Journal articles: 'Car dependence'

1

Goodwin, Phil. "Car Dependence." Transport Policy 2, no. 3 (July 1995): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-070x(95)96744-6.

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Lucas, Karen. "Actual and Perceived Car Dependence." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2118, no. 1 (January 2009): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2118-02.

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Zhao, Jinhua. "Subjective Measure of Car Dependence." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2231, no. 1 (January 2011): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2231-06.

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Baddeley, Simon. "Reducing our dependence on the car." Local Government Studies 26, no. 1 (March 2000): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003930008433981.

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Cao, Mengqiu, and Robin Hickman. "Car dependence and housing affordability: An emerging social deprivation issue in London?" Urban Studies 55, no. 10 (July 12, 2017): 2088–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017712682.

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This paper investigates the combined problem of high car dependence and housing affordability, in view of likely continued volatility in oil prices (and hence higher petrol and diesel prices), and rising house prices. Household budgets are likely to be stretched where there are high levels of car dependency and housing unaffordability – with little flexibility for rising costs in either or both of these. A composite car dependence and housing affordability (CDHA) index is developed, using indices of oil vulnerability related to car travel and housing affordability. Greater London is used as the case study, with 2001 and 2011 data analysed at the level of Lower Super Output Areas, and presented using Geographic Information System and R statistical software. The findings reveal that there are high levels of composite car dependence and housing price vulnerability in many suburban areas across Greater London, adding to the previous areas of social deprivation found mainly in East London. The composite CDHA index illustrates where the most vulnerable areas are spatially. Many neighbourhoods may become less attractive for those on median or even relatively high incomes. The areas most affected may become much more expensive to live in, potentially leading to much greater pressure on travel and housing costs as people could be forced to live further from the centre of London, including beyond the Greater London boundary, which has further implications for travel. Failing to consider these emerging affordability issues represents an oversight in terms of transport planning in London.

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Laviolette, Jerome, Catherine Morency, Owen D. Waygood, and Konstadinos G. Goulias. "Car Ownership and the Built Environment: A Spatial Modeling Approach." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 3 (October 21, 2021): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211049409.

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Car ownership is linked to higher car use, which leads to important environmental, social and health consequences. As car ownership keeps increasing in most countries, it remains relevant to examine what factors and policies can help contain this growth. This paper uses an advanced spatial econometric modeling framework to investigate spatial dependences in household car ownership rates measured at fine geographical scales using administrative data of registered vehicles and census data of household counts for the Island of Montreal, Canada. The use of a finer level of spatial resolution allows for the use of more explanatory variables than previous aggregate models of car ownership. Theoretical considerations and formal testing suggested the choice of the Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM) as an appropriate modeling option. The final model specification includes sociodemographic and built environment variables supported by theory and achieves a Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 of 0.93. Despite the inclusion of those variables the spatial linear models with and without lagged explanatory variables still exhibit residual spatial dependence. This indicates the presence of unobserved autocorrelated factors influencing car ownership rates. Model results indicate that sociodemographic variables explain much of the variance, but that built environment characteristics, including transit level of service and local commercial accessibility (e.g., to grocery stores) are strongly and negatively associated with neighborhood car ownership rates. Comparison of estimates between the SDEM and a non-spatial model indicates that failing to control for spatial dependence leads to an overestimation of the strength of the direct influence of built environment variables.

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Smyth, Nina, Monica Milani, Lisa Thorn, Maria Flynn, John F. Golding, Phil Evans, and Angela Clow. "Smaller Cortisol Awakening Responses Are Associated with Greater Visual Dependence in Postural Control." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060723.

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There are known links between the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and systems responsible for regulating posture. Our aim was to explore directly, for the first time, whether an aspect of circadian HPA axis activity (the cortisol awakening response: CAR) was associated with greater visual dependency in postural control. For measurement of the CAR, electronically monitored saliva samples were collected by participants following morning awakening in their home environment. On the afternoons of the same days, postural sway was measured in the laboratory by exposing participants to static (control) and moving visual stimuli whilst standing still and upright on a force platform. Visual dependence was assessed as the increase in postural sway (path length) during exposure to the moving compared with the static condition. The 44 measurement days were derived from four days for each of eleven healthy participants (mean ± SD age: 51.18 ± 3.3 years). As expected, postural sway was greater when exposed to moving versus static cues. Mixed regression modelling showed that participants with smaller four day average CARs had greater deterioration in postural sway when presented with moving stimuli. These data are the first to document associations between the CAR and visual dependency in postural sway.

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Pelenytė-Vyšniauskienė, Lina, and Algirdas Jurkauskas. "THE RESEARCH INTO HEAD INJURY CRITERIA DEPENDENCE ON CAR SPEED." TRANSPORT 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638140.

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There are many ways of car collisions which depend on car motion modes before and after crashes, speed, kinds of baskets, their heights, weights and rigidity. The machinery of the occupant's movement at the moment of the crash is even more difficult. In order to find out precisely the chance of body injury, it is important to measure not only parameters that were mentioned above but also occupant's height, weight, age, position of sitting, condition of body, whether there was any protection system used. The largest number of car crashes happen at the moment of Frontal Crash. This article's aim is to analyse the types of Frontal Crashes and their repartition, to diagnose what part in occupant's safety the protection system's use takes, and also to analyse head injury coefficient dependence on car speed and show critical injuries and fatality limits in cases when driver is driving with no seat‐belts in and while the car is without airbag. The research is done at the moment of ideal Frontal Crash by simulating distance from the occupant body to the wheel in different types of baskets.

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9

Cullinane, Sharon. "Hong Kong’s low car dependence: lessons and prospects." Journal of Transport Geography 11, no. 1 (March 2003): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6923(02)00042-x.

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Lagrell, Ellen, and Ana Gil Solá. "Car Use of the Carless in Sweden: Everyday Life Conditions for Reducing Car Dependence." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 10250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810250.

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For the sake of reducing car dependence, much can be learned from non-car owners about how everyday life can, and cannot, be organized without private car ownership. This study aims to explore carless mobility, including the role of the car, in relation to specific everyday projects and life situations. We do so through a descriptive analysis of data from the Swedish National Travel Survey 2011–2016, comparing carless mobility with that of car owners. Theoretically, our analysis builds on a constraints perspective with respect to mobility, which is rooted in time geography. We find that the constraints associated with activities and life situations seem to matter for how mobility is performed and for the feasibility of living a carless life. Managing the material flows of the household (for example, buying food and disposing of waste) is a project handled differently by non-car owners, through using nearby services and with a low degree of car use. On the other hand, our data suggest that maintaining social relations is car dependent and can potentially be more problematic for the carless. Moreover, an individual’s social network itself seems to be an important source of occasional car access. Results also indicate that the life situations of individuals may affect the mobility implications of carlessness, and the largest effect on trip frequency is found among carless retirees. From a planning perspective, and with the ambition to reduce private car use, this study identifies significant value in considering the different contexts of everyday life in which car use may or may not occur.

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Liu, Shasha, Enjian Yao, and Toshiyuki Yamamoto. "Does Urban Rail Transit Discourage People from Owning and Using Cars? Evidence from Beijing, China." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (August 6, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1835241.

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With the rapid urbanization and motorization, many cities are developing urban rail transit (URT) to reduce car dependence. This paper explores the URT effect on car ownership and use based on the home-based work tour data in Beijing, China. Considering the mediating effects of car ownership and travel distance simultaneously, we develop a structural equation model to examine the complex relationship among URT, car ownership, travel distance, and car use. The results indicate that URT plays an important role in reducing car dependence. Living within URT catchment areas by itself is not significantly associated with car ownership and use, but if the workplace is near a URT station, people are less likely to own and use cars. People who both live and work near URT station areas have lower probability of owning and using cars. Moreover, car ownership and travel distance mediate the relationship between URT and car use, and the mediating effect of car ownership is greater than travel distance. Our study verifies that URT does discourage people from owning and using cars, which may have important implications for developing cities to make response to the ongoing motorization.

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Shayakhmetov, Dmitry M., and André Lieber. "Dependence of Adenovirus Infectivity on Length of the Fiber Shaft Domain." Journal of Virology 74, no. 22 (November 15, 2000): 10274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.22.10274-10286.2000.

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ABSTRACT One of the objectives in adenovirus (Ad) vector development is to target gene delivery to specific cell types. Major attention has been given to modification of the Ad fiber knob, which is thought to determine virus tropism. However, among the human Ad serotypes with different tissue tropisms, not only the knob but also the length of the fiber shaft domain varies significantly. In this study we attempted to delineate the role of fiber length in coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR)- and non-CAR-mediated infection. A series of Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) capsid-based vectors containing long or short fibers with knob domains derived from Ad5, Ad9, or Ad35 was constructed and tested in adsorption, internalization, and transduction studies. For Ad5 or Ad9 knob-possessing vectors, a long-shafted fiber was critical for efficient adsorption/internalization and transduction of CAR/αv integrin-expressing cells. Ad5 capids containing short CAR-recognizing fibers were affected in cell adsorption and infection. In contrast, for the chimeric vectors possessing Ad35 knobs, which enter cells by a CAR/αv integrin-independent pathway, fiber shaft length had no significant influence on binding or infectibility on tested cells. The weak attachment of short-shafted Ad5 or Ad9 knob-possessing vectors seems to be causally associated with a charge-dependent repulsion between Ad5 capsid and acidic cell surface proteins. The differences between short- and long-shafted vectors in attachment or infection were abrogated by preincubation of cells with polycations. This study demonstrates that the fiber-CAR interaction is not the sole determinant for tropism of Ad vectors containing chimeric fibers. CAR- and αv integrin-mediated infections are influenced by other factors, including the length of the fiber shaft.

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13

Coutard, Olivier, Gabriel Dupuy, and Sylvie Fol. "Mobility of the Poor in Two European Metropolises: Car Dependence Versus Locality Dependence." Built Environment 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.30.2.138.54313.

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14

Basu, Rounaq, and Joseph Ferreira. "Planning car-lite neighborhoods: Does bikesharing reduce auto-dependence?" Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 92 (March 2021): 102721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102721.

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15

Motte-Baumvol, Benjamin, Marie-Hélène Massot, and Andrew M. Byrd. "Escaping Car Dependence in the Outer Suburbs of Paris." Urban Studies 47, no. 3 (November 20, 2009): 604–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098009349773.

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16

Hong, Yeonsun, Hye-Ran Kim, Brandon L. Walling, John Lozada, Andrea M. Amitrano, Cooper J. Sailer, Kihong Lim, et al. "318 Building A Better CAR: Improving CAR-T Trafficking in Cancer Therapy." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.177.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: #NAME? METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Cell culture & protein identification: human T cells were purified from healthy blood, then activated & cultured for 5d. CAR-T cells were collected from infusion bags of cancer patients undergoing CAR-T. Silver staining of naive & activated healthy T-cell lysates was compared; B-II spectrin was upregulated and confirmed by Western blot. Migration assays: naive & activated T-cells were imaged during migration on ICAM-1 and ICAM-1 + CXCL12 coated plates. T-cells were transfected with BII-spectrin cDNA & the chemokine dependence of migration was compared with controls. In-vivo studies: in a melanoma mouse model, BII-spectrin transfected or control T-cells were injected; tumors were followed with serial imaging. Human patient records were examined to correlate endogenous BII-spectrin levels and CAR-T response. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Activated T-cells downregulate the cytoskeletal protein B-II spectrin compared to naive cells, leading to chemokine-independent migration in in vitro assays and off-target trafficking when CAR-T cells are given in vivo. Restoration of B-II spectrin levels via transfection restores chemokine-dependence of activated T-cells. In a mouse melanoma model, control mice injected with standard activated T-cells showed fewer cells in the tumor site and more cells in the off-target organs (spleen, lungs) when compared to mice injected with B-II spectrin transfected cells. Furthermore, among 3 human patients undergoing CAR-T therapy, those with higher endogenous B-II spectrin levels experienced fewer side-effects, measured by the neurotoxicity and cytokine release syndrome grades. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: A major hurdle to widespread CAR-T therapy for cancer is significant, often fatal side-effects. Our work shows that the protein B-II spectrin is downregulated during CAR-T production, and that restoring B-II spectrin levels decreases side-effects while increasing tumor clearance--hopefully translating to better CAR-T regimens for the future.

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BouMjahed, Lama, and Hani S. Mahmassani. "Wired at Birth: Childhood, Technology Engagement, and Travel Behavior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 50 (September 28, 2018): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118798460.

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The ongoing demographic transition from baby boomers to millennials and technology-fueled evolution of transportation bring to the fore key trends that will determine how the future of transportation systems will unfold. This paper examines the implications of such trends on travel behavior by quantifying the impacts of a technologically engaged childhood—generally attributed to millennials—and an increased use of technology during travel on travel behavior now and in the future. Results indicate that individuals who grew up with a stronger childhood technology experience are more likely to be technologically engaged as adults, have stronger pro-environmental attitudes, lower car dependence, and stronger interest in autonomous vehicles. The results also support a simultaneous relationship between technology use during travel and car dependence, which posits that individuals with lower car dependence (or availability) are more likely to use technology during travel. Emanating results put forward potential benefits of policy starting at the childhood level. The implications of this work will only gain importance as the interplay between technology and travel deepens and as a larger share of the adult population become “digital natives.”

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Carpenter, Joseph A. "The Freedom CAR and Hydrogen Fuels Initiative and Magnesium." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.17.

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The USA’s transportation system is nearly completely dependent on petroleum. Petroleum is used to satisfy 95 percent of America’s transportation energy needs, consuming two-thirds of all the petroleum used. Since roughly 55 percent of petroleum is imported from abroad, the implications of this dependency on USA’s energy security are readily apparent. Therefore, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) announced in January 2002 a new cooperative research effort known as the FreedomCAR Partnership to fund high-risk, high-payoff research into advanced automotive technologies with the potential for dramatically lowering this dependence. The new partnership replaced and built upon the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) that ran from 1993 to 2001 [1]. In January 2003, the energy-supply industry joined the FreedomCAR Partnership forming the FreedomCAR and Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (FC&HFI) to develop the technologies needed for the mass production of fuel-cell vehicles using hydrogen as fuel and the infrastructure needed to deliver the hydrogen to the consumer. The goal is to enable the automotive and energy-supply industries to make commercialization decisions in 2015 on largescale introduction of such vehicles and on developing the infrastructure beginning in 2020. The long-term transition of vehicles from gasoline to hydrogen is viewed as critical in lowering the dependence of the U.S. economy on foreign oil, and in reducing the environmental impact of the personal transportation sector. In addition to the longer-term work on fuel cells and hydrogen infrastructure, the FC&HFI conducts research on technologies with the potential for shorter-term energy efficiency and environmental benefits, such as new engine concepts, lightweight materials, and hybrid propulsion components. Magnesium is one of several lightweight materials being researched. This paper discusses the FC&HFI and its work on magnesium.

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Kolomiets, L., V. Khamray, O. Lymarenko, A. Bazhanova, and A. Ponomarenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF A FORMULA OF DEPENDENCE BETWEEN VEHICLE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS." Key title: Zbìrnik naukovih pracʹ Odesʹkoï deržavnoï akademìï tehnìčnogo regulûvannâ ta âkostì, no. 2(19) (2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32684/2412-5288-2021-2-19-31-37.

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The paper considers a method for developing a formula that allows one to determine the relationship between the geometric and kinematic parameters of a double-wishbone suspension of a car on its roll angle when cornering. The method for determining the formula is described in detail. Test verification models were built in the computer-aided design system to verify the results obtained. For the first time, mathematical dependencies were derived to determine the change in the roll angles of the car depending on the geometric parameters of the suspension, and the basic parameters of the car's movement. Calculations of the dependencies between the coordinates of the points of attachment of the suspension arms to the frame and the steering knuckle, respectively, on the roll angle of the car in the corner have been performed.

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Hnatov, Andrii, Shchasiana Arhun, Hanna Hnatova, and Pavlo Sokhin. "Conversion of a car from an ICE into an electric car." Vehicle and electronics. Innovative technologies, no. 21 (June 29, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/veit.2022.21.0.1.

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Problem. The advantages of the electric car (EV) are well-known – it is environmentally friendly, quiet and the most important feature is a radical reduction in the cost of operating the EV compared to a conventional car with an internal combustion engine. Cost savings are due to the fact that its "refueling" comes from a conventional electrical outlet. No need to periodically change engine oil, filters, belts and other consumables. Also, you will spend less time and money on maintenance. So, by converting traditional cars from internal combustion engines to EVs, you are making your best and real contribution to improving the ecological space around you. Goal. The goal is conducting a study on the conversion of the car from the internal combustion engine to the EV with the calculation of the payback period of the converted car. Methodology. Analytical methods of research on the methods of conversion of traditional cars from internal combustion engines to EV were used as well as the physical methods of calculating the action of forces acting on the car and determining the speed of its movement. Also, the methods of experimental research and mathematical methods of processing and modulation of the obtained results and the methods of calculating technical and economic indicators were used. Results. The study was conducted on the conversion of the car from an internal combustion engine to an EV. The main elements of re-equipment were considered. The analysis was carried out and the sequence of actions on definition of power of the electric motor for the electric car was offered. The calculation of economic indicators of car conversion on the basis of ZAZ "Sens" in EV was performed. The results of the calculation show that in the 3rd year of operation of the converted car the cost of conversion will be reimbursed. Originality. On the example of ZAZ "Sens" the power of the traction motor for its conversion into EV was calculated. The graphical dependence of the traction motor power on the EV speed was constructed. The calculations and the dependence of the power of the traction motor on the road slope when moving EV at a certain speed were performed. Practical value. Conversion of cars from internal combustion engines to EV is expedient and economically advantageous for companies engaged in various services for the delivery of goods within the city. Also, it is beneficial to companies and firms engaged in car rental. But here it should be borne in mind that a well-developed charging infrastructure is required within the city.

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Saidivaliev, Shukhrat, Ramazon Bozorov, and Elbek Shermatov. "Kinematic characteristics of the car movement from the top to the calculation point of the marshalling hump." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405008.

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Introduce analytical acceleration formulas that are derived from the classic d'Alembert principle of theoretical mechanics for high-speed sections and sections of retarder positions; show the possibility of determining the instantaneous car speeds in each section of the marshalling hump according to the formulas of elementary physics both for high-speed sections and for sections of retarder positions; provide formulas for determining the time of movement of a car with uniformly accelerated and/or uniformly retarded motion of the car on the inclined part of the hump, as well as in areas of retarder positions. Research methods: The classic d'Alembert principle of theoretical mechanics is widely used in the paper. Main results: For the first time, the results of constructing a graphical dependence of the estimated height of the marshalling hump over the entire length of its profile are presented in the form of a decrease in the profile height of each section of the inclined part in proportion to the slope of the track. The results of constructing graphical dependences on changes in the speed and time of movement of a car along the entire length of the inclined part of the marshalling hump are fundamentally different from the existing methodology, where, for example, curves of medium (rather than instantaneous) speeds of a car are built. The proposed new methodology for calculating the kinematic characteristics of the car movement along the entire length of the hump allows an analysis of the mode of shunting car at the marshalling humps.

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Sokolovskij, Edgar, and Edvinas Juodka. "Research on the Circumstances of a Car–Cyclist Collision, Based on the Trajectory of the Cyclist’s Movement after the Collision." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 6324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176324.

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This article examines a simulated collision between a car and a cyclist, assessing the trajectory of the cyclist’s movement after the impact, namely the throwing distances and angles of the cyclist and bicycle. Information about the car and cyclist models used for the study is provided. Special software PC CRASH 8.1 for the analysis and reconstruction of traffic accidents was used to simulate a car–cyclist collision. Simulations of car–cyclist collisions were carried out, with different speeds for the car and the cyclist, and locations at the time of the impact. The movement of a bicycle after a crash tends to be irregular and is dependent on various parameters that are usually not possible to evaluate. Therefore, the parameters of the movement of the bicycle after the collision (the throwing angle and the distance) usually do not allow determination of the speed of the car before the accident. The movement of the cyclist after impact was more informative for determining the speed of the car before the accident. For example, when there was an angle of 30°, 60°, or 90° between the longitudinal axes of the car and the cyclist, there was a clear dependence between the speed of the car and the cyclist’s throwing distance, and usually also between the speed of the car and the cyclist’s throwing angle. Thus, in such cases, it is possible to determine approximately the initial speed of the car before the collision, based on the trajectory of the cyclist’s movement after the impact, namely his throwing distance and angle. In cases of real traffic accidents, with knowledge of the location of the car–cyclist collision and the position of the cyclist after the traffic accident, the speed of the car before the accident can be determined according to the abovementioned dependencies. Thus, the proposed methodology could be used in the reconstruction and examination of traffic accidents.

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Mendes, Philip, and Badal Moslehuddin. "From dependence to interdependence: towards better outcomes for young people leaving state care." Child Abuse Review 15, no. 2 (2006): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.932.

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Jackowski, Jerzy, and Olga Michnikowska. "The influence of rear car seat position on the child’s load condition during collision." Mechanik 90, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.2.34.

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The paper presents the results of the crash test aimed at observe level of acceleration of the dummy representing a child at the age of 3 years, seated in the car seat with various angle position of the rear seat of car. The research was carried out during simulated frontal collision at a speed of about 15 km/h. Selected for the child seats II÷III (15÷36 kg) weight category according to Regulation No. 44 of UNECE. Presented results of stand tests are aimed at compare dependence effect inclination angle the car seat and method of fixing it on car seat on examples.

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Evseev, Dmitriy, Yuriy Sarychev, and Sergey Bespal'ko. "STUDY OF VIBRATIONS OF A PASSENGER CAR EQUIPPED WITH ELASTOMERIC DAMPERS." Transport engineering 2022, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2022-6-30-41.

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The study objective is to develop and analyze mathematical models of vibrations of a passenger car with elastomeric dampers. The problem to which the paper is devoted is to improve the dynamic characteristics of the undercarriage of passenger cars and increase passenger comfort. The research methods used in this study are typical for solving the problems of rolling stock dynamics. The car is approximated by a system of concentrated masses connected by elastic and dissipative bonds. The external impact is track irregularities of different types. Differential equations of motion are combined using D'Alembert's principle. The set of equations is integrated by numerical method. The novelty of the work is, firstly, in the use of an elastomeric vibration dampener on the bogie of a passenger car, secondly, in the analysis of the dynamic qualities of this car when moving over the irregularities of the main types, and thirdly, in the choice of rational parameters of elastomeric dampers. The results of the study are graphs, nomograms and tables of the dependencies of maximum force values on various parameters, as well as an assessment of the movement smoothness. The conclusions of the work contain an assessment of the dependence of dynamic parameters on speed, recommendations on the characteristics of elastomeric dampers, the validity of using elastomeric dampers.

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Wang, Xiaoquan, Chaoying Yin, Junyi Zhang, Chunfu Shao, and Shengyou Wang. "Nonlinear effects of residential and workplace built environment on car dependence." Journal of Transport Geography 96 (October 2021): 103207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103207.

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Wang, Xiaoquan, Chaoying Yin, Junyi Zhang, Chunfu Shao, and Shengyou Wang. "Nonlinear effects of residential and workplace built environment on car dependence." Journal of Transport Geography 96 (October 2021): 103207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103207.

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Nooteboom, Bart, Gjalt De Jong, Robert W. Vossen, Susan Helper, and Mari Sako. "NETWORK INTERACTIONS AND MUTUAL DEPENDENCE: A TEST IN THE CAR INDUSTRY." Industry and Innovation 7, no. 1 (June 2000): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713670249.

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Verma, Meghna. "Growing car ownership and dependence in India and its policy implications." Case Studies on Transport Policy 3, no. 3 (September 2015): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2014.04.004.

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30

Mattioli, Giulio, Cameron Roberts, Julia K. Steinberger, and Andrew Brown. "The political economy of car dependence: A systems of provision approach." Energy Research & Social Science 66 (August 2020): 101486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101486.

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Rantini, Dwi, Nur Iriawan, and Irhamah. "Fernandez–Steel Skew Normal Conditional Autoregressive (FSSN CAR) Model in Stan for Spatial Data." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040545.

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In spatial data analysis, the prior conditional autoregressive (CAR) model is used to express the spatial dependence on random effects from adjacent regions. This paper provides a new proposed approach regarding the development of the existing normal CAR model into a more flexible, Fernandez–Steel skew normal (FSSN) CAR model. This approach is able to capture spatial random effects that have both symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns. The FSSN CAR model is built on the basis of the normal CAR with an additional skew parameter. The FSSN distribution is able to provide good estimates for symmetry with heavy- or light-tailed and skewed-right and skewed-left data. The effects of this approach are demonstrated by establishing the FSSN distribution and FSSN CAR model in spatial data using Stan language. On the basis of the plot of the estimation results and histogram of the model error, the FSSN CAR model was shown to behave better than both models without a spatial effect and with the normal CAR model. Moreover, the smallest widely applicable information criterion (WAIC) and leave-one-out (LOO) statistical values also validate the model, as FSSN CAR is shown to be the best model used.

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Karpenko, Volodymyr, Denys Kaps’kyy, Nataliia Rudenko, and Eduard Neskreba. "DETERMINING THE STARTING TIME OF CAR MOVEMENT TO STABILIZE THE INTERNAL PRESSURE AND THE TEMPERATURE IN THE TIRES." Automobile transport, no. 48 (May 29, 2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/at.2219-8342.2021.48.0.38.

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The problem of road safety does not lose its relevance in our time. The condition and performance of tires has a significant impact on the safety of road transport. Unfortunately, the tire pressure monitoring requirements of the developers are not always met. Naturally, now some modern cars are equipped with various systems for monitoring and even adjusting the internal tire pressure. However, there are relatively short periods of time during which the pressure and temperature in the tire change dramatically, and hence its other performance and properties. First of all, we are talking about dramatically changing weather conditions and the starting movement of the car. And then additional monitoring of tire pressure is needed. Goal. On the basis of the experimental studies carried out, to obtain the dependence of the temperature and pressure changes inside the tire on the time of car movement. To determine the initial period of time of car movement until the pressure and temperature in the tested tires stabilize. Methodology. The work used the technique of both bench tests of tires in the laboratory and road tests under real weather conditions by car. Based on the numerical processing of the experimental results, dependencies were obtained, using which it is possible to determine the increase in temperature and pressure in tires in the mode of starting movement of the car. Results. The analysis of scientific publications on this topic is performed. The time from the beginning of the car to the stabilization of temperature and internal pressure in the tires is determined, as well as the increase in temperature and pressure inside the tire during this period. The method of determining the starting time of the car to stabilize the internal pressure and temperature is proposed. Originality. In this work, for the first time, a method is proposed for assessing the temperature and internal pressure in tires in the mode of starting movement of the car, which makes it possible to obtain dependencies without resorting to further experimental studies. Practical value. Using the obtained dependencies for certain tires and under different weather conditions, it is possible to predict the change in tire pressure at the starting mode of the car's movement, and therefore make adjustments to this value, if necessary, which will have a positive effect on the safety of moving vehicles.

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A, Al-Ammouri, Ishchenko R, and Verkhovetska I. "CALCULATION OF POWER BALANCE OF ELECTRIC CAR DURING UNIFORM MOVEMENT." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 51 (2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2022-1-51-003-010.

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In this paper the equation of the power balance of the electric car during uniform movement is received. The key variable in the power balance equation is the speed of the electric car. The object of the study – power balance of the electric car during uniform movement. Purpose of the study – investigation of the balance of power of the electric car during uniform movement and establishment of dependence of values of powers of the electric motor which are spent on overcoming of force of resistance to rolling and force of resistance of air on speed of movement of the electric car. Method of the study – for the purpose of the study, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization, formulation of conclusions. In this work the power balance of the Nissan Leaf electric car during uniform movement is calculated. It is established that during the uniform movement of the electric car at a speed of up to 40 km/h the main power consumption of the electric motor is aimed at overcoming the rolling resistance. During the steady

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Virchenko, Viktor, Мykola Shapoval, Maxym Skoryk, and Vladyslav Ladur. "Hydroulic stand for testing automatic seats model development." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 51 (October 12, 2018): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2018.51.1313.

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A new design scheme for testing the car seats with hydraulic drive has been proposed, a mathematical model of stand work process has been developed, the movement of mass center in the car seat has been theoretically proved. It is determined at the expense of what factors it is necessary to develop special stands necessary for an adequate various seats check or seat configurations, which simulate long-term seats use during a short time period. The special stands car seats of different configurations work analysis simulation close to the real operation conditions on cars is carried out. The basic parameters and operating modes that characterize working processes in the conditions of operation are established. The mathematical dependence, which characterizes the work process of the stand for testing the car seat with a hydraulic drive, is obtained. The movement of car seat masses center depending on the influence factors is determined.

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Pelech, Pavel, and Julie Holendová. "Generation X, Y, and Z Preferences for Car-Sharing in Different Situations." ACC Journal 28, no. 2 (September 2022): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/004/2022-2-007.

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The aim of this article is to assess the influence of different generations (X, Y, and Z) on their willingness to prefer a shared car to their own car in specifically defined situations. The research was conducted from December 2021 to March 2022 and involved 741 respondents, equally distributed among the three generations analyzed. The findings of the research suggest that different generations of respondents will not have different preferences for using car sharing in different situations. Significant differences between generations were only found in the situation where car-sharing would be preferred on the way to school or work. In other cases, no significant dependence between generations was shown. All generations of respondents can imagine using a car share more regularly during travel and entertainment, but not so much with children to clubs or when shopping and running errands at the authorities. This fact can be useful for marketers who need to discern the motives for customer participation in the sharing economy or the car-sharing segment. At the same time, marketing knowledge in connection with the sharing economy will be enhanced.

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Rozhkova, Elena. "EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF BRAKING EQUIPMENT OPERATION IN INNOVATION FREIGHT CARS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2021, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2021-3-46-53.

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The object of researches is brake systems of innovation freight cars. The work purpose consists in the assessment of braking system effectiveness in innovation freight cars and in standard ones at different operation modes. The scientific novelty consists in the definition of the dependence of a slide block depth on the length of wheel pair skidding motion and braking distance dependence upon car speed. During the work there was carried out a retrospective analysis of cases with traffic safety violation connected with the formation of excessive sliders in freight cars in organized trains because of the violation of braking equipment normal operation. By means of the least-squares method there was obtained a linear equation defining the dependence of slider depth upon the skidding length of a wheel pair. As a result of the work there were defined parameters of defect formation on freight car wheels at their skidding, the calculations of braking system efficiency in different freight cars were carried out. In the course of the analysis of freight car braking efficiency there are obtained equations of braking length in the accepted range of speeds at the beginning of braking for empty and loaded states. Minimum values of the design factor of braking block pressing in translation to a train length of 200 shafts in the empty state were 0.2256 for a speed of 40km/h, in the loaded one – 0.1781 for a speed of 120 km/h at the standard values 0.22 and 0.14 respectively. By means of calculations and experiments it is proved that composite braking block pressing force on a shaft exceeds 4tf/shaft, and that of cast-iron – 10tf. Accordingly, a car with the shaft load of 25 tf/shaft and accepted parameters of a braking system may be operated up to the speeds of 120 km/h inclusive without limitations.

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Vuchic, Vukan R., Yong Eun Shin, Eric C. Bruun, and Nikola Krstanoski. "Urban Transportation Policies and Practices in the United States and Its Peer Countries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1576, no. 1 (January 1997): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1576-17.

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All developed countries experience similar trends and problems in urban transportation: growth of cities and affluence result in an increase in car dependency. Increased volumes of car travel lead to congestion and many negative effects, often termed as the “collision of cities and cars.” A review of urban transportation policies and their implementation in the United States and its peer countries—Australia, Canada, and countries in Western Europe and East Asia—indicates that all peer countries except Great Britain place major emphasis on maintaining the human orientation of cities. They pursue policies aimed at achieving multimodal transportation systems and preventing automobile dominance. The United States, after significant strides in that direction up to 1980, has returned to policies favoring car travel and reducing support for alternative modes—transit, bicycles, and walking. This trend largely ignores the spirit and mandates of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. The gap between the United States and its peer countries is increasing. Present U.S. policies are likely to aggravate this situation. An example is presented: New York is compared with its peer cities in accessibility for long-distance travel. Its competitiveness in this respect is lagging. This trend cannot be ignored. As its peers learned from the U.S. experiences in highway and traffic engineering in the past, the U.S. should now learn from its peers how to avoid total car dependence and implement multimodal transportation systems to improve the livability of its metropolitan areas.

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Nekhaev, Viktor, Viktor Nikolaev, and Evgenii Cheltygmashev. "Methodology for studying impulse disturbance from rail joints to the railway vehicle and assessment of the efficiency of the new spring suspension." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901032.

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The methodology for studying the impulse disturbance of the railway track joints on the indicators of the dynamic qualities of the railway vehicle has been developed. The dependence of the impulse repetition factor on the energy dissipation level in the system and the speed of the vehicle is obtained. A comparative assessment of the dynamic qualities of a freight car with a typical scheme of spring suspension and a car with suspension based on the principle of compensation of external disturbances is performed. It has been established that the spring suspension of a freight car based on the principle of compensation of external disturbances delivers to it significantly better indicators of dynamic qualities in comparison with car equipped with a new three-piece truck with a typical scheme of springs. Vertical acceleration of the car’s body with a new scheme of vibration protection and dynamic forces in spring suspension is several times less than for a car with a typical three-piece truck structure.

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Men’shchikov, A. B., B. M. Shustov, and A. V. Tutukov. "Model of Dusty Envelope of ETA Carinae." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 108 (1988): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100093593.

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Eta Carinae is a well-known example of a star with a massive circumstellar nebulous shell. The shell is regarded as a remnant of a great outburst of the star in the last century. η Car parameters remain to be a matter of scientific debates: most often investigators revise stellar temperature T, mass loss rate , the velocity of outflow V. We have worked out several numerical evolutionary models of η Car envelope (the homunculus) paying attention to the dependence on the mentioned parameters. The dependence on the parameters of grain evolution was also considered. For a representative model we fixed: V=500km/s; M=10−1 M⊙/y during the first 15 years of the outburst and slowly decreasing in time, T=20000K. A coupled two-components hydrodynamical and radiation model transfer problem has been solved.

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Žukas, Artūras, Jurijus Zaranka, and Kristina Kemzūraitė. "COMPARISONAL ANALYSIS OF MANUEVERING AND BRAKING." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 6 (December 31, 2010): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.119.

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This article covers the possibility of avoiding a traffic accident considering a car driver who is fallen in a dangerous situation. In such a case, the driver can choose one of the following ways: hard braking or one of the types of maneuvering, including turning off, turning with straightening or changing a line regarding road surface type (dry asphalt, wet asphalt or snowy asphalt). The article also proposes formulas for calculating road distance the car travels till dead stop. Moreover, the tables display theoretical values taking into account various car speeds and road surfaces. The pictures help with determining the most suitable type of action in light of road and weather conditions as well as car speed. The pictures clearly show the dependence of road length on movement speed. At the end of the article, conclusions are proposed.

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Rall, James D., and Wathiq Abdul-Razzaq. "Which Accelerates Faster A Falling Ball Or A Porsche?" Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 5, no. 2 (March 27, 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v5i2.6921.

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An introductory physics experiment has been developed to address the issues seen in conventional physics lab classes including assumption verification, technological dependencies, and real world motivation for the experiment. The experiment has little technology dependence and compares the acceleration due to gravity by using position versus time graphs and the kinematic equation. The students are then asked to compare the acceleration they found to the one of a Porsche car which they seem surprised when they learn about it. This experiment may contribute significantly to the understanding of the concept of acceleration and the appreciation for the force of gravity.

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Epifani, Ilenia, Chiara Ghiringhelli, and Rosella Nicolini. "Population distribution over time: modelling local spatial dependence with a CAR process." Spatial Economic Analysis 15, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 120–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2020.1708442.

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Cullinane, Sharon, and Kevin Cullinane. "Car dependence in a public transport dominated city: evidence from Hong Kong." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 8, no. 2 (March 2003): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1361-9209(02)00037-8.

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Holding, David M. "The Sanfte Mobilitaet project: achieving reduced car-dependence in European resort areas." Tourism Management 22, no. 4 (August 2001): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00071-6.

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Shergold, Ian, Graham Parkhurst, and Charles Musselwhite. "Rural car dependence: an emerging barrier to community activity for older people." Transportation Planning and Technology 35, no. 1 (February 2012): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2012.635417.

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Mäkinen, Kirsi, Paula Kivimaa, and Ville Helminen. "Path creation for urban mobility transitions." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2014-0115.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine spatiality of transitions by combining aspects of urban form to policy analysis. It aims to increase understanding of how urban form relates to potential effects of transport policies on urban mobility transitions. Design/methodology/approach – Novel analytical framework combines concepts of path dependence, path creation and path destabilisation to three urban fabrics (walking, transit and car cities), to study the transition potential of recent transport policy measures influencing the Helsinki region in Finland. Findings – Analysis showed that the potential effects of single policy measures often reach over all three urban fabrics. A policy measure may simultaneously contain elements of both path dependence, i.e. support for fossil-fuel based private motoring in the car city and path creation, i.e. stimulation of innovations in transit or walking cities. Policy outcomes are often conditional on implementation of other policy measures. For transition governance, this indicates that policy mixes should both destabilise car cities and enforce path creation in walking and transit cities. Research limitations/implications – Findings are based on potential rather than evaluated impacts and a limited sample of policies. Practical implications – Findings support previous research on the importance of policy coherence: multiple policies and coherence across domains are important. They demonstrate the usefulness of analysing recent or planned policies from the transition perspective. Originality/value – The paper provides novel insights by combining policy analysis to the spatial model of overlapping urban fabrics. In addition, it applies the concepts of path dependence, path creation and path destabilisation in a new way.

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Carnahan, Robert H., and Kathleen L. Gould. "The PCH family protein, Cdc15p, recruits two F-actin nucleation pathways to coordinate cytokinetic actin ring formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Journal of Cell Biology 162, no. 5 (August 25, 2003): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200305012.

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Cytokinetic actin ring (CAR) formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe requires two independent actin nucleation pathways, one dependent on the Arp2/3 complex and another involving the formin Cdc12p. Here we investigate the role of the S. pombe Cdc15 homology family protein, Cdc15p, in CAR assembly and find that it interacts with proteins from both of these nucleation pathways. Cdc15p binds directly to the Arp2/3 complex activator Myo1p, which likely explains why actin patches and the Arp2/3 complex fail to be medially recruited during mitosis in cdc15 mutants. Cdc15p also binds directly to Cdc12p. Cdc15p and Cdc12p not only display mutual dependence for CAR localization, but also exist together in a ring-nucleating structure before CAR formation. The disruption of these interactions in cdc15 null cells is likely to be the reason for their complete lack of CARs. We propose a model in which Cdc15p plays a critical role in recruiting and coordinating the pathways essential for the assembly of medially located F-actin filaments and construction of the CAR.

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Liubarskyi, Borys, Valeriy Kuznetsov, Ewa Kardas-Cinal, Natalia Lukashova, Oleksandr Petrenko, Oleh Nikonov, and Dmytro Nikonov. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of using an electromechanical shock absorber in a subway car." Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 24, no. 4 (September 5, 2022): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2022.4.1.

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The paper evaluates the effectiveness of the electromechanical shock absorber for a subway car based on dynamic quality indicators. To determine them, a method of synthesis of random forced vertical oscillations of a dynamic model of a subway car was developed, which is based on the method of sliding summation taking into account the spectral density obtained when processing the test results of a subway car. Also in the work the technique on definition of indicators of dynamic quality of the metrocar with electromechanical shockabsorbers which is based on modeling of processes of movement of the subway car on a site of a way with casual roughness and definition, by results of modeling, indicators of dynamic quality is created. The study of forced random oscillations of the dynamic model of a subway car showed that the spring suspension based on electromechanical shock absorbers has a significant advantage over the central spring suspension for all quality indicators in the entire range of speeds. The dependence of the average power generated by the shock absorber is established.

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Asaoka, Katsuyuki, Mitsuhiro Tada, Yutaka Sawamura, Jun Ikeda, and Hiroshi Abe. "Dependence of efficient adenoviral gene delivery in malignant glioma cells on the expression levels of the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor." Journal of Neurosurgery 92, no. 6 (June 2000): 1002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.6.1002.

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Object. Recombinant adenovirus is used as a competent vector in a wide spectrum of cancer gene therapies because of its high efficiency in gene delivery. To study the feasibility of gene therapy in malignant gliomas, the authors examined the antiproliferative effect of the adenovirally transduced wild-type p53 tumor suppressor gene by using 15 different high-grade glioma cell lines.Methods. Although growth suppression in association with a high adenoviral p53 transduction efficiency was seen in five of 15 cell lines, it was not observed in the remaining 10 cell lines. To clarify the underlying mechanism, we examined the expression levels of the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), which is the primary receptor for adenovirus, and of the integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5, which promote adenoviral internalization. The expression level of the CAR gene showed a close correlation to adenoviral gene transduction efficiency in the tested cell lines, whereas the expression levels of the integrins did not. The CAR expression was decreased by wild-type p53 transduction in U251MG cells harboring mutant p53 and increased by antisense inhibition of p53 in LN443 cells with endogenous wild-type p53.Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that CAR expression is a critical determinant of transduction efficiencies in adenovirus-based gene therapy for human malignant gliomas.

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Patidar, Lalit, and Sri Ramya Bhamidipati. "Parametric Study of Drag Force on a Formula Student Electric Race Car Using CFD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.300.

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Aerodynamic drag plays an important role in fuel economy of the vehicle especially for electric cars directly affecting the range. The objective of Aerodynamics subsystem of IIT Bombay racing team is to predict and minimize drag force on the Formula student electric race car thereby improving the performance. A standard generic car body known as Ahmed body is taken to set up simulation parameters in FLUENT by validating a test case against the experimental data available in literature. Variation and dependence of drag force on parameters such as frontal area, distribution of pressure coefficient and pressure loss in wake region is studied numerically. Comparison is made between Formula Student 2013 car Evo2 and newly designed car Evo3 for coming season of Formula Student 2014. A substantial reduction in drag force of 18.8% is achieved which can be attributed to lower frontal area and streamlined bodyworks design. Energy consumption of the vehicle for endurance race is reduced by 11.5 % improving the fuel economy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Car dependence'

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