demonstrated the immunogenicity of the SALL4 protein, a transcription factor associated with pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. We have generated anti-SALL4 CD4 Th1 response analysis technology to monitor immune responses in patients with digestive adenocarcinoma. Our work has also shown a low frequency of SALL4-specific T responses in the peripheral blood of patients with SCCA. These results suggest that the presence of specific SALL4 responses in the peripheral blood of SCCA patients could be subject to immunomonitoring resulting in a decrease in the frequency of CD4 LT SALL4+. It would be interesting to analyze the presence of specific LT of this antigen in the early forms of HPV-related cancers
Dzangué, Tchoupou Gaëlle. "Caractérisation des réponses immunitaires chez les patients atteints de myopathies auto-immunes idiopathiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS171.
Full textMyositis is an autoimmune disease characterized by muscular and extra-muscular disorders. In the early stages of the disease, the diagnosis of myositis can be misleading and requires expertise, in order to avoid the administration of inappropriate treatment. The mechanisms involved in these diseases are poorly understood. Our aim was to describe the immune profile specific to each patient group, in order to identify biomarkers that may be useful for diagnosis and management of patients. We used a panel of 36 markers by mass cytometry to characterize PBMCs derived from active patients (sIBM, anti-Jo1 ASyS, anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR myopathies) and healthy subjects. First, we developed and optimized a technical procedure for the simultaneous detection of extracellular and intracellular targets by mass cytometry. Using different bioinformatics tools, we isolated a frequency of CD8 +T-bet + cells > 51.5% as a specific biomarker for sIBM compared to other myositis, with a sensitivity of 94.74% and a specificity of 88. , 46%. In addition, we identified an activated CD8 + T-bet + CD57- immune profile, potentially capable of proliferation and the maintenance of autoimmune mechanisms in patients with sIBM. In anti-Jo1 patients, we observed a dysregulation of B cell homeostasis, characterized by a decrease in circulating memory B cells. The presence of the latter in the muscle of patients suggests that they nest in the muscle to avoid immunosuppressants. This work allowed the identification of a biomarker that could enhance the diagnosis of MIs compared to other myositis and the identification of cells potentially involved during sIBM and anti-Jo1 ASyS
Mourah, Fadila. "Caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des sous-populations de monocytes dans les réponses immunitaires." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC319/document.
Full textMonocytes are circulating leukocytes which characterization has long been difficult. Dissection of these cells into functional subpopulations in humans is still insufficient. Monocytes are however circulating precursors of several populations of dendritic cells and tissue macrophages, and play a prominent role in the development of immune response in steady state and pathology. At present, three monocyte subpopulations are described in humans: classical CD14+CD16neg, non-classical CD14dimCD16+ and intermediates CD14++CD16. Functionally, these subpopulations are diverse and heterogeneous and with apparently redundant pro - and anti-inflammatory properties. In pathology, an increase in the ratio of CD16 + to CD16neg monocytes has been described in inflammatory situation, suggesting a role of the former in the development and amplification of inflammation. Among the non-classical monocytes, cells that can detect changes in the endothelium and having then specific properties of vascular bed monitoring have been identified and characterized. In order to get a better definition of monocyte populations and break them down into subpopulations in which the identification of the cell functions would be more accessible, I endeavoured in this thesis work to analyse different populations of circulating human monocytes as comprehensively as possible and with state of the art analytical and computer tools. The results of flow cytometry analysis of PBMC from 28 healthy donors after cell staining with twenty antibodies directed against surface molecules revealed the existence of a population of monocytes of larger size
Dzangué, Tchoupou Gaëlle. "Caractérisation des réponses immunitaires chez les patients atteints de myopathies auto-immunes idiopathiques." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS171/document.
Full textMyositis is an autoimmune disease characterized by muscular and extra-muscular disorders. In the early stages of the disease, the diagnosis of myositis can be misleading and requires expertise, in order to avoid the administration of inappropriate treatment. The mechanisms involved in these diseases are poorly understood. Our aim was to describe the immune profile specific to each patient group, in order to identify biomarkers that may be useful for diagnosis and management of patients. We used a panel of 36 markers by mass cytometry to characterize PBMCs derived from active patients (sIBM, anti-Jo1 ASyS, anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR myopathies) and healthy subjects. First, we developed and optimized a technical procedure for the simultaneous detection of extracellular and intracellular targets by mass cytometry. Using different bioinformatics tools, we isolated a frequency of CD8 +T-bet + cells > 51.5% as a specific biomarker for sIBM compared to other myositis, with a sensitivity of 94.74% and a specificity of 88. , 46%. In addition, we identified an activated CD8 + T-bet + CD57- immune profile, potentially capable of proliferation and the maintenance of autoimmune mechanisms in patients with sIBM. In anti-Jo1 patients, we observed a dysregulation of B cell homeostasis, characterized by a decrease in circulating memory B cells. The presence of the latter in the muscle of patients suggests that they nest in the muscle to avoid immunosuppressants. This work allowed the identification of a biomarker that could enhance the diagnosis of MIs compared to other myositis and the identification of cells potentially involved during sIBM and anti-Jo1 ASyS
Hill, Marcelo. "Contribution à la caractérisation de l’indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT08VS.
Full textIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolic conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine, which is further catabolized by the kynurenine pathway. The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to the characterization ofIDO. Thus, we showed that IDO and HO-1 are mutually inhibited in breast cancer and DCs. Furthermore, the effect of IDO on cancer biology can drastically change depending on the expression or not of HO-1. At the DC level, we showed that IDO promotes DC maturation upon TLR stimulation and thus expands CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. IDO/HO-1 interaction could be a major determinant of Treg/DC synapse. IDO can also be regulated by N0 in DCs and this can determine the effect of CTLA4Ig. Finally, here we showed that CD40 blockade leads to graft survival depending on IDO and that Treg cells can induce this enzymes in allogeneic endothelial cells
Kaulek, Vincent. "Caractérisation et prévention du rejet allogénique d'hépatocytes : élaboration d'une stratégie immunomodulatrice." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA0022.
Full textVan, Niel Guillaume. "Caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des exosomes de cellules épithéliales intestinales." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077124.
Full textDefays, Axel. "Caractérisation de BAD-LAMP dans les cellules dendritiques plasmacyoïdes humaines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22123/document.
Full textPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) link innate and adaptative immunity by producing large amounts of type-1 interferon and inducing naive T cell activation and proliferation in an antigen-specific manner. pDCs express high levels of TLR7 and TLR9 and thereby sense viral nucleic acids. TLRs 7 and 9, which rest in the endoplamic reticulum (ER) at steady-state, are re-localized to the late endosomal compartment upon activation for signaling. this process is dependent of the interaction between TLRs and the chaperone UNC93B1. During my thesis, I characterized a new molecule of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) family, named BAD-LAMP. In the human immune system, this protein is exclusively expressed in pDCs. BAD-LAMP is not detected in lysosomes, as opposed to the other LAMP family members, but is retained in the ER compartment. I also demonstrated that BAD-LAMP is down-regulated after pDCs activation by a TLR9 ligand. Using trnasfered HeLa cells and several mutant forms of BAD-LAMP with localization defects, I etablished that BAD-LAMP and UNC93B1 can influence reciprocally their intercellular trafficking by a yet uncharacterize mechanism. BAD-LAMP could therefore act as a chaperone of UNC93B1-TLR9 complex and moduate the TLR9 response. The study of such a regulatory mechanism could help to understand better the fine tuning of the immune response
Dubois, Florian. "Caractérisation et génération des lymphocytes B régulateurs à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1014.
Full textRegulatory B cells (Bregs) are key players in the immune response and are involved in various pathological situations. However, Bregs is a heterogeneous family with no consensual phenotype that has been proposed thus far rending there study and their use in cellbased therapy or as biomarker very difficult. We identified a Breg subset able to block a T cell effector response in a Granzyme B (GZMB) production and in a cell contact dependent manner. The objectives of my thesis work, focused on GZMB+ Bregs study, were 1) to generate GZMB+ Bregs with a repressible GZMB expression, induced by genetic engineering, from pluripotent stem cells and 2) to better characterize these GZMB+ Bregs and their different described subsets by performing a transcriptomic meta-analysis. While we obtained a low yield of B cells from stem cells, we improved the generation of CD34+CD43+ hematopoietic progenitors, which appeared insufficient for B cell production. We found that the CD31intCD45int phenotype might enrich the progenitors suitable for B cell differentiation and we validated CRISPR/Cas9 tools needed for the first step of genetic modification leading to GZMB expression. Our meta-analysis identified two distinct and unique transcriptional signatures of 165 and 93 genes, respectively associated with human and mouse Bregs and support the hypothesis of B cells plasticity into Bregs wich acquire their regulatory function under certain environmental conditions. This thesis work constitute a first step in the understanding and for the use of these GZMB+ Bregs
Condamine, Thomas. "Caractérisation de nouvelles molécules impliquées dans la tolérance immune." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=7ae11d03-0c92-4e1e-a1a5-0c1a174b07a0.
Full textA better understanding of immune mechanisms involved in allograft rejection or tolerance has to be considered as a major research goal. This knowledge could lead to the design of new therapeutical approach that could be used in the future to replace immunosuppressive treatment. In the first part of this thesis, we have study the potential role of two molecules upregulated in a model of cardiac allograft tolerance in the rat: The Follistatin-Like 1 (FSTL1) and TORID. We have shown that FSTL1 is produced by graft infiltrating CD8+ T cells in this model and that FSTL1 could induce a prolonged allograft survival in association with inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL6, IL17 and IFNγ. In the study of the molecule TORID, we have been able to show a role of this molecule in the maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and a role on the regulation, of previously described, immunomodulatory enzymes in myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). In addition, in a model of skin graft tolerance induction involving MDSC, we have shown that we can not induce a tolerance in TORID deficient mice. In the second part of this thesis, we have study the expression and regulation of the molecule Schlafen-3 (SLFN3) in the immune system and in particular in regulatory T cells (Tregs). We have been able to show that this molecules was strongly expressed in Tregs in comparison to effectors T cells and that, following stimulation, the expression of SLFN3 is downregulated in Tregs but increased in effectors T cells
David, Alexandre. "Caractérisation moléculaire et cellulaire de BAD-LAMP, une nouvelle protéine à l'interface de deux organes biologiques : le cerveau et le système immunitaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22093.pdf.
Full textWe identified a new protein, the Brain And Dendritic cell associated LAMP-like molecule (BAD-LAMP), a new member of lysosome Associated Membrane Proteins (LAMPs). In contrast with other LAMPs, BAD-LAMP expression is restricted to the brain in mouse and human. During mouse development, BAD-LAMP appears postnataly in a neuronal subpopulations of layers II/III and V of the neocortex. Onset of expression strictly parallels cortical synaptogenesis. In cortical neurons, BAD-LAMP is found in defined clustered vesicles, which accumulate along neuritis. These vesicular aggregates assembly is linked to plasma membrane microdomains organization. In contrast with other LAMP family members, BAD-LAMP is endocytosed, but is not found in classical lysosomal/endosomal compartments. In human, BAD-LAMP is also found in plasmacytoïd Dendritic Cells (pDCs) which selectively express Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and TLR-9, and are specialized in rapidly secreting massive amounts of type I interferons following viral stimulation. In pDCs, BAD-LAMP seems to be addressed in a specialized endocytic compartment. This analogous expression reinforces the common molecular signature already described for neurons and pDCs although their functions are totally different
Dubois-Declercq, Sarah. "Étude de l'impact de la congélation sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des substituts cutanés et caractérisation d'un nouveau modèle de substituts cutanés psoriasiques enrichis en cellules immunitaires produit par génie tissulaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30684/30684.pdf.
Full textThe current challenge for researchers is to develop new models for more advanced skin substitutes and optimize their production methods to improve reproducibility. This study evaluates the impact of the freezing of skin substitutes at -20°C for 2 months via their physicochemical properties and functionality. The ATR-FTIR analysis show that the cryopreservation did not affect the lipid organization of the stratum corneum while percutaneous absorption analysis show that the freezing of the permeability affects skin substitutes. In addition, the skin model was optimized by incorporating T lymphocytes and to study the role of lymphocytes in cell differentiation of keratinocytes and better understand the role of fractalkine in the development of psoriasis. These results lead us to believe that fractalkine differs from other inflammatory cytokines in the development of psoriasis and should be investigated.
Goret, Julien. "Etude de l’interaction de Mycoplasma hominis PG21 avec les cellules dendritiques humaines. : Caractérisation de la fraction bioactive du mycoplasme et réponse immunitaire innée de la cellule." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0386/document.
Full textMycoplasma hominis is involved in urogenital tract infections, neonatal infections or disseminated infections particularly in immunocompromised patients. Mycoplasmas have no cell wall and their membrane is the main interface mediating the interaction between the mycoplasma and its environment. Lipoproteins that are anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are known to induce the maturation of human dendritic cells (hDCs), to stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine production by hDCs and to polarize the adaptive immune system. We studied the interaction of M. hominis PG21 with hDCs in order to assess the lipoproteins that can induce the stimulation of hDCs, to determine the lipoproteins that are regulated upon interaction of the mycoplasma with the host cell and to evaluate the innate host cell response. Using a double extraction strategy with two non-denaturing detergents, Sarkosyl then Triton X-114, and separation by SDS-PAGE, we found that 20 lipoproteins may induce the secretion of IL-23 by the hDCs, especially the MHO_4720 lipoprotein. We showed that a synthetic lipopeptide corresponding to the N-terminus part of the MHO_4720 lipoprotein can stimulate the hDCs in a dose-dependent manner. Using qRT-PCR for the evaluation of the transcriptional regulation of the 48 lipoprotein-coding genes of M. hominis PG21, we also determined that 21 lipoproteins were upregulated upon 4h and 24h of contact of M. hominis with hDCs. Finally, the hDC innate immune response was evaluated by PCR array and ELISA. We observed a caspase 5-dependent production of IL- 1β corresponding to the activation of an inflammasome
Saint-André, Marchal Isabelle. "Caractérisation de la cellule de Langerhans du chat : application à l'étude de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience féline." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T116.
Full textDeauvieau, Florence. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation de la coopération entre les cellules NK et les cellules dendritiques humaines pour la présentation croisée d’antigènes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10131.
Full textRecent reports have demonstrated the importance of the reciprocal crosstalk between natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DC) occurring during early phase of immune response for shaping downstream T cell immunity. Antigen (Ag) cross-presentation, a process by which DC present Ag from neighboring cells to CD8+ T lymphocytes is a prerequisite for the developpment of specific cellular immunity against most intracellular pathogens and tumors. A more detailed understanding of the mechanisms that regulate this specific DC function is thus a major challenge for immunologists. Here, we highlight the cooperation between NK and DC for tumor cell-derived Ag cross-presentation. In this context, we show that the NK cell-mediated lysis of target cells is not required for Ag capture by DC. In contrast, both IFN-γ and TNF-α produced by NK cells upon recognition of tumor cells play a critical role in the induction of Ag cross-presentation. These findings define a novel « helper» function of NK cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity. This novel function could be harnessed in cancer immunotherapy for inducing Ag-specific cellular immunity
Cibrelus, Prisca. "Leishmania infantum : caractérisation de protéines du stade amastigote relarguées dans les surnageants de culture axénique." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON13508.
Full textDecraene, Maud. "Mise en place de la réponse immunitaire orchestrée par les cellules dendritiques humaines : caractérisation et étude fonctionnelle du rôle des RFcγ." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066130.
Full textCroizet, Karine. "Identification et caractérisation d'une population de cellules dendritiques (DC) dans les cultures primaires de thyrocytes : mise en évidence d'un contrôle des fonctions différenciées des DC par la TSH via les thyrocytes." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T200.
Full textZimmer, Aline. "Caractérisation immunologique et protéomique des cellules dendritiques tolérogènes humaines. Application à la recherche de biomarqueurs de l’immunothérapie spécifique allergénique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA114818/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to define biomarkers of allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT).These biomarkers can be predictive of a clinical response or could be efficacy biomarkersable to discriminate responders versus non responder patients. The research strategy is based on the following hypothesis: if immunotherapy works, effector DCs are decreased where as regulatory DCs are increased locally or in the peripheral blood.First, we screened several biological or pharmacological agents to identify effector orregulatory DCs polarization agents. Four distinct molecules lead to the generation of eitherDC1, DC17 or regulatory DCs. In particular, proteases from Aspergillus Oryzae were clearinducer of tolerogenic DCs. The phenotype of those cells and the CD4+ T cell polarization induced after coculture were characterized extensively.In a second part, two proteomic approaches were used to compare the whole cell proteome of generated DCs. Most pertinent markers of polarization were validated in several cellular models. Markers were also followed in a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial testing the efficacy of grass pollen tablets. Two markers were up regulated in patients who responded to the treatment pointing to a potential role of these proteins as early efficacy biomarkers. These markers are of crucial interest in the follow up of patients after SIT and could also be used in other diseases like autoimmune diseases or transplantation
Gravelle, Pauline. "Influence de l'organisation tridimensionnelle des cellules de lymphome folliculaire sur l'expression génique : contribution à la caractérisation des mécanismes d'échappement immunitaire et de chimiorésistance." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2104/.
Full textNon-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are the most frequent malignant hematological diseases. Among these, follicular lymphomas (FL) are the second most common subtype of indolent NHL in frequency. FL cells arise from germinal center and are characterized by the constitutive over-expression of BCL2 proto-oncogene, due to t(14,18) chromosomal translocation. In carcinomas, spatial organization is described as modulating major cell functions such as tumor growth, intracellular signaling, but also cell survival, sensitivity to drugs, or metastatic potential. But although FL develops in 3D in patients, the contribution of spatial organization on FL cells biology was never investigated until now. To this aim, we developed the first three-dimensional culture model of LF cells (MALC for Multicellular Aggregates of Lymphoma Cell). We studied, in this system, by comparison with conventional suspension cultures, gene expression profile, proliferation, stress responses as well as sensitivity to genotoxics, targeted therapies, and immune cellular effectors. The present study shows that spatial organization profoundly affects gene expression profile (more than 600 genes are modulated). The gene signatures found in MALC cells are specific of negative regulation of cell cycle, hypoxic stress, and NF-kB pathway activation. These 3 signatures are closer to those identified in patient samples. Phenotypic analysis further supports decreased cell proliferation, and for the half of MALC cells, quiescence entry through a HIF1?-dependent mechanism. Cells cultured in 3D are more resistant to anthracyclines and alkylating agents, as to NK cells. However, these cells remain equally sensitive to targeted therapies (Rituximab(r) and mTOR kinase inhibitors). To conclude, this study shows that FL cells biology is considerably determined by 3D organization. This also suggests that the MALC model offers a unique opportunity for pre-clinical screening of new bio-active molecules, MALC being more representative than conventional 2D culture
Baier, Céline. "Caractérisation des cellules natural killer dans la polyglobulie de Vaquez et dans la leucémie aigüe myéloïde." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5052.
Full textThe latest advances in blood disorders treatments lead to a better complete remission rate and a better survival rate after treatment. However, the risk of relapse remains high. Our project is included in the understanding of NK cells role in the development of these diseases.In a first part, we focused on polycythemia Vera for several reasons: the pathology has a slowly progressive disease, and it is characterized by the presence of JAK2 mutation for > 95% patients. We wanted to know if this mutation was found in NK cells from PV patients and what effects the mutation had on NK cells functions. Our results have shown that although the mutation was found in NK cells, it appears to have no impact on NK cells functions. We conclude that the evolution of PV to leukemia is not due to a loss of NK cell functions but to their inhibition by cellular environment.In a second part, we investigated the regulation of natural cytotoxicity receptors in acute myeloid leukemia because previous works have shown that NCR are weakly expressed in AML patients, that this down-regulation is acquired during evolution of AML and reversible after complete remission, ant that NCR weak expression is related to poor prognosis. We supposed that the expression of the three NCR has a common regulation at genes transcription level. Our bioinformatic researches and our experiment of chromatin immunoprecipitation show that ETS-1 transcription factor is a good candidate involved in the common regulation of the three NCR
Bernard, Isabelle. "Caractérisation des propriétés alloréactives des sous populations lymphocytaires TCD4 et T CD8 CD45RChigh/CD45RClow : rôle dans l'allogreffe de moëlle osseuse." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30070.
Full textHaematopoietic allograft is the most powerful treatment against haematological malignancies. But allogeneic mature T lymphocytes present in the haematopoietic transplant are responsible for a major complication: the graft against the host (GVHD). The development of new strategies to modulate the alloreactivity of T cells in the transplant is thus necessary to prevent GVHD. This work shows that CD45RC expressed by T lymphocytes in the rat and in the humans, allows to distinguish distinct T cell subsets with different alloreactive functions. The CD45RChigh subset contains alloreactive lymphocytes responsible for GVHD, while the CD45RClow subset contains regulatory T lymphocytes capable of controlling this disease. This work suggests that D45RC could be a predictive marker of the GVHD evolution, improving the efficiency of this treatment
Boidin, Céline. "Caractérisation et étude fonctionnelle des acteurs de la réponse immunitaire du système nerveux de la sangsue : Hirudo medicinalis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10138/document.
Full textFollowing trauma, the central nervous system (CNS) of the medicinal leech, unlike the mammalian CNS, has a strong capacity to regenerate neurites and synaptic connections that restore normal function. Our team demonstrated that this regenerative process is enhanced by a controlled bacterial infection. As a first step of my PhD, the interaction between the activation of a neuroimmune response and the process of regeneration were explored by studying the role of three effectors newly characterized from the leech nerve cord: two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (Hm lumbricin and neuromacin) and one cytokine-like named Hm-EMAPII. Altogether the obtained results allowed reporting for the first time (i) the neuronal synthesis associated with a neurotrophic effect of AMPs and (ii) the ability of EMAPII to exert chemoattractant effect towards both leech and human microglial cells giving a function to this cytokine in the human SNC. Indeed, even if EMAPII is described as a marker of microglial cell reactivity in injured human brain, its function in the neural immunity has not been yet elucidated. As a second step of my PhD, the close contact of the blood with the nerve cord conducted us to explore the participation of blood in neural repair in our model. Our data evidenced that in addition of exerting peripheral immune functions, leech blood optimizes CNS neural repair through the release of neurotrophic substances. Circulating blood cells appeared also able to infiltrate the injured CNS where, in conjunction with microglia, they limit the formation of a scar. In mammals, CNS injury conducts to the generation of a glial scar that blocks the mechanism of regeneration by preventing axonal regrowth. The results presented here constitute the first description of neuroimmune functions of invertebrate blood cells. Altogether these studies introduce the leech CNS as an interesting model for studying the implication of immune molecules in neural repair
Thiriot, Aude. "Identification et caractérisation, grâce aux lignées de souris dérivées d'individus sauvages, d'une nouvelle population de lymphocytes B conservée dans le genre Mus : les cellules Bw." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066673.
Full textRigaud, Stéphanie. "Identification et caractérisation d'un nouveau syndrome lymphoprolifératif lié à l'X causé par des mutations dans le gènes BIRC4 codant la molécule anti-apoptopique XIAP." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T041.
Full textThe homeostasis of the immune response requires tight regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of activated lymphocytes. In humans, defects in immune homeostasis result in lymphoproliferation disorders. The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency that is characterized by lymphohystiocytosis, hypogammaglobulinaemia and lymphomas, and that usually develops in response to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Mutations in the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein SAP, a signalling adaptor molecule, underlie 80% of cases of familial XLP. During my PhD, we identify mutations in the gene that encodes the X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis XIAP (also termed BIRC4) in patients with XLP from three families without mutations in SAP. By identifying an XLP immunodeficiency caused by mutations in XIAP, we show that XIAP is a potent regulator of lymphocyte homeostasis in vivo
Angin, Mathieu. "Induction de tolérance en transplantation par blocage de la voie CD40/CD40L : caractérisation des cellules tolérogènes induites chez le rat et évaluation chez le primate." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=e840c663-196c-4edc-9608-019f57b0bd82.
Full textInhibition of the CD40/CD40L costimulation pathway using an adenovirus coding for CD40Ig can generate CD8+CD45RClo T regulatory cells that induce indefinite graft tolerance in a rat cardiac allograft model. A gene expression study of tolerogenic cells by DNA microarray allowed us to explore the mechanisms involved. As expected, IFNg seems to be a key player and might induce the expression of the immuno-regulatory protein Fgl2. MHC-II molecules seem to be important too. Other molecules observed in other Treg microarray analyses are also over-expressed. Other hypothesis are also discussed. This tolerance induction strategy was evaluated in primates using recombinant AAV coding for the human CD40Ig molecule and/or sc28AT, an inhibitor of the CD28/B7 costimulation pathway. These molecules were functional in vitro. The AAV injection led to a prolonged expression of CD40Ig whereas sc28AT molecule was produced transiently, as it seemed to be immunogenic. Unlike CD40Ig, sc28AT appeared to be efficient in vivo. The animal receiving both transgenes had delayed graft rejection, and other experiments are now scheduled. The expression of therapeutic molecules through viral vectors to evaluate the tolerance induction efficiency in primates is feasible. However the efficiency of the CD40Ig and sc28AT molecules in our model is still debatable and raises the issue of the relevance of rodent models compared to primate pre-clinical strategies
Nguyen, Tien Dung. "Caractérisation in vitro du coronavirus de la gastroentérite transmissible (GET) et immunogénicité d'un mutant atténué (188-SG)." Tours, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOUR3802.
Full textMartin, Lydie. "Développement et caractérisation d'un modèle d'infection non lytique de cellules de Leydig par le virus de l'Artérite Virale Equine." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC201.
Full textEquine Arteritis Virus (EAV) is a positive-strand RNA virus, which belongs to the Arteriviridae familly, in the Nidovirales order. It is an equid specific virus that can be transmitted by respiratory and venereal routes. During primary infection, EAV can induce flu-like clinical signs, but worse, it may also cause the abortion of pregnant mares and newborn foal death. EAV is therefore a main economic challenge for the horse industry. Following primary infection, this virus is able to persist in the reproductive tract of some stallions. The mechanisms of this persistence remain unknown.During this thesis, the first in vitro model of an EAV non-lytic infection of a male reproductive tract cell line has been developed. EAV infection of these Leydig cells induced the expression of numerous innate immune genes including those coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which could recruit innate immune cells to testicles and which could explain the orchitis observed in some stallions during primary infection.For persistently infected stallions, castration and anti-GnRH treatments can suppress EAV persistence, suggesting an involvement of testosterone in the virus persistence. Since TM3 cells express the androgen receptor, treatment trials have been performed. The first preliminary results suggest TM3 cells do not respond to the hormonal stimulus, or only a little. However, pretreatment trials should be realized to study the consequences on the viral cycle.Nevertheless, this non-lytic infection model is still an interesting model that can be used to study the host-pathogen relationship and that could help understanding the mechanisms involved in EAV persistence
Grau, Morgan. "Identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs permettant la caractérisation des lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires innés." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1023/document.
Full textThe pool of memory CD8 T cells is composed of two major cell classes. On one hand, conventional memory CD8 T cells are generated consequently to the specific recognition of pathogen or tumor derived antigens. On the other hand, innate memory CD8 T cells are generated through several mechanisms involving strong yc cytokine stimulation in the absence of cognate antigen recognition. However, these cell classes harbor a very similar phenotype. As a consequence, innate memory CD8 T cell population remains poorly characterized. This PhD has two main objectives : 1 / Identify new biomarkers that enable the discrimination between memory CD8 T cell classes 2/ Characterize the population of innate memory CD8 T cells in physiological condition Our results show that among the pool of memory CD8 T cells, only the conventional ones express the chemokine CCL5 and the NK receptor NKG2D. These two biomarkers enable for the first time the discrimination of memory CD8 T cell classes in physiological settings, in both mouse and human. Thanks to these new tools, we show that innate memory CD8 T cells hold typical memory features, such as an increased reactivity compared to naïve cells and a genetic program similar to the one of conventional memory cells. Nevertheless, this cell population also retains some features typical of naïve cells. The diversified TCR repertoire of this cell population allows it to participate to primary immune responses against various intracellular pathogens. Moreover, like naïve cells, innate memory CD8 T cells fail to access peripheral tissues upon local inflammation, which correlate with an absence of expression of some integrins. Altogether, these results demonstrate that innate memory CD8 T cells, characterized by the absence of expression of CCL5 and NKG2D, represent a hybrid cell population, at the boundary between naïve cells and conventional memory cells
Roumanes, David. "Caractérisation des fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T γδVδ2- impliqués dans la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le cytomégalovirus : rôle de NKG2D, KIR2DS2 et de l'interaction avec les cellules dendritiques." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21473.
Full textIn healthy individuals, γdelta T lymphocytes represent 0,5 to 10 % of total T lymphocytes. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that this percentage can be increased in renal transplant recipients who have developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Moreover, V delta2neg γdelta T cell clones isolated from these recipients show a strong reactivity in vitro against CMV infected fibroblasts. In this work, we have focused our attention on the mechanisms of V delta2neg γdelta T lymphocyte activation. Two molecules are involved in this activation : NKG2D and KIR2DS2. We observed that KIR2DS2 was able to increase the TCR signal involved in IFN-γ and TNF-α production. Although the engagement of the NKG2D molecule did not induce cytokine secretion, this molecule could act as a stimulatory molecule per se, or as a co-stimulatory molecule on V delta2neg γdelta T cell clones or lines cytotoxicity. In the second part, we analyzed the interaction between Vdelta2neg γdelta T cells and CMV-infected dendritic cells (DC). Our results show that, even when the percentage of CMV-infected DC was low, TNF-α and INF-γ production by Vdelta2neg γdelta T cell clones was enhanced when they were co-cultured with DC previously incubated with CMV. Moreover, our results suggest that when the infection occurs, the DC will be protected from the Vdelta2neg γdelta T cell clone cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results increase our knowledge on the activation mechanisms of Vdelta2neg γdelta T lymphocytes by opening new approaches for the therapeutic use of these cells
Chestier, Nathalie. "Études de l'internalisation intraerythrocytaire d'une molécule cytotoxique et d'immunomodulateurs : caractérisation des vecteurs et analyses de l'efficacité et des effets in vitro et in vivo." Tours, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOUR4012.
Full textAguilar, Claire. "Caractérisation de la pathologie intestinale associée au déficit en XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein)." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T072.
Full textMutations in the gene encoding for XIAP (X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) are causing the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2 (XLP-2). It is a rare immunodeficiency characterized by an abnormal susceptibility to infection with Epstein Barr virus (EBV). In addition, some XIAP-deficient patients may suffer from an intestinal disease that can be severe. XIAP is an anti-apoptotic molecule which has also been involved in the signaling and the functions of receptors of the innate immunity, NOD1 and NOD2. My thesis work aimed to characterize this intestinal pathology and its pathophysiology. For this, we studied a cohort of known XIAP-deficient patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We also looked for mutations of XIAP in a cohort of children who presented as the only clinical sign an early intestinal pathology. In 83 patients tested, three were identified as carrier of a XIAP mutation. We then showed that this intestinal pathology is clinically and histologically very close to Crohn’s disease, which is a major inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Crohn's disease is associated with environmental factors and genetic susceptibility, including polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene that represent the most important factor identified to date. We then showed that the monocytes from XIAP-deficient patients have a defect in production of IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-10 in response to stimulation of the NOD2 pathway. However, we did not reveal any excess of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells from XIAP-deficient patients. On the other hand, they showed a decreased number of their circulating innate T cells. Finally, during this study, we identified for the first time, female carriers of a mutation of XIAP in the heterozygous state, who developed intestinal inflammatory manifestations. In these patients, the inactivation of the X chromosome, which is normally biased toward the healthy allele in asymptomatic vectors, is biased to the unusually mutated allele contributing to a decrease of the expression of XIAP in monocytes and an alteration of the NOD2 pathway. This work showed that XIAP deficiency is responsible for a monogenic form of Crohn's disease. Our results suggest that the lack of monocyte activation by NOD2 is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therapeutically, the bone marrow transplant seems indicated in severe cases, since the main identified defect is an abnormality of the hematopoietic compartment and in two of our patients, it allowed a clear improvement of the digestive pathology that was very severe
Diaz, Herrero Alba. "Characterization of Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Human Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL057.
Full textDiffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent subtype of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma worldwide, characterized by an abnormal proliferation of mature B cells. It is an aggressive B-cell malignancy for which the current therapeutic strategies are still insufficient. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the dynamic network of cells and all elements surrounding and interacting with the tumor. It plays an important role in cancer development, treatment response, and patient survival. Consequently, investigating the TME in DLBCL patients is crucial to discover the mechanisms leading to relapse and identify prognostic biomarkers. However, its diffuse tissue structure presents a challenge in elucidating the cellular organization and communication within the TME. The objective of my Ph.D. thesis is to conduct a comprehensive multimodal characterization of the immune cells within the DLBCL tumor microenvironment.To facilitate access to human samples, I developed and implemented an ethically approved clinical research protocol and a circuit of tissue and blood samples from patients with DLBCL treated at Saint Louis hospital, ensuring that the patient cohort reflects the heterogeneity of the disease.First, I performed a deep characterization of T lymphocytes, with special focus on describing their role within the DLBCL tissue. Indeed, Tumor-infiltrating T-cells (TILS) are key players in the NHL TME, presenting different subtypes and cell states. I apply multiparametric flow cytometry and high-dimensional spectral cytometry to investigate the complex landscape of T diversity in DLBCL biopsies, as well as their communication patterns with other immune cells in the tissue. The unsupervised analysis approach identified unexpected T-cell subtypes at a protein level, compared to tissue control and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor expression analysis enabled the cell-cell communication study of those T-cell subpopulations within the TME context. Second, I aimed to characterize transcriptomic immune landscapes at a large scale within DLBCL tissue. However, RNA sequencing technologies characterize isolated cells from dissociated tissues with a loss of spatial context. I applied spatial transcriptomics, a cutting-edge technology that enables gene expression mapping in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of DLBCL biopsies, thus preserving their morphological information. I identified distinct anatomically restricted gene expression profiles in DLBCL samples, defying the historical notion of DLBCL diffuse architecture. These profiles can be classified into ecosystems that differ in cellular composition, functional patterns, and neighborhood characteristics. Moreover, their spatially resolved signatures classify patients with different overall survival revealing the prognostic potential of these spatial identities.Third, I evaluated the effects of altering the communication between NK cells and malignant B cells in DLBCL. I performed a functional in vitro assessment of a blocking antibody developed by the pharmaceutical company Servier. The functional assays demonstrated the effect of the molecular candidate in co-culture settings by improving cytotoxic functions of NK cells against tumor cells. These findings highlight the importance of targeting the interaction between effector cells and malignant B cells to develop effective therapies for DLBCL.This multidisciplinary project carried out on human samples provides a deep understanding of the heterogeneity of immune cells in DLBCL microenvironment at a protein and transcriptomic level while considering their spatial organization. Hence, this project holds significant therapeutic potential, by gaining insights into the disease heterogeneity and its impact on clinical outcome. This project could eventually lead to the discovery of new potential biomarkers and effective therapeutic strategies for DLBCL patients
Segura, Elodie. "Fonctions immunitaires des exosomes de cellules dendritiques." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077163.
Full textDendritic cells (DC) secrete vesicles from endocytic origin called exosomes which bear Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules and can induce immune responses in tumoral Systems. The aim of this work was to identify the nature of exosome-induced immune responses and to determine how exosomes interact with recepient cells. We have shown that exosomes transfer antigen that is contained inside their lumen, but also transfer preformed functionnal MHC-peptide complexes. Exosomes from mature DC are the most efficient in vitro and in vivo for stimulating T lymphocytes. Immature and mature DC-derived exosomes display different quantities of some molecules, among which ICAM-1 is essential for exosomes functionnal activity. Exosomes are captured by DC through an interaction between LFA-1 on DC and ICAM-1 on exosomes
Luce, Sandrine. "Caractérisation des cellules T CD8+ restreintes pour la molécule HLA-A*0201 et spécifiques de la préproinsuline chez les patients atteints de diabète de type 1." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T017.
Full textType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental factors, with a highly multigenic susceptibility background, allow failure of immune tolerance to b-cells to develop. It is characterized by the progressive infiltration of pancreatic islets (insulitis) that leads to β-cell destruction and detection of T-cells recognizing β-cell autoantigens through a restricted-set of class I and II HLA molecules that are present on HLA haplotypes associated to T1D. Insulin and its precursor preproinsulin (PPI) are the main autoantigens implicated in pathophysiology of T1D. This phD project is about: 1) characterization of human PPI specific CD8+ T lymphocytes responses on T1D patients. 2) establishment of transgenic humanized mice for HLA-A*0201, HLA-DQ8 and human PPI to develop a new model of human autoimmune diabetes
Messal, Nassima. "Expression, régulation et caractérisation fonctionnelle des molécules de co-signalisation immunitaire, PD-L2 et CD277 dans l'activation lymphocytaire T." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20654.
Full textPD-1 (programmed death-1) is a new CD28 families member, that deliver inhibitory signals that regulate the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. (1) (ref octa).PD-1, is inducibly expressed on T cells. The PD-1 ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-L2 (B7-DC) exhibit distinct patterns of expression: PD-L1 is expressed more broadly than is PD-L2. PD-L1 is expressed on resting and up regulated on hematopoietic, nonhematopoietic cells and cancer cell. However, PD-L2 is expressed only on professional antigen-presenting cells. In addition, it has been demonstrated that PD-L1 and PD-L2 are differentially regulated by Th1 and Th2 cytokines.Suggesting that PD-L2 is regulated differently in the former versus the latter, and this proved to be the case, both in transcription and promotion (2) (ref octa) However, little is known about the regulation of PD-L2 expression and nine is known about the expression of PD-L2 on T cells. In the present study, we observed in the first time, by flow cytometer and real time PCR (RT PCR) that PD-L2 expression is induced on ex vivo on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, on in vitro on activated JURKAT T cell line and this expression is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drogue Cyclosporin A (CsA). In the second time we showed that PD-L2 is up regulated in vivo on Non hodchkin lymphoma, other up regulation of PD-L2 expression is observed on Vb8+ T cells after PBMC treatment with the Staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE) super antigen. Finally, we attributed a function to PD-L2 to be a co-inhibitory molecule for CD4+ T cells activation
Ben, Larbi Nadia. "Plasticité du phénotype neuroendocrinien dans les cellules immunitaires." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_77.pdf.
Full textHenry, Clémence. "Caractérisation du rôle du canal calcique TRPV4 dans la réponse inflammatoire pulmonaire : implication dans la mucoviscidose." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4037.
Full textCystic fibrosis (CF) is due to mutations in the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR). The pulmonary consequence of the disease accunts for over 90 % of the morbidity and mortality and is characterized by chronic infection and persistent inflammation. This uncontrolled inflammation participates significantly to the degradation of the lung tissue. Despite recent progress, current therapies do not allow effecgive treatment of CF lung disease. It is therefore necessary to characterize nex cellular and molecular mechanisms that could contribute to lung inflammation. In that purpose, we focused on the calcium channel "Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4" (TRPV4) expressed by respiratory epithelium. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we found that TRP4 activation triggers the secretion of inflammatory mediators (including cytokines and lipids) and leukocytes recruitment into the lungs. We also observed a significant alteration of TRPV4-dependent signalling in the CF context, suggesting that TRPV4 could constitue a promising target for the development of new anti-inflammatory therapies in lung diseases such as CF
Vitiello, Sergio. "Modifications fonctionnelles des cellules immunitaires liées à l'asymétrie cérébrale." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28224.
Full textVaillant, Solenne. "Suivi in vivo de cellules immunitaires par imagerie multimodale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS021/document.
Full textRecent clinical trial results have demonstrated the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer patients. This type of therapy involves treating cancer cells by stimulating the patient's immune defenses. The aim of this thesis project is to develop a biomarker of efficacy for this therapy, in order to better understand the biological mechanisms involved, and to have an early and non-invasive indicator of the patient’s response to immunotherapy. To do this, two imaging techniques (MRI and PET) were used as in vivo monitoring tools for the biodistribution of different populations of immune cells. The first step of this work was to establish different protocols for labeling immune cells. For the PET approach, the immune cells were labeled with Zirconium 89; and for MRI, two labeling techniques were studied: the first uses iron nanoparticles, and the other uses micelles loaded with Fluorine 19. After validation of their non-toxicity, the sensitivity of each labeling was evaluated in vitro, then in vivo in a second step, thus making it possible to study the biodistribution of the immune cells after different types of injections. The labeling with Zirconium 89 was then tested on different animal models of immunotherapies (PD1/PDL1 for example). Finally, since direct markings do not allow optimal cellular monitoring in the long term, a cell labeling approach using reporter genes has been considered. It involved modifying the genome of the immune cells so that they could express an enzyme (for example the viral thymidine kinase HSV1-TK) or a transporter (such as the NIS iodine transporter) allowing the internalization of a radioactive tracer in vivo, and thus be able to carry out indirect labeling of the cells
Touch, Sothea. "Cellules immunitaires dans les maladies cardiométaboliques : altérations phénotypiques et fonctionnelles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066084/document.
Full textA common feature between cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. In obesity and type-2-diabetes (T2D) notably, insulin resistance has been linked to inflammation in several tissues. The objective of this project is to evaluate the interactions between immune cell alterations and metabolic perturbations in CMDs. In a first study, we investigated intestinal immunity and cytokine production of intestinal T cells in a cohort of lean and obese subjects and evaluated the functional relationship between T cells and enterocytes. We demonstrated that T cell density and cytokine production was increased in the jejunal mucosa of obese subjects and promoted insulin resistance in enterocytes in vitro. In a second study, we characterized mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a subset of T cells recognizing bacterial vitamin B derivatives, in 5 groups of patients with different forms CMDs (metabolic syndrome, obesity, T2D, coronary artery disease with or without heart failure) compared to healthy subjects. We demonstrated that MAIT cell decrease is correlated with HbA1c and is a common feature in all CMD groups. In an ex vivo study, we show that their depletion in the blood could be explained by a higher propensity to apoptosis under high glucose concentrations. Altogether, our findings suggest that the jejunal immune microenvironment could participate in local and systemic metabolic perturbations in human obesity. We also demonstrate that the abundance immune cells, such as circulating MAIT cells could serve as an early marker of cardiometabolic dysfunction
Ouedraogo, Richard. "La spectrométrie de masse : application à l'étude des cellules immunitaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5062/document.
Full textIn view of the many advantages in terms of speed, cost , sensitivity and reliability of the MALDI -TOF mass, we thought we could apply it to the study of intact eukaryotic cells, in particular the study of cells immune . We have shown that this approach is applicable to the global analysis of eukaryotic cells including circulating immune cells. In addition, it allowed us to characterize the many faceted of human macrophage activation by analyzing the data with the R software library " MALDIquant " and specific algorithms. The protein/peptide fingerprint induced by the M1 agonists : IFN - γ , TNF , LPS and LPS + IFN - γ or M2 agonists : IL- 4 , TGF - β1 and IL- 10 are distinct to unstimulated macrophages and specific for each agonist. MALDI -TOF Mass spectrometry can then be used to characterize the subtypes M1 and M2 macrophages . In addition, fingerprints induced by extracellular bacteria ( group B streptococcus , Staphylococcus aureus ) are specific and closed to those induced by IL -4 . The responses of macrophages to intracellular bacteria (BCG, Orientia tsutsugamushi , Coxiella burnetii ) are also unique. Mass spectrometry MALDI -TOF of whole cell revealed therefore the multifaceted activation in human macrophages . Finally, preliminary results show that our approach could be used clinically for the analysis of circulating cells in the case of host-pathogen interaction
De, Becker Geneviève. "Induction et régulation des réponses immunitaires par les cellules présentatrices d'antigènes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212431.
Full textLise, Marie-Claude. "Neuropeptides et cellules immunitaires : implication dans la physiopathologie des lymphocytes B." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/ee6a0759-ed6f-4a1a-9af6-3da7b50aed5e/blobholder:0/2010LIMO310O.pdf.
Full textBodinier, Maxime. "Caractérisation longitudinale des réponses immunitaires des patients en soins critiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10170.
Full textThis thesis addresses a key issue in critically ill patients: the complexity and heterogeneity of the immune response. It has been shown that these patients are subject to complications, including the occurrence of nosocomial infections, increased hospital stay, and death. It is in this context, where links have been established between the immune response and poor prognoses, that this thesis work is situated. In order to improve the characterization of the dynamics of the immune system in these critical situations, the concept of endotype – a subcategory of patients defined by a distinct set of biological characteristics – is a central theme of this work and particular methodological attention has been paid to it.The first part of the thesis focused on identifying an appropriate technique for grouping patients according to the trajectories of their immune response. The KmL method, identified through simulations, made it possible to characterize longitudinal endotypes of the monocytic HLA-DR marker in septic patients, and to link these evolutions to poor prognoses. Subsequently, the study was extended to examine several immune markers and to characterize the immune system not only more exhaustively in patients admitted to intensive care for sepsis, but also for severe trauma and major surgery. Two distinct longitudinal endotypes were identified, one of which, displaying persistent pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive characteristics, was associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Finally, the work also demonstrated the potential of mRNA measurements in blood for monitoring alterations in the immune system. A diagnostic model was developed to identify these longitudinal endotypes from a single blood sample taken at the end of the first week, offering a rapid tool to assess the immune status of patients and guide therapeutic strategies.These findings highlight the importance of characterizing endotypes in the treatment of intensive care patients. Future work will aim to validate these results on a larger scale and to evaluate the effectiveness of endotyping through randomized clinical trials, potentially improving the prognosis of intensive care patients
Sacco, Emmanuelle. "Identification et caractérisation de 3-hydroxyacyl déshydratases/2-trans-enoyl hydratases (R)-spécifiques potentiellement impliquées dans la biosynthèse de lipides chez le bacille tuberculeux." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30010.
Full textTuberculosis is still a major health concern in the world. Lipids play a major role in the pathogenic character of the tubercle bacillus and their biosynthesis requires the involvement of (R)-specific 3-hydroxyacyl dehydratases/trans-2-enoyl hydratases which have not been identified so far in this organism. These enzymes represent a sink of potential new antituberculosis targets. We report the identification and the characterization in Mycobacterium tuberculosis of several of these proteins that belong to the hydratase 2 subfamily. In particular, the enzymatic data suggest that three of them, associated into two distinct heterodimers, would belong to a type II Fatty Acid Synthase complex, which is involved in the mycolic acid biosynthesis, components essential for the survival of mycobacteria. These enzymes represent very interesting targets for antituberculous drug development
Trescos, Yannick. "Effets des toxines de Bacillus anthracis sur le cytosquelette des cellules immunitaires : implication sur la phagocytose et les fonctions immunitaires." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV026/document.
Full textBacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, is also a major agent of biological warfare threat. Its virulence is caused by two main factors : the capsule and two toxins, edema toxin (ET = PA + EF) and lethal toxin (LT = LF + PA). EF is a calcium and calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase, producing a rise in intracellular cAMP concentration, while LF is a zinc metalloprotease cleaving the majority of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinases. The toxins play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease and the deregulation of the functions of immune cells. The actin cytoskeleton is actively participating in the phagocytosis and the migration of macrophages and dendritic cells.However, few studies analyze the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton of immune cells in the pathogenesis of toxins. ET induces a time-dependent retraction of dendritic cells and macrophages on fibronectin micropatterns, accompanied by actin depolymerization and a loss of the anchor points of dendritic cells. ET early activates cofilin by activating the cAMP - PKA - Protein phosphatases signaling pathway. Despite these alterations of the actin cytoskeleton, ET does not induce any change in the phagocytic capacity of dendritic cells, except for a deregulation of the phagosomes maturation. ET also leads to an increase in the migration of dendritic cells in vitro by activation and expression of CCR7 and CXCR4 on the surface of dendritic cells.In contrast, LT results in a time-dependent spreading of micropatterned dendritic cells, accompanied by a dysregulation of actin dynamics causing abnormal combinations of actin filament. LT activates myosin phosphatase via the RhoA-ROCK pathway to dephosphorylate myosin II. Unlike ET, LT inhibits the dendritic cells phagocytosis but does not lead to a change in dendritic cells migration in vitro
Torre, Cédric. "Résistance des planaires à l'infection bactérienne : caractérisation de la mémoire immunitaire innée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0528.
Full textMy Thesis work has focused on the description of the planarian antibacterial immunity, and more precisely the innate immune memory.The innate immune memory forms a host defense line to the reinfection which only involves components from innate immunity. Present in vertebrates and invertebrates, invertebrates are a model of choice because devoid of acquired immunity. The planarian has an innate immune memory against S. aureus, which, after a reinfection, displays an exacerbated elimination. The depletion of stem cells from planarians and tissue graft highlighted stem cells as the main actors of this immune response. An RNAi screening combined with a transcriptomic profiling brought out genes and classified them within a signaling pathway involving a peptido-glycan receptor (pgrp-2), a histone methyltransferase (setd8.1), and an effector mechanism of the bacterial elimination (p38 and morn2). Setd8.1, histone methyltransferase, would be the core of the process putting epigenetic marks on DNA loci, ensuring the increased expression of effector genes after reinfection. This mechanism, described in humans, has neither involved stem cells, nor this type of histone methyltransferase as actors in the innate immune memory.Collectively, the investigation of the planarian immune system allowed the discovery of new antibacterial defense mechanisms, and transferring it to humans could complete the actual approach of the infectious disease treatment
Vincent, Julie. "Rôles des cellules myéloïdes suppressives et des infiltrats immunitaires dans le cancer." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967901.
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