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Sorrentino, Eugenia Polizzi Di. "Conflict management in capuchin monkeys." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521732.
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Fernandez, Danny. "Affective Responses to Inequity in Capuchin Monkeys." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_hontheses/12.
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Many studies have documented adverse affects to inequitable situations in non-human primates. The behaviors that have predominantly been examined include food taking, collecting, giving, and refusals between the primate subjects and the experimenters. However, no studies had looked at the affective responses to inequity in primates. In a recent study, four-year old children who were rewarded inequitably accepted the reward, however they showed affective signs of dissatisfaction. For this study, we looked for affective displays in capuchins during inequitable exchange tasks. We predicted that the capuchins that were experiencing inequity would show more signs of agitation and aggression than those in equitable situations. We saw no increase in agitation or aggression when subjects were treated inequitably. There was higher aggression towards partners who received the lower reward in inequitable situations and less agitation seen by partners during frustration controls. Future studies may find our hypothesized results using different methodologies.
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Fredman, Tamar. "Social learning in mother-reared and "enculturated" capuchin monkeys." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/681.
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Tao, Ruoting. "Understanding object-directed intentionality in Capuchin monkeys and humans." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9304.
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Understanding intentionality, i.e. coding the object directedness of agents towards objects, is a fundamental component of Theory of Mind abilities. Yet it is unclear how it is perceived and coded in different species. In this thesis, we present a series of comparative studies to explore human adults' and Capuchin monkeys' ability to infer intentional objects from actions. First we studied whether capuchin monkeys and adult humans infer a potential object from observing an object-directed action. With no direct information about the goal-object, neither species inferred the object from the action. However, when the object was revealed, the monkeys retrospectively encoded the directedness of the object-directed action; unexpectedly, in an adapted version of the task adult humans did not show a similar ability. We then adapted another paradigm, originally designed by Kovács et al (2010), to examine whether the two species implicitly register the intentional relation between an agent and an object. We manipulated an animated agent and the participants' belief about a ball's presence behind a hiding screen. We found no evidence showing that humans or monkeys coded object-directedness or belief. More importantly, we failed to replicate the original results from Kovács et al's study, and through a series of follow up studies, we questioned their conclusions regarding implicit ToM understanding. We suggested that, instead of implicit ToM, results like Kovacs et al's might be interpreted as driven by “sub-mentalizing” processes, as suggested by Heyes (2014). We conclude that so called ‘implicit ToM' may be based upon the computation of intentional relations between perceived agents and objects. But, these computations might present limitations, and some results attributed to implicit ToM may in fact reflect “sub-mentalizing” processes.
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Tiddi, Barbara. "Behavioural Interchanges among Wild Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus)." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515409.
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Babitz, Mindy Ann. "The effects of experience on tool use by Capuchin monkeys." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15101.
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This thesis investigated effects of manipulative experience on tool-using ability of tufted capuchins. Two groups of capuchins were tested on variations of a tool-using task, involving use of an object as a tool to dislodge a reward from a tube. The tasks were modelled after those developed by Visalberghi and Limongelli (1994) and Visalberghi and Trinca (1989). One group of monkeys was provided the opportunity to manipulate task materials without reward; the other group was not. Experiment 1 required subjects to push a rod through the tube. Experience with task materials improved capuchins' efficiency, evidenced by faster completion of trials. In Experiment 2, short pipes could be combined to create a tool of sufficient length. Due to procedural problems, results were inconclusive. Experiment 3 required subjects to manufacture the appropriate tool. Experience with task materials improved capuchins' performance, evidenced by faster completion of trials, less frequent performance of inefficient behaviours, and decrease in errors across trials. When capuchins' performance was compared with enculturated chimpanzees tested previously on the task (Visalberghi, Fragaszy, and Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995), experienced capuchins performed as efficiently after 15 trials as had chimpanzees originally. In Experiment 4, subjects had to dislodge the reward from a tube containing a trap. Because successful levels of performance were not reached, results were inconclusive. In Experiments 5 and 6, appreciation of object affordances was examined. The capuchins demonstrated an ability to distinguish between functional characteristics of objects. These results suggest previous claims regarding limitations of capuchin tool-use may have underestimated their abilities. Further, because object experience enhances tool-using ability, previous comparisons of capuchins with enculturated chimpanzees seem to have misrepresented the magnitude of difference in their abilities. However, future research comparing species with the same experiential backgrounds is necessary to elaborate on differences in cognitive processes underlying capuchin and chimpanzee tool-using behaviour.
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Feng, Xuan. "Evaluation of Capuchin Application Programming Interface : Implementing a Mobile TV Client." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91497.
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The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Capuchin API launched by Sony Ericsson at Lund, Sweden in 2008. The Capuchin API bridges Adobe’s Flash graphics and effects with JSR support from Java ME. We evaluated Capuchin API with regard to its suitability for a Mobile TV application. We tested this API in Ericsson’s TV lab where we had access to live TV streams and online multimedia resources by implementing a Mobile TV client. This test application was named “Min TV”, in English: “My TV”. Using Capuchin in the Ericsson TV lab environment has shown that it has some benefits, but also has many drawbacks. The Flash developer can be used to create an animated user interface and Java developers can do complex programming. At this early stage Capuchin technology is not mature enough, nor is it suitable for Mobile TV client development. Only after Sony Ericsson adds features such as soft keys, easier debugging of Flash Lite standalone applications, test emulator support in the software development kit, and more data communication methods than string and number, only then it will be a suitable technology for Mobile TV applications. Ericsson’s current Mobile TV application client was built using a framework called ECAF, which supports a graphics frontend and Java ME as backend. We compared ECAF and Min TV with respect to parameters such as: flexibility, performance, memory footprint, code size, and cost of skinning. (All these parameters are explained in detail in the methodology chapter.) As a possible future technology for Mobile TV, we evaluated a number of different presentation/graphics technologies including HECL, SVG Tiny, MIDP 3.0, .NET Compact Framework, etc. Moreover, we examed if a pure Flash Lite client application is a viable solution for Mobile TV. The comparison of different presentation technologies showed that Java ME is a comprehensive platform for mobile development offering all the necessary support from third party graphical user interface makers. .NET CF also looks like a good option for development with the scaled down capabilities for different programming languages supported using CLR.Syftet med denna forskning var att utvärdera Capuchin API lanserades av Sony Ericsson i Lund, Sverige 2008. Den Capuchin API broar Adobe Flash grafik och effekter med JSR stöd från Java ME. Vi utvärderade Capuchin API med avseende på dess lämplighet för ett mobil-tv ansökan. Vi testade detta API i Ericssons TV lab där vi hade tillgång till TV-strömmar och online multimediaresurser genom en mobil-TV-klient. Detta test ansökan hette "Min TV", på engelska: "My TV". Använda Capuchin i Ericsson TV lab miljö har visat att det har vissa fördelar, men också många nackdelar. Flash-utvecklare kan användas för att skapa en animerad användargränssnitt och Java utvecklare kan göra komplexa programmering. På detta tidiga stadium Capuchin tekniken inte mogen, det är inte heller lämpliga för mobil-TV-klient utveckling. Först efter Sony Ericsson lägger till detaljer såsom mjuka nycklar, enklare felsökning av Flash Lite fristående program, testa emulator stöd i Software Development Kit, och mer data kommunikationsmetoder än string och antal, först då kommer det att vara en lämplig teknik för mobil-TV-program . Ericssons nuvarande mobil-tv ansökan klient byggdes med hjälp av en ram som kallas ECAF, som stöder en grafiska gränssnittet och Java ME som backend. Vi jämförde ECAF och min TV med avseende på parametrar såsom flexibilitet, prestanda, minne fotavtryck kod storlek och kostnaden för avhudning. (Alla dessa parametrar förklaras i detalj i den metod kapitel.) Som en möjlig framtida teknik för mobil-TV Vi utvärderade ett antal olika presentation / grafik teknik inklusive HECL, SVG Tiny, MIDP 3.0,. NET Compact Framework, etc. Dessutom har vi examed om en ren Flash Lite klientprogrammet är en hållbar lösning för mobil-TV. Jämförelsen mellan olika presentation teknik visade att Java ME är en övergripande plattform för mobila utvecklingen erbjuder allt nödvändigt stöd från tredje part grafiskt användargränssnitt beslutsfattare. . NET CF också ser ut som ett bra alternativ för utvecklingen med ned kapacitet för olika programspråk som stöds med hjälp av CLR.
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Dindo, Marietta. "Social learning and behaviour transmission in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/840.
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Janson, Charles Helmar. "Ecological and social consequences of food competition in brown capuchin monkeys /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5173.
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Bezanson, Michelle. "Ontogenetic Patterns of Positional Behavior in Cebus Capucinus and Alouatta Palliata." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194475.
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Positional behavior is the measurable and observable link between the biology and behavior of an animal in its environment. In this dissertation, I examine ontogenetic patterns of positional behavior in infant, juvenile, and adult white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the same tropical forest in Costa Rica. During growth and development ontogenetic changes in body size, limb proportions, and motor skills are likely to influence locomotion and posture through the arboreal canopy. I collected data on positional behavior, activity, prehensile-tail use, branch size, branch angle, and crown location during a 12 month period at Estación Biológica La Suerte in northeastern Costa Rica. The data set is comprised of 401.3 hours of data on Cebus capucinus and 554.3 hours of data on Alouatta palliata totaling 955.7 hours of data or 57,344 individual activity records.Life history timing and differences in rates of growth did not predictably influence the development of adult-like positional behaviors in Cebus and Alouatta. In both species, infancy was characterized by high proportions of dorsal, ventral, and side riding on the mother with smaller proportions of independent positional modes observed during play, explore, active posture, and feed/forage. Young Cebus resembled the adult pattern of positional behavior by six months of age while howlers exhibited significant differences in several positional behavior categories through 24 months of age. The positional repertoire of both species revealed similarities in the types of modes used during feed/forage and travel in juveniles and adults. For example, in juvenile and adult age categories of Cebus, feeding and foraging included high proportions of quadrupedal walk, sit, and squat in conjunction with climbing, leaping, and suspensory behaviors. In howlers, the degree to which coordination and increases in body mass during ontogeny as limiting factors in the development of adult-like positional competence is unclear. Data presented here suggest that the environment exerts different pressures on growing Cebus and Alouatta that may relate to diet, energy expenditure, foraging skill, and/or social learning.
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Moura, Antonio Christian de Andrade. "The capuchin monkey and the Caatinga dry forest : a hard life in a harsh habitat." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251951.
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This thesis explores the seemingly simple problem of how a rainforest-dwelling primate, Cebus apella libidinosus, manages to survive in the Caatinga dry forest of north-eastern Brazil, a harsh habitat that poses a series of extreme ecological challenges for survival. Albeit a simple question, it unfolds into more complex questions regarding how ecological pressures might drive brain evolution and intelligence in primates. Although there is no "best" hypothesis to explain the evolutionary brain enlargement in higher primates, fine-grained analyses of ecology, such as those presented here provide insights into how different species deal with ecological problems that might require cognitive solutions. Capuchin monkeys are an ideal model for this inquiry. They occupy diverse habitats, and they have proven to be a cognitive puzzle. They are the only monkey to approach great apes in their ability to use tools, but apparently lack the prerequisite mental capability to understand cause and effect. The Caatinga dry forest poses a series of ecological challenges for mammals in general and primates in particular, and these are detailed in this thesis. This is the first general study of mammalian abundance and distribution in Caatinga habitats, with special reference to Cebus. I present several innovative methods for assessing plant and invertebrate biodiversity, as regards foods for the Cebus. The study population of capuchin monkeys faced more frequent and longer periods of food scarcity than does any other known capuchin population. However, the Cebus in the Caatinga circumvent the ecological constraints of low plant food availability through their proficient foraging style (destructive foraging) and through their cognitive abilities, reflected in this population's extensive and intelligent use of technology. I suggest that Old World monkeys and capuchin monkeys have undergone differential selective pressures, with 'Machiavellian intelligence' being a more prominent aspect in the brain evolution of baboons and macaques, while extractive foraging was a more important selective pressure for capuchin monkeys. The evolutionary brain enlargement observed in hominids is suggested to be a legacy of extractive foraging and that capuchin monkeys are excellent models for understanding the factors leading to brain enlargement. This thesis is concluded as an endeavour into understanding the selective forces and concatenation of events that culminated with the evolutionary brain enlargement seen in the hominins.
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Dutton, Paul. "Does forage enrichment promote increased activity in captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)?" Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/779.
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In their native habitat of Central and South America, capuchin monkeys (Cebus) spend 45% to 55% of their day foraging and a further 20% travelling. Once these monkeys are introduced into captive environments their diets are selective, seasonal and presented to them by their keepers. The captive environment often leads to various behavioural abnormalities and compensatory behaviours or stereotypies. To address this issue, environmental enrichment can be employed to reduce, cure or prevent such an occurrence. Enrichment can reduce stress, while increasing animal well-being and health in captivity. Despite previous work a better understanding of enrichment, for most neo-tropical primate species, is necessary, in order to improve their captive lifestyles. Feeding of captive primates is more complex than providing a balanced nutritional diet as it must also meet their ethological needs. The manipulation of the presentation of the diet has been shown to significantly decrease the incidence of resting, while significantly increasing the incidence of playing, grooming, foraging and manual manipulation of dietary items. Eleven capuchin monkeys were presented with four different feeding treatments (i.e. cut food presented in bowls, cut food presented around the enclosure, uncut food presented around the enclosure and novel feeding devices presented around the enclosure) from December 2007 until May 2008. At the start of every month one of three feeding treatments was introduced with the cut food in bowls feeding treatment interleaved between the treatments. The different feeding treatments required the monkeys to search for their food, break-up their food into manageable sizes, and obtain food in touch-, tool- and manipulative-dependent methods in order to allow the monkeys an opportunity to display increased activity more in line with their wild conspecifics. The capuchins displayed a period of intense foraging directly following feeding. This period significantly increased (from 44 to 121 min.), along with foraging events and the proportion of time spent foraging, which was more in line with their wild conspecifics. In addition, the frequency of occurrence and the proportion of time spent on locomotion and resting was shown to decrease. Also, abnormal behaviours ceased to occur during the study. Environmental enrichment is a useful tool for providing stimulation, redistributing activity levels more in line with wild conspecifics and to combat abnormal and compensatory behaviours.
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Ceballos, Mago Natalia. "The Margarita capuchin Cebus apella margaritae : a critically endangered monkey in a fragmented habitat on Isla de Margarita, Venezuela." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608926.
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Carvalho, Maria Goretti Cavalcante de. "A missão do Maranhão (1894-1922): acontecimento, particularidades e enredamento nos arquivos capuchinhos." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7025.
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UEMA – Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
A tese refere-se ao acontecimento da Missão do Maranhão (1894-1922), sua particularidade e um enredamento, no qual há o apostolado de missionários capuchinhos lombardos que empreenderam duas frentes de missão: indígena e popular, no território maranhense, com relevância à ingerência particular de um missionário sobre tal inauguração. A pesquisa desenhou-se pela construção deste acontecimento, nos documentos produzidos pela Ordem dos Frades Menores Capuchinhos – OFMCap, com destaque no contexto das missões capuchinhas no Norte brasileiro. Na particularidade da referida Missão, além dos fundamentos, há o compromisso assumido pela OFMCap, em atender a uma convocação feita pela Santa Sé, que, por sua vez, deveria atender ao convite do Governo brasileiro, para o envio de missionários que desenvolvessem a catequese indígena no Amazonas logo que inaugurada a República. No enredamento da Missão, há o interesse da Província capuchinha de Milão em assumir uma missão no Norte do Brasil, no sentido de reativar os seus conventos; há mediações diplomáticas frustradas nas relações entre a Ordem dos Frades Menores Capuchinhos (Itália), a Província capuchinha de Milão e a Prefeitura Apostólica de Pernambuco, em virtude do desencontro de suas aspirações missionárias para uma missão indígena; e há mobilização particular de Fr. Carlos de San Martino Olearo, por autonomia e liberdade de ação dos missionários, cuja repercussão alterou os destinos dessa empresa. Discursos foram analisados: os produzidos pela Igreja Católica Romana; pela OFMCap; pela Província capuchinha de Milão; pelos missionários capuchinhos; e pelo Estado brasileiro, nas condições de produção de fontes primárias inéditas, encontradas nos arquivos capuchinhos: do Convento de Nossa Senhora do Carmo, em São Luís - MA; da Casa Geral das Irmãs Missionárias Capuchinhas, em Fortaleza - CE; dos Capuchinhos Lombardos, em Milão; e do Geral da Ordem dos Frades Menores, em Roma. Busca-se dizer que, embora a historiografia existente ressalte apenas um desastre ocorrido na Missão, em 1901, denominado Massacre de Alto Alegre, há muitas possibilidades de convocação de outros sentidos nestas fontes primárias acerca desta empresa missionária e os seus desdobramentos. Desta forma, a pesquisa buscou entender os mecanismos de mobilização dos capuchinhos no sentido de desempenharem suas ações missionárias nesta perspectiva autônoma e livre no território maranhense; no enfrentamento das dificuldades encontradas e geradas; e na implantação da OFMCap no Sertão maranhense, através da criação da Prelazia de Grajaú - MA. Além disso, buscou-se igualmente pensar a Missão do Maranhão com outras referências como acontecimento sob um novo olhar, e por assim dizer, uma novidade que emergiu da particularidade e do enredamento.
This thesis refers to the event of the Mission of Maranhão (1894-1922), its particularity and entanglement. The mission was undertaking by the Apostolate of the Lombardy capuchin missionaries. The missionaries endeavoured two mission fronts in the Maranhão territory: indigenous and popular. This work presents the relevance of a particular interference of a missionary about such mission. The research was based on the construction of this event using documents produced by The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin – OFMCap, highlighting the context of the Capuchin Missions in the North of Brazil. In the particularity of this mission, besides foundations, there was an OFMCap commitment to attend a Holy See convocation as long as the Holy See was attending to a Brazilian Government invitation of sending missionaries to develop indigenous catechesis in the Amazonas state, as soon as the Republic was inaugurated. In the entanglement of the Mission there was an interest of the Capuchin Province of Milan to undertake a mission in the North of Brazil, on purpose to reactivate their convents; because of the lack of preparation of the Italian missionaries for an indigenous mission, there were frustrated diplomatic mediations in the relations among the Capuchin Order of Friars Minor (Italy), the Capuchin Province of Milan and the Apostolic Prefecture of Pernambuco; and there was private mobilization of Fr. Carlos de San Martino Olearo for missionaries’s autonomy and freedom of action. The repercussion of his mobilization changed the destiny of this missionary company. Discourses that were analyzed: those produced by the Roman Catholic Church; by OFMCap; by the Capuchin Province of Milan; by the Capuchin missionaries; and by the Brazilian State. The discourses analyzed were unpublished primary sources, found in the Capuchin archives: the Convent of Our Lady of Carmo, in São Luís - MA; of the General House of the Capuchin Missionary Sisters, in Fortaleza - CE; of the Lombardy Capuchins, in Milan; and the General of the Order of Friars Minor, in Rome. This thesis shows that, although the existing historiography only highlights the Massacre of Alto Alegre that occurred in the Mission in 1901, there are many other possibilities in these primary sources for what occurred in this missionary enterprise and its deployment. In this way, the research aimed to understand the mobilization mechanisms of the Capuchins for: carrying out their missionary actions in this autonomous and free perspective, in the Maranhão territory; facing the difficulties encountered and generated; and the implantation of OFMCap in the hinterlands of the Maranhão state by the creation of the Prelacy of Grajaú - MA. It was also aimed to think about the Mission of Maranhão with other references, as an event, under a new look, a novelty that emerged from the particularity and the entanglem ent.
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Parrish, Audrey E. "The Investigation of Prosocial Behavior in a Tool Task by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella)." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/86.
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Humans are exceptional in their willingness to and frequency with which they help one another. However, nonhuman primates also exhibit prosocial behavior. Recently, a number of laboratory studies examining prosociality among primates have yielded conflicting results. These contradictory findings may be due to a reliance on human interaction, tokens, or interactions in the direct context of food, a highly valued resource for animals. The current study examined prosocial behavior among capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in a tool task designed to address these issues by examining whether capuchins would transfer a necessary tool to a partner in different payoff conditions. Some capuchins’ behavior indicated that they understood the task, passing the tool when a partner and food were present. Notably, tool transfer in both tasks was overwhelmingly active rather than passive, which is unusual in the context of food; indicating active prosocial behavior is present amongst primates other than cooperative breeders.
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Canale, Gustavo Rodrigues. "Ecology and conservation of the yellow-breasted capuchin monkey in the northern Atlantic forest." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609081.
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Palumbo, Milena. "A comparative analysis of global-local processing in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus Apella) and humans." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42816.
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Humans display a global advantage when presented with hierarchical visual patterns. Conversely, capuchin monkeys show a strong local advantage. In the present work, three studies have been carried out using a Matching-to-Sample procedure in order to clarify the conditions under which global or local advantage occurs in capuchin monkeys and humans. The first study was addressed to understand the role played by stimulus redundancy on global-local processing. This study proved that both species can benefit from stimulus redundancy in processing hierarchical stimuli. Furthermore, it revealed that capuchins’ local advantage persists when the grouping requirements occur also at local level. The second study was addressed to understand whether or not inducing an attention bias towards either level of stimulus structure can affect global-local processing. Attentional bias was manipulated using tasks where the proportion of trials requiring global or local processing varied between conditions. Monkeys displayed a local advantage in the local-bias condition but a global advantage in the global-bias condition. Humans exhibited an effect of attentional bias on the processing speed of global-local trials across conditions. The third study was addressed to understand the effect of spatial frequencies processing on global-local processing. The first experiment was addressed to clarify which spatial frequencies could be adopted. The second experiment was designed to assess whether attention allocation to different spatial frequencies (high or low) can affect global-local processing. Both species displayed an effect of spatial frequencies processing on global-local processing. However, this effect was confined to local trials only and occurred under different conditions in the two species. Overall, the results of the present work indicate that attention plays a particularly important role in capuchin monkeys’ visual cognition and are discussed in relation to the extent to which they can explain the observed differences between monkeys and humans in their global-local processing.
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Silva, Carolina Pereira Cad?rio da. "Behavioural profiles of captive capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.): analyses at group and individual levels." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20799.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
O uso de indicadores comportamentais de sofrimento e bem-estar de animais em cativeiro tem produzido resultados amb?guos. Em compara??es entre grupos, aqueles em piores condi??es tendem a apresentar um aumento generalizado em todas as taxas de Comportamentos Potencialmente Indicativos de Estresse (BPIS), mas em compara??es dentro de grupos, os indiv?duos diferem nas suas estrat?gias de enfrentamento ao estresse. Esta disserta??o apresenta an?lises para revelar o perfil comportamental de uma amostral de 26 macacos prego em cativeiro, de tr?s esp?cies diferentes (Sapajus libidinosus, S. flavius e S. xanthosternos), mantidos em diferentes tipos de recinto. No total foram coletadas 147,17 horas de registros comportamentais. Explor?mos quatro tipos de an?lises: Or?amento de Atividades, ?ndices de Diversidade, cadeia de Markov e an?lise de Sequ?ncia, e An?lise de Rede Social, resultando em nove ?ndices de ocorr?ncia e de organiza??o comportamental. No cap?tulo Um exploramos diferen?as entre grupos. Os resultados apoiam as predi??es de que existem diferen?as m?nimas entre sexo e esp?cie e s?o observadas diferen?as maiores no perfil comportamental devido ao tipo de recinto: i. indiv?duos em recintos com menos enriquecimento ambiental apresentaram um repert?rio de BPIS mais diverso e uma menor probabilidade de sequ?ncias de seis passos de Comportamentos Normativos de G?nero (GNB); ii. o n?mero de transi??es comportamentais que inclu?am pelo menos um BPIS foi superior em recintos menos enriquecidos; iii. ?ndices de proemin?ncia de BPIS indicam que estes funcionam como pontos fim de sequ?ncias comportamentais, e que a proemin?ncia de tr?s BPIS (locomo??o aberrante, auto-direccionadas e activas I) foram maiores em recintos menores. No geral, estes dados n?o corroboram a ideia de que os BPIS t?m um padr?o repetitivo, com um efeito relaxante, tipo ?mantra?. Pelo contr?rio, a imagem que surge ? de que os BPIS s?o atividades que interrompem a organiza??o dos comportamentos, introduzindo ?ruido? que compromete o or?amento de atividades ?timo. No cap?tulo Dois exploramos diferen?as individuais em seis eixos de comportamento explorat?rio. Estes mostraram-se pouco correlacionados, o que indicam baixa correla??o entre indicadores comportamentais de s?ndromes. No entanto, os resultados sugerem duas estrat?gias de enfrentamento ao estresse abrangentes, semelhantes ao padr?o audaz/proactivo e t?mido/reativo: macacos prego mais explorat?rios apresentaram maior proemin?ncia em locomo??o aberrante, exibi??o sexual aberrante e ativas I, enquanto que animais menos ativos apresentaram uma maior probabilidade de sequencias com pelo menos um BPIS, e maior proemin?ncia em estereotipia-pr?pria. Macacos prego s?o conhecidos pelas suas capacidades cognitivas e flexibilidade comportamental, portanto, a procura de um conjunto de indicadores comportamentais de bem-estar consistente requer mais estudos e conjuntos de dados mais amplos. Com este trabalho, pretendemos contribuir para a cria??o de protocolos, com embasamento cient?fico e estatisticamente corretos, para amostragem de dados comportamentais que permitam a comparabilidade de resultados e meta-an?lises, de qualquer que seja a interpreta??o te?rica que possa receber.
The use of behavioural indicators of suffering and welfare in captive animals has produced ambiguous results. In comparisons between groups, those in worse condition tend to exhibit increased overall rate of Behaviours Potentially Indicative of Stress (BPIS), but when comparing within groups, individuals differ in their stress coping strategies. This dissertation presents analyses to unravel the Behavioural Profile of a sample of 26 captive capuchin monkeys, of three different species (Sapajus libidinosus, S. flavius and S. xanthosternos), kept in different enclosure types. In total, 147,17 hours of data were collected. We explored four type of analysis: Activity Budgets, Diversity indexes, Markov chains and Sequence analyses, and Social Network Analyses, resulting in nine indexes of behavioural occurrence and organization. In chapter One we explore group differences. Results support predictions of minor sex and species differences and major differences in behavioural profile due to enclosure type: i. individuals in less enriched enclosures exhibited a more diverse BPIS repertoire and a decreased probability of a sequence with six Genus Normative Behaviour; ii. number of most probable behavioural transitions including at least one BPIS was higher in less enriched enclosures; iii. proeminence indexes indicate that BPIS function as dead ends of behavioural sequences, and proeminence of three BPIS (pacing, self-direct, active I) were higher in less enriched enclosures. Overall, these data are not supportive of BPIS as a repetitive pattern, with a mantra-like calming effect. Rather, the picture that emerges is more supportive of BPIS as activities that disrupt organization of behaviours, introducing ?noise? that compromises optimal activity budget. In chapter Two we explored individual differences in stress coping strategies. We classified individuals along six axes of exploratory behaviour. These were only weakly correlated indicating low correlation among behavioural indicators of syndromes. Nevertheless, the results are suggestive of two broad stress coping strategies, similar to the bold/proactive and shy/reactive pattern: more exploratory capuchin monkeys exhibited increased values of proeminence in Pacing, aberrant sexual display and Active 1 BPIS, while less active animals exhibited increased probability in significant sequences involving at least one BPIS, and increased prominence in own stereotypy. Capuchin monkeys are known for their cognitive capacities and behavioural flexibility, therefore, the search for a consistent set of behavioural indictors of welfare and individual differences requires further studies and larger data sets. With this work we aim contributing to design scientifically grounded and statistically correct protocols for collection of behavioural data that permits comparability of results and meta-analyses, from whatever theoretical perspective interpretation it may receive.
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Morton, F. Blake. "Individual differences in learning, personality, and social success in brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21886.
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This thesis examines the relationship between individual differences in learning, personality, and social success in two groups of brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) housed at the “Living Links Centre for Human Evolution” at Edinburgh Zoo, UK. Being able to learn quickly and efficiently likely helps primates achieve social success (defined here in terms of centrality within a social network), such as acquiring knowledge of others or learning social skills. Therefore, individuals that are better at learning were predicted to have greater social success than other group members. This prediction, however, contrasts with hypotheses generated from two other disciplines at the individual level: 1) the study of behavioural innovation, and 2) the study of individual differences, i.e. “personality”. In terms of behavioural innovation, better learners should have less social success than other group members because they are expected to rely more on problem-solving, rather than physical combativeness or status, to gain access to socioecological resources. In terms of personality, learning should have little or no direct relationship with social success because other individual differences, like sociability and fearfulness, should mediate primates’ social decision making. This thesis investigates each of these hypotheses. Personality was assessed in 127 capuchins from 7 international sites using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, and then validated at Living Links (LL) using behavioural codings; this was the first-ever description of personality structure in brown capuchins. Brown capuchins have five personality dimensions: Assertiveness, Openness, Sociability, Neuroticism, and Attentiveness. Ratings were consistent across observers, and predicted relevant behaviours among the LL capuchins over a year later (e.g. scores on Sociability predicted time spent in close proximity to others). “Social success” in the LL capuchins was assessed in terms of centrality in spatial proximity networks. Individual scores on social network centrality were significantly correlated with scores derived from a Principal Components Analysis of eight affiliative and agonistic behaviours among the LL capuchins, indicating that spatial proximity is a reliable measure of the quality of subjects’ social embeddedness within their groups. Social rank and two personality traits (Assertiveness and Sociability) were positively related to network centrality, while another personality trait (Neuroticism) was negatively related to centrality. Sociability was a significant predictor of network centrality even after controlling for social rank and the other personality traits, highlighting the importance of this personality trait in shaping the social success of capuchins beyond that of basic social rules (e.g. kinship, sex, and rank). Individual learning was assessed in the LL capuchins by administering two operant tasks to subjects under conditions of free choice participation. In Task 1, thirteen monkeys participated, and eight individuals met learning criteria (i.e. >80% trials correct over 3 consecutive sessions). In Task 2, fifteen monkeys participated, and five individuals met learning criteria; the monkeys that learned this second task were also among those individuals that learned Task 1. For monkeys that regularly participated in both tasks (i.e. >50% of sessions), their average performances (i.e. % trials correct) were significantly correlated with individual scores on Assertiveness, but not the other four personality traits, or individual differences in attention span during testing, the percent of sessions subjects participated during testing, the amount of scrounging events subjects directed towards others within their social group, or the percent of observation time subjects spent feeding within their main indoor/outdoor enclosures. In terms of social success, relatively better learners had lower social rank and network centrality compared to relatively poor learners. Also, compared to poorer learners, better learners were generally less likely to direct affiliative acts (e.g. grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support) to other group members. Controlling for Assertiveness (i.e. the only variable related to individual differences in subjects’ average learning performance), individual differences in learning performance were no longer significantly related to social rank, network centrality, or the amount of affiliative acts subjects initiated with others. Collectively, such findings contrast the hypothesis that better learners should (concurrently) be more socially successful than poorer learners, and instead are more reflective of hypotheses pertaining to behavioural innovation and/or the study of individual differences. Social rank and certain traits of personality (Assertiveness, Openness, Neuroticism, and Sociability) appear to interact with capuchins’ patterns of social interaction, and one personality trait (Assertiveness) may mediate how individual differences in learning are associated with differences in social success.
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LANDAU, VIRGINIA ILENE. "THE ADAPTATION OF NEW WORLD MONKEYS TO NEW ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATIONS: FOOD ACQUISITION AND FOOD PROCESSING BEHAVIORS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184076.
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Food cleaning behavior has been observed among laboratory squirrel monkeys. A Wilcoxon signed-ranks test showed that significantly more cleaning behavior occurred when hard monkey chow pellets and soft fruit were coated with edible debris. Monkeys removed fewer pieces of fruit from a food crock containing fruit coated with edible debris in a timed test. A principal component analysis of the food cleaning behaviors showed two underlying correlated factors. The first factor was the use of the body to clean food. The second factor was the use of the environment to clean food. Two groups of squirrel monkeys, one without previous learners and one with previous learners, were subjects in a fishing study. The presence of previous learners in the social group was not significant for monkeys fishing in water filled crocks. But there was a significant difference in the number of fishing attempts made by the No Previous Learners Group when fishing in wading pools. The Previous Learners group did not make significantly more fishing attempts fishing in wading pools than in crocks. A significant difference was observed in fishing attempts during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the wading pool experiment for both groups. All monkeys in the group fishing experiments ate fish when it could be obtained. Monkeys who did not learn to fish successfully learned alternative behaviors to obtain fish. The Previous Learners group in the wading pool experiment were subjects in a more difficult fishing test. Significantly fewer fishing attempts were made but the number of monkeys that caught fish was larger. Caged squirrel monkeys scored a lower percentage of fishing attempts than squirrel monkeys living in a social group. While Cebus monkeys caught fish, unlike squirrel monkeys, they did not attempt to eat them.
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Botting, Jennifer Lynette. "An investigation of biases in social learning and social attention in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) and captive tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12260.
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Researchers in the field of social learning have suggested that certain biases may exist in whom animals learn from, creating a non-random flow of social information. A number of potential biases have been proposed based upon theoretical models, including biases to copy more dominant individuals or individuals who receive the best payoff from their behaviour, but empirical evidence for these biases is lacking. This thesis presents the first examination of dominance-based bias in a wild population of primates and of a payoff-based bias in captive capuchins. In two field experiments, dominant and low-ranking females from each of three wild groups of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were trained to demonstrate contrasting behaviours to their group before observers were provided with a choice between the two modelled preferences. No evidence was found for a consistent bias to copy the behaviour of the dominant female in either experiment. Instead, in both experiments, a preference for one behaviour emerged, regardless of model rank. In the latter experiment, higher-ranking females were significantly more likely to match the dominant model's action than were low-ranking females. The low-ranking models were more likely than their high-ranking counterparts to switch behaviours, despite their trained behaviour continuing to be productive. An analyses of the observations revealed that observers were biased towards attending to kin, and observer age appeared to influence access to the dominant models, but no overall preference to attend to the dominant female was found. Together these findings indicate that kinship, sex, age and preferences for specific behaviours are more important factors than model rank in vervet monkey social learning. Finally, I examined whether captive tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella) utilized a payoff-based social learning bias in their foraging decisions. Subjects did not utilize public information when choosing between demonstrated resource-rich and resource-poor sites, suggesting that the social learning abilities of capuchins may not extend to determining the profitability of feeding sites, although limitations of the study are discussed.
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Rocha, K?tia Simone de Ara?jo N?brega. "Grating stimuli do bias our concepts on cortical gamma synchronization: a study in capuchin monkey V1." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM NEUROCI?NCIAS, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24605.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Cortical gamma oscillations (30 - 90 Hz) have been implicated in various cognitive processes, such as perceptual binding and attention. So far, most evidence in support of this hypothesis is based on studies that used artificial and simplified stimuli, such as moving gratings and bars. Recently, experimental work using natural images led to conflicting conclusions. In a paradigm that required human subjects to maintain fixation, electrocorticogram signals (ECoG) showed gamma for grating stimuli but not for static images or pink noise (Hermes et al., 2015). On the contrary, analysis of ECoG in the early visual cortex of macaque monkeys revealed strong gamma components for free viewing of natural scenes (Brunet et al., 2015). Here, we aim to clarify these discrepancies using a paradigm that allowed direct comparisons between fixation vs. free viewing conditions, for both simplified stimuli (moving and static gratings) and natural scenes (static and moving images). Recordings of spiking activity and local field potentials (LFPs) were obtained from the central and the peripheral representations of V1. Our results show that in capuchins (N= 3 monkeys), as previously described in macaques and humans, gamma is characteristically strong when stimulus parameters, such as size, orientation, and speed are set at to optimal values. Comparisons between fixation vs. free viewing conditions and gratings vs. natural stimuli revealed that gamma is always high for optimal grating stimuli, regardless of viewing condition (N= 93 recording sites, 2 monkeys). However, gamma is surprisingly absent during free viewing of natural images and movies. Similar negative findings were also obtained when the monkeys were exposed to real-world scenes, such as objects and other animals in the laboratory. The present results suggest that strong, narrow-band, gamma responses in V1 are primarily associated with the selective activation of cell populations sharing similar response properties. Therefore, gamma may be seen as a resonance phenomenon of the underlying cortical connectivity. Overall, our results belittle the importance of gamma as a critical cortical mechanism for vision.
As oscila??es corticais gama (30 - 90 Hz) t?m sido implicadas em processos cognitivos como a liga??o perceptual e a aten??o. At? agora, a maioria das evid?ncias que servem de suporte para esta hip?tese ? baseada em e s t u d o s a p a r t i r do uso de e s t ? m u l o s s i m p l e s e artificiais, como grades e barras luminosas. Recentemente, no entanto, estudos experimentais utilizando imagens naturais levaram a conclus?es conflitantes. Em um paradigma em humanos que requeria fixa??o mantida, sinais eletrocorticogr?ficos (ECoG) mostraram gama para grades, mas n?o p a r a imagens e s t ? t i c a s ou r u ? d o r o s a (Hermes e t a l . , 2 0 1 5 ) . Contrariamente, a an?lise dos sinais ECoG no c?rtex visual de macacosreso revelou fortes componentes gama para a livre observa??o de cenas naturais (Brunet et al., 2015). Neste estudo, temos por objetivo esclarecer essas discrep?ncias utilizando-se de um paradigma que permitiu compara??es diretas entre uma condi??o de fixa??o vs. uma condi??o de observa??o livre, tanto para est?mulos simplificados (grades m?veis e e s t ? t i c a s ) q u a n t o p a r a c e n a s n a t u r a i s ( i m a g e n s e s t ? t i c a s e em movimento). Registros de potenciais de a??o e de potenciais de campo locais (LFPs) foram obtidos para a representa??o central e perif?rica de V1. Nossos resultados demonstram que em macacos-capuchinhos (N = 3), como descrito anteriormente para macacos-reso e humanos, a gama ? caracteristicamente forte, sempre que os par?metros do est?mulo, como tamanho, orienta??o e velocidade, s?o definidos para a ativa??o ?tima das c?lulas. Compara??es entre condi??es de fixa??o e de livre observa??o e grades vs. est?mulos naturais revelaram que a gama ? sempre forte para grades de orienta??o ?tima, independentemente da condi??o de visualiza??o (N = 93 s?tios de registro, 2 macacos). No entanto, a gama est? surpreendentemente ausente durante a livre visualiza??o de imagens e filmes naturais. Achados negativos semelhantes tamb?m foram obtidos quando os macacos foram expostos a cenas do mundo real, como objetos e outros animais no laborat?rio. Os presentes resultados sugerem que, no c?rtex visual prim?rio, a atividade gama ? principalmente associada ? ativa??o seletiva de popula??es neuronais que compartilham propriedades de resposta similares. Portanto, a gama pode ser vista como um fen?meno de resson?ncia da conectividade cortical subjacente. Em geral, nossos resultados minimizam a import?ncia da gama como um mecanismo cortical chave para a vis?o.
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Barbosa, Yazmid Adriana Carrillo. "Homeopatia em plantas de morango (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) e capuchinha (Tropaeolum majus L.)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4591.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-28The homeopathic system is applied in humans, animals, plants, soils and waters. Homeopathic science is based on four fundamental principles: similarity, experimentation, single substance and minimum dose. Homeopathy acts directly on the vitality of organisms, encouraging their self-regulation. The results in plants are positive for resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to inappropriate conditions, flowering, dormancy of seeds, production of healthy seedlings, as well as management of soil and water. The objective of this study was to evaluate seedling response and roots growth of of Fragaria x ananassa and Tropaeolum majus plants after application of high-dilutions (homeopathic preparations) in two growth systems. The first simulating hydroponic system and second in a greenhouse, conducting experiments at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG. The treatments were high-dilutions of Nutritive Solution, Pulsatilla and Arnica montana. The variables evaluated were electrical conductivity (E.C.) of the nutritive solution, and rooting. There was limited influence of high-dilutions in the E.C., and in interaction with the evaluation time. Pulsatilla homeopathic treatment had no effect on the electrical conductivity neither on rooting. Arnica montana homeopathic treatment caused patterns of imbalance (pathogenesis) in rooting of F. ananassa and stimulated roots growth in T. majus.
O sistema homeopático é aplicado aos seres humanos, aos animais, vegetais, solos e nas águas. A ciência homeopática está baseada em quatro princípios fundamentais: semelhança, experimentação em ser sadio, substancia única e dose mínima. A homeopatia atua diretamente na força vital dos organismos, promovendo a autoregulação. Os resultados em plantas são positivos, quanto a resistência a pragas e doenças, tolerância a condições impróprias, florescimento, quebra de dormência de sementes, produção de mudas sadias. São positivos também no manejo do solo e da água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o enraizamento e a resposta de mudas de plantas de Fragaria x ananassa e Tropaeolum majus após tratamento com ultradiluições (preparados homeopáticos), em dois sistemas de crescimento. O primeiro simulando sistema hidropônico e o segundo em casa de vegetação, em experimentos conduzidos em dependências da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG. Os tratamentos foram: ultra diluições de Solução Nutritiva, de Pulsatilla e de Arnica montana. As variáveis avaliadas foram: condutividade elétrica (C.E.) da solução nutritiva, e variáveis de enraizamento. Houve influencia limitada das ultradiluições na C.E, e em interação com o tempo de avaliação. O tratamento homeopático com Pulsatilla não mostrou efeito na condutividade elétrica nem nas variáveis de enraizamento. O tratamento homeopático de Arnica montana provocou sinais de patogenesia nas variáveis de enraizamento em F. ananassa e estimulou a produção de raízes em T. majus.
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O'Sullivan, Eóin P. "A comparative approach to social learning from the bottom up." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22956.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the cognitive processes of social learning from the bottom up. In the field of comparative psychology, an overemphasis on understanding complex cognitive processes in nonhuman animals (e.g. empathy, imitation), may be detrimental to the study of simpler mechanisms. In this thesis, I report five studies of simple cognitive processes related to social learning. A series of experiments with human children and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.), examined action imitation and identified a possible role for associative learning in the development of this ability. An analysis of observational data from captive capuchins explored a number of lesser-studied social learning phenomena, including behavioural synchrony, the neighbour effect, and group-size effects. The results of this study emphasise the importance of exploring behaviour at a number of levels to appreciate the dynamic nature of social influence. Two final experiments examined social contagion in capuchin monkeys, and highlight the importance of describing the relationship between behaviour and emotion to properly understand more complex social cognition. Together, these studies demonstrate how approaching human and nonhuman behaviour from the bottom up, as well as from the top down, can contribute to a better comparative science of social learning.
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Proctor, Darby. "Gambling and Decision-Making Among Primates: The Primate Gambling Task." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/108.
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Humans have a tendency to engage in economically irrational behaviors such as gambling, which typically leads to long-term financial losses. While there has been much research on human gambling behavior, relatively little work has been done to explore the evolutionary origins of this behavior. To examine the adaptive pressures that may have led to this seemingly irrational behavior in humans, nonhuman primates were tested to explore their reactions to gambling type scenarios. Several experiments based on traditional human economic experiments were adapted for use with a wider variety of primate species including chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys. This allowed for testing multiple species using similar methodologies in order to make more accurate comparisons of species abilities. This series of tasks helps to elucidate risky decision-making behavior in three primate species.
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José, Vanessa Alexandra Correia. "Bases para o plano diretor de restauro da cerca do Convento dos Capuchos, Sintra." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5741.
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Mestrado em Arquitetura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe cultural landscape of Sintra is unparalleled in the whole world, and so it is because it has places with no equal. Most of them stands out by their greatness, but among the dense forest hides in extreme poverty, the mark of a very specific philosophy. The Capuchin Convent of Sintra, named by eighteenth century foreign, the Cork Convent, is all lined in this material, is a structure erected in perfect communion with nature, making walls from the rocks and floor of the floor mountain. There is no equal at another place. The objective of this work is to create a Restoration Plan for this fence that guard an important cultural and natural heritage, revealing the human component here left by the Order of Friars Minor. Exacerbating the importance of a correct restoration of the historic garden, it was taken a methodology based on international conventions for the conservation of sites with cultural significance. Assured the cultural significance of the property, it is necessary to place the monument in time and social space. Referring to the functions and ways of life that unfolded here, it is proposing activities that keep the religious symbolism of hoods and safeguard local biodiversity
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Johnston, Patricia Raeann. "The church on Armenian Street: Capuchin friars, the British East India Company, and the Second Church of Colonial Madras." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1650.
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This dissertation applies ethnographic research to answer a question in the field of religious studies: to what degree does the prevailing world religions paradigm illuminate the interpretation of religious material that cannot easily be fit into a single major religious tradition. Indian Catholicism generally and Tamil Catholicism in particular have been deeply neglected both by scholars of India (who generally assume that Christianity in India is a "foreign" religion more-or-less indistinguishable from the Christianity of European missionaries) and by theologians and historians of Christianity (who often treat non-Western expressions of Christianity as somehow "compromised" by influence from alien religions such as Hinduism). By interrogating the early modern origins of the world religions paradigm and questioning its applicability to the particular case of Tamil Popular Catholicism, I intend to bring about a shift within religious studies and allied theological fields that will allow popular Catholicism to take a more central place within scholarship.
The major issue I pursue in this dissertation is the manner in which European expectations about the nature of Christianity as a world religion impede the understanding of non-conforming expressions of Christianity, such as Tamil Popular Catholicism. My primary research agenda is a matter of ethnographically surveying a representative Tamil Catholic site to determine the characteristics of Tamil Popular Catholicism which most differentiate it from European expectations, and later to integrate these these findings with the theological self-definition of Catholic Christianity. Methodologically, my approach combines ethnography with oral history, aiming at a "thick description" of Tamil Popular Catholicism in its various manifestations which can be later used as a basis for theological reflection. Drawing on extensive field research at the St. Antony Shrine at St. Mary's Co-Cathedral in Chennai, I argue that popular, non-Western expressions of Christianity in Tamil Nadu differ from elite interpretations primarily with respect to the questions of exclusivity, openness to other communities, and the place of "magical" or supernatural healing traditions.
There are concrete social and political consequences to the proliferation of Western religious categories in India, namely, the unraveling of the previously integrated Tamil religious culture into separate "Catholic" and "Hindu" identities and the social and political marginalization of Tamil Catholics. At the St. Antony Shrine, the local expression of Tamil Popular Catholicism defies description in terms of the prevailing world religions paradigm, which differentiates absolutely between "Christianity" and "Hinduism" and posits the existence of two hermetically-sealed religious communities ("Catholic" and "Hindu") where I argue there is but one (the popular religion of the Tamil people, in which "Hindu" and "Catholic" differ primarily by virtue of caste rather than religious classification or practice). The usual strategy within the world religious paradigm for describing non-conforming Catholic sites is to appeal to the concept of "syncretism," which refers to the mixture of two or more of the world religions into an incoherent third. This term carries heavy pejorative overtones and marginalizes religious phenomena so described, redirecting scholarly attention to religious phenomena that can be described using existing categories. By demonstrating how Western religious categories impede the understanding of a typical, non-eccentric Asian site, I show that the prevailing categories used by Western scholars to analyze religions are Orientalist in origin and logic and in need of drastic redefinition, which I provide in my conclusions by taking recourse to a premodern, Augustinian construction of "religion" which rejects the pluralization of "religions" in favor of a singular definition, circumventing the theological charge of "syncretism" and the legitimization of nationalist or communalist factions formed on the basis of pluralized religious identities.
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Drenas, Andrew J. G. "'The Standard-bearer of the Roman Church' : Lorenzo da Brindisi (1559-1619) and Capuchin Missions in the Holy Roman Empire." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:74703f2b-5da1-4a5c-bc77-923f006781f3.
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This thesis examines the missionary work of the Italian Capuchin Lorenzo da Brindisi. Renowned in his own day as a preacher, Bible scholar, missionary, chaplain, and diplomat, as well as vicar general of his Order, Lorenzo led the first organised, papally-commissioned Capuchin mission among the non-Catholics of Bohemia in the Holy Roman Empire from 1599 to 1602, and returned there, again under papal mandate, from 1606 to 1613. This thesis examines Lorenzo’s evangelistic and polemical activities in Central Europe in order to shed light on some of the ways the Capuchins laboured in religiously divided territories to confirm Catholics in their faith and to win over heretics. The introduction explains, principally, the thesis’s purpose and the historiographical background. Chapter one provides a brief biographical sketch of Lorenzo’s life followed by details of his afterlife. Chapter two examines his leading role in establishing the Capuchins’ new Commissariate of Bohemia-Austria-Styria in 1600, and specifically its first three friaries in Prague, Vienna, and Graz. Chapter three treats his preaching against heresy. Chapter four focuses on how Lorenzo, while in Prague, involved himself directly in theological disputations with two different Lutheran preachers. The first dispute, with Polykarp Leyser, took place in July 1607, and dealt with good works and justification. The second, with a Lutheran whose name is not known for certain, and which occurred in August 1610, concerned Catholic veneration of the Virgin Mary. Chapter five analyses the Lutheranismi hypotyposis, Lorenzo’s literary refutation of Lutheranism following additional contact with Polykarp Leyser in 1607. The conclusion considers briefly the effectiveness of Lorenzo’s apostolate and closes with a review of the thesis as a whole.
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McKinney, Tracie. "Social and Ecological Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbance on the Sympatric White-faced Capuchin (Cebus capucinus) and Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata)." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1267816356.
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Eadie, Elizabeth Christine. "Ontogeny of Foraging Competence in Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus capucinus) for Easy versus Difficult to Acquire Fruits: A Test of the Needing to Learn Hypothesis." Public Library of Science, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621334.
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UA Open Access Publishing FundWhich factors select for long juvenile periods in some species is not well understood. One potential reason to delay the onset of reproduction is slow food acquisition rates, either due to competition (part of the ecological risk avoidance hypothesis), or due to a decreased foraging efficiency (a version of the needing to learn hypothesis). Capuchins provide a useful genus to test the needing to learn hypothesis because they are known for having long juvenile periods and a difficult-to-acquire diet. Generalized, linear, mixed models with data from 609 fruit forage focal follows on 49, habituated, wild Cebus capucinus were used to test two predictions from the needing-to-learn hypothesis as it applies to fruit foraging skills: 1) capuchin monkeys do not achieve adult foraging return rates for difficult-to-acquire fruits before late in the juvenile period; and 2) variance in return rates for these fruits is at least partially associated with differences in foraging skill. In support of the first prediction, adults, compared with all younger age classes, had significantly higher foraging return rates when foraging for fruits that were ranked as difficult-to-acquire (return rates relative to adults: 0.30– 0.41, p-value range 0.008–0.016), indicating that the individuals in the group who have the most foraging experience also achieve the highest return rates. In contrast, and in support of the second prediction, there were no significant differences between age classes for fruits that were ranked as easy to acquire (return rates relative to adults: 0.97–1.42, p-value range 0.086–0.896), indicating that strength and/or skill are likely to affect return rates. In addition, fruits that were difficult to acquire were foraged at nearly identical rates by adult males and significantly smaller (and presumably weaker) adult females (males relative to females: 1.01, p = 0.978), while subadult females had much lower foraging efficiency than the similarly-sized but more experienced adult females (subadults relative to adults: 0.34, p = 0.052), indicating that skill, specifically, is likely to have an effect on return rates. These results are consistent with the needing to learn hypothesis and indicate that long juvenile periods in capuchins may be the result of selection for more time to learn foraging skills for difficult-to-acquire fruits.
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Fogaça, Mariana Dutra. "Escolha de árvore e sítio de dormir e sua influência na rota diária de um grupo de cebus nigritus, no parque estadual Carlos Botelho, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-30112009-144109/.
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Membros de um grupo social de primatas diurnos reúnem-se ao final do dia num local apropriado para passar a noite. O local de dormida é denominado sítio de dormir e pode consistir em uma ou mais árvores. Hipóteses adaptativas têm sido sugeridas para explicar preferências por árvores e sítios de dormir. O risco de predação tem sido apontado como uma das principais pressões seletivas que afetam a escolha de árvores e sítios de dormir. A estratégia de escolha de sítio de dormir e de árvore de dormir, para um mesmo grupo de primatas, pode diferir. Assim, o sítio de dormir pode estar localizado próximo às fontes alimentares, facilitando o forrageamento pela manhã e as árvores usadas nesse sítio podem proporcionar conforto e segurança, pela viscosidade e presença de galhos horizontais e largos. Encontramos, para um grupo de macacos-prego, no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, SP, evidências de seleção por características de árvores e sítios de dormir. As espécies de árvores mais usadas como árvore de dormir foram Copaifera langsdorfii e Attalea dubia, sendo a segunda relacionada com noites de baixa temperatura ambiente e do vento. Houve também preferência por árvores altas e com grande DAP, por sítios localizados entre 820 e 840 metros de altitude e em encostas e topos de morro. Embora tenhamos encontrado evidências de seletividade para árvore e sítio de dormir, os sítios e árvores preferidos estão distribuídos por toda a área de uso e são pouco reutilizados. Como conseqüência, o grupo dorme perto da área explorada para forrageamento durante o dia. Assim, a localização do sítio de dormir não parece afetar a rota diária do grupo.Group members of diurnal primates meet at the end of the day in a suitable area to spend the night. This location is called sleeping site and may consist of one or more trees. Ultimate hypotheses have been suggested to explain primate preferences for sleeping trees and sleeping sites. The risk of predation has been identified as one of the main selective pressures that affect the choice of sleeping trees and sleeping sites. The strategy of sleeping tree and sleeping site selection, by a single group of primates, may differ. Thus, the sleeping site can be located close to food sources, facilitating the foraging in the morning and the trees used on this site can guarantee comfort and safety, due to viscosity and presence of horizontal large branches. Studying a group of tufted capuchin monkeys, at Carlos Botelho State Park, SP, we found evidence of selection of sleeping trees and sleeping sites features. The most commonly used species of trees as sleeping trees were Copaifera langsdorfii and Attalea dubia, the second was related to nights with low environment and wind temperatures. There is also a preference for high trees with large DBH, and for sites located at 820 and 840 metres, on hillsides and hilltops. Although we have found evidence of selectivity for sleeping trees and sleeping sites, the sites and preferred trees occur throughout the monkeys home range and are not normally reused. As a consequence, the group sleep near the area explored during daily foraging. Therefore, the sleeping site location does not seem to affect the animals daily route.
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Ferreira, Luíza Gonzalez. "Vocalizações de alimentação de macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus): Investigação sobre fatores causais e função." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-16092016-141533/.
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A competição por recursos pode ocorrer de forma direta, por meio da monopolização do recurso, ou de forma indireta, por meio do esgotamento do recurso. Sinais comunicativos, usados em contexto de competição, podem regular a competição pela manipulação do comportamento de outros indivíduos. Em espécies de primatas que forrageiam em grupos estáveis e grandes, nas quais a competição alimentar é mais intensa, a vocalização de alimento pode ter a função de regular a competição alimentar indicando a disposição em ser aproximado ou anunciando a posse do alimento, ambos os casos diminuindo a probabilidade do emissor ser agredido. Alternativamente, as vocalizações de alimento podem ter a função de melhorar a reputação dos indivíduos que vocalizam. Macacos-prego emitem tipos de vocalizações diferentes de acordo com a distribuição do alimento no ambiente, diminuindo ou aumentando a distância entre os indivíduos, o que sugere a emissão de vocalizações específicas para regular cada tipo de competição. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a ocorrência e a função das vocalizações associadas a alimento emitidas por um grupo de macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus). O estudo foi realizado em uma região de ecótono entre Cerrado e Caatinga, na Fazenda Boa Vista, Piauí. Pelo método animal focal (60 minutos) foram registradas características do emissor, da fonte alimentar e do contexto social durante um turno alimentar. Em fontes agregadas, o tamanho e a quantidade de alimento também foram registrados. As vocalizações foram gravadas de forma contínua durante cada focal e posteriormente classificadas em: chihui, chihui2, nota de contato, grgr e FAWS. A probabilidade de emitir essas vocalizações foi maior em contexto de alimentação do que em outros contextos, e entre os contextos de alimentação, vocalizações do tipo FAWS e grgr tiveram uma associação com o contexto de alimentos aprovisionados e agregados e chihui teve uma associação mais fraca com alimentos agregados e também foi emitida em contexto de forrageamento. Vocalizações do tipo FAWS e grgr tiveram uma maior probabilidade de serem emitidas por indivíduos submissos, em fontes com grande quantidade de alimento e quando o número de vizinhos é alto. Essas vocalizações devem ser emitidas, então, em contexto de disputa direta mais intensa, em fontes cuja proporção de alimento consumido é menor e, portanto, quando compartilhar a mesma fonte não deve ser tão custoso para o emissor, corroborando a hipótese de regular a competição alimentar direta pela redução da agressão. Vocalizações do tipo Chihui tiveram uma maior probabilidade de emissão em contexto de competição indireta ou direta, em fontes com quantidade média de alimento, onde a proporção de alimento consumido é maior e, portanto, quando compartilhar a mesma fonte deve ser mais custoso. O número de vizinhos e a presença de indivíduos dominantes não afetaram a probabilidade de emitir vocalizações. Esses resultados corroboram a hipótese de regular a competição alimentar direta ou indireta pelo afastamento dos indivíduos. Esses resultados sugerem que macacos-prego regulam cada tipo de competição alimentar através de diferentes tipos de vocalizações de alimentoResource competition among animals can occur directly, through monopolization, or indirectly, through depletion. Communicative signals in competition contexts can regulate competition by manipulating behaviour of other individuals. Primate species that forage in stable and large groups, which experience intense food competition, may decrease food competition through food calls, which indicate either the willingness to be approached by other individuals or to announce the ownership of food, both decreasing the aggression against the caller. Alternatively, food calls may enhance the callers reputation. Capuchin monkeys emit different types of food calls according to food distribution in the habitat, decreasing or increasing the distance between individuals, which suggests the emission of specific vocalizations regulates each type of food competition. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and the function of food-associated calls emitted by a group of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinodus). Data were collected in Fazenda Boa Vista, Piauí, a transition between Cerrado and Caatinga. The characteristics of the caller, of the food resource and of the social context during a feeding bout were recorded according to focal animal method (60 minutes). In clumped resources, resource size and quantity of food were also registered. Vocalizations were continuously recorded during each focal and classified as: chihui, chihui2, contact note, grgr and FAWS. The probability of calling was higher in feeding contexts than in other contexts and, among the feeding contexts, FAWS and grgr calls were associated to provisioned and clumped foods and chihui was weakly associated to clumped foods and also emitted in forage context. FAWS and grgr calls had a higher probability of emission by subordinate individuals, in resources with a large quantity of food, and when the caller had a large number of neighbors. These vocalizations were emitted, then, in intense contest competition, in sources with low proportion of food, therefore, when sharing food would not be so costly for the caller, supporting the hypothesis of regulating contest competition by decreasing the probability of aggression. Chihui calls had a higher probability of emission in scramble and contest competition, in sources with medium quantity of food, which the proportion of consumed food is high, therefore, when sharing food would be more costly. The number of neighbors and the presence of dominant individuals did not affect the probability of call. These results support the hypothesis that food calls decrease scramble and contest competition by increasing interindividual distance. These results suggest that capuchin monkeys can regulate each type of food competition through different types of food calls
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Polidoro, George Lucas Sá. "O QUE DETERMINA A VARIAÇÃO DO CRÂNIO EM MAMÍFEROS? AVALIANDO AS REGRAS DE RENSCH E DE BERGMANN EM PRIMATAS DA AMÉRICA DO SUL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5343.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorIn this study our aim was to analyze if Rensch and Bergmann rules apply to South-American primates of the genera Sapajus and Alouatta, where males tend to be larger than females and if species tend to be larger at higher latitudes. We found that Alouatta and Sapajus show similar Rensch's rule trend, and found a reverse Bergmann pattern for Alouatta (size larger at smaller latitudes), a pattern which is dependent of both phylogenetic and spatial autocorrelations. Both sexes of both genera, size is explained by vegetation complexity and enviroment, thus size variation is not only explained by taxonomy but also by adaptations related to the environment pressures.
Nesse estudo nosso objetivo foi analisar se as regras de Rensch e Bergmann se aplicam aos primatas Sul Americanos dos gêneros Sapajus e Alouatta, onde os machos tendem a ser maiores que as fêmeas, e se as espécies tendem a ser maiores em altas latitudes. Observamos que Alouatta e Sapajus tendem a seguir a regra de Rensch e descobrimos um padrão inverso à regra de Bergmann para Alouatta (Tamanho maior em baixas latitudes), um padrão que depende tanto da filogenia, quanto da autocorrelação espacial. Em ambos sexos de ambos os gêneros, o tamanho é explicado pela complexidade da vegetação e do ambiente, portanto, a variação de tamanho não é só explicada pela taxonomia, mas também por adapatações relacionadas à pressão do ambiente.
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Messer, Emily Jane Elizabeth. "Social learning and social behaviour in two mixed-species communities of tufted capuchins (Sapajus sp.) and common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11415.
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Primates are known for being highly social species, living in groups of various compositions with different social structures. The study of social or observational learning has largely focussed on investigating non-human primates' abilities to imitate, with a more recent shift towards examining the social context of social learning. This shift has presented opportunities to investigate how the social context of different species affects the diffusion of socially learnt behaviours. In this thesis, I set out to monitor the spread of different experimentally seeded and naturally occurring socially learned behaviours in brown (tufted) capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) and common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).These species were selected as they form mixed species groups in the wild, and display marked differences in their social tolerances, thus presenting the opportunity to investigate conspecific and heterospecific social learning in related but differently bonded social groups. My results show evidence of social learning from conspecifics in capuchin and squirrel monkeys, attesting to that already documented in capuchin monkeys and indicating for the first time, that common squirrel monkeys can learn socially. Additionally, I demonstrate that capuchin monkeys are influenced by squirrel monkeys when foraging for food in mixed species groups. Furthermore, although squirrel monkeys are not as socially tolerant as capuchin monkeys, individuals who were better connected within the foraging test area learned experimentally-seeded techniques of models faster and more faithfully. When performing socially contagious anointing behaviours, regardless of tufted capuchin monkeys being influenced by the amount of resources provided for them to anoint with, they still performed more socially anointing than has been previously documented in other captive species, corroborating the levels of social anointing demonstrated in semi-free ranging groups. Further support was found for anointing demonstrating a social bonding and medicinal function in tufted capuchin monkeys.
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Winandy, Mariana Mascarenhas. "O período juvenil em macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.): ontogenia das relações sociais e do forrageamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-19072012-105740/.
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Primatas apresentam maturação tardia em relação a outros mamíferos, com infância e, particularmente, juventude prolongadas. Duas hipóteses para explicar esta característica da ordem são a hipótese da necessidade de aprendizagem, que aponta a necessidade de aquisição de habilidades sociais ou de forrageamento como fator-chave, e a hipótese de aversão a riscos, segundo a qual primatas apresentam crescimento lento de modo a reduzir suas taxas metabólicas, uma vez que sofrem com a competição por alimento com indivíduos adultos devido à baixa posição hierárquica ou a uma menor eficiência no forrageamento. O presente trabalho analisou o desenvolvimento comportamental de jovens macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) de um grupo que vive em semi-liberdade no Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo, de outubro de 2007 a maio de 2010. Os dados foram obtidos com os métodos Focal de Varredura e Todas as Ocorrências. Os resultados mostram uma hierarquia de dominância, de modo geral, herdada da mãe entre as fêmeas e dependente de idade entre os machos. O grande número de indivíduos com pouca participação em interações agonísticas e de díades sem relações de dominância e o baixo número de coalizões, que envolveram principalmente indivíduos dominantes, sugerem um mecanismo de evitação de conflitos por parte dos subordinados. Ao longo do desenvolvimento, houve uma redução na agressão sofrida pelos jovens, sugerindo que esse mecanismo de evitação é aprendido ao longo do desenvolvimento. As relações afiliativas de proximidade e catação dependeram fortemente do parentesco entre os indivíduos e de sua posição hierárquica, sendo que nas relações de proximidade houve também efeito da idade, com jovens mantendo-se próximos entre si. Jovens fêmeas investiram mais na construção e manutenção de redes afiliativas, por meio da catação, do que os jovens machos, e foram mais toleradas. O orçamento de atividades e o comportamento alimentar diferiram entre as categorias etárias, porém houve pouca influência do sexo. Houve evidências de sincronia de atividades entre os jovens e seus vizinhos mais próximos, porém as diferenças na dieta entre jovens e adultos sugerem que a aprendizagem social não foi o principal fator influenciando o comportamento alimentar dos jovens. Sua maior dedicação a recursos de fácil obtenção (frutos) do que a recursos mais difíceis de obter (invertebrados) indica menor eficiência no forrageamento. A menor dedicação a alimentos aprovisionados, por sua vez, sugere desvantagem na competição intra-grupo. O comportamento dos jovens no grupo estudado dá suporte ao modelo de aversão a riscos, embora haja evidências de que a aquisição de habilidades sociais e de forrageamento seja um fator importante no seu desenvolvimentoPrimates exhibit delayed maturation in comparison to other mammals, with a long juvenile period. Two attempts to explain this characteristic are the needing to learn hypothesis, which points towards the need to acquire social or foraging skills as important challenges for juveniles, and the juvenile risk aversion hypothesis, according to which primates have slow growth rates in order to reduce metabolic rates, because they have a disadvantage in the competition for resources against adults, due to lower hierarchical position or to less foraging efficiency. The present work analyses the behavioral development of juvenile capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp) from a semi-freeranging group at Parque Ecológico do Tietê (PET), São Paulo, Brazil, from October 2007 to May 2010. Data was obtained using scan sampling and all occurrences methods. Results show that the dominance hierarchy was mostly inherited from the mother, for juvenile females, and age-related, for males. The large number of individuals with little or no participation in agonistic interactions and of 0x0 ties, and the low number of coalitions, which involved mostly dominant individuals, suggest that a conflict-avoidance mechanism is being used by subordinates. There was a reduction in the aggression suffered by juveniles through time, suggesting that this mechanism is learned throughout the development. Affiliative relationships were highly dependent on kinship and hierarchical position, and in proximity there was also an effect of age, with juveniles close to one another. Juvenile females invested more in building and maintaining social networks, through grooming, than male juveniles, and were more tolerated in proximity. The activity budget and feeding behavior differed among age categories, but there was little influence of sex. There was evidence of synchrony of activities between juveniles and individuals in proximity, but differences in diet between juveniles and adults suggest that social learning was not the main influence on juveniles\' foraging behavior. They allocated more foraging time to resources easy to obtain (fruits) than to more difficult to obtain resources (invertebrates), which indicates they are less efficient in foraging. They also dedicated less time to provisioned food, suggesting a disadvantage in intra-group competition. The behavior of the juveniles observed in this study supports the risk aversion model, although there are evidences that the acquisition of social and foraging skills also plays an important role on their development
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Mendonça-Furtado, Olívia de. "Uso de ferramentas como enriquecimento ambiental para macacos-prego (Cebus apella) cativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-21122006-120323/.
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Manter animais em cativeiro implica no dever ético de lhes proporcionar saúde física e psicológica. Procedimentos conhecidos como Enriquecimento Ambiental buscam elevar o bem-estar de animais cativos. Neste trabalho, três artefatos foram testados para avaliar sua eficácia como enriquecimento ambiental para macacos-prego (Cebus apella). Dois destes artefatos (Brinquedo e Caixa de forrageamento) já haviam sido testados anteriormente por Boinski et al. (1999). O terceiro artefato (Ferramenta) foi testado pela primeira vez e buscava proporcionar aos animais a possibilidade de executar um comportamento típico da espécie: a quebra de cocos. Usamos medidas comportamentais e de corticosterona fecal para medir os efeitos dos artefatos. Foram encontradas algumas diferenças significativas entre as condições experimentais (controles e com artefatos), e entre a freqüência de interação com os artefatos, porém os resultados não nos possibilitam afirmar se algum dos artefatos seria um enriquecimento ambiental eficaz para macacos-prego cativos. Acreditamos que experimentos ainda devem ser feitos para elucidar os efeito de fatores como: o ambiente externo ao recinto, os procedimentos de manutenção direcionados aos animais e a metodologia de aplicação dos artefatos, sobre o bem-estar de animais cativos.Keeping animals in captivity implies in an ethical duty of offering conditions that foster their physical and psychological health. Procedures known as Environmental Enrichment seek to enhance animals life quality. Here we tested three stimuli efficiency as environmental enrichment for captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Two which had been previously tested (Toy and Box) by Boinski et al. (1999). The third one (Tool) was tested for the first time and aimed giving the animals the opportunity to perform a species-typical behavior: cracking open nuts. The stimuli had their effects measured by behavioral and fecal corticosterone sampling. Some statistical significant differences were found between experimental conditions (control and stimuli) and between the frequencies of interaction with the stimuli. The data, however, did not point to any of the tested stimuli as effective environmental enrichment for capuchin monkeys. We believe, therefore, that more research should be conducted in order to clarify the effects of factors such as the environment outside the cages, the maintenance procedures, and the stimulus presentation procedures, on the well-being of captive animals.
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Souza, Telma Mirian Moreira de. "Entre a cruz e o trabalho: exploração da mão-de-obra indígena no sul da Bahia, (1845-1875)." Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da UFBA, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11371.
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Essa dissertação procura estudar o processo e exploração da mão-de-obra indígena no sul de Ilhéus, entre os anos de 1845-1875. Nesse caminhada, fazemos um retorno ao século XVI, quando da chegada dos primeiros colonos portugueses à Capitania de Ilhéus. Aí seria iniciado o processo de apropriação da mão obra indígena. Atravessando os séculos XVII e XVIII, procuramos mostrar a trajetória desse processo de apropriação, passando pelos projetos governamentais e particulares que justificavam essa apropriação. Começamos pelo Diretório Pombalino. Passamos pelos projetos de Moniz Tavares e José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva até chegarmos àquele que é um dos pontos centrais do nosso trabalho: a análise do Regimento Geral das Missões, de 1845. Também discutiremos a importância da Lei de Terras neste processo. No século XIX, apresentaremos as teorias racialistas que permeiam a questão da substituição da mão-de-obra africana pela indígena. Finalmente, trabalharemos com uma documentação específica que nos deixa perceber os caminhos desse processo de apropriação de mão-de-obra indígena e expropriação de suas terras. Processo esse, no caso específico do sul de Ilhéus, centrado na figura dos missionários capuchinhos.
Salvador
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Santos, Lucas Peternelli Corrêa dos. "Parâmetros nutricionais da dieta de duas populações de macacos-prego: Sapajus libidinosus no ecótono cerrado/caatinga e Sapajus nigritus na Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-10082015-110633/.
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A sobrevivência e o sucesso reprodutivo de um indivíduo estão diretamente relacionados à sua capacidade de atender à demanda por nutrientes e energia. Estudos em Ecologia Nutricional, que adotam o Modelo Geométrico para nutrição, evidenciam que, mais do que maximizar a ingestão de energia, os animais procuram regular a ingestão de múltiplos nutrientes de maneira independente, almejando um balanço específico entre esses nutrientes. Neste trabalho, empregamos análises de conteúdo nutricional e o Modelo Geométrico para investigar os parâmetros nutricionais da dieta de duas populações de macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.), em dois biomas distintos: Sapajus libidinosus, numa área de ecótono Cerrado/Caatinga, a Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV), no Estado do Piauí; e Sapajus nigritus, numa área de Mata Atlântica, o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), no Estado de São Paulo. Estudos anteriores sugeriram que a qualidade e a disponibilidade dos alimentos explorados por S. libidinosus no semi-árido são superiores aos dos explorados por S. nigritus na Mata Atlântica. Porém, afirmações sobre a qualidade de dieta dependem de investigações sobre o balanço nutricional obtido pelo organismo e quais as estratégias nutricionais adotadas para atingir esse balanço. Assim, os objetivos desta tese foram (1) analisar as estratégias nutricionais de um grupo de Sapajus libidinosus na FBV e (2) comparar a qualidade nutricional da dieta dessa população com a da população de Sapajus nigritus do PECB. Foram analisadas amostras de 176 itens alimentares. Para estimar o consumo de nutrientes, foram realizados 134 focais contínuos diários em que foram registrados os itens alimentares consumidos pelo indivíduo e a quantidade ingerida. Os macacos da FBV regulam a ingestão de um balanço específico entre energia proteica e energia não proteica (advinda de lipídeos e/ou carboidratos), priorizando a ingestão de energia não proteica quando a disponibilidade desse nutriente nos itens alimentares diminui. Assumindo que o objetivo nutricional de S. nigritus é o mesmo de S. libidinosus, os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que a qualidade da dieta na FBV é superior à do PECB, área em que os alimentos dos macacos apresentam menores concentrações de energia não proteica. O Modelo Geométrico para nutrição permitiu rever afirmações feitas em estudos anteriores de que na FBV a sazonalidade dos recursos mais consumidos não é um fator limitante para esses animais. Neste estudo, mostramos que há variações sazonais na qualidade nutricional dos alimentos, o que tem um impacto na ingestão de nutrientes pelos macacos da FBVThe survival and reproductive success of an individual are directly related to its ability to meet the demand for nutrients and energy. Studies in Nutritional Ecology, adopting the Geometric Framework for Nutrition, show that more than maximize energy intake, the animals seek to regulate the intake of multiple nutrients independently, targeting a specific balance between these nutrients. In this study, we used nutritional content analysis and the Geometric Framework to investigate the diet nutritional parameters of two populations of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) in two different biomes: Sapajus libidinosus in the ecotone Cerrado/Caatinga, at Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV) in Piauí state; and Sapajus nigritus in an Atlantic Forest area, at Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), in São Paulo state. Previous studies suggest that the quality and availability of food exploited by S. libidinosus in the semi-arid region are higher than those of the exploited by S. nigritus in the Atlantic Forest. However, statements about diet quality depend on investigating the nutrient balance obtained by individuals and which nutrition strategies are adopted to achieve this balance. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were (1) to analyze the nutritional strategies of a group of Sapajus libidinosus in the FBV and (2) to compare the nutritional quality of the diet of this population with that of Sapajus nigritus in PECB. We analyzed samples of 176 food items eaten by the animals. To estimate nutrient daily intake, we conducted 134 continuous focal follows recording the item consumed and the amount ingested by individuals. The monkeys in FBV regulate the intake of a specific balance between protein energy and non-protein energy (lipids and / or carbohydrates), and prioritize non-protein energy intake when the availability of this nutrient in food items decreases. Assuming that the nutritional goal of S. nigritus is the same as S. libidinosus, the results confirmed the hypothesis that diet quality in FBV is superior than in PECB, where foods contain lower non-protein energy concentrations. The Geometric Framework allowed to review previous studies claims that in FBV seasonality of resources availability is not a limiting factor for these animals. In this study we have shown seasonal variations in the nutritional quality of foods, which impact nutrient intake by monkeys in FBV
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Delval, Irene. "Efeito do clima sobre a navegação de macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus) em área de Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-02102014-150714/.
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No estudo da cognição espacial de primatas selvagens, a capacidade de representação da localização espacial de objetivos é habitualmente inferida por mudanças no padrão de deslocamento. A maioria das pesquisas nessa área observa se existem variações na linearidade e velocidade, em função do objetivo. Contudo, poucas pesquisas têm estudado se outros fatores poderiam afetar esses padrões, como variáveis climáticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se variações em precipitação e temperatura modificam os padrões de deslocamento de um grupo de macacos-prego da Mata Atlântica. Os macacos foram acompanhados por um ano durante as duas estações consideradas para coletar dados comportamentais. Os dados climáticos foram fornecidos pelo INMET e as rotas foram coletadas com tecnologia GPS. Analisaram-se segmentos diários para objetivos espaciais e segmentos sem objetivo. Em cada segmento calculou-se velocidade e linearidade. Os resultados mostraram que existiu pouca influência da chuva nas variáveis controladas. Entretanto, algumas medidas de linearidade foram afetadas significativamente pela temperatura. Por incluir mudanças da distribuição do alimento, a sazonalidade foi mais explicativa de velocidade e linearidade que as variáveis climáticas. Nossos resultados sugerem que mudanças de velocidade e linearidade em deslocamentos para objetivo são indicadores confiáveis de representação de localização espacialIn studies of wild primates spatial cognition by means of natural observation, changes in navigation patterns, particularly travel speed and linearity depending on the spatial target, are usually considered as indicative of the ability of representing and locating spatial goals. However, few investigations have considered whether other factors, such as climatic conditions, could be affecting those navigation patterns. Our goal here was to verify if variations on rainfall and temperature can modify the navigation patterns of a black capuchin monkeys group in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For collecting behavioural data, the group was followed during a year in both seasons. The National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) provided the weather data and routes were collected with GPS technology. Goal and non-goal daily segments were analyzed. For each segment, travel speed and linearity index were calculated. Results showed that there was little influence of rainfall on the controlled variables. Nevertheless, some measurements of linearity were influenced by temperature. Seasonality was a better predictor of travel speed and linearity than weather conditions due to changes in food distribution. Our results suggest that changes in travel speed and linearity towards goals are good indicators of the representation of spatial locations
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Miranda, Maria Alice Loreto de. "Estratégias de forrageio e uso de informação por macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) semi-livres." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-08012016-083312/.
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O comportamento observado de animais não humanos sugere processamento de informação e tomada de decisão. Diferentes espécies exibem diferenças qualitativas quando a como informação é processada e utilizada, parcialmente graças ao contexto ecológico. Macacos-prego são animais que forrageiam socialmente, com cada indivíduo vivendo em um contexto social distinto, o que afeta suas oportunidades de alimentar-se. O presente projeto propôs um experimento de campo, com plataformas de madeira e amendoins como recompensa, com o objetivo de identificar diferenças quanto à estratégia de forrageio. Ainda, compreender se fatores sociais como hierarquia, parentesco e proximidade influenciam na oportunidade de um animal forragear e utilizar fontes de informação distintas. Encontramos que hierarquia foi um fator crucial quanto à estratégia adotada e no tipo de informação utilizada. Ao utilizar informação social, indivíduos foram seletivos quanto à identidade da fonte de informação, mostrando uma preferência por seguir as escolhas de animais jovens e batedores ativosWhen foraging, non-human animals are observed performing actions suggestive of information processing and decision making. Different species show qualitative differences as to how information is processed and used, partially due to its ecological context. Capuchin monkeys are primates that forage socially, with each individual living in a single social context, what affects its opportunity to forage. This project proposes an experimental protocol, aided by wooden platforms and peanuts as rewards, to identify differences in foraging strategies and understand if social factors, such as hierarchy, kinship and proximity, influence ones opportunities to forage and use distinct sources of information. We found that hierarchy play a major role on the strategy adopted and this is reflected on type of information used. Also when using social information, individuals were selective with respect to the identity of the source of information, showing a preference for following young and active foragers
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Luccas, Vitor Rodrigues. "Variação temporal na coesão grupal de macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus) na Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-15082016-122847/.
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Grupos de primatas podem ser caracterizados quanto à organização social, que diz respeito a tamanho, razão sexual e dispersão espaço temporal entre os indivíduos. A dispersão refere-se à distância mantida entre os membros de um grupo social. A variação na distância entre os indivíduos permite ao grupo se adaptar de forma dinâmica à flutuação na distribuição de riscos e recursos no ambiente, e também é uma importante característica de uma dinâmica de fissão e fusão. Trabalhos realizados com macacos-prego em área de Mata Atlântica sugerem que eles podem forragear em subgrupos em resposta à diminuição na oferta e distribuição das fontes de alimento, mas nenhum estudo abordou, de forma quantitativa, a variação na dispersão do grupo, medida como distância interindividual. A presente pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar a variação temporal da distância entre os indivíduos de um grupo de macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus), e suas relações com o orçamento de atividades, distâncias percorridas e limite de dispersão, em área de Mata Atlântica, o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB). Investigamos as seguintes hipóteses: (1) o comportamento dos indivíduos influencia a variação da distância entre eles, (2) a distância percorrida pelo grupo varia conforme a distância entre os indivíduos e (3) o risco de predação limita a distância máxima mantida entre os indivíduos do grupo. Entre dezembro de 2013 e maio de 2015, foi estudado um grupo de S. nigritus composto por quatro adultos, três jovens e um infante. O esforço de campo total foi de 501h01min, totalizando 172h45min de contato com o grupo. Para medir a dispersão, as coordenadas da localização dos dois indivíduos mais distantes entre si foi obtida com auxílio de dois aparelhos de GPS a cada varredura. Uma análise de séries temporais mostrou variação na dispersão do grupo ao longo do tempo, inclusive entre as varreduras, sugerindo uma dinâmica de fissão e fusão fluida. Apesar dessa variação, o grupo teve uma tendência em modular a distância entre os membros da unidade social, voltando sempre a uma medida de tendência central, que foi de 36 metros. Uma análise de função de transferência indicou que o grupo ficou mais disperso quando estava se alimentando de frutos do que em outras atividades. Não houve correlação entre a dispersão e a distância percorrida pelo grupo entre cada varredura. Os resultados obtidos corroboraram a hipótese 1. A distância entre os indivíduos do grupo variou de acordo com o comportamento, aumentando quando os animais estavam se alimentado de frutos, provavelmente como forma de diminuir a competição alimentar. As hipóteses 2 e 3 foram rejeitadas: não houve correlação entre a dispersão dos indivíduos com a distância percorrida pelo grupo, provável resultado de uma estratégia que visa diminuir os custos do deslocamento entre as fontes de alimento de localização já conhecida; também a dispersão do grupo foi maior pela manhã, período de maior risco de predação, e não variou com a atividade de descanso, quando a vulnerabilidade à predação é maior. Provavelmente, o limite de dispersão do grupo está relacionado com a distância de detecção da vocalização de outros indivíduos da unidade social, e não com o risco de predaçãoPrimate groups can be characterized as social organization, with respect to size, sex ratio and spatiotemporal dispersion between individuals. The dispersion refers to the distance maintained between the members of a social group. The variation in distance between individuals allows the group to adapt dynamically to fluctuations in the distribution of risks and resources in the environment, and is also an important feature of the fission and fusion dynamics. Work carried out with capuchin monkeys in Atlantic Forest area suggest that they can forage in subgroups in response to the decrease in the offer and distribution of food supplies, but no study has addressed, in a quantitative manner, the variation in the group dispersion, measured as interindividual distance. This research aimed to investigate the temporal change of distance between individuals of a group of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus), and their relationship to the activities budget, distances traveled and dispersion limit, in Atlantic Forest area, the Carlos Botelho State Park (PECB). We investigated the following assumptions: (1) the behavior of individuals influences the change of distance between them, (2) the distance traveled by the group varies according to the distance between individuals and (3) the risk of predation limits the maximum dispersion distance between the group members. Between December 2013 and May 2015, a group of S. nigritus composed of four adults, three juveniles and an infant was studied. The total field effort was 501h01min, totaling 172h45min of contact with the group. To measure dispersion, the coordinates of the location of the two individuals most distant to each other was obtained in each scan with the employment of two GPS. A time series analysis showed a variation in the group dispersion over time, even between scans, suggesting a fluid fission and fusion dynamic. Despite this variation, the group had a tendency to modulate the distance between the members of the social unit, always returning to a measure of central tendency, which was 36 meters. A transfer function analysis indicated that the group was more dispersed when it was feeding on fruit than in other activities. There was no correlation between the dispersion and the distance traveled by the group between each scan. The results confirmed the hypothesis 1. The distance between the group members varied according to the behavior, increasing when the animals were fed on fruits, probably as a way to reduce food competition. Hypotheses 2 and 3 were rejected: there was no correlation between the dispersion of individuals with the distance traveled by the group, likely by the result of a strategy to reduce the traveled costs between the food sources of known location; also the group dispersal was higher in the morning, period of increased risk of predation, and did not vary with the activity of rest, when the vulnerability to predation is higher. Probably, the group dispersion limit is associated with the vocalization detection distance of others group members, and not tied with the risk of predation
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Corat, Clara de Souza. "Organização sequencial e otimização do comportamento na quebra de frutos encapsulados por macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) em semi-liberdade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-28082013-161049/.
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O uso de ferramentas para a quebra de frutos encapsulados requer a associação de três elementos: o fruto encapsulado; o martelo, uma pedra ou tronco de árvore resistente solto, o qual o animal consegue carregar e levantar; e a bigorna, uma superfície rígida e fixa. Este estudo dá continuidade às pesquisas que vêm sendo desenvolvidas com um grupo de macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) em semi-liberdade do Parque Ecológico do Tietê. Dividimos este estudo em duas etapas principais (#1 e #2), e uma paralela (#1B). Na Etapa 1, buscamos analisar se os macacos-prego exibem um padrão na organização das sequências de comportamentos para a realização da quebra de cocos. Disponibilizamos os três elementos para a quebra de coco (coco, martelo e bigorna) em um triângulo, separados, equidistantes e visíveis, cada um pareado com uma placa com padrões gráficos distintos. Assim, para realizar a quebra, os indivíduos precisavam visitar os vértices do triângulo e reunir os elementos móveis (cocos e martelos) na bigorna. Nossos resultados mostram que eles apresentam um padrão bem definido para realizar a sequência de quebra de cocos, sendo o coco o primeiro elemento da quebra a ser coletado, seguido pelo martelo e, depois, pelo transporte de ambos para a bigorna. Observamos que este é um dos trajetos mais curtos e aquele com o menor custo de transporte de martelo. Na Etapa 2, buscamos analisar se a coleta do martelo em segundo lugar é um mecanismo de otimização do transporte de ferramentas ou um subproduto da priorização da obtenção do coco. Disponibilizamos dois martelos, de mesmo peso, a distâncias distintas da bigorna e dos cocos, desta maneira o custo do transporte de martelos (energético e risco de lesões) seria maior ou menor dependendo da escolha, pelo indivíduo, de um ou outro martelo. Nossos resultados mostram que, de fato, a escolha do martelo mais próximo à bigorna e a sequência em que os elementos são coletados diminuem os custos do transporte de martelos. Na Etapa 1B analisamos, através da organização sequencial para a realização da quebra de cocos, se os macacos-prego aprenderam a associação entre padrões gráficos distintos e elementos da quebra de cocos. Para isso utilizamos a mesma configuração do sítio experimental e metodologia da Etapa 1, mas ocultamos os elementos com bacias opacas, de modo que as únicas informações a respeito da posição dos elementos nos vértices seriam as placas com padrões gráficos. Os resultados desta etapa mostraram que os indivíduos não associaram os padrões gráficos com os elementos de quebra durante as Etapas 1 e 1B deste estudo. Acreditamos que os macacos podem não ter realizado a associação na Etapa 1, porque os elementos estavam visíveis, ou seja, não havia a necessidade da associação; a qual seria vantajosa, apenas, na Etapa 1B, mas ela também não ocorreu ao longo desta etapa, talvez pelo tempo reduzido de exposição dos macacos ao problema, somado ao desinteresse dos indivíduos - possivelmente, devido à falta do estímulo visual dos elementosThe use of tools to crack nuts requires the gathering of three elements: the nut; the hammer, a loose rock or tree trunk, that the animal can lift and carry; and the anvil, a rigid and immovable surface. This study gives continuity to research with a group of semi-wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) from the Tietê Ecological Park. We divided this study in two main phases (#1 and #2), and a parallel phase (1B). In Phase 1, we examined if the monkeys exhibit a pattern in the sequential organization of the nut-cracking behavior. We provided and placed the three nut-cracking elements (nut, hammer and anvil) in a triangle: separated, equidistant and visible; each one paired with a plaque with different graphic sings. Thus, to crack the nut the individuals had to visit the triangle vertices and gather the movable elements (nut and hammer) at the anvil. Our results show that the monkeys have a well-defined pattern to perform the nut-cracking sequence: the nut is the first element to be collected, followed by the hammer, and then by the transport of both to the anvil. This is one of the shortest paths and the one with the lowest cost of hammer transportation. In Phase 2, we examined if the hammer being collected in second place is a mechanism to optimize the tool transportation or if it is just a byproduct of the priorization of the nut collection. We provided two hammers, of same weight, and placed them at different distances of the nut anvil, this way the cost of the hammer transportation (energy and risk of injury) would be higher or lower depending on the choice of hammer. The results show that, in fact, choosing the hammer that was closer to the anvil and the sequence that the elements were collected reduces the costs of hammer transportation. In Phase 1B, we examined, through the sequential organization of the nut-cracking behavior, if the monkeys were able to associate different graphic patterns with the nut-cracking elements. We used the same experimental configuration and methodology of Phase 1, but we hid the elements in the vertices underneath opaque bowls, so the only information about the location of the elements were the plaques with graphic signs. Our results show that the individuals did not associate the graphic patterns with the respective nut-cracking elements neither in Phase 1 nor in Phase 1B. We believe that the monkeys did not learn the association in Phase 1 because the elements were visible, so there was no need for the association - which would be advantageous only on Phase 1B - but it didnt occur during this phase either, perhaps because of the reduced time the monkeys were exposed to the problem, added to the disinterest of the individuals possibly due to the lack of the elements visual stimuli
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Costa, Annyelle Kelly da Silva. "Etnoprimatologia de Sapajus flavius (SCHREBER, 1774) em fragmentos de floresta atlântica no nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3037.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The ecological overlapping of humans and other primates through anthropization leads to diverse interactions between these animal groups, some with a harmonious character and others creating conflicts between them, thus damaging the state of conservation of the wild species involved. With the present study, we investigat ed the interaction and knowledge of the inhabitants about the biology of Sapajus flavius. Data were obtained through structured questionnaires and semi-structured and free interviews with local communities living on the banks of two fragments of Atlantic Forest important for the conservation of S. flavius, Camaratuba Experimental Station / ASPLAN and Pau Brasil State Ecological Station, in the municipality of Mamanguape, PB. Through questionnaires applied to the residents about the blond capuchin monkey, information was obtained on the ecology and attitudes of the interviewees in relation to their conservation. Subsequently, Local Ecological Knowledge Indicators (LEK) and Conservation Attitudes were developed for residents. The results show that the inhabitants' contact with the forest brings experience about the biology of the blond capuchin monkey to them, and thus, they have knowledge regarding mainly their diet. Residents interviewed stated that the blond capuchin monkey have been decreasing in forest fragments over the years, and that possibly the main reason is the reduction of the availability of resources and the increase of antropic activities in the areas. Most of the residents have a high index of local ecological knowledge about the blond capuchi n monkey, although the information is distributed differently between men and women and according to age, with older men having a higher index of knowledge. Likewise, the presence of existing conflicts from the invasion of monkeys to the plantations of the residents did not affect their conservation attitude, and the interviewees showed a high predisposition to conserve the species. These results lead us to consider that the blond capuchin monkey is seen as a charismatic species, arousing the inhabitants' interest in knowing the species, and, above all, conserving it
A sobreposição ecológica de humanos e demais primatas através da antropização acaba proporcionando interações diversas entre esses grupos animais, algumas de caráter harmonioso e outras gerando conflitos entre os mesmos, prejudicando, assim, o estado de conservação das espécies silvestres envolvidas. Com o presente estudo, investigamos a interação e conhecimentos dos moradores sobre a biologia de Sapajus flavius. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionários estruturados e entrevistas semiestruturadas e livres com comunidades locais que vivem às margens de dois fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica importantes para a conservação de S. flavius, Estação Experimental de Camaratuba/ASPLAN e Estação Ecológica Estadual Pau Brasil, no município de Mamanguape, PB. Através de questionários aplicados aos moradores a respeito dos macacos-prego-galegos, foram obtidas informações sobre a ecologia e atitudes dos entrevistados com relação à conservação dos mesmos. Posteriormente foram elaborados Indicadores de Conhecimento Ecológico Local (CEL) e de Atitudes de Conservação para os moradores. Os resultados mostram que o contato dos moradores com a mata traz experiência sobre a biologia do macaco-prego-galego aos mesmos, e assim, eles possuem conhecimento no que diz respeito principalmente à sua dieta. Os moradores entrevistados afirmaram que os macacos-prego-galegos vêm diminuindo nos fragmentos de mata ao longo dos anos, e que possivelmente o motivo principal seja a redução da disponibilidade de recursos e o aumento de atividades antrópicas nas áreas. A maior parte dos moradores possui alto índice de conhecimento ecológico local sobre o macaco -prego- galego, embora as informações sejam distribuídas diferentemente entre homens e mulheres e conforme a idade, com os homens mais velhos possuindo maior índice de conhecimento. Da mesma forma, a presença de conflitos existente oriundos das invasões dos macacos às plantações dos moradores não afetou a atitude de conservação dos mesmos, e os entrevistados apresentaram alta predisposição em conservar a espécie. Esses resultados nos levam a considerar que o macaco-prego-galego é visto como uma espécie carismática, despertando o interesse dos moradores em conhecer a espécie, e, sobretudo a conservá-la.
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Martins, Lilian Betania Rocha. "Interações e conflitos entre humanos e macacos-prego (Cebus apella) no Parque da Criança em Anápolis-GO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2005. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3566.
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There has been an increase in the number of conflicts between Capuchin-monkeys (Cebus apella) and humans in municipal parks. Diminishing these conflicts has been a big challenge as it has to find permanent solutions that benefit both parts. In this study I investigated how the interactions between humans and capuchins occur, what people think about the presence of these animals and how they behave towards them. Ad libitum observations were conducted and video tapes made of interactions in one park, in the city of Anápolis, State of Goiás, Brazil. Behavioral data were collected using one/zero sampling, and all occurrences technique. Personal impressions were obtained trough interviews with park users. The results obtained were analyzed in search of the unleashing agent of agonism, including details about the days of the week on which these conflicts were more likely to occur, whether or not food items were involved, where in the park these interactions occurred, which types of behaviors are more frequent, how and who intervened in the encounters etc. I also attempted to delineated a profile of the persons that frequented the park, considering their opinion about the monkey attacks on people, how they perceive the threats by the monkeys and their opinions about the existence of monkey free urban areas. Results show that the majority of the interactions occurred during the weekends. The wooded area was the place where they most frequently occurred and the conflicts occurred more likely in the playground area. Food transportation appears to be an important factor in the occurrence of conflicts, but simply toting bags did not lead to conflicts. During conflicts the monkeys emitted more combinations of different aggressive behaviors than did humans, but on the other hand humans produced a greater number of non-aggressive behaviors. There were more aggressive encounters when only humans emitted aggressive behaviors. The majority of visitors were regulars, had a secondary level education, had up to three offspring and visited the park for ecological reasons (which included see the monkeys and nature viewing). These people remained in the park from one to four hours at a time, and reported spending more time in the playground and wooded areas. More than half of the interviewed reported stopping to watch the monkeys and some reported speaking to the monkeys, feeding and attempting to touch them. Few admitted having attempted to hurt them, but more than half had already witnessed other people doing so. A few had seen the monkeys attacking humans. Attacks on humans by monkeys were one of the reasons most commonly cited for the monkey attacks; the second reason was the lack of food. Most people said they like the monkeys and thought they should remain in the park, where educational programs should be conducted. The conclusion drawn was that the attacks on humans by the monkeys were elicited by humans behavior: by monkeys misinterpretation of the action of humans as aggressive; by reacting to human interference in their social interactions, by being attacked first by humans, as a form of obtaining food or other survival issues. On the other hand there was a lack of knowledge about these animals on behalf of the visitors. This problem could be eliminated through environmental education programs.
Tem havido um grande número de ocorrências de conflitos envolvendo macacos-prego (Cebus apella) e humanos nos parques municipais. Harmonizar esses conflitos tem sido um grande desafio e encontrar soluções para os problemas gerados torna-se cada dia mais urgente. O presente trabalho procurou investigar como se estabelecem essas relações e o que as pessoas pensam a respeito da presença desses animais no parque e sobre a forma como se comportam. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações ad libitum, filmagens no Parque da Criança, em Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. Foram realizadas observações diretas das interações, utilizando-se o método zero e um, registro de todas as ocorrências e durante as observações foram anotadas informações contextuais consideradas importantes. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com os freqüentadores do parque. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreram mais interações nos finais de semana. A mata foi o local em que houveram mais registros de interações e nos brinquedos ocorreram mais interações conflituosas. O transporte de alimentos é um fator importante para a ocorrência de interações conflituosas, já o de sacolas e outros objetos não favoreceu esse tipo de interação. Em interações conflituosas os macacos emitem um maior número de combinações de comportamentos agressivos que os humanos, por outro lado os humanos, emitiram maior número de combinações contendo categorias não agressivas. Houve mais interações agressivas quando só humanos emitiram comportamentos agressivos do que quando só macacos emitiram tais comportamentos. A maioria dos entrevistados consistiu de visitantes assíduos do parque, que cursaram na sua maioria até o ensino fundamental e possuíam até três filhos. Tais visitantes iam ao parque por questões ecológicas, entre elas, ver os animais, macacos e apreciar a natureza. Costumavam permanecer no parque entre uma e quatros horas. Disseram permanecer mais tempo nos brinquedos e na mata. Mais da metade disse apenas olhar e parar para olhar os macacos, alguns disseram falar com animais, alimentá-los e tentar tocá-los ou tocá-los. Muitos poucos confessaram já terem agredidoos, mas, mais da metade já viram humanos agredirem os macacos e poucos viram os macacos atacarem os humanos. O ataque ou agressão dos humanos aos macacos foi o motivo mais citado para as agressões sofridas, seguida da falta alimentos. A maioria disse gostar dos animais, e considera que deveriam permanecer no parque e que deveria haver programas de educação ambiental. Concluiu-se que os ataques dos macacos aos humanos de forma geral foram eliciados por ação de humanos: seja porque os macacos interpretavam as atitudes dos humanos como ameaças, por terem sido atacados primeiro pelos humanos, por reagirem à interferência humana em suas interações sociais, e como forma de obtenção de recursos alimentares, ou ainda, por questões ligadas à sua sobrevivência. Por outro lado, faltou aos humanos conhecimento adequado sobre esses animais, sua importância e de como e quando interagir com eles, o que poderia ser erradicado com a implantação de um programa de educação ambiental.
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Batagello, Daniella Sabino. "Distribuição dos neurônios e campos terminais que expressam a urocortina 3 no sistema nervoso central de primata não-humano (Cebus apella)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-22052012-094616/.
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Introdução: A urocortina 3 (UCN 3) é um neuropeptídeo pertencente a família CRF, com seletividade de ligação a receptor CRF2. Em roedores as células UCN 3 se localizam principalmente em hipotálamo e amígdala, mas o mapeamento não foi realizado em modelo de primata não-humano. Objetivo: realizar o mapeamento da distribuição da UCN 3 no sistema nervoso central na espécie Cebus apella. Material e métodos: cortes de encéfalo de animais machos foram submetidos aos métodos de imuno-histoquímica e hibridização in situ para UCN 3. Séries adjacentes foram coradas pelo método de Nissl e hematoxilina-eosina. Resultados: Células UCN 3 se localizam principalmente em regiões hipotalâmicas, amigdalóides e límbicas. Há colocalização de UCN 3/CRF no núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo e UCN 3/insulina em células b do pâncreas. Conclusão: a distribuição de UCN 3 em primata não-humano é semelhante à de roedores.Introduction: Urocortin 3 (UCN 3) is a neuropeptide with 38-aa and member of the CRF peptide family, it is a selective agonist for the CRF2 receptor. UCN 3 cells in rodents showed containing- neurons found mainly in hypothalamic and amygdaloid regions. However, such mapping was not done in a non-human primate model. Objective: study the UCN 3 distribution in the brain of a monkey. Material and methods: frontal sections (40mm) were subjected to immunohistochemistry technique and in situ hybridization, Nissl and Hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results: UCN 3 cells were found mainly in the amygdaloid, limbic and hypothalamic regions. Double-labeled cells (CRF/UCN 3) were found in the PaMD and, in b cells (UCN 3/insulin) of pancreas. Conclusion: the distribution of UCN 3 in non-human primate is similar to the rodents distribution.
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Tsiarify, Lalao. "Conflits franco-allemands et présence missionnaire : la fondation et le développement de la mission des Capucins d'Alsace à Madagascar (1932-1960)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20074.
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Intitulée Conflits franco-allemands et présence missionnaire. La fondation et le développement de la mission des Capucins à Madagascar (1932-1960) , cette thèse s’intéresse aux crises qu’ont dû affronter les Capucins d’Alsace lors de leur installation à Madagascar au début des années trente. Le motu proprio de Pie XI, Supremi apostolatus munus, du 2 février 1932, transférant la préfecture apostolique de Mayotte, Nosy-Be et des Comores agrandie, marquait le début de l’aventure missionnaire de ces religieux sur la grande île malgache. Ces derniers héritèrent ce territoire des Pères du Saint-Esprit qui étaient à Nosy-Be depuis 1879. Ainsi, le problème du transfert des biens se posait, lorsqu’ils y arrivèrent. Il se développait dans une querelle entre les anciens et les nouveaux missionnaires et le conflit d’autorité qui affrontait le P. Lopinot avec le Fr. Brillaud de la Congrégation des Frères de Saint-Gabriel et le Comité d’Action populaire catholique de Nossi-Bé. Il s’ajoutait à cela les débats nourris d’arguments identitaires et patriotiques sur l’origine des Capucins venant d’Alsace. L’étude des diverses sources disponibles montre qu’il y avait des tentatives d’accorder à ce problème particulier de changement des missionnaires une dimension diplomatique et politique. Les opposants des religieux d’Alsace évoquaient leur germanité, et par là mettaient en cause leur attachement à la France. Les Capucins d’origine alsacienne furent soupçonnés d’être au service des intérêts allemands et accusés d’être destructeurs des valeurs religieuses et traditions françaises. Il s’agissait de l’instrumentalisation des conflits franco-allemands dans une crise d’autorité et de conflits personnels, puisqu’au niveau politico-diplomatique, cette crise ne représentait pas les différends directs entre l’Allemagne et la France. La première partie de cette thèse s’ouvre avec un chapitre qui retrace l’histoire de l’établissement des Capucins dans la région alsacienne, couvrant la période 1729-1932. L’intégration de l’Alsace-Lorraine à la souveraineté allemande en 1871 eut des conséquences dans l’histoire de la province des Capucins en Alsace, supprimée lors de la Révolution française. Confrontés avec le Kulturkampf, leurs confrères de la Rhénanie-Westphalie s’installèrent dans la région alsacienne en 1888. La province des Capucins dans l’ancien Reichland Elsaß-Lothringen renaît après la Première Guerre mondiale. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à l’évolution des relations franco-allemandes dans la deuxième moitié des années vingt et au début des années trente. Il aborde la question de la mission dans les vicissitudes des rivalités internationales à la fin des hostilités. La réflexion se focalise sur l’Allemagne, la France et le Vatican. Cette partie se termine avec un chapitre consacré au transfert de la préfecture apostolique de Mayotte, Nosy-Be et des Comores aux Capucins d’Alsace en 1932. Ce chapitre décrit brièvement l’histoire de l’évangélisation de ce territoire avant leur arrivée et retrace l’état de la mission dans les régions du Sambirano et de Maromandia vers la fin des années vingt et au début des années trente ; cette période est marquée par le conflit de juridiction entre le vicariat apostolique de Majunga et de Diégo-Suarez. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’analyse de la crise qui avait mis à l’épreuve l’installation des Capucins venant d’Alsace à Madagascar. Elle examine le litige à propos des biens de la mission entre les anciens et les nouveaux missionnaires. Ces faits se sont déroulés à l’époque du P. Lopinot (1932-1937). Elle aborde aussi le conflit d’autorité entre celui-ci et le Fr. Brillaud, frère de Saint-Gabriel, à propos de la fanfare communale. Leur querelle se situait dans le contexte de la commémoration de l’armistice de 1918. Elle se prolongeait aux conflits et tensions entre le P. Lopinot et les habitants de Nosy-Be. Cette partie relate aussi l’instrumentalisation des conflits franco-allemands dans cette situationThe present dissertation, titled French and German conflicts and missionary presence. The foundation and development of the Capuchin mission in Madagascar (1932-1960) deals with the crises that the Capuchin friars from Alsace had to face while settling in Madagascar in the early thirties. On February, 2nd 1932, Pius XI issued the Supremi apostolatus munus, a motu proprio whose effect was to transfer the aggrandized apostolic prefecture of Mayotte, Nosy-Be and the Comoros to the latter. This marked the beginning of a missionary adventure on the large Madagascar Island for those clergymen. They inherited this territory from the Fathers of the Holy Spirit who had been in Nosy-Be since 1879. This transfer, and their arrival brought about the question of the transmission of assets. This became a real issue as it took place in the broader context of a general dispute between former and new missionaries along with a conflict of authority between Father Lopinot and Brother Brillaud from the Congregation of the Brothers of Saint-Gabriel and the Committee for Catholic Popular Action in Nossi-Bé. Added to that, the Capuchin Friars from Alsace were the target of heated debates on grounds such as their origin, identity, or patriotic spirit. The various sources available lay bare a number of attempts at giving a diplomatic and political dimension to the specific problem of the change of missionaries. Opponents of the clergymen from Alsace put forward their German nature, thereby questioning their affiliation with France. Capuchin Friars of Alsatian origin were suspected of acting in the interest of the Germans and were accused of destroying French religious values and traditions. What actually happened was that they were utilising French and Germans conflicts to fuel a crisis of authority and personal conflicts, as in truth, this crisis was by no means representative of the political and diplomatic disagreements between Germany and France. The first chapter of this dissertation recounts the story of the Capuchin settlement in the Alsatian region from 1729 to 1932. The German sovereign power taking over Alsace and Lorraine in 1871 had repercussions on the history of the Capuchin province in Alsace, which was suppressed during the French Revolution. Faced with the Kulturkampf, their fellows from the Rhineland and Westphalia settled in the Alsatian region in 1888. The Capuchin province in former Reichland Elsaß-Lothringen rose again after World War I. The second chapter focuses on the evolution of French and German relationships during the second half of the twenties and early thirties. It addresses the question of the mission in the tumultuous context of international rivalries at the end of hostilities. Specific attention is paid to Germany, France and the Vatican. This part ends on a chapter about the 1932 transfer of the apostolic prefecture of Mayotte, Nosy-Be and the Comoros to the Capuchin Friars from Alsace. This chapter briefly recounts how that territory had been evangelised prior to their arrival and describes the state of the mission in the Sambirano and Maromandia regions around the end of the twenties and early thirties — a period marked by a jurisdiction conflict between the apostolic curacy of Majunga and Diego-Suarez. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the crisis and the hardships the Capuchin Friars from Alsace were faced with as they settled in Madagascar. It examines the contention between former and new missionaries concerning the assets of the mission. This took place under Father Lopinot (1932-1937). This part also tackles the conflict of authority between the latter and Brother Brillaud, a brother of Saint-Gabriel, on the question of the municipal fanfare. Their quarrel took place in the context of the commemoration of the 1918 armistice
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Bonci, Daniela Maria Oliveira. "Estudos dos pigmentos visuais de macaco-prego (cebus sp) e da relação entre a psicofísica e a genética da visão de cores em humanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-02052011-155359/.
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A visão de cores é possível devido aos diferentes tipos de fotorreceptores e ao processamento pós-receptoral da informação gerada após ativação destas células pela luz. Análises genéticas, funcionais e morfológicas podem ser utilizadas no estudo da visão de cores. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas a genética dos pigmentos visuais de macacos do gênero Cebus e a genética e a psicofísica da visão de cores de humanos com e sem discromatopsias hereditárias. O sequenciamento dos genes que expressam as opsinas presentes nos cones L e M foi realizado em dois grupos de macacos-prego mantidos na UFRJ e na UFPA. Treze animais do Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho da UFRJ e vinte animais da Escola de Primatas da UFPA tiveram o sangue coletado, o material genético extraído e os éxons 3 e 5 dos genes que codificam as opsinas L/M sequenciados após amplificação por PCR. Os aminoácidos localizados nas posições 180, 277 e 285 das opsinas foram identificados e com este resultado foi determinada a curva de absorção espectral das opsinas. O resultado foi a caracterização de seis machos dicromatas, quatro fêmeas tricromatas e três fêmeas dicromatas entre os animais da UFRJ. Entre os animais da UFPA, dezesseis machos eram dicromatas, uma fêmea era tricromata e três fêmeas eram dicromatas. Entre os alelos encontrados nesses grupos, a combinação SFT, cujo pico de absorção espectral da opsina é de 546-553, foi descrita pela primeira vez no gênero Cebus. A variedade de alelos encontrada entre os dois grupos é devida às diferentes condições ambientais nos locais de origem dos animais. No estudo com humanos, a visão de cores de 19 sujeitos controles (5 homens e 14 mulheres) e 16 sujeitos daltônicos (14 homens e 1 mulher), moradores no estado de São Paulo (SP) foi avaliada através de quatro testes psicofísicos e análises genéticas dos pigmentos visuais. Estes resultados foram comparados com os dados descritos por Gonçalves (2006) em sujeitos daltônicos do estado do Pará (PA). Na correlação entre o fenótipo e o genótipo dos sujeitos estudados neste trabalho, foi observada uma correspondência de 100% entre a classificação da discromatopsia obtida com as análises genéticas e os testes psicofísicosColor vision is possible due to different types of photoreceptors and to the post receptoral processing of the information generated after cell activation by the light. Genetic, functional and morphological analysis can be used as tools in the color vision studies. In the present work the genetic of the visual pigments from Cebus sp and the genetic and the psychophysics of normal and defective human color vision were evaluated. The sequencing of the L and M genes of 33 capuchin monkeys was performed. Blood samples were collected from 13 monkeys from Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (UFRJ) and 20 monkeys from Escola de Primatas (UFPA), the DNA was extracted and exons 3 and 5 from L/M genes were sequenced after PCR amplification. For each animal the 180, 277 and 285 aminoacids were identified and the spectral absorbance curve was estimated based on their sequence. In the UFRJ group, six males and three females were identified as dichromats and four females were identified as thrichromats. In the UFPA group sixteen males and three females were dichromats and one female was thrichromat. The SFT aminoacid combination was described for the first time in the Cebus genera. The allelic diversity described in these animals is probably due to the distinct environmental conditions from the place of birth of the animals. In the human study 19 control subjects (5 men and 14 women) and sixteen daltonic subjects (14 men and 1 woman), all from São Paulo city, had the colour vision evaluated with 4 colour vision tests and with the visual pigment genetics. The results were compared to the data described by Gonçalves (2006) in daltonic subjects from Pará state. The correlation between phenotype and genotype of the subjects from SP had a 100% of correspondence in the genetic and psychophysical classifications of dischromatopsia
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Fogaça, Mariana Dutra. "Comportamento alimentar e propriedades físicas dos alimentos consumidos por macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus), no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-19112014-160219/.
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O modelo de demanda da dieta é baseado na premissa de que a morfologia desenvolve-se em resposta à pressão evolutiva causada pelos desafios dos componentes da dieta. Dessa forma, o estudo da ecologia alimentar é importante para entender a adaptação morfológica crânio-facial. Este modelo prevê que ou os tecidos com maior demanda mecânica, independente da frequência de uso, ou os alimentos consumidos com maior frequência, seriam a força seletiva primária na seleção de características morfológicas relacionadas à mastigação. Por essa perspectiva, as propriedades físicas dos alimentos são a principal pressão seletiva para diversas características anatômicas. As propriedades físicas dos alimentos referem-se às características externas e internas que dizem respeito a tamanho, forma e textura de superfície e refletem a resistência dos recursos à fragmentação, medida por resistência à fratura (toughness) e módulo de elasticidade (elastic modulus). A barreira causada pelas características físicas dos alimentos também pode levar à seleção de estratégias comportamentais para supera-lá, como o uso dos dentes de maneira mais eficiente ou o processamento de alimentos antes da ingestão. Essas estratégias comportamentais podem, portanto, garantir acesso a um alimento, mesmo que o animal não tenha especializações anatômicas para ingeri-lo. Alguns autores têm sugerido que diferenças na dieta entre adultos e jovens estariam relacionadas às propriedades físicas dos alimentos, podendo ser reflexo das diferenças etárias no aparato mastigatório do indivíduo, ou da experiência deste com comportamentos que permitam acessar um recurso de alta demanda mecânica. Neste trabalho,foram coletados dados sobre comportamento alimentar e propriedades físicas dos alimentos consumidos por uma população de macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus) no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, SP, entre Agosto de 2010 a Setembro de 2012. Com esses dados analisamos se havia diferenças, entre adultos e jovens, no comportamento alimentar e /ou nos valores das propriedades físicas dos recursos consumidos e comparamos os valores máximos de resistência à fratura com duas outras populações de macacos-prego (S. apella e Cebus olivaceus), com dados cedidos pelo Dr. Barth Wright. No PECB, os valores máximos de resistência à fratura e de eslaticidade foram encontrados para o recurso folha de palmeira Euterpe edulis (38868,7 J/m²; 21494,01 MPa, respectivamente). Não houve diferença significativa entre adultos e jovens no consumo de recursos com alto valor de propriedades físicas assim como no comportamento alimentar apresentado para acessar os recursos. Além disso, encontramos que S. nigritusconsome alimentos com valores significativamente maiores de resistência à fratura (média = 6903J/m²) do que S. apella (média = 1758J/m²) e C. olivaceus (média = 1347J/m²). Nossos resultados fornecem evidências de que o aparato vi mastigatório da espécie S. nigritus é adaptado a uma dieta com recursos de altos valores de resistência à fratura que são maiores do que encontrado para as outras duas espécies de macacos-prego. Além disso, os dados encontrados aqui demonstram que as propriedades físicas dos alimentos não causam a diferença na dieta encontrada entre diferentes classes etárias, mas determinam o padrão de comportamento alimentar encontrado para acessar cada recursoThe demand model diet is based on the premise that the morphology develops in response to evolutionary pressure caused by the challenges of diet components. Thus, the study of feeding ecology is important in understanding the morphological craniofacial adaptation This model predicts that 1) or tissues with increased mechanical demands, regardless of frequency of use, or 2) the most frequently consumed foods would be the force selective primary in the selection of morphological features related to feeding. From this perspective, the food mechanical properties in shaping the craniodental anatomy of primates has been well established. The physical properties of foods refer to external and internal characteristics that relate to size, shape and surface texture and reflect the resistance to fragmentation of resources, measured by toughness and elastic modulus. The limit caused by the physical characteristics of foods can also lead to the selection of behavioral strategies to overcome - there, like the use of the teeth more efficiently or processing of foods before ingestion. These behavioral strategies can therefore guarantee access to food, even if the animal does not have anatomical specializations to ingest it. Some authors have suggested that differences in diet between adults and juveniles are related to the physical properties of food, may be a reflection of age differences in the masticatory apparatus of the individual, or experience with this behavior which permit access a resource with high mechanical demand. This work has been collected data on dietary behavior and physical properties of food consumed by a population of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) in Statue Park Carlos Botelho, SP, from August 2010 to September 2012. With these data we analyzed whether there were differences in behavior and / or physical property values of the consumed resources among adults and juveniles and we compared the maximum values of fracture resistance with two other groups of capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus and S. apella) with data provided by Dr .Barth Wight. The maximum value of toughness (38868.7 J / m²) and elastic modulus (21494.01 MPa) were found for leaf palm Euterpe edulis. There was no significant difference between adults and youth in the consumption of resources with high value of physical properties as well as feeding behavior appears to access the resources. S. nigritus eat foods with significantly higher values of fracture resistance (mean = 6903 J/m²) than S. apella (mean = 1758 J/m²) andC. olivaceus (mean = 1347 J/m²). Our results provide evidence that the masticatory apparatus of the species S. nigritus is adapted to a diet with high toughness. We also concluded that the foods with high mechanical demands. In addition, our data demonstrate that the physical properties of the food does not cause a difference in the viii diet found between adult and juveniles, but show that determine the pattern of feeding behavior found to access each feature
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Rodrigues, Bruna. "Etologia aplicada ao enriquecimento ambiental para macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.) semi-cativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-05032015-152804/.
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Atualmente há uma grande preocupação ética em promover o bem-estar de animais cativos e semi-cativos. Uma das formas mais eficientes de se fazer isso é aplicar técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental. Para avaliar sua eficácia, a abordagem da etologia se encaixa ao utilizarmos estímulos ambientais e analisarmos as mudanças comportamentais causadas por eles, correlacionando com possíveis funções adaptativas. Este trabalho analisou a influência de um método de enriquecimento ambiental sequencial e cumulativo no comportamento de 27 indivíduos de um grupo de macacos-prego (Sapajus sp) semi-cativos no Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo. O fornecimento de pedras e de cocos para a tarefa de quebra de coco foi utilizado como enriquecimento cognitivo-alimentar e redes em suspensão foram utilizadas como enriquecimento físico. O delineamento experimental foi composto por quatro condições: 1) Linha de Base, observações feitas antes da introdução do enriquecimento; 2) Enriquecimento com cocos Protocolo I, os cocos eram fornecidos em apenas um sítio de quebra; 3) Enriquecimento com cocos Protocolo II, os cocos eram distribuídos igualmente em três sítios de quebra; e 4) Enriquecimento Físico, duas redes foram colocadas em clareiras da ilha, além do fornecimento de cocos em três sítios. O registro dos comportamentos foi feito pelos métodos Varredura Focal e Todas as Ocorrências. Os machos adultos subordinados foram os únicos indivíduos do grupo que apresentaram comportamentos anormais, devido ao maior estresse psicossocial que sofrem na hierarquia do grupo. A frequência de comportamentos anormais foi alterada, especialmente na condição Enriquecimento Físico, quando houve diminuição drástica desses comportamentos. A introdução das redes ofereceu refúgio e evitação de conflitos, aumentando a sensação de controle do ambiente. Além disso, alguns desses indivíduos tiveram um aumento da proximidade espacial e de interações afiliativas com outros subordinados, o que seria uma estratégia adaptativa adotada para reduzir o estresse. Houve aumento das taxas de comportamentos agonísticos no grupo ao introduzirmos o enriquecimento cognitivo-alimentar. O aumento da competição direta intragrupo já era esperado devido às características do enriquecimento oferecido e essa alteração comportamental do grupo pode ser considerada típica em primatas de vida livre. Não houve aumento significativo das taxas de catação e de brincadeira social em nenhuma condição. Houve alteração significativa da coesão grupal apenas na condição Enriquecimento Físico, onde obtivemos as maiores medidas de distância interindividual e a formação de novas relações de proximidade no grupo. O aparecimento de novas díades envolvidas em catação e a diminuição do tamanho do grupo devido à alta mortalidade explicam o aumento da coesão grupal observado nessa condição. A introdução de redes em estratos superiores eliciou menor terrestrialidade, havendo um aumento significativo da frequência do uso de substratos Acima de 1,5m em detrimento do uso de substratos ao nível do solo na condição Enriquecimento Físico, demonstrando uma preferência por substratos acima do solo pelos animais desse grupo. A técnica de enriquecimento empregada se justifica por ser um elemento novo na rotina desses animais que fez com que empregassem seu tempo, esforço e capacidade cognitiva e interagissem socialmenteNowadays there is a big ethic concern in improving the well-being of captive and semi-captive animals. One of the most efficient forms of doing that is applying environmental enrichment techniques. To evaluate its efficiency, the ethological approach applies environmental stimuli and analyzes the behavioral changes caused by them by correlating with possible adaptive functions. This work has analyzed the influence of a sequential and cumulative environmental enrichment method on the behavior of 27 individuals of a semi-captive group of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo. The provision of rocks and nuts for the task of nutcracking was utilized as cognitive-food enrichment, whereas suspended nets were utilized as physical enrichment. The experimental design was composed of four conditions: 1) Base Line, observations made before the introduction of the enrichment; 2) Enrichment with nuts Protocol I, the nuts were provided at a single cracking site; 3) Enrichment with nuts, Protocol II, the nuts were equally distributed at three cracking sites; and 4) Physical Enrichment, two nets were placed in open areas of the island, beside the provision of nut at three sites. The registry of behavior was made using the Focal Scan and All Occurrences methods. The adult subordinate males were the only individuals of the group that presented abnormal behaviors, as they were under great psychosocial stress in the group hierarchy. The frequency of abnormal behaviors was altered, especially in the Physical Enrichment condition, when a drastic decrease of these behaviors was seen. The introduction of nets provided refugee and enabled conflict avoidance, increasing the sensation of environment control. Besides that, some of the individuals had a increase of spatial proximity and showed affiliative behaviors with other subordinates, which would be an adaptive strategy adopted to reduce stress. The rate of agonistic behaviors was seen to have increased with the introduction of cognitive-food enrichment. The increase of intergroup direct competition was already expected due to the characteristics of the enrichment provided and this behavioral change of the group can be considered typical of wild primates. There was no significant increase in grooming and social play rates at any of the conditions. There was significant change of the group cohesion only under the Physical Enrichment condition, where the biggest interindividual distance measures and the formation of new proximity relations in the group were seen. The appearance of new dyads involved in grooming and the reduction of the group size due to high mortality explain the increased group cohesion observed under this condition. The introduction of nets on superior layers elicited less terrestriality, by having a significant increase of the frequency of use of substrates Above 1,5m in detriment of use of substrates at the ground level under the Physical Enrichment condition, showing a preference for substrates above the ground by these animals. The enrichment technique applied is justified by the fact that it is a new element on the routine of these animals, which helped them use their time, effort and cognitive capacity and interact socially
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Coelho, Camila Galheigo. "Observação por co-específicos e influências sociais na apresendizagem do uso de ferramentas para quebrar cocos por macacos-prego (Cebus.sp.) em semi-liberdade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-16122009-111132/.
Full textAbstract:
A presente dissertação dá continuidade às pesquisas que vêm sendo desenvolvidas há mais de uma década com um grupo de macacos-prego (Cebus sp.) do Parque Ecológico do Tietê, e cujo escopo reside na análise dos comportamentos de manipulação de objetos, uso de ferramentas para obtenção de alimento e na transmissão social de informação. Filhotes manipulam cocos e pedras, inicialmente de forma inepta e gradualmente desenvolvem as técnicas necessárias para o uso de pedras como ferramentas percussivas para quebrar cocos posicionados sobre bigornas. Durante o processo de aquisição da técnica de quebrar cocos, os filhotes observam co-específicos executando o comportamento. Os macacos-prego adultos são extremamente tolerantes a infantes e juvenis, permitindo uma observação próxima da atividade, acesso aos cocos e martelos e inclusive a possibilidade de se alimentar de restos de cocos quebrados. Essa tolerância confere oportunidades sociais que podem facilitar a aprendizagem de indivíduos ingênuos, levando à transmissão social do uso de pedras como ferramentas. Um estudo anterior (Ottoni et al 2005) verificou que a escolha de alvos não se correlacionava significativamente com sua idade, proximidade social ou posto hierárquico, mas sim se correlacionava com a proficiência dos alvos potenciais, uma estratégia que otimiza as possibilidades de transmissão social de informação, mas que poderia estar sendo mediada por um mecanismo simples de otimização pelas oportunidades de comer restos (scrounging). Buscamos aqui investigar com mais precisão estas correlações entre os fatores sociais e de desempenho da técnica que estariam associados à escolha dos alvos de observação. Verificamos que a observação de co-específicos durante a quebra de cocos se correlacionou significativamente com diversos fatores: proximidade social, hierarquia social, idade, proficiência e produtividade na quebra. Diferenças em relação ao estudo anterior sugerem que o comportamento de quebra de cocos podia estar, então, se disseminando pelo grupo, estando hoje em sua fase de tradição. Observamos a ocorrência de scrounging em 74,5% dos eventos observacionais, o que dá suporte à hipótese de que o scrounging constitua a motivação proximal para a observação da quebra de cocos, e outras oportunidades de aprendizagem socialmente enviesada que não dependem da observação do comportamento em si: a farta disponibilidade de restos de cocos nos sítios após um episódio de quebra permite aos observadores fazer scrounging e manipular os elementos nos sítios, mesmo em se tratando de indivíduos pouco tolerados socialmente. Foi registrada uma alta freqüência de observações de alvos machos adultos por fêmeas adultas, o que sugere um possível papel de display sexual da quebra de cocos. Uma idiossincrasias foi observada no comportamento atual de quebra de cocos pelos macacos-prego do P.E.T: as fêmeas, usualmente pouco ativas em outros estudos, mostraram-se freqüentes quebradoras e foram alvo de observação no presente estudo A dinâmica das interações sociais que ocorrem no contexto da quebra de cocos com o auxílio de ferramentas, associada aos padrões de desenvolvimento ontogenético da proficiência neste comportamento, favorecem a caracterização do uso de ferramentas na quebra de cocos como uma tradição comportamental.This dissertation gives continuity to research with a group of Capuchin monkeys (Cebus sp.) from the Tietê Ecological Park, under way for over a decade. The scope of the research includes manipulative behaviours of objects, tool-use and social transmission of information. Infants and juveniles manipulate nuts and stones, initially in a non-proficient way and gradually they develop the necessary skills for the use of the stone as percussive tools for nutcracking on top of anvils. During the acquisition of the nut-cracking technique, infants and juveniles observe conspecifics cracking nuts. Adult capuchin monkeys are extremely tolerant with infants and juveniles, allowing close observation, access to nuts and hammers and even the possibility of scrounging cracked nuts. This tolerance gives way to social opportunities which may facilitate learning for naive individuals, leading to the social transmission of the use of stones as tools. A previous study (Ottoni et al 2005) verified that observation did not significantly correlate to age, social proximity or hierarchy, but it did correlate to the proficiency of observational targets. A simple mechanism such as optimizing scrounging opportunities could hence maximize possibilities of social transmission of information. Here we sought out to investigate more accurately the correlations between the choice of observation targets and social factors and between the former and factors related to the performance of the technique. We verified that the observation of conspecifics during nutcracking significantly correlated to several factors: social proximity, social hierarchy, age, proficiency and productivity in cracking nuts. Differences in relation to the previous study suggest that the nut-cracking behaviour has recently (as of 15 years or so) disseminated through the group, as is presently in the tradition phase. We observed the occurrence of scrounging in 74,5% of the observational episodes, which support the hypotheses that scrounging constitutes the proximal motivation for nut-cracking observation, and other opportunities of socially-biased learning. This does not depend on observing behaviour per se as there is abundant availability of left-over cracked nuts on the anvils after an episode of nutcracking, which allows the monkeys to scrounge and manipulate the elements on site. This is especially relevant for individuals that are less tolerated socially. High frequency of observations by adult females was registered, suggesting a possible role of sexual display in nut-cracking. One idiosyncrasy was observed in the current nut-cracking behavior by Capuchin monkeys at P.E.T: the females, usually less active in other studies, appeared frequent crackers and targets of observation in this study. The dynamics of social interactions which occur in the tool-use-nut-cracking context associated to the patterns of the ontogenetic development of proficiency in this behaviour, favour the characterization of tool use in nutcracking as a behavioral tradition.