Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Car model classification'

Nowadays Machine Learning and Deep Learning are becoming more and more important for several problems in many fields. For this reason, we decide to use them for improving the results and the efficiency of different tasks as view understanding on cars, car’s brand and model classification, and price estimation. Behind defining and modifying the correct model for each problem we obtained very good results for each of them. This thesis will present them in detail and will point out possible future improvements.

On-line responsive traffic signal optimization strategies most commonly use data received from loop detectors to feed information into an underlying traffic model. The limited data available from conventional detection systems has dictated the way that current 'state-of-the-art' traffic signal control systems have been developed. Such systems tend to consider traffic as having homogenous properties to avoid the requirement for more detailed knowledge of individual vehicle properties. However, a consequence of this simplification is to limit an optimizer in achieving its objectives. The first element of this study investigates whether additional data regarding vehicle type can be reliably extracted from conventional detection to improve optimizer performance using existing infrastructure. A single detector classification algorithm is developed and it is shown that, using a modification of an existing state-of-the-art optimization method, a modest improvement in performance can be achieved. The emergence of connected vehicle technology and, in particular, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications promises more comprehensive data. V2I-based optimization methods proposed in literature require a minimum penetration rate of V2I equipped vehicles before performance matches existing systems. To address this problem, the second part of the study focuses on the development of a hybrid detection model that is capable of simultaneously using information from conventional and V2I detection. It is demonstrated that the hybrid detection model can begin to realise benefits as soon as V2I data becomes available. V2I-based vehicle classification is then applied to the developed hybrid model and significant benefits are demonstrated for HGVs. The final section of the thesis introduces the use of a more sophisticated internal traffic model and a new optimization method is developed to implement it. The car-following model based optimization method addresses the lack of modelled interaction between vehicles and is shown to be capable of reducing vehicle stops over and above the developed (vertical queue based) hybrid model.

Den här rapporten beskriver hur en bildklassificerare skapades med förmågan att via en given bild på en bil avgöra vilken bilmodell bilen är av. Klassificeringsmodellen utvecklades med hjälp av bilder som företaget CAB sparat i samband med försäkringsärenden som behandlats via deras nuvarande produkter. Inledningsvis i rapporten så beskrivs teori för maskininlärning och djupinlärning på engrundläggande nivå för att leda in läsaren på ämnesområdet som rör rapporten, och fortsätter sedan med problemspecifika metoder som var till nytta för det aktuella problemet. Rapporten tar upp metoder för hur datan bearbetats i förväg, hur träningsprocessen gick  till med de valda verktygen samt diskussion kring resultatet och vad som påverkade det – med kommentarer om vad som kan göras i framtiden för att förbättra slutprodukten.
This report describes how an image classifier was created with the ability to identify car makeand model from a given picture of a car. The classifier was developed using pictures that the company CAB had saved from insurance errands that was managed through their current products. First of all the report begins with a brief theoretical introduction to machine learning and deep learning to guide the reader in to the subject of the report, and then continues with problemspecific methods that were of good use for the project. The report brings up methods for how the data was processed before training took place, how the training process went with the chosen tools for this project and also discussion about the result and what effected it – with comments about what can be done in the future to improve the end product.

Die Bedeutung innovativer Geschäftsmodelle als Bestimmungsfaktor für den Unternehmenserfolg steht weitestgehend außer Frage. Aufgrund der hohen Komplexität von Geschäftsmodellen hat sich jedoch bislang kein praktisch anwendbares Bewertungskonzept etablieren können, welches Geschäftsmodellinnovationen in Hinblick auf deren Erfolgsentwicklung untersucht. Zur Adressierung dieser Problemstellung wird unter Anwendung des systemdynamischen Ansatzes ein Simulationsmodell entwickelt, welches den Wertbeitrag einer Geschäftsmodellinnovation ausweist. Neben dem Kapitalwert als finanzielle Wertgröße des Geschäftsmodells werden ferner der Kundenwert sowie der Wert der unternehmerischen Fähigkeiten als wichtige Wertgrößen explizit gemacht, da sie die zukünftige Leistungs- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Geschäftsmodells determinieren. Damit liefert das Bewertungsmodell einen Ansatz zur ganzheitlichen Geschäftsmodellbewertung, die die Anwendung finanzieller Standardkalkulationen mit der Messbarmachung nicht-finanzieller Erfolgsgrößen kombiniert.:1 Einführung 2 Geschäftsmodelle und Geschäftsmodellbewertung 3 Entwicklungsprozess des systemdynamischen Geschäftsmodells bedarfsabhängiger Funktionserweiterungen 4 Aufbau des systemdynamischen Geschäftsmodells bedarfsabhängiger Funktionserweiterungen 5 Simulation des systemdynamischen Geschäftsmodells bedarfsabhängiger Funktionserweiterungen 6 Schlussbetrachtung
Business model innovations provide powerful levers for creating sustainable competitive advantage and thus have a positive impact on the value of an enterprise. However, due to the complexity of business models, no practically applicable framework, evaluating an innovative business model with regard to its effect on a company’s success, has been established. Hence, a simulation model assessing the value contribution of a business model innovation is developed. Using the mathematical modeling technique ‘System Dynamics’ to frame the value drivers of a business allows for simulation experiments that reveal the effect of the business model’s design on its profitability, therewith guiding policymakers towards better decisions. As a result, the simulation model reports the net present value of a business model. In addition, the success indicators customer lifetime value and the value of the enterprises’ capabilities are identified as important assets that have to be monitored closely as they determine the company’s prospective performance. In combining financial standard calculations with the operationalization of non-financial measures, the simulation model represents a comprehensive approach for business model evaluation.:1 Einführung 2 Geschäftsmodelle und Geschäftsmodellbewertung 3 Entwicklungsprozess des systemdynamischen Geschäftsmodells bedarfsabhängiger Funktionserweiterungen 4 Aufbau des systemdynamischen Geschäftsmodells bedarfsabhängiger Funktionserweiterungen 5 Simulation des systemdynamischen Geschäftsmodells bedarfsabhängiger Funktionserweiterungen 6 Schlussbetrachtung

Recent neural network advances have lead to models that can be used for a variety of image classification tasks, useful for many of today’s media technology applications. In this paper, I train hallmark neural network architectures on a newly collected vehicle image dataset to do both coarse- and fine-grained classification of vehicle type. The results show that the neural networks can learn to distinguish both between many very different and between a few very similar classes, reaching accuracies of 50.8% accuracy on 28 classes and 61.5% in the most challenging 5, despite noisy images and labeling of the dataset.
Nya neurala nätverksframsteg har lett till modeller som kan användas för en mängd olika bildklasseringsuppgifter, och är därför användbara många av dagens medietekniska applikationer. I detta projektet tränar jag moderna neurala nätverksarkitekturer på en nyuppsamlad bilbild-datasats för att göra både grov- och finkornad klassificering av fordonstyp. Resultaten visar att neurala nätverk kan lära sig att skilja mellan många mycket olika bilklasser,  och även mellan några mycket liknande klasser. Mina bästa modeller nådde 50,8% träffsäkerhet vid 28 klasser och 61,5% på de mest utmanande 5, trots brusiga bilder och manuell klassificering av datasetet.

Hyperglycaemia in critical care is common and has been linked to increased mortality and morbidity. Tight control of blood glucose concentrations to more normal levels can significantly reduce the negative outcomes associated with hyperglycaemia. However, hypoglycaemia and glycaemic variability have also been independently shown to increase mortality in critically ill patients. Further complicating the matter, critically ill patients exhibit high inter- and intra patient metabolic variability and thus consistent, safe control of glycaemia has proved very difficult. Model-based and model-derived tight glycaemic control methods have shown significant ability to provide very tight control with little or no hypoglycaemia in the intensive care unit (ICU). The model-based control practised in the Christchurch Hospital ICU uses a physiological model that relies on a single, time-varying parameter, SI, to capture the patient-specific glycaemic response to insulin. As an identified parameter, SI is prone to also capturing other, unintended, dynamics that add variability on multiple timescales. The objective of this research was to enable enhanced glycaemic control by addressing this variability of the SI parameter through better modelling and implementation. An improved model of insulin secretion as a function of blood glucose concentration was developed using data collected from a recent study at the Christchurch Hospital ICU. Separate models were identified for non-diabetic patients and diagnosed, or suspected type II diabetic patients, with R2 = 0.61 and 0.69, respectively. The gradients of the functions identified were comparable to data published in a number of other studies on healthy and diabetic subjects. The transcapilliary diffusion (nI) and cellular clearance (nC) rate parameters were optimised using data from published microdialysis studies. Interactions between these key parameters determine maximum interstitial insulin concentrations available for glucose disposal, and thus directly influence SI. The optimal values of these parameters were determined to be nI = nC = 0.0060 1/min. Models of endogenous glucose production (EGP), as functions of blood glucose concentration and time, were assessed. These models proved unsatisfactory due to difficulties in identifying reliable functions with the available data set. Thus, it was determined that EGP should continue to be treated as a population constant, except during real-time glycaemic control, where the value may be adjusted temporarily to ensure valid SI values. The first 24 hours of ICU stay proved to be a period of significantly increased SI variability, both in terms of hour-to-hour changes and longer-term evolution of level. This behaviour was evident for the entire study cohort as a whole and was particularly pronounced during the first 12-18 hours. The subgroup of cardiovascular surgery patients, in which there was sufficient data for analysis, mirrored the results of the whole cohort, but was found to have even lower and more variable SI. Glucocorticoid steroids were also found to be associated with clinically significant reductions in overall level and increases in hour-to-hour variability of SI. To manage variability caused by factors external to the physiological model, the use of several stochastic models was proposed. Using different models for the early part of ICU stay and for different diagnostic subgroups as well as when patients were receiving certain drug therapies would permit control algorithms to reduce the impact of the SI variability on outcome glycaemia. The impact of measurement timing and BG concentration errors on the variability of SI was assessed. Results indicated that the impact of both sources of errors on SI level was unlikely to be clinically significant. The impact of BG sensor errors on hour-to-hour SI variability was more pronounced. Understanding the effect of sensor and timing errors on SI allows their impact to be reduced by using the 5-95 percentile forecast range of stochastic models during glycaemic control. The performance of the model incorporating the proposed insulin kinetic parameters and secretion enhancements was validated for clinical glycaemic control and virtual trial purposes. This validation was conducted by self- and cross validation on a cohort independent to that with which the model was developed. The use of multiple stochastic models to reduce the impact of this extrinsic variability during glycaemic control was validated using virtual trials.

Dieser Beitrag stellt ein neues, hybrides Modell für die Entwicklung mechanischer und mechatronischer Systeme vor. Ziel ist es, die derzeitig bestehende Lücke zwischen abstrakten Funktionsmodellen und sehr konkreten, geometrieorientierten 3D-CAD-Modellen zu überbrücken. Das hier vorgestellte SkiPo-Modell beschreibt die Interaktionen zwischen den Komponenten eines Systems basierend auf den zugehörigen Material-, Energie- und Signalflüssen. Ergänzt wird diese abstrakte Darstellung mit Skizzen, die wichtige Konstruktionsentscheidungen in einer strukturierten, semistandardisierten Weise dokumentieren. Das Ziel dieser hybriden Modellierung ist es, die unvermeidbaren Iterationen zwischen abstrakten und sehr detaillierten Betrachtungen von mechanischen und mechatronischen Systemen in der frühen Phase der Produktentstehung zu unterstützen. In Erprobungen mit Studentengruppen zeigte sich, dass dieser Modellierungsansatz das Verständnis und die Kommunikation im Team fördern kann.

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have seen widespread use in a variety of applications ranging from speech recognition to gene prediction. While developed over forty years ago, they remain a standard tool for sequential data analysis. More recently, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) was developed and soon gained widespread popularity as a powerful topic analysis tool for text corpora. We thoroughly develop LDA and a generalization of HMMs and demonstrate the conjunctive use of both methods in predictive data analysis for health care problems. While these two tools (LDA and HMM) have been used in conjunction previously, we use LDA in a new way to reduce the dimensionality involved in the training of HMMs. With both LDA and our extension of HMM, we train classifiers to predict development of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the near future.

Since the turn of the millennium, a large number of computational models of visual salience have been put forward. How best to evaluate a given model's ability to predict where human observers fixate in images of real-world scenes remains an open research question. Assessing the role of spatial biases is a challenging issue; this is particularly true when we consider the tendency for high-salience items to appear in the image center, combined with a tendency to look straight ahead (“central bias”). This problem is further exacerbated in the context of model comparisons, because some—but not all—models implicitly or explicitly incorporate a center preference to improve performance. To address this and other issues, we propose to combine a-priori parcellation of scenes with generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), building upon previous work. With this method, we can explicitly model the central bias of fixation by including a central-bias predictor in the GLMM. A second predictor captures how well the saliency model predicts human fixations, above and beyond the central bias. By-subject and by-item random effects account for individual differences and differences across scene items, respectively. Moreover, we can directly assess whether a given saliency model performs significantly better than others. In this article, we describe the data processing steps required by our analysis approach. In addition, we demonstrate the GLMM analyses by evaluating the performance of different saliency models on a new eye-tracking corpus. To facilitate the application of our method, we make the open-source Python toolbox “GridFix” available.

This research proposes a framework for collaborative care in which the performance of healthcare teams is measured in an objective and quantifiable manner. We call our framework the Performance Management Framework for Collaborative Care (PMFCC). The PMFCC was developed using insights from agile software engineering, business, and healthcare and consists of three Components: the Collaboration Space Ontology Template, the Agile Process Model, and the Performance Management Model. We developed a set of example Artifacts based on our framework to better support performance management of collaborative care teams: Agile Treatment Plan, Agile Collaborative Dashboard, ICF Patient Card and Collaborative Care Model Canvas. The framework and associated Artifacts were developed iteratively using Design Science Research Methodology. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was used as an example relevant to performance management of collaborative care teams. A Clinical Vignette drawn from the healthcare literature was used to develop a set of scenarios to test and evaluate the PMFCC and its Artifacts at each iteration. A panel of experts was established at the end of our research to review our results and provide structured and unstructured feedback based on a set of evaluation criteria drawn from the relevant academic literature. The PMFCC was also compared to related works from the literature.

In healthcare, a large number of medical data has emerged. To effectively use these data to improve healthcare outcomes, clinicians need to identify the relevant measures and apply the correct analysis methods for the type of data at hand. In this dissertation, we present various machine learning (ML) and data mining (DM) methods that could be applied to the type of data sets that are available in the healthcare area. The first part of the dissertation investigates DM methods on healthcare or medical data to find significant information in the form of rules. Class association rule mining, a variant of association rule mining, was used to obtain the rules with some targeted items or class labels. These rules can be used to improve public awareness of different cancer symptoms and could also be useful to initiate prevention strategies. In the second part of the thesis, ML techniques have been applied in healthcare or medical data to build a predictive model. Three different classification techniques on a real-world breast cancer risk factor data set have been investigated. Due to the imbalance characteristics of the data set various resampling methods were used before applying the classifiers. It is shown that there was a significant improvement in performance when applying a resampling technique as compared to applying no resampling technique. Moreover, super learning technique that uses multiple base learners, have been investigated to boost the performance of classification models. Two different forms of super learner have been investigated - the first one uses two base learners while the second one uses three base learners. The models were then evaluated against well-known benchmark data sets related to the healthcare domain and the results showed that the SL model performs better than the individual classifier and the baseline ensemble. Finally, we assessed cancer-relevant genes of prostate cancer with the most significant correlations with the clinical outcome of the sample type and the overall survival. Rules from the RNA-sequencing of prostate cancer patients was discovered. Moreover, we built the regression model and from the model rules for predicting the survival time of patients were generated.

This article aims to turn the attention of researchers and practitioners in the innovation and engineering management field towards a more fine grained view on the influence of Information Technologies (IT) and New Product Development (NPD) capabilities on innovation outcomes in different stages of maturity. Computer Aided Innovation (CAI), as a specific but often overlooked category of IT-tools for innovation activities, is introduced as having the potential to positively influence the innovation supporting capabilities. Based on current and emerging developments in the fields of CAI and NPD, a revised version of the conceptual model of the CAI-NPD-systems maturity framework is proposed.

Aus der Einleitung: "Produktentwicklung und Fertigungsplanung innovativer komplexer technischer Produkte sind heute ohne massiven Rechnereinsatz gar nicht mehr möglich: Produkteigenschaften wie Funktion, Fertigung, Montage, Bedienbarkeit, dynamisches Verhalten, Reaktion auf Störgrößen, Ästhetik, Instandhaltung bis Recycling sollten möglichst früh im Entwicklungsprozess durch virtuelle Prototypen technischer Produkte und Verfahren beschrieben und abgesichert werden (Höhne 2009)."

Purpose To strengthen our understanding of the impact of baseline variability in mode choice on the likelihood of travel behaviour change. Methods Quasi-experimental analyses in a cohort study of 450 commuters exposed to a new guided busway with a path for walking and cycling in Cambridge, UK. Exposure to the intervention was defined using the shortest network distance from each participant’s home to the busway. Variability in commuter travel behaviour at baseline was defined using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, the number of different modes of transport used over a week, and the proportion of trips made by the main (combination of) mode(s). The outcomes were changes in the share of commute trips (i) involving any active travel, (ii) involving any public transport, and (iii) made entirely by car. Variability and change data were derived from a self-reported seven-day record collected before (2009) and after (2012) the intervention. Separate multinomial regression models were estimated to assess the influence of baseline variability on behaviour change, both independently and as an interaction effect with exposure to the intervention. Results All three measures of variability predicted changes in mode share in most models. The effect size for the intervention was slightly strengthened after including variability. Commuters with higher baseline variability were more likely to increase their active mode share (e.g. for HHI: relative risk ratio [RRR] for interaction 3.34, 95% CI 1.41, 7.89) and decrease their car mode share in response to the intervention (e.g. for HHI: RRR 7.50, 95% CI 2.52, 22.34). Conclusions People reporting a higher level of variability in mode choice were more likely to change their travel behaviour following an intervention. Future research should consider such variability as a potential predictor and effect modifier of travel and physical activity behaviour change, and its significance for the design and targeting of interventions.

Le problème étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse porte essentiellement sur l'étape de détection de défaut dans un processus de diagnostic industriel. Ces travaux sont motivés par la surveillance de deux sous-systèmes complexes d'un autobus impactant la disponibilité des véhicules et leurs coûts de maintenance : le système de freinage et celui des portes. Cette thèse décrit plusieurs outils dédiés au suivi de fonctionnement de ces deux systèmes. On choisit une approche de diagnostic par reconnaissance des formes qui s'appuie sur l'analyse de données collectées en exploitation à partir d'une nouvelle architecture télématique embarquée dans les autobus. Les méthodes proposées dans ces travaux de thèse permettent de détecter un changement structurel dans un flux de données traité séquentiellement, et intègrent des connaissances disponibles sur les systèmes surveillés. Le détecteur appliqué aux freins s'appuie sur les variables de sortie (liées au freinage) d'un modèle physique dynamique du véhicule qui est validé expérimentalement dans le cadre de nos travaux. L'étape de détection est ensuite réalisée par des cartes de contrôle multivariées à partir de données multidimensionnelles. La stratégie de détection pour l'étude du système porte traite directement les données collectées par des capteurs embarqués pendant des cycles d'ouverture et de fermeture, sans modèle physique a priori. On propose un test séquentiel à base d'hypothèses alimenté par un modèle génératif pour représenter les données fonctionnelles. Ce modèle de régression permet de segmenter des courbes multidimensionnelles en plusieurs régimes. Les paramètres de ce modèle sont estimés par un algorithme de type EM dans un mode semi-supervisé. Les résultats obtenus à partir de données réelles et simulées ont permis de mettre en évidence l'efficacité des méthodes proposées aussi bien pour l'étude des freins que celle des portes
This thesis is mainly dedicated to the fault detection step occurring in a process of industrial diagnosis. This work is motivated by the monitoring of two complex subsystems of a transit bus, which impact the availability of vehicles and their maintenance costs: the brake and the door systems. This thesis describes several tools that monitor operating actions of these systems. We choose a pattern recognition approach based on the analysis of data collected from a new IT architecture on-board the buses. The proposed methods allow to detect sequentially a structural change in a datastream, and take advantage of prior knowledge of the monitored systems. The detector applied to the brakes is based on the output variables (related to the brake system) from a physical dynamic modeling of the vehicle which is experimentally validated in this work. The detection step is then performed by multivariate control charts from multidimensional data. The detection strategy dedicated to doors deals with data collected by embedded sensors during opening and closing cycles, with no need for a physical model. We propose a sequential testing approach using a generative model to describe the functional data. This regression model allows to segment multidimensional curves in several regimes. The model parameters are estimated via a specific EM algorithm in a semi-supervised mode. The results obtained from simulated and real data allow to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed methods on both the study of brakes and doors

This thesis is about comparative social policy. In particular it assesses the capacity of Esping-Andersen's (1995) typology to accommodate the Greek welfare state. The study has four main aims: to make public as comprehensive an account of the Greek welfare state as possible; to establish, based on empirical evidence. If Esping-Andersen's typology can be used to classify and define the Greek welfare state; to publish a working definition of the Greek welfare state based on my research findings and to consider the pre-requisite for the successful inclusion of complex welfare states like Greece in future attempts at classification models. The study adduces original data gathered by the use of qualitative research methods. To place Esping-Andersen's typology in its context the following concepts are analyzed in the study: the welfare state; the difficulties connected to finding one comprehensive definition of a welfare state doing justice to the diversity found among welfare studies; and finally how such difficulties have led to the use of the welfare state typology as a means to classify, compare and define welfare states. Following this exposition Esping-Andersen's model is analyzed and the reasons why it is important to test the extent to which it can be used to define the Greek welfare state explored. The study proceeds to provide a detailed account of both the formal and informal workings of the Greek welfare state which enables the application of the model to Greece. This leads to a discussion of the nature and definition of the Greek welfare state which includes an analysis of the application of Esping-Andersen's model as well as other typological efforts to define Greece. The study concludes with a definition of the Greek welfare state which draws attention to institutions that must be part of future typological effort to include Greece.

Neuartige funktionsbedingte Bauteilgeometrien in geringen Stückzahlen lassen sich mit verschiedenen Methoden der additiv, generativen Fertigung, populärwissenschaftlich 3D- Druck genannt, effizient herstellen. Für den Konstrukteur solcher Bauteile bedeutet dies ebenfalls neuartige Methoden als bisher anzuwenden. Bauteilgeometrien, die hinsichtlich einer Zielgröße optimiert sind, können mit der Topologieoptimierung auf Basis eines FE- Modells rechnerisch ermittelt werden. Während die Topologieoptimierung schon seit längerem bekannt und etabliert ist, war die durchgängige Nutzung einer gemeinsamen Datenbasis häufig durch Hindernisse geprägt. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die heutigen Möglichkeiten anhand des FE-Systems ANSYS aufgezeigt und hinsichtlich des effizienten praktischen Einsatzes bewertet.
Innovative function-related component geometries in small quantities can be produced efficiently with different methods of additive, generative manufacturing, in a popular science known as 3D printing. For the designer of such components it also means to use other methods as usual. Component geometries optimized regarding to a target size can be calculated using topology optimization based on a FE model. While topology optimization has been known and established for a long time, the consistent use of a common database was often characterized by obstacles. In this article today's possibilities are shown with the FE system ANSYS and evaluated with regard of the efficient practical use.

The prediction of settlements in infrastructural design puts high demands on the numerical analysis of the subsoil and the associated constitutive model: complex installation processes and the repetitive character of live loads pose considerable challenges. Although in this context the main focus is on the analytical requirements of a geotechnical problem in order to realistically capture soil behaviour, the needs of engineering practice should not be neglected in constitutive modelling. Along these lines, a new soil model for non-cohesive soils has been developed in the theoretical framework of elastoplasticity. Based on the concept of bounding surface plasticity according to Manzari and Dafalias (1997), soil properties such as strength, stiffness and dilatancy depend on the distance between the current stress state and a corresponding model surface in stress space. This way the multi surface model correctly reproduces elementary behavioural patterns of soil, including for example shear related phenomena such as hardening/softening, contraction/dilation and attainment of critical state (constant volume shear strength). Moreover, the model captures the state dependence of soil behaviour (barotropy and pycnotropy). Thus, with only one set of material parameters, the mechanical behaviour of a wide range of initial soil states with respect to stress and void ratio can be simulated (unified modelling). The kinematic hardening mechanism of the conical yield surface contributes to a realistic stiffness evolution in un- and reloading and is hence essential for stress or strain accumulation due to load reversals. Since the chosen modelling framework is suitable for further development, the original formulation has been extended to adapt the model to the defined needs. In order to adequately simulate geotechnically relevant stress paths of low and higher complexity, first of all, a cap shaped yield surface was added to allow for plastic straining not only in shear, but also in constant stress ratio loading (e. g. isotropic or oedometric compression). When it comes to stress paths of unconventional orientation, to load reversals or composed stress paths with changes in loading direction, a supplementary stiffness increase at small strains and its subsequent strain dependent degradation have proven valuable. Furthermore, an additional mechanism accounts for a regressive accumulation of stresses or strains with increasing number of load cycles (in terms of dissipated energy). In view of its suitability for practical use, all model extensions are structured in a modular fashion, so that the complexity of the model (and hence the amount of parameters) can be adapted to the complexity of the geotechnical problem by activating or deactivating certain features. Most model parameters can be determined by conventional laboratory testing. An internal routine optionally facilitates the parameter choice by calibrating certain bounding surface related parameters from an alternative user input, which is more oriented towards experimental outcome. Since a good understanding of a material model is crucial for its reasonable and responsible use, the present thesis aims at offering a sound documentation. Thus, the first part gives an outline of the underlying bounding surface concept and describes the innovations on the constitutive level with reference to theoretical considerations. It is followed by a detailed analysis of capabilities and limitations of the extended model. The next part is dedicated to the numerical implementation of the soil model and its calibration procedure on the basis of laboratory test results. Moreover, the embedded calibration routine including the applied optimisation algorithm is presented. The subsequent section serves model validation: by means of element test simulations, generation of response envelopes as well as the reproduction of more general (e. g. composed) stress paths the performance of the extended bounding surface model is demonstrated. Finally, the last chapter draws conclusions and discloses potential future perspectives.:1 Introduction 1.1 General aspects on constitutive modelling 1.2 Motivation and outline of the thesis 1.3 Basic assumptions and terminology 2 Literature review 2.1 From elastoplasticity to bounding surface plasticity 2.1.1 Bounding surface model according to Manzari and Dafalias (1997) 2.2 Further development of the original model 2.2.1 Papadimitriou and Bouckovalas (2002) 2.2.2 Taiebat and Dafalias (2008) 2.3 Small strain stiffness 2.3.1 Observations 2.3.2 Micromechanical considerations 2.3.3 Very small strain shear modulus G0 2.3.4 Constitutive modelling approaches 2.4 Dilatancy 3 The extended bounding surface model 3.1 Fundamental capabilities of the bounding surface concept 3.1.1 Elastic region 3.1.2 Critical state 3.1.3 Shear strength 3.1.4 Shear stiffness (monotonic) 3.1.5 Contractancy and dilatancy 3.1.6 Barotropy and pycnotropy 3.1.7 Compressive stiffness 3.1.8 Shear stiffness in reversed loading 3.1.9 Additional features 3.2 New features of the extended bounding surface model 3.2.1 Minor modifications 3.2.2 Dilatancy formulation 3.2.3 Cap yield surface 3.2.4 Small strain stiffness mechanism 3.2.5 Cyclic loading mechanism 3.2.6 Summary 3.3 Limitations of the bounding surface model 3.3.1 Intrinsic insuffciencies of the bounding surface concept 3.3.2 Remaining shortcomings of the advanced model version 3.3.3 Newly introduced deficiencies 4 The numerical model and its calibration procedure 4.1 Octave implementation of an element test programme 4.2 Calibration procedure 4.2.1 Sands for calibration 4.2.2 Calibration of basic parameters 4.2.3 Calibration of extended model parameters 4.3 User friendly calibration routine 4.3.1 Conceptual background 4.3.2 Optimisation algorithm 5 Performance of the extended bounding surface model 5.1 Model performance in element tests 5.1.1 Monotonic drained triaxial compression test 5.1.2 Monotonic undrained triaxial compression test 5.1.3 Monotonic eta-constant tests 5.2 Model performance in non-standard triaxial testing 5.2.1 Concept of response envelopes 5.2.2 Simulation of response envelopes 5.3 Model performance on general stress paths 5.3.1 Triaxial compression at small strains 5.3.2 Cyclic triaxial loading 6 Conclusions and perspectives 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Future perspectives Bibliography Appendices A Mathematical background A.1 Fundamental equations of elastoplasticity A.2 Compilation of major constitutive equations (multiaxial formulation) A.3 Elastoplastic stiffness matrix for singular yield surfaces A.4 Coefficient matrices S and E for loading constraints A.5 Derivation of Mcap and Hcap A.6 Intergranular strain adjustment A.7 Intergranular strain correlation B Details on particle swarm optimisation C Compilation of simulation results C.1 Monotonic triaxial loading C.1.1 Toyoura sand C.1.2 Sacramento River sand C.1.3 Hostun sand C.2 Monotonic eta-constant loading C.2.1 Sacramento River sand C.2.2 Hostun sand C.3 Cyclic triaxial loading
Die Prognose von Setzungen für die Bemessung von Infrastrukturbauwerken stellt hohe Anforderungen an die numerische Untersuchung des Baugrunds und das damit verbundene Stoffgesetz: komplexe Herstellungsprozesse und zyklisch wiederkehrende Verkehrslasten stellen beachtliche Herausforderungen dar. Während das Hauptaugenmerk zumeist auf der realitätsnahen Abbildung des Bodenverhaltens liegt und damit die analytischen Anforderungen des geotechnischen Problems im Fokus stehen, sollten die Bedürfnisse der Ingenieurspraxis in der Stoffgesetzmodellierung nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. In diesem Sinne wurde im Rahmen der Elastoplastizität ein neues Materialmodell für nichtbindige Böden entwickelt. Auf dem Konzept der Bounding Surface Plastizität nach Manzari und Dafalias (1997) beruhend, sind Eigenschaften wie Festigkeit, Steifigkeit und Dilatanz Funktion des Abstands zwischen aktuellem Spannungszustand und einer zugeordneten Modellfläche im Spannungsraum. Auf diese Weise bildet das Mehrflächenmodell fundamentale Verhaltensmuster von Boden korrekt ab, einschließlich beispielsweise scherbezogener Phänomene wie Ver- und Entfestigung, Kontraktanz und Dilatanz oder das Erreichen des kritischen Zustands (Scherfestigkeit bei konstantem Volumen). Des Weiteren erfasst das Modell die Zustandsabhängigkeit des Bodenverhaltens (Barotropie und Pyknotropie). So kann mit nur einem Parametersatz das mechanische Verhalten einer großen Spannweite unterschiedlicher Anfangszustände hinsichtlich Spannung und Lagerungsdichte simuliert werden. Der kinematische Verfestigungsmechanismus der konusförmigen Fließfläche trägt bei Ent- und Wiederbelastungen zu einer realistischeren Steifigkeitsentwicklung bei und ist damit von essenzieller Bedeutung für die Akkumulation von Spannungen oder Verformungen infolge von Lastwechseln. Da sich der gewählte konstitutive Rahmen für Weiterentwicklungen eignet, wurde die ursprüngliche Formulierung des Stoffgesetzes erweitert, um das Modell an die definierten Anforderungen anzupassen. Um geotechnisch relevante Spannungspfade niedriger und höherer Komplexität adäquat reproduzieren zu können, wurde zunächst eine kappenförmige Fließfläche ergänzt. So können irreversible Verformungen nicht nur bei Scherung, sondern auch bei Belastungen ohne Änderung des Spannungsverhältnisses, wie z. B. bei isotroper oder ödometrischer Kompression, auftreten. Bei Spannungspfaden ungewöhnlicher Orientierung, bei Lastwechseln oder zusammengesetzten Spannungspfaden mit Änderung der Belastungsrichtung hat sich eine erhöhte Steifigkeit bei kleinen Dehnungen mit anschließendem dehnungsabhängigen Abfall als nützlich erwiesen. Darüber hinaus berücksichtigt ein zusätzlicher Mechanismus die rückläufige Akkumulation von Spannung oder Verformung mit zunehmender Zyklenanzahl (mittels dissipierter Energie). Im Hinblick auf die Eignung des Stoffgesetzes für die Praxis ist das Modell modular aufgebaut. So kann die Komplexität des Modells (und damit die Anzahl der Parameter) durch Ein- und Ausschalten bestimmter Erweiterungen an die Komplexität des geotechnischen Problems angepasst werden. Die Mehrzahl der Modellparameter wird mit Hilfe konventioneller Laborversuche bestimmt. Eine interne Routine erleichtert durch die Kalibrierung bestimmter Bounding Surface bezogener Größen anhand eines alternativen, stärker an Versuchsergebnissen orientierten User-Inputs bei Bedarf die Parameterwahl. Da die Kenntnis eines Stoffgesetzes entscheidend ist für dessen vernünftigen und verantwortungsvollen Einsatz, soll die vorliegende Arbeit eine fundierte und umfassende Dokumentation bieten. Der erste Teil vermittelt daher zunächst einen Überblick über das zugrunde liegende Bounding Surface Konzept und beschreibt die Neuerungen auf konstitutiver Ebene mit Bezug auf theoretische Hintergründe. Er wird gefolgt von einer detaillierten Darlegung von Potenzialen und Einschränkungen für die Nutzung des erweiterten Modells. Der nächste Abschnitt widmet sich der numerischen Implementierung des Stoffgesetzes und seiner Kalibrierung auf Basis von Versuchsergebnissen. Des Weiteren wird die Kalibrierungsroutine einschließlich des verwendeten Optimierungsalgorithmus präsentiert. Der nachfolgende Teil dient der Modellvalidierung: durch die Simulation von Elementversuchen, die Erzeugung von Antwortellipsen sowie die Abbildung allgemeinerer (beispielsweise zusammengesetzter) Spannungspfade wird die Leistungsfähigkeit des erweiterten Bounding Surface Modells demonstriert. Abschließend werden Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und potenzielle Perspektiven aufgezeigt.:1 Introduction 1.1 General aspects on constitutive modelling 1.2 Motivation and outline of the thesis 1.3 Basic assumptions and terminology 2 Literature review 2.1 From elastoplasticity to bounding surface plasticity 2.1.1 Bounding surface model according to Manzari and Dafalias (1997) 2.2 Further development of the original model 2.2.1 Papadimitriou and Bouckovalas (2002) 2.2.2 Taiebat and Dafalias (2008) 2.3 Small strain stiffness 2.3.1 Observations 2.3.2 Micromechanical considerations 2.3.3 Very small strain shear modulus G0 2.3.4 Constitutive modelling approaches 2.4 Dilatancy 3 The extended bounding surface model 3.1 Fundamental capabilities of the bounding surface concept 3.1.1 Elastic region 3.1.2 Critical state 3.1.3 Shear strength 3.1.4 Shear stiffness (monotonic) 3.1.5 Contractancy and dilatancy 3.1.6 Barotropy and pycnotropy 3.1.7 Compressive stiffness 3.1.8 Shear stiffness in reversed loading 3.1.9 Additional features 3.2 New features of the extended bounding surface model 3.2.1 Minor modifications 3.2.2 Dilatancy formulation 3.2.3 Cap yield surface 3.2.4 Small strain stiffness mechanism 3.2.5 Cyclic loading mechanism 3.2.6 Summary 3.3 Limitations of the bounding surface model 3.3.1 Intrinsic insuffciencies of the bounding surface concept 3.3.2 Remaining shortcomings of the advanced model version 3.3.3 Newly introduced deficiencies 4 The numerical model and its calibration procedure 4.1 Octave implementation of an element test programme 4.2 Calibration procedure 4.2.1 Sands for calibration 4.2.2 Calibration of basic parameters 4.2.3 Calibration of extended model parameters 4.3 User friendly calibration routine 4.3.1 Conceptual background 4.3.2 Optimisation algorithm 5 Performance of the extended bounding surface model 5.1 Model performance in element tests 5.1.1 Monotonic drained triaxial compression test 5.1.2 Monotonic undrained triaxial compression test 5.1.3 Monotonic eta-constant tests 5.2 Model performance in non-standard triaxial testing 5.2.1 Concept of response envelopes 5.2.2 Simulation of response envelopes 5.3 Model performance on general stress paths 5.3.1 Triaxial compression at small strains 5.3.2 Cyclic triaxial loading 6 Conclusions and perspectives 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Future perspectives Bibliography Appendices A Mathematical background A.1 Fundamental equations of elastoplasticity A.2 Compilation of major constitutive equations (multiaxial formulation) A.3 Elastoplastic stiffness matrix for singular yield surfaces A.4 Coefficient matrices S and E for loading constraints A.5 Derivation of Mcap and Hcap A.6 Intergranular strain adjustment A.7 Intergranular strain correlation B Details on particle swarm optimisation C Compilation of simulation results C.1 Monotonic triaxial loading C.1.1 Toyoura sand C.1.2 Sacramento River sand C.1.3 Hostun sand C.2 Monotonic eta-constant loading C.2.1 Sacramento River sand C.2.2 Hostun sand C.3 Cyclic triaxial loading

Digitale Menschmodelle zur Produkt- und Prozessgestaltung werden kurz vorgestellt. Eine empirische Studie zum Einsatz der Systeme in der Praxis wird beschrieben und deren Ergebnisse exemplarisch vorgestellt. Daraus werden Ansätze zur Weiterentwicklung abgeleitet
A short overview of digital human models for ergonomic product and workplace design introduces this article. The results of a survey with users of these systems show the practical usage of digital human models. Approaches to further research and development are presented

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich zum Ziel, einen Beitrag zur Lösung von Führungs-bewegungsaufgaben (FBA) unter Verwendung ebener Führungskurvengetriebe (FKG) zu leisten. FKG sind kombinierte Getriebe; sie bestehen aus Gliedergruppen von Koppel- und Kurvengetrieben und haben die Aufgabe, Punkte auf Bahnen oder Ebenen durch Lagen zu führen. Die zur Auslegung wichtigen Entwurfsschritte, wie Bewegungsdesign, Struktur- und Maßsynthese sowie deren exemplarische Integra-tion in ein 3D-CAD-System unter der Maßgabe der weiteren konstruktiven Gestal-tung des Vorentwurfs, werden erörtert und an Beispielen demonstriert. Im Bewegungsdesign werden die zur Beschreibung der FBA geeigneten Verfahren weiterentwickelt und an Beispielen angewendet. Neben der mathematischen Be-schreibung stellt die Arbeit Untersuchungen zum Einsatz eines kommerziellen CAD-Systems zur grafischen Beschreibung der FBA an. Zur Lösung des Problems "Finden" einer Getriebestruktur für eine vorgegebene FBA wird ein Lösungskatalog mit praxistauglichen Getriebestrukturen erstellt. Für die Maßsynthese ebener FKG erweist sich die Aufteilung in die Schritte "Synthese des Koppelgetriebes" und "Synthese des Kurvengliedes" als erforderlich. Dazu eignen sich allgemeine Verfah-ren wie das der Optimierung in Verbindung mit kinematischen Analysen für das Koppelgetriebe oder das Polbahnverfahren für das Kurvenglied.

Aus der Einleitung: "Im Modell und Formenbau des Maschinenbaus beschreibt Reverse Engineering den Prozess der 3D-Erfassung eines Objektes, die Aufbereitung der Digitalisierungsdaten zu CAD-Modellen und die weitere Nutzung dieser Daten in einer CAD/CAM-Umgebung. Ziel dieser Arbeiten ist es dann weiterführend, physische Objekte durch CNC-Fräsen oder mittels Generativer Fertigungsverfahren herzustellen. Die Maßkontrolle der gefertigten Produkte gegenüber dem CAD ist ebenfalls eine Aufgabestellung des Reverse Engineering (Schöne 2009, Wang 2011)."

The collection and interpretation of data is a critical component of traffic and transportation engineering used to establish baseline performance measures and to forecast future conditions. One important source of traffic data is commercial motor vehicle (CMV) weight and classification data used as input to critical tasks in transportation design, operations, and planning. The evolution of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies has been providing transportation engineers and planners with an increased availability of CMV data. The primary sources of these data are automatic vehicle classification (AVC) and weigh-in-motion (WIM). Microscopic traffic simulation models have been used extensively to model the dynamic and stochastic nature of transportation systems including vehicle composition. One aspect of effective microscopic traffic simulation models that has received increased attention in recent years is the calibration of these models, which has traditionally been concerned with identifying the "best" parameter set from a range of acceptable values. Recent research has begun the process of automating the calibration process in an effort to accurately reflect the components of the transportation system being analyzed. The objective of this research is to develop a methodology in which the effects of CMVs can be included in the calibration of microscopic traffic simulation models. The research examines the ITS data available on weight and operating characteristics of CMVs and incorporates this data in the calibration of microscopic traffic simulation models. The research develops a methodology to model CMVs using microscopic traffic simulation models and then utilizes the output of these models to generate the data necessary to quantify the impacts of CMVs on infrastructure, travel time, and emissions. The research uses advanced statistical tools including principal component analysis (PCA) and recursive partitioning to identify relationships between data collection sites (i.e., WIM, AVC) such that the data collected at WIM sites can be utilized to estimate weight and length distributions at AVC sites. The research also examines methodologies to include the distribution or measures of central tendency and dispersion (i.e., mean, variance) into the calibration process. The approach is applied using the CORSIM model and calibrated utilizing an automated genetic algorithm methodology.

A avaliação de resultados voltada aos cuidados de saúde surge pela necessidade das profissões demonstrarem a sua efetividade nos resultados dos pacientes. Diversas abordagens têm sido utilizadas para identificar as relações entre as variáveis de Estrutura, Processo e Resultado na avaliação da qualidade do cuidado no contexto hospitalar. Pesquisadoras canadenses desenvolveram o Nursing Role Effectiveness Model (NREM), para auxiliar na identificação da contribuição da enfermagem aos cuidados de saúde. O NREM ainda não foi utilizado na perspectiva do Processo de Enfermagem Avançado, utilizando os Sistemas de Linguagem Padronizada NANDA-I, NIC e NOC para pacientes submetidos à Artroplastia do Quadril. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as relações entre as dimensões do Nursing Role Effectiveness Model no acompanhamento dos resultados de pacientes submetidos à Artroplastia do Quadril. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, aninhado a um desenho correlacional descritivo. Os dados foram coletados no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. A população e amostra consistiram em pacientes submetidos à Artroplastia do Quadril, e enfermeiros assistenciais que prescreveram os cuidados a estes pacientes. No estudo longitudinal, os pacientes foram acompanhados por três a quatro dias consecutivos de pós-operatório, entre os meses de Março e Dezembro de 2016. Os enfermeiros foram entrevistados nos meses de Janeiro e Fevereiro de 2017. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. Os achados foram categorizados segundo as dimensões do NREM Estrutura, Processo e Resultado. Resultado: Foram incluídos 85 pacientes predominantemente do sexo feminino (58%), com média de idade de 64 (±13,5) anos. Na dimensão Estrutura, os pacientes foram diagnosticados, segundo a NANDA International (NANDA-I) com Dor Aguda (96%), Risco de Quedas (62%) e Mobilidade Física Prejudicada (54%), respectivamente. A maioria dos pacientes estava em repouso numa Cama Ortopédica (99%). Enfermeiros tinham uma idade média de 33 anos, Sendo a maioria (90%). Experiência com pacientes ortopédicos variou de um a seis anos. O nível de conhecimento na NANDA-I, NIC e NOC foi considerado de moderado a substancial. As intervenções de enfermagem, de acordo com a Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) mais prescritas foram: Controle da DOR, Prevenção de QUEDAS e POSICIONAMENTO (Processo). Os Resultados da Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) (Posicionamento do corpo: autoiniciado, Mobilidade, Conhecimento: atividade prescrita e Nível de dor), tiveram mudanças significativas (P<0,001) durante o acompanhamento dos pacientes. As escalas apresentaram consistência interna (α>0,7). Conclui-se que as variáveis de Estrutura, Processo e Resultados, elencadas neste estudo, possuem relação; e de acordo com os efeitos que geram nos resultados alcançados no paciente, apresenta repercussões na qualidade do Processo de Enfermagem Avançado baseado nos Sistemas de Linguagem Padronizada NANDA-I, NIC e NOC para pacientes submetidos à Artroplastia do Quadril.
The evaluation of health outcomes arises from the need for professions to demonstrate their effectiveness in patient outcomes. Several approaches have been used to identify the relationships between the Structure, Process and Outcomes variables in the quality care evaluation in the hospital. Canadian researchers to developed the Nursing Role Effectiveness Model (NREM) to identify the nursing contribution to health care. The NREM was not analyzed from the perspective of the Advanced Nursing Process, using the Standardized Language Systems NANDA-I, NIC and NOC for patients undergoing Hip Arthroplasty. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between the dimensions of the Nursing Role Effectiveness Model in the follow-up of the outcomes of patients undergoing for Hip Arthroplasty. It is a longitudinal study nested for descriptive correlative design. The data were collected at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. The population and sample consisted of patients undergoing to Hip Arthroplasty, and nurse assistants who prescribed care for these patients. In the longitudinal study patientes were followed for three to four postoperative day, on the March to December 2016. Nurses were interviewed in January and February 2017. Data were statistically analyzed. The findings were categorized according to the dimensions Structure, Process and Outcomes, from NREM. Results: Variables Structure, were included 85 patients predominantly female (58%), mean age 64 (± 13.5) years. The patients were diagnosed with Acute Pain (96%), Risk of Falls (62%) and Impaired Physical Mobility (54%), respectively. The majority of patients were resting in the Orthopedic Bed (99%). Nurses had a mean age of 33 years, being the majority (90%) female. Experience with orthopedic patients ranged from one to six years. Knowledge level in NANDA-I, NIC and NOC was considered moderate to substantial. The most prescribed NIC nursing interventions were: PAIN Control, FALL Prevention and POSITIONING, considered as Process variables. The Nursing outcomes NOC (Body Positioning: self-initiated, Mobility, Knowledge: prescribed activity and Pain Level) included in the Outcome dimension from NREM, had significant changes (P <0.001) during the follow-up. The scales showed internal consistency (α> 0.7). It is concluded that the Structure, Process and Outcomes variables are related and according to the effects it generates on the outcomes achieved, it has repercussions on the Advanced Nursing Process quality based on the Standardized Language Systems NANDA- I, NIC and NOC for patients submitted to Hip Arthroplasty.

War bisher die Gestalt von Bauteilen und Baugruppen in Konstruktionen sehr stark durch ihre Fertigungsverfahren beeinflusst, so ändern sich diese Vorgaben durch die Verwendung von 3D- Druck auf beinahe revolutionäre Art und Weise. Und somit werden Ansätze salonfähig, die bisher doch eher selten in Anwendung waren, wie z.B. Gitterstrukturen oder Topologieoptimierung. Diese finden nun wieder häufiger ihren Weg in die Bauteil- und Baugruppenstrukturen. Die Verwendung birgt aber auch damit einhergehende Herausforderungen, da sich z.B. die Bauteilgrößen nach einer Topologieoptimierung drastisch vergrößern und z.B. auch die Glättung der Teile für den Druck, sowie die Rückführung in die CAD-Systeme, häufig noch eine ungelöste Aufgabe darstellen. Diese Ansätze müssen bezogen auf den PLM Gedanken, prozesstechnisch durchdacht und entsprechend implementiert werden. Der Vortrag beschäftigt sich mit der dafür notwendigen Prozesskette vom CAD-Model über die Simulationsverfahren wie Topologieoptimierung oder Gitterstrukturen, Glättung von Strukturen u.v.m. sowie deren Rückführung ins CAD/PLM.

Um den Kostendruck in medizinischen Versorgungseinrichtungen, getrieben von den Forderungen aus SGB V und DRG, bei gleichzeitiger Patientenzufriedenheit und Behandlungsqualität im komplexen Rahmen gerecht zu werden, ist die Identifizierung von Optimierungspotentialen und deren Realisierung ein wesentlicher Hebel für das Überleben von Krankenhäusern am medizinischen Markt. Der Patientenpfad, der den Kernprozess der Wertschöpfung der medizinischen Dienstleistung im Krankenhaus darstellt, bildet gleichzeitig die "Logistische Kette an medizinische und sozialen Dienstleistungen". Zur Darstellung der komplexen Struktur des Zusammenwirkens von Prozessen und Schnittstellen entwickelt der Autor das Phasenmodell "Gesundheitsversorgungsprozess" (GVP), bestehend aus seinen drei Hauptprozessen prästationärer-, stationärer- und poststationärer Prozess, die durch deren medizinische, logistische, ökonomische und humansoziale Interdisziplinarität charakterisiert werden. Dieses Modell erweist sich als ein tragfähiger Ansatz für die Analyse zur Optimierung von Behandlungspfaden im klinischen Bereich der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie (MKG). Im Ergebnis wird ein Vorschlag erarbeitet, der 7 elektive Krankheitsbilder und deren heterogene Prozessstrukturen in einen standardisierten Behandlungspfad MKG überführt. Ausgehend von der Herleitung standardisierter Behandlungspfade und der Definition sogenannter "Standard Operating Procedures" (SOP´s) wird ein Baukastensystem für die medizinische Behandlung bereitgestellt, welches eine konfigurierbare Individualisierung des Behandlungsprozesses für den Patienten garantiert. Mit der detaillierten Analyse und Ableitung der Sollstrukturen klinischer Behandlungspfade am Beispiel der MKG am Uniklinikum Dresden und dern Verknüpfung zu Interdisziplinaritäten unter dem prozessualen Aspekt liefert die Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Prozessoptimierung im Krankenhaus und bildet gleichzeitig einen Beitrag zur Modellierung für ein modellgestütztes, evidenzbasiertes Prozessmanagement
To meet the cost pressures in medical care facillities, driven by the demands of the volume V of the German Social Code and DRG, while patient satisfaction and quality of care in complex organizational requirements, the identification of optimization potentials and its realization is an essential lever for the survival of hospitals on the medical market. The patient pathway, which is the core process of the value added chain of medical services at the hospital, froms the "Logistical chain for medical and social services" at the same time. To illustrate the complexity of the interaction of processes and interfacesthe author develops the phase madel "Health Care Process" (HCP) consisting of its three madical and care main processes pre-clinical; clinical and post-clinical process, characterized by their medical, logistical, economic and human social interdisciplinary. This model proves to be a viable approach for the analysis for the optimization of tretment pathways in the clinical field of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS). As a result a proposal is being developed which converts 7 elective medical pattern and the heterogeneous processstructures in a standardized treatment pathway OMS. Based on the derivation of standardized treatment pathways and the definition of so-called "Standard Operating Procedures" (SOPs) a modular system for medical treatment is provided which guarantees a configurable individualization of the treatmet process for the patient. Based on the detailed analysis and derivation of target structures for clinical pathways on the example of OMS at the University Medical Center Dresden and their linkage to interdisciplinarities under the procedural aspect this bachelor graduation paper-work makes a contribution to process optimization in the hospital and at the same time forms a contribution to the modeling of a model-aided, evidence-based process management

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo analÃtico relativo à sustentabilidade financeira dos beneficiÃrios da carteira de uma operadora de planos de saÃde. A amostra investigada no estudo à de uma operadora de plano de saÃde vinculada ao Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S.A. (BNB) e à composta por 38.875 usuÃrios, ativos, entre os anos de 2011 e 2013. Especificamente, buscou-se nesse trabalho aplicar tÃcnicas de classificaÃÃo de insustentabilidade financeira de beneficiÃrios de uma operadora de planos de saÃde, identificando o modelo de melhor ajustamento e os principais determinantes de insustentabilidade. As tÃcnicas estatÃsticas de classificaÃÃo supervisionada empregadas foram a regressÃo logÃstica, as Ãrvores de classificaÃÃo e o classificador de vizinhos mais prÃximos. AlÃm disso, foi empregada a curva ROC para comparar os desempenhos das tÃcnicas utilizadas, sendo a Ãrea abaixo da curva (AUC), a principal medida observada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maior parte da amostra à composta por beneficiÃrios sustentÃveis. O modelo de regressÃo logÃstica obteve precisÃo de 68,43% com AUC de 0,7501, as Ãrvores obtiveram 67,76% e AUC de 0,6855, enquanto o classificador dos vizinhos mais prÃximos teve uma precisÃo de 67,22% e AUC de 0,7258. As variÃveis apontadas como mais importantes pelos dois primeiros modelos, considerando uma anÃlise conjunta, sÃo a Idade e o Tipo de Plano, dentre aquelas que definem o perfil do usuÃrio e a Receita, Consulta e Odontologia, daquelas que definem o histÃrico de utilizaÃÃo do usuÃrio
This study aimed to carry out an analytical study on the financial sustainability of the beneficiaries of the portfolio of managed care plans. The sample investigated in the study is a health plan operator linked to the Banco do Nordeste do Brazil SA (BNB) and consists of 38,875 members, assets, between the years 2011 and 2013. Specifically, we sought to apply techniques that work financial unsustainability classification of beneficiaries of a managed care plans, identifying the model best fit and the main determinants of unsustainability. The technical classification statistics were supervised employed logistic regression, classification trees and the classifier closest neighbors. Furthermore, the ROC curve was used to compare the performance of the techniques used, and the area under the curve (AUC), the main extent observed. The results showed that most of the sample is composed of organic recipients. The logistic regression model obtained precision of 68.43% with AUC of 0.7501, the trees obtained 67.76% and AUC of 0.6855, while the classifier of the closest neighbors had an accuracy of 67.22% and AUC of 0.7258. The variables identified as most important by the first two models, considering a joint analysis, are the Middle and the Plan type, among those that define the user profile and the Revenue Consultation and Dentistry, those that define the user use history

O cuidado integral ao idoso pode ser garantido mediante a utilização do Processo de Enfermagem (PE), aliado a um referencial teórico como, por exemplo, o Modelo Multidimensional de Envelhecimento bem Sucedido (MMES), que possui uma proposta de avaliação do idoso. Há, contudo, uma lacuna para a sua utilização, uma vez que não há estudos que comprovem a sua eficácia na prática clínica da Enfermagem associado à aplicação de sistemas de classificação da disciplina como a NANDA-I, NIC e NOC. O objetivo deste estudo é construir um modelo multidimensional de cuidado ao idoso associado aos Sistemas de Linguagens Padronizadas de Enfermagem NANDA-I, NIC e NOC, aplicável à consulta de enfermagem. O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas metodológicas distintas. A primeira compreendeu um estudo de validação de conteúdo enquanto a segunda uma pesquisa de resultados, que contemplou um estudo quase experimental. As amostras foram constituídas de 15 especialistas em Enfermagem Gerontológica e 28 idosos em primeira consulta na Cidade do Idoso, local do estudo, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, que apresentaram o diagnóstico de enfermagem Risco de Síndrome do Idoso Frágil (RSIF) ou Síndrome do Idoso Frágil (SIF), no período de maio a outubro de 2017. Após a validação do conteúdo do modelo multidimensional, com a opinião dos especialistas, efetuou-se a sua aplicação aos idosos em quatro consultas de enfermagem para cada um. Durante as consultas estabeleceram-se os diagnósticos, mensuraram-se os resultados e implementaram-se as intervenções de enfermagem, conforme o modelo e a avaliação clínica. Os especialistas validaram informações da anamnese e exame físico referentes às características definidoras, fatores relacionados e de risco dos dois diagnósticos e às dimensões fisiológica, psicológica e social, conforme propõe o MMES. A validação também confirmou que dos 13 diferentes resultados de enfermagem validados, 10 foram comuns em ambos os diagnósticos. Os resultados validados para os dois diagnósticos avaliaram Equilíbrio (0202), Cognição (0900), Estado nutricional (1004), Autocontrole da doença crônica (3102), Conhecimento: controle da dor (1843), Participação em programa de exercício físico (1633), Conhecimento: controle da doença crônica (1847), Conhecimento: prevenção de quedas (1828), Conhecimento: controle do peso (1841) e Estado de conforto (2008). Apenas dois dos 13 resultados foram validados para o diagnóstico SIF, sendo eles: Nível de fadiga (0007) e Autocuidado: atividades da vida diária (0300), e um resultado, Conhecimento: medicamento (1808), foi validado apenas para o diagnóstico RSIF. As intervenções de enfermagem da NIC, validadas para os dois diagnósticos de enfermagem, foram praticamente iguais. Das oito diferentes intervenções validadas apenas a Assistência ao Autocuidado (1800) foi validada exclusivamente para o diagnóstico SIF e as outras sete foram validadas para os dois diagnósticos. As intervenções destacam a importância da Promoção do exercício (0200), Aconselhamento nutricional (5246), Controle de medicamentos (2380), Estimulação cognitiva (4720), Melhora na socialização (5100), Prevenção contra quedas (6490) e Ensino sobre o processo da doença (5602). A segunda etapa mostrou que dos 28 idosos a maioria era do sexo feminino (17 - 60,7%), com idade média de 65,6 ± 6,3 anos e, desses, 23 idosos foram diagnosticados com RSIF e cinco com SIF. Dos resultados de enfermagem utilizados para avaliar idosos com RSIF e SIF percebeu-se melhora significativa na média dos escores dos seus indicadores: Participação em programa de exercício físico; Autocontrole da doença crônica; 7 Conhecimento: controle da doença crônica; Conhecimento: controle do peso; Conhecimento: prevenção de quedas e Estado de conforto. Os resultados Estado nutricional e Conhecimento: controle da dor tiveram melhora significativa nos escores dos indicadores somente para idosos com RSIF, assim como a avaliação do Autocuidado: atividades da vida diária para idosos com SIF. As intervenções que apresentaram efetividade estatisticamente significativa na utilização de suas atividades em idosos, com ambos os diagnósticos, foram: Ensino: processo da doença e Promoção do exercício, enquanto a intervenção Prevenção contra quedas foi encontrada somente em idosos com RSIF. Conclui-se que as sete intervenções de enfermagem validadas pelos especialistas foram implementadas aos idosos com diagnóstico de enfermagem RSIF e foram consideradas efetivas, tendo como base a avaliação de nove resultados que apontaram melhora significativa na comparação entre as médias da primeira e quarta consultas. Dentre as oito intervenções de enfermagem implementadas aos idosos com diagnóstico de enfermagem SIF, sete foram consideradas efetivas, tendo como base a avaliação de 11 resultados que apontaram melhora significativa na comparação entre as médias da primeira e quarta consultas. Dessa forma, conclui-se ainda, que o modelo multidimensional de cuidado ao idoso associado aos SLP contribui para a prática assistencial do enfermeiro na consulta de enfermagem, com vistas ao envelhecimento bem sucedido. Dentre as importantes implicações e contribuições dos resultados desta pesquisa está a possibilidade de apoiar a ligação entre resultados e intervenções validados com os diagnósticos de enfermagem RSIF e SIF, facilitando a avaliação de enfermagem e os cuidados de enfermagem aos idosos na prática clínica. Além disso, recomenda-se a construção de definições operacionais para os indicadores dos resultados de enfermagem. Uma limitação do estudo foi o fato de realizarmos a pesquisa com especialistas do mesmo país.
Comprehensive care for the elderly can be guaranteed through the use of the Nursing Process (PE), together with a theoretical framework such as the Multidimensional Model of Successful Aging (MMSA), which has a proposal for the evaluation of the elderly. There is, however, a gap to its use, since there are no studies that prove its effectiveness in the clinical practice of Nursing associated with the application of discipline classification systems such as NANDA-I, NIC and NOC. The objective of this study is to build an elderly care multidimensional model associated with the standardized NANDA-I, NIC and NOC Nursing language systems, applicable to the nursing consultation. The study was conducted in two different methodological steps. The first comprised a content validation study while the second a results research, which included a quasi-experimental study. The samples consisted of 15 specialists in Gerontology Nursing and 28 elderly people in a first consultation in the City of the Elderly, place of study, with age equal to or greater than 60 years, of both sexes, who presented the diagnosis of Nursing Risk of Syndrome of the Elderly (RSIF) or Fragile Elderly Syndrome (SIF), from May to October 2017. After the validation of the multidimensional model content, with the opinion of the specialists, it was applied to the elderly in four every elderly person. During the consultations the diagnoses were established, the results were measured and the Nursing interventions were implemented, according to the multidimensional model and the clinical evaluation. The specialists validated information about the anamnesis and the physical examination referring to the defining characteristics, related and risk factors of the two diagnoses and the physiological, psychological and social dimensions, as proposed by the MMSA. Validation also confirmed that of the 13 different validated Nursing outcomes, 10 were common in both diagnoses. The results validated for the two diagnoses evaluated: Equilibrium (0202), Cognition (0900), Nutritional status (1004), Self-control of chronic disease (3102), Knowledge: pain control (1843), Knowledge: control of chronic disease (1847), Knowledge: prevention of falls (1828), Knowledge: weight control (1841) and Comfort state (2008). Only two of the 13 results were validated for SIF diagnosis, being: Fatigue level (0007) and Self-care: activities of daily living (0300), and a result, Knowledge: medicine (1808), was validated only for the diagnosis RSIF. The Nursing interventions of the NIC, validated for the two Nursing diagnoses, were practically the same. Of the eight different validated interventions, only Self-care Assistance (1800) was validated exclusively for SIF diagnosis and the other seven were validated for both diagnoses. The interventions emphasize the importance of Promoting Exercise (0200), Nutrition Counseling (5246), Medication Control (2380), Cognitive Stimulation (4720), Improving Socialization (5100), Fall Prevention (6490) and Teaching the Process of the disease (5602). The second stage showed that of the 28 elderly, the majority were female (17-60.7%), with a mean age of 65.6 ± 6.3 years, and of these, 23 elderly were diagnosed with RSIF and five with SIF. Nursing results used to evaluate the elderly with RSIF and SIF showed a significant improvement in the mean of the scores of their indicators: Knowledge: control of chronic disease; Self-control of chronic disease; Knowledge: prevention of falls; Weight control; State of comfort and Participation in physical exercise program. The results Knowledge: pain control and nutritional status had significant improvement in the scores of indicators only for the elderly with RSIF, as well as the self-care evaluation: daily life activities for elderly with 9 SIF. The interventions that presented a statistically significant reduction in the use of their activities in the elderly, with both diagnoses, were Teaching: disease process and Exercise promotion, while the intervention Prevention of falls was found only in the elderly with RSIF. It is concluded that the seven nursing interventions validated by the specialists were implemented to the elderly with a diagnosis of RSIF Nursing and were considered effective, based on the evaluation of nine results that indicated a significant improvement in the comparison between the means of the first and fourth visits. Among the eight Nursing interventions implemented to the elderly with SIF Nursing diagnosis, seven were considered effective, based on the evaluation of 11 results that indicated a significant improvement in the comparison between the means of the first and fourth visits. Thus, it can be concluded that the multidimensional model of elderly care associated with standardized Nursing language systems contributes to the nurses practice in the nursing consultation, with a view to successful aging. Among the important implications and contributions of the results of this research is the possibility of supporting the link between results and validated interventions with the RSIF and SIF, facilitating nursing assessment and nursing care for the elderly in clinical practice. In addition, it is recommended to construct operational definitions for indicators of nursing outcomes. One limitation of the study was the fact that we conducted the research with specialists from the same country.

Zur ergonomischen Analyse manueller Arbeitsprozesse wird an der Professur Arbeitswissenschaft ein Modell für dynamische Beanspruchungen entwickelt. Dazu wurden diese analytisch zerlegt und parametrisiert. In einem Laborversuchsstand werden elementare dynamische Beanspruchungen einzelner Körperteile systematisch mittels elektromyografischer Messung der beteiligten Muskeln untersucht und anschließend analysiert. Es konnten Zusammenhänge zwischen den Belastungsgrößen Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit, Bewegungswiderstand (Moment) und Bewegungsrichtung und der Beanspruchungsgröße der elektrischen Muskelaktivität gezeigt werden.

For People Living with Dementia (PLwD), wandering behaviour can cause undesired consequences, such as falling, getting lost or even fatalities. For caregivers, taking care of PLwD with wandering behaviours is burdensome. If not intervened early, some wandering behaviours will escalate into crisis events. This design research aims to explore how to convert the wandering behaviour to a guided activity with the minimum input from caregivers by intervening early, that is, engaging PLwD, to avoid potential escalations. Based on Need-driven Dementia-compromised Behaviour (NDB) model, Crisis Development model and via a co-design approach, we developed De-light. De-light is a set of interactive sticks enhanced by light, audio and tactile experiences. Based on the degree of wandering behaviours of PLwD, De-light can be placed by the caregiver in a safe and suitable area in the nursing home to provide a controlled setting for guiding PLwD to perform physical activity. Our design research implies the possibilities of applying NDB model, Crisis Development model, and co- design approach in designing for the wandering behaviours for PLwD.

La dystrophie myotonique (DM) est considérée comme l'une des maladies neuromusculaires les plus complexes. Bien que les travaux de recherche de ces 30 dernières années aient permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents, la nature de l'anomalie génétique hors norme, son expression multisystémique et son large spectre clinique ne permettent pas, à l'heure actuelle, une prise en charge optimale des patients. Mon travail a eu pour but d'approfondir les connaissances et de préciser l'histoire naturelle de cette maladie rare. La première partie du manuscrit est consacrée à la présentation de l'observatoire DM-Scope, sur lequel s'appuie tout mon travail de thèse. Après la description du concept, du fonctionnement et de la plateforme de recueil, les caractéristiques de la cohorte DM1, à partir de laquelle les analyses ont été réalisées, sont présentées : spectre clinique couvert, atteinte multisystémique, corrélations génotype/phénotype, interrelations entre les symptômes et comparaison à la dystrophie myotonique de type II (DM2). Ensuite, dans une deuxième partie, nous abordons les avancées majeures obtenues dans les DM grâce à DM-Scope et aux analyses réalisées pendant ma thèse : (i) précision de l'histoire naturelle de la maladie, notamment avec la proposition d'une nouvelle classification ; (ii) mise en exergue de facteurs déterminants du phénotype comme le genre, la taille de la mutation ou les interrelations entre les symptômes. Ces travaux ont conduit à des recommandations de soins, notamment pour la transition enfants-adultes mais aussi la validation de critères d'inclusion importants pour les essais cliniques comme le genre. DM-Scope permet d'accéder à des échantillons biologiques pour des études de recherche fondamentale et valider de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Il est aujourd'hui un leader à l'international et un outil incontournable dans la recherche translationnelle dans la DM. Ce concept transférable à n'importe quelle autre population, peut être utilisé pour la prise en charge d’autres maladies rares. Enfin, le développement d'un modèle de survie construit à partir de la cohorte DM de l'observatoire est présenté. Ce modèle a trois spécificités : (i) il est applicable en grande dimension, à des cas comme DM-Scope, où l'on a un nombre important de variables; (ii) il prend en compte les risques compétitifs, lorsque les patients sont exposés simultanément à plusieurs évènements. Dans notre observatoire, l'étude des décès de cause respiratoire est biaisée sans la prise en compte des évènements concurrents tels que le décès de cause cardiaque; (iii) il modélise l'hétérogénéité entre les groupes de patients (effets centres), potentiellement due à une prise en charge différente. L'analyse des données de DM-Scope nécessite cette spécificité issue des modèles à fragilité car l'observatoire est multicentrique (55 centres). Le modèle est transférable et applicable à d'autres données car de plus en plus de bases sont de grandes dimensions, la majorité des analyses de survie ont une censure liée à la survenue de l'événement d'intérêt et les études multicentriques sont de plus en plus communes
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is considered one of the most complex neuromuscular diseases. Although research work over the past 30 years has permitted a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms, the unusual nature of its genetic anomalies, its multisystemic expression and its broad clinical spectrum do not allow, at the moment, optimal patient management. The purpose of my work was to deepen our knowledge of this rare disease and to clarify its natural history. The first part of my manuscript is dedicated to the presentation of the DM-Scope Registry, on which all my thesis work is based. After the description of the concept, the functioning and the data collection platform, the manuscript features the characteristics of the DM1 cohort, from which our analyses were conducted : the clinical spectrum covered, multisystemic impairment, genotype/phenotype correlations, interrelations between symptoms and comparison to myotonic dystrophy type II (DM2). In the second part, we focus on the major progress achieved through the existence of DM-Scope and the analyses conducted during my thesis: (i) detailing the natural history of the disease, in particular proposing a new classification; (ii) highlighting the phenotype’s determining factors such as gender, mutation size, interrelations between symptoms. This work has led to recommendations for care, in particular for the transition from child to adult, but also the validation of important inclusion criteria for clinical trials such as gender. DM-Scope provides access to available biological samples for basic research studies and validates new therapeutic approaches. DM-Scope is now a worldwide leader and an essential tool in translational research in DM. The DM-Scope concept can be transferred to any other population and can be used for care management in other rare diseases. Finally, we present the development of a survival model built from the DM-Scope cohort. This model has three specificities: (i) it is applicable to high dimensional data, in such cases as DM-Scope, where there is a large number of measurements; (ii) it takes into account competitive risks, when patients are simultaneously exposed to several events. In our registry, the study of respiratory-related deaths is biased if competing events such as heart disease deaths are not taken into account ; (iii) it models the heterogeneity between patient groups probably due to divergent care, called \og centres effects \fg{}. DM-Scope data analysis requires such specificity of frailty models due to its multicentric coverage (55 centres). This model can be transferred and applied to other data, considering the following : more and more large-scaled registries are being used ; a majority of survival analyses includes censorship caused by the occurrence of the event of interest ; multicentre studies have become increasingly common

Background Close, continuous and efficient collaboration between different professions and sectors of care is necessary to provide patient-centered care for individuals with mental disorders. The lack of structured collaboration between in- and outpatient care constitutes a limitation of the German health care system. Since 2012, a new law in Germany (§64b Social code book (SGB) V) has enabled the establishment of cross-sectoral and patient-centered treatment models in psychiatry. Such model projects follow a capitation budget, i.e. a total per patient budget of inpatient and outpatient care in psychiatric clinics. Providers are able to choose the treatment form and adapt the treatment to the needs of the patients. The present study (EVA64) will investigate the effectiveness, costs and efficiency of almost all model projects established in Germany between 2013 and 2016. Methods/design A health insurance data-based controlled cohort study is used. Data from up to 89 statutory health insurance (SHI) funds, i.e. 79% of all SHI funds in Germany (May 2017), on inpatient and outpatient care, pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatments and sick leave for a period of 7 years will be analyzed. All patients insured by any of the participating SHI funds and treated in one of the model hospitals for any of 16 pre-defined mental disorders will be compared with patients in routine care. Sick leave (primary outcome), utilization of inpatient care (primary outcome), utilization of outpatient care, continuity of contacts in (psychiatric) care, physician and hospital hopping, re-admission rate, comorbidity, mortality, disease progression, and guideline adherence will be analyzed. Cost and effectivity of model and routine care will be estimated using cost-effectiveness analyses. Up to 10 control hospitals for each of the 18 model hospitals will be selected according to a pre-defined algorithm. Discussion The evaluation of complex interventions is an important main task of health services research and constitutes the basis of evidence-guided advancement in health care. The study will yield important new evidence to guide the future provision of routine care for mentally ill patients in Germany and possibly beyond. Trial registration This study was registered in the database “Health Services Research Germany” (trial number: VVfD_EVA64_15_003713).

Altersarmut stellt einen mehrdimensionalen Zustand des Mangels in dem Abschnitt des Lebensverlaufs dar, der für gewöhnlich auf den Renteneintritt folgt. Statistische Daten verweisen auf einen kontinuierlichen Anstieg der Altersarmut in Deutschland im letzten Jahrzehnt. Im Wohlfahrtsstaat basiert die soziale Sicherung im Alter überwiegend auf vorangegangenen Zeiten der Erwerbsarbeit. Die Verschränkung von historisch sedimentierten Geschlechterarrangements mit einem geschlechtstypisch segmentierten Arbeitsmarkt führt zu unterschiedlichen Zugängen zu Erwerbsarbeit und damit zu einer ungleichen Verteilung der Altersarmutsrisiken.

Familienpolitik bezeichnet ein Politikfeld im Wohlfahrtsstaat, dessen Ziel es ist, das Zusammenleben in Familien im Lebensverlauf mit Hilfe von Zeit, Geld und Infrastruktur zu unterstützen. Die Definition von Familie hat sich ebenso wie das Politikfeld stetig gewandelt. Aus Perspektive der (intersektionalen) Geschlechterforschung lassen sich verschiedene historische Phasen seit Gründung der Bundesrepublik beschreiben. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist der paradigmatische Wandel der Familienpolitik seit der Jahrtausendwende: Im Zuge dessen etablierten sich zunehmend ein volkswirtschaftlicher Begründungszusammenhang für Familienpolitik und die Verknüpfung von Elternschaft mit Erwerbstätigkeit.

Der Vortrag stellt Idee und Grundlagen der Berechnung von Schockantwortspektren dar. Er zeigt, wie man exemplarisch für einen Halbsinusstoß das Schockantwortspektrum in der PTC FEM-Software Creo Elements / Pro Mechanica berechnen kann. Die Schockantworten eines Ein- und Zweimassenschwingers werden sowohl zeitaufgelöst als auch über die dynamische Stoßanalyse berechnet. Die modalen Superpositionsmethoden "Absolute Summe" und "SRSS" (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares - geometrischer Mittelwert) werden vorgestellt. Als reales Beispiel werden Schockanalysen für verschiedene Halbsinusimpulse mit einem Wärmebildgerät der Firma Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH durchgeführt und mit einer zeitaufgelösten Analyse verglichen. Abschließend wird auf die Erzeugung von Antwortspektren für die Substrukturauslegung eingegangen
The presentation explains idea and fundamentals of shock response spectra analysis. With help of the PTC FEM-software Creo Elements / Pro Mechanica the shock response spectra (SRS) for an exemplary half sine shock is calculated. The shock response of a one-mass and a two-mass oscillator are analyzed per dynamic time as well as per dynamic shock analysis. The modal superposition methods "absolute sum" and "SRSS" (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares) are explained. The method is applied for different half sine shocks on a realistic example: A thermal imaging system of the company Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH. Finally, the creation of response spectra for global-local analysis is explained

碩士
大葉大學
國際企業管理學系碩士在職專班
104
With the rapid development of the automotive industry and the increasing emphasis on the convenient life, cars have become indispensable vehicles of daily life. In recent years, the competition of the car marketing in Taiwan is increasingly fierce. Therefore, if car operators want to the fore of the competitive market, understanding the purchasing intention of customers and mastering the right consumer group are very important. The basis of this thesis is to study the relevant literatures of the car purchasing and summed 11 important factors of the purchasing intention. Then, we use populace in Taiwan had a car purchasing intention or idea as the sampling targets to do the decision tree analysis by R statistical software to construct the classification model of the car consumer purchasing intention. This classification model provides car operators an easier way to understand the customer's choices and decisions and master the right consumer group to make a better marketing strategy. The classification model of the car consumer purchasing intention constructed by this study has the accuracy as follow: the car category is 74.23%, the domestic car brand is 60.26%, the imported car brand is 39.53%. According to results of the study, the prediction of the car category and the domestic car brand is credible. But the prediction of the imported car brand is not ideal.

Many breakthroughs have been witnessed in the computer vision community in recent years, largely due to deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and largescale datasets. This thesis aims to investigate dynamic scene understanding from images. The problem of dynamic scene understanding involves simultaneously solving several sub-tasks including object detection, object recognition, and segmentation. Successfully completing these tasks will enable us to interpret the objects of interest within a scene. Vision-based traffic monitoring is one of many fast-emerging areas in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). In the thesis, we focus on the following problems in traffic scene understanding. They are 1) How to detect and recognize all the objects of interest in street view images? 2) How to employ CNN features and semantic pixel labelling to boost the performance of pedestrian detection? 3) How to enhance the discriminative power of CNN representations for improving the performance of fine-grained car recognition? 4) How to learn an adaptive color space to represent vehicle images for vehicle color recognition? For the first task, we propose a single learning based detection framework to detect three important classes of objects (traffic signs, cars, and cyclists). The proposed framework consists of a dense feature extractor and detectors of these three classes. The advantage of using one common framework is that the detection speed is much faster, since all dense features need only to be evaluated once and then are shared with all detectors. The proposed framework introduces spatially pooled features as a part of aggregated channel features to enhance the robustness to noises and image deformations. We also propose an object subcategorization scheme as a means of capturing the intra-class variation of objects. To address the second problem, we show that by re-using the convolutional feature maps (CFMs) of a deep CNN model as visual features to train an ensemble of boosted decision forests, we are able to remarkably improve the performance of pedestrian detection without using specially designed learning algorithms. We also show that semantic pixel labelling can be simply combined with a pedestrian detector to further boost the detection performance. Fine-grained details of objects usually contain very discriminative information which are crucial for fine-grained object recognition. Conventional pooling strategies (e.g. max-pooling, average-pooling) may discard these fine-grained details and hurt the iii iv recognition performance. To remedy this problem, we propose a spatially weighted pooling (swp) strategy which considerably improves the discriminative power of CNN representations. The swp pools the CNN features with the guidance of its learnt masks, which measures the importance of the spatial units in terms of discriminative power. In image color recognition, visual features are extracted from image pixels represented in one color space. The choice of the color space may influence the quality of extracted features and impact the recognition performance. We propose a color transformation method that converts image pixels from the RGB space to a learnt space for improving the recognition performance. Moreover, we propose a ColorNet which optimizes the architecture of AlexNet and embeds a mini-CNN of color transformation for vehicle color recognition.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science, 2017

碩士
國立交通大學
運輸與物流管理學系
107
Safety is one of the issues in public transportation that the government emphasizes. If bus companies are able to comprehend the driving behavior of bus drivers, then companies can effectively adopt appropriate management measures for drivers. The purpose of this study is to develop classification models of bus drivers' car-following behavior using convolutional neural networks (CNN). The headway data recorded by Mobileye systems were used as the input data to build and train the CNN classification models. The proposed classification models would facilitate determining the car-following types of bus drivers based on Mobileye headway data. We firstly processed the Mobile headway data and then considered three major factors that may affect the car-following behavior of drivers, including weather, speed and day-or-night. According to the three factors, we designed seven different scenarios and filtered the data by scenario. The filtered data were used to generate headway matrices for each driver. The matrices were the input data of the CNNs for training and classification. The trained models can be used to determine the car-following type of the input headway matrix of a driver. The experimental results show that the proposed CNN models have accurate prediction in most of the scenarios. The average accuracy is 97%. The results of this study can be used as a reference in classifying and determining the car-following types of drivers. Bus companies can utilize the classification results to take actions on the driving behavior of drivers.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所
98
As the rapid development of electronic commerce and information technology, the population of online shopping is getting more and more. Everyone can buy products on the shopping websites through internet at any time. The benefits and conveniences of online shopping are huge that traditional auction is hard to achieve. This research was based on the biggest shopping website in Taiwan, Yahoo, to discuss related issues. There are various commodities can be chosen on the shopping website, however, how consumers find their needs rapidly and correctly among a huge set of commodities is the objective of this research. The product classification of shopping website is always different from the cognition of consumers, which leads to the difficulty for consumers to search the products they want. Therefore, the main issue of this research is to find out the consumers’ cognition of product classification. This research used card sorting to find out the categorization structure of consumer on shopping websites. After comparing the structure with two shopping websites, we used the edit distance to come up with the differences of categorization structure and design a product search experiment. Results showed that, compared to original web structures, subjects had a shorter product esearch time, less number of clicks on web-pages when they searched products on the web designed based on their mental models. The findings of this study should be helpful for the product classification of shopping websites.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been used with some success in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). Correspondent in vitro studies revealed that PUFA play a crucial role in the exocytosis of mast cells. n3 PUFA such as α-linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as well as the n6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA) have been shown to arrest the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Contrary, the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) has been proven to promote the production of mast cell inflammatory mediators. However, we are still lacking a complete picture of the mode of action. The goal of this work was to further characterize the modulatory effects of PUFA supplementation on the plasma membrane lipid composition of mast cells. Furthermore the consequences of a membrane modulation of mast cells by PUFA on the localization and activity on of the membrane bound enzyme phospholipases D (PLD) were investigated. Canine mastocytoma cells (C2) were supplemented with one of the following PUFA: LNA, EPA, DHA, LA or AA. To investigate the influence of PUFA on the lipid composition of membrane microdomains, lipid rafts were separated from non-raft plasma membranes of mast cells for the first time using a detergent-free isolation technique. Results show that PUFA are significantly increased in rafts as well as in non-rafts microdomains (Publication 1). The incorporation of PUFA into the membrane goes along with an increase of the unsaturation status and the fluidity of the membrane. This rise in membrane fluidity may result in a reorganization of membrane signaling molecules and enzymes such as the PLD. To define the impact of a PUFA supplementation on PLD trafficking, C2 were transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion plasmids encoding PLD1 or PLD2. Since the transfection ability of the suspension cell line C2 is limited, a special transfection protocol was established, suitable for non-adherent cell lines. Transfection succeeded using chicken egg white as coating material for the cell culture plates. The transfection efficiency rose to 50% versus 5% in uncoated plates. In addition to the obvious increase in the transfection efficiency, the new technique is simple and economic and might be suitable for a wide range of suspension cell lines (Publication 2). Using this optimized protocol the influence of PUFA on the trafficking of PLD isoforms was studied. LNA, EPA, DHA and LA but not AA prevented the stimulation-induced translocation of PLD1 to the plasma membrane. Since the translocation of PLD1 is important for mast cell exocytosis, LNA, EPA, DHA and LA do have an inhibiting effect on the stimulation-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators. All PUFA tested boosted the total PLD activity. In order to rule out, which PLD isoform was affected by the PUFA, the mast cells were supplemented with DHA or AA in the presence of specific PLD isoform inhibitors. DHA completely abolished the inhibitiory effect of the PLD1 inhibitor but had no effect on the inhibitory effect of PLD2 inhibitor. On the other hand, AA suppressed the inhibitory effect of both PLD1 and PLD2 inhibitor (Publication 3). Taking together, the studies provide a mechanistic base for the role of PUFA in the exocytosis processes of mast cells. PUFA of the n3 and the n6 families impact the lipid composition of membrane microdomains, which in turn lead to a modulation of the physiochemical properties of the membrane. LNA, EPA, DHA and LA suppress the release of inflammatory mediators through their inhibitory action on the stimulation-induced translocation of the PLD1. Contrariwise, AA permits the stimulation-induced migration of PLD1 to the plasma membrane and increases the activity of both PLD isoforms. Therefore, LNA, EPA, DHA and LA but not AA inhibit the release of mast cell inflammatory mediators upon stimulation.
Mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren (PUFA) können mit einigem Erfolg zur Behandlung der caninen atopischen Dermatitis (CAD) eingesetzt werden. In vitro-Studien zeigten, dass PUFA eine entscheidende Rolle in der Exozytose von Mastzellen spielen. N-3-PUFA wie α-Linolensäure (LNA), Eicosapentaensäure (EPA), Docosahexaensäure (DHA) sowie die n-6-PUFA Linolsäure (LA) können die Sekretion von Entzündungsmediatoren vermindern. Arachidonsäure (AA) als n-6 mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäure hingegen fördert die Entzündungsmediatoren-Freisetzung aus den Mastzellen. Eine vollständige Aufklärung der Wirkungsweise fehlt aber weiterhin. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war eine weitergehende Charakterisierung der modulierenden Effekte einer PUFA-Supplementierung auf die Lipidzusammensetzung der Plasmamembran von Mastzellen. Darüber hinaus wurden die Auswirkungen von PUFA auf die Lokalisation und Aktivität des Membran-gebundenen Enzyms Phospholipase D (PLD) untersucht. Canine Mastozytom-Zellen (C2) wurden mit einer der folgenden PUFA kultiviert: LNA, EPA, DHA, LA oder AA. Um den Einfluss von PUFA auf die Lipidzusammensetzung der Membran-Mikrodomänen zu untersuchen, konnten sowohl Lipid Raft als auch Nicht-Raft Plasmamembran-Anteile von Mastzellen zum ersten Mal mittels einer Detergenzien-freien Isolationsmethode getrennt werden. Hervorzuheben ist, dass PUFA signifikant vermehrt in Raft- sowie in Nicht-Raft Membranmikrodomänen eingelagert werden (Publikation 1). Die Integration von PUFA in die Membran geht mit einer Steigerung der Doppelbindungsanzahl und der Fluidität der Membran einher. Diese Erhöhung der Membranfluidität kann zu einer Reorganisation von membranären Signalmolekülen und Enzymen wie der PLD führen. Um die Auswirkungen einer PUFA-Supplementierung auf den intrazellulären Transport der PLD in C2 zu bestimmen, wurden die Zellen mit PLD1- oder PLD2-codierenden grün fluoreszierenden Protein-(GFP-)Fusionsplasmiden transfiziert. Da die Transfektionsfähigkeit der Suspensions-Zelllinie C2 begrenzt ist, wurde ein für nicht-adhärente Zelllinien geeignetes Transfektionsprotokoll etabliert. Mit Hühnereiweiß als Beschichtungsmaterial für die Zellkultur-Platten stieg die Transfektionseffizienz auf 50% im Vergleich zu 5% bei unbeschichteten Platten. Neben der deutlichen Erhöhung der Transfektionseffizienz ist die neu etablierte Technik einfach durchzuführen sowie wirtschaftlich und kann für eine Vielzahl von Suspension-Zelllinien geeignet sein (Publikation 2). Unter Verwendung dieses optimierten Protokolls wurde der Einfluss von PUFA auf die Translokation der PLD-Isoformen untersucht. LNA, EPA, DHA und LA, nicht aber AA verhindern die stimulationsinduzierte Translokation der PLD1 an die Plasmamembran. Die Translokation der PLD1 ist wichtig für die Mastzell-Exozytose. LNA, EPA, DHA und LA haben hier eine hemmende Wirkung auf die stimulationsinduzierte Freisetzung von proinflammatorischen Mediatoren. Alle getesteten PUFA verstärken die Gesamt-PLD-Aktivität. Um zu unterscheiden, welche PLD-Isoform durch PUFA beeinflusst ist, wurden die Mastzellen mit DHA oder AA in Gegenwart von PLD-Isoform-Inhibitoren supplementiert. DHA hebt die inhibitorische Wirkung des PLD1-Inhibitors vollständig auf, zeigte aber keinen Einfluss auf die hemmende Wirkung des PLD2-Inhibitors. Andererseits unterdrückt AA die hemmende Wirkung des PLD1- als auch des PLD2-Inhibitors (Publikation 3). Zusammenfassend bietet die Studie eine mechanistische Basis für die Rolle von PUFA bei Exozytose-Prozessen von Mastzellen. PUFA der n-3- und n-6-Familie beeinflussen die Lipidzusammensetzung von membranären Mikrodomänen, was wiederum zu einer Modulation der physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften der Membran führt. LNA, EPA, DHA und LA verhindern die Freisetzung von Entzündungsmediatoren durch ihre hemmende Wirkung auf die stimulationsinduzierte Translokation der PLD1. Umgekehrt erlaubt AA eine stimulationsinduzierte Migration der PLD1 zur Plasmamembran und steigert die Aktivität der beiden Isoformen der PLD. Somit hemmen LNA, EPA, DHA und LA, aber nicht AA die Freisetzung von Mastzell-Entzündungsmediatoren nach Stimulation.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Methoden und Werkzeugen zur Bereitstellung von Modellen und Randbedingungen für die Konstruktion individueller Langzeit-Knochenimplantate (Konstruktionsvorbereitung). Grundlage dabei ist, dass die Planung aus medizinischer Sicht z.B. durch einen Chirurgen und die Konstruktion unter technischen Aspekten z.B. durch einen Konstrukteur getrennt erfolgt. Hierfür wird ein erarbeitetes Planungskonzept vorgestellt, welches sowohl die geplanten geometrischen Merkmale, als auch weiterführende Metadaten beinhaltet (Randbedingungen). Die Übergabe dieser Planungsdaten an die Konstruktion erfolgt über eine dafür entworfene Formatbeschreibung im Kontext der Schnittstelle zwischen Mediziner und Ingenieur. Weiterführend wird die Notwendigkeit von speziellen Funktionen für die Konstruktion von individuellen Implantaten in der Arbeitsumgebung des Konstrukteurs (z.B. Modelliersystem – CAD) am Beispiel der konturlinienbasierten Modellrekonstruktion erörtert. Die gesamtheitliche Basis bildet eine durchgängig digitale Prozesskette zur Datenaufbereitung, Konstruktion und Fertigung. Die Anwendbarkeit der Methoden und zweier umgesetzter Demonstratoren wurde innerhalb eines interdisziplinär angelegten Projektes am realen Patientenfall bestätigt.

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão de Sistemas de Informação
Um dos principais dilemas existentes na medicina intensiva prende-se com o plano terapêutico, mais concretamente, que medicamentos e quando é que estes devem ser administrados a um doente. No plano terapêutico, a interpretação rápida e avaliação precisa de dados fisiológicos, são cruciais para uma tomada de decisão mais eficiente e eficaz por parte dos médicos. No sentido de apoiar a decisão dos médicos, este trabalho tem como objetivo prever o nível de sépsis e a melhor terapêutica para doentes com problemas microbiológicos, baseados nos níveis de sépsis. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um conjunto de modelos de Data Mining (DM), utilizando técnicas de previsão e modelos classificação, que irão possibilitar o médico decidir qual a terapêutica adequada a aplicar, bem como aquela que apresente uma elevada taxa de sucesso. Os dados utilizados nos modelos de DM foram recolhidos no Serviço de Cuidados Intensivos do Hospital de Santo António, Porto, Portugal. Nesta dissertação, foi utilizada a tarefa de previsão, o modelo de classificação, o método de aprendizagem supervisionada e os algoritmos: Árvores de Decisão, Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte e o classificador Naïve Bayes, para prever o nível de sépsis e o plano terapêutico de doentes com sépsis. Relativamente à avaliação, utilizaram-se a Matriz de Confusão, incluindo as métricas associadas e a Cross-validation. De entre as métricas associadas na análise, foram utilizadas: a taxa de erro total, a sensibilidade, a especificidade e a acuidade, que permitiram identificar quais as medidas mais relevantes para a previsão do nível da sépsis e do plano terapêutico em estudo. Concluindo, foi possível prever com grande acuidade o nível de sépsis, no entanto, o mesmo já não é possível dizer no que diz respeito à medicação. Apesar de os modelos da sépsis terem bons resultados, o plano terapêutico não apresenta o mesmo nível de acuidade. Os resultados provam que de uma forma geral existe uma fraca correlação entre o nível de sépsis e o plano terapêutico, referente ao grupo de medicamentos. No entanto, é de salientar que para alguns grupos de medicamentos, os modelos tiveram uma bom desempenho (nível de acertos em algumas classes foi superior a 80%).
One of the main problems existing in intensive medicine is related to the therapeutic plan, particularly what and when drugs must be administered to a patient. In the therapeutic plan it is crucial to make a rapid interpretation and accurate assessment of physiological data for efficient and effective decisionmaking by doctors. The present investigation aims to support doctor’s decision-making on predicting sepsis level and the best treatment for patients with microbiological problems based on sepsis levels. Thus, a set of Data Mining (DM) models was developed using forecasting techniques and classification models which will enable a doctor’s decision about appropriate therapy to apply, as well as the most successful one. The data used in DM models were collected at the Department of Intensive Care of the Hospital de Santo António, in Oporto, Portugal. Classification DM models where considered to predict sepsis level and therapeutic plan for patients with sepsis in a supervised learning approach. Models were induced making use of the following algorithms: Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines and Naïve Bayes classifier. Confusion Matrix, including associated metrics, and Cross-validation were used for the evaluation. Analysis of the total error rate, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were the associated metrics used to identify the most relevant measures to predict sepsis level and treatment plan under study. In conclusion, it was possible to predict with great accuracy the sepsis level, but not the medication. Although the good sepsis models results attained, therapeutic plan does not present the same level of accuracy. The results have showed that in general there is a small correlation between sepsis level and therapeutic plan, considering the drugs group. However, for some drugs groups models the results are interesting (some classes exceeded 80% in terms of the accuracy level).