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1
Maurach, Gregor. "Anmerkungen zu Plautus’ „Captivi“." Hermes 139, no. 4 (2011): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/hermes-2011-0034.
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Franko, George Fredric. "Fides, Aetolia, and Plautus' Captivi." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 125 (1995): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/284350.
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Munier, Charles. "Pour une relecture de l'Ecbasis Captivi." Revue des Sciences Religieuses 69, no. 2 (1995): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rscir.1995.3311.
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Munier, Charles. "Nouvelles recherches sur l'Ecbasis cuiusdam captivi." Revue des Sciences Religieuses 73, no. 1 (1999): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rscir.1999.3473.
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Frangoulidis, Stavros A. "Food and Poetics In Plautus, Captivi." L'antiquité classique 65, no. 1 (1996): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/antiq.1996.1255.
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Thalmann, William G. "Versions of Slavery in the Captivi of Plautus." Ramus 25, no. 2 (1996): 112–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00002113.
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‘Noble’: the invariable response of readers and critics of the Captiui. Read almost any modern work on this play and you will not have to wait long for that word. Up it pops, reflexively. The slave Tyndarus' readiness to stay in captivity, risking and in the event undergoing a gruesome punishment to free his master Philocrates, the master keeping his side of the bargain and returning to Aetolia to redeem Tyndarus in exchange for Hegio's son Philopolemus when he could as easily have stayed home (why should he care about a slave?)—surely actions that reflect refinements of character and feeling so unlike the routine skulduggery of New Comedy. We all know Lessing's famous eulogy on this play. That was determined by his own personal and cultural situation. But most critics in this century, to judge from the regularity with which they cite the Epilogue, agree with Lessing that this is a play in which ‘the good become better’ (ubi boni meliores fiant, 1034).
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Lowe, J. C. B. "Prisoners, Guards, and Chains in Plautus, Captivi." American Journal of Philology 112, no. 1 (1991): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/295010.
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Munier, Charles. "X. Ecbasis cuiusdam captivi et Droit canonique médiéval." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 83, no. 1 (August 1, 1997): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgka.1997.83.1.187.
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Barrios-Lech, Peter. "Tyndarus’ Bilingual Pun and the Ambiguities of Plautus’ Captivi." Classical Philology 112, no. 2 (April 2017): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/691425.
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Munier, Charles. "L'Ecbasis Captivi et la querelle des investitures (Suite et fin)." Revue des Sciences Religieuses 69, no. 4 (1995): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rscir.1995.3334.
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Surdel, Alain-Julien. "Divertissement pascal et latinité médiévale L'Ecbasis cuiusdam captivi per tropologiam." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 2 (January 1, 1989): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.2.13sur.
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Mazzara, Rachel. "METAGENRE AND THE COMPETENT AUDIENCE OF PLAUTUS’ CAPTIVI." Ramus 51, no. 2 (December 2022): 160–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rmu.2022.10.
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Writing on Poenulus and Plautus’ genre, Henderson has proposed that the extant Plautine plays are ‘emphatically heterogeneous’, such that ‘no one play typifies the oeuvre.’ His argument counters a charge often leveled against Roman Comedy, that the plays are all the same, or at least that they all amount to the same thing. Henderson was right that they are not and do not, but the fact remains that Plautus’ plays have a certain predictability. Their formulaic nature is what promises, in the face of manifold obstacles, a happy ending. It is what indicates that the fragments of Vidularia once added up to a recognition play—and what defines ‘recognition plays’ as a group. It is what prompts claims that Captiui is ‘unusual’, filled with ‘oddities’ and ‘mistakes’.
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Fontaine, Michael. "Reconsidering some Plautine Elements in Plautus (Amphitryo 302–7, Captivi 80–4)." Classical Journal 111, no. 4 (2015): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcj.2015.0054.
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LOFKRANTZ, JENNIFER, and OLATUNJI OJO. "SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND FAILED RANSOM NEGOTIATIONS IN WEST AFRICA, 1730–1900." Journal of African History 53, no. 1 (March 2012): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853712000035.
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ABSTRACTThis article builds upon previous work on the impact of ransoming on processes of captivity, enslavement, and slavery in West Africa. Ransoming is defined as the release of a captive prior to enslavement in exchange for payment. It was a complicated process with no guarantee of success. This article examines the responses of families of captives to the failure of ransom negotiations. The ability to respond to failed ransom negotiations and the type of response chosen was dependent on the political climate and the resources available to those seeking the release of a captive.
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Ahmad, Ahmad Abdulrahman, and Ahmad Mirza Mirza. "The ways of releasing the crucified captives in the era of Salahaddin Ayub." Twejer 5, no. 1 (June 2022): 59–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2251.2.
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Abstract The beginning of the creation of political entities in the world was based on the difference in their opinions and interests, which caused their confrontation. The most significant consequence of such confrontations was captivity. This phenomenon has existed over the past to the present time and will continue in the future. It means that such topic is contemporary and important. The phenomenon of captivity was very common in the Salaheddin Ayoub,s era (567-589AH/1171-1193AD), which has resulted in many different situations, but we are only focusing on freeing captives. Salahaddin was one of those who wanted to free captives, but in different ways. The most important ways include captive exchange, captives by money, for the sake of securing general peace, against the surrender of strongholds and walls, and respecting the leaders, personalities of the other side, and because of the affection of Salahaddin,s personality. This lead him to become a typical example by both allies and enemies.
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Richey, Norma Jean, and Rodney Hall. "Captivity Captive." World Literature Today 63, no. 3 (1989): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40145515.
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Castro, Robert F., and Rihao Gao. "THE DEVIL IN DISGUISE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000193.
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AbstractFor generations, Mexican and American Indian populations reciprocally and ritualistically took captives from one another’s societies in what are today the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. These captive-taking wars breached the expansion of the American state into the west (1850s) and tested the ability of the American state to enforce law and policy in a frontier environment. This intriguing history, however, has yet to be addressed in legal and social science research on race. Our goal in this article is two-fold: (1) to determine whether the captive status of individuals taken in these endemic borderland wars is visible within surviving U.S. administrative materials (e.g., census); and (2) to determine whether close analysis of census materials can be used to ascertain whether federal liberators were able to abolish the captive-taking trade relative to their official mandate. The authors analyze a core sample of 1860s-era census materials from the City of Santa Fe, New Mexico—which has a documented history of Indian captivity and enslavement—as well as church records to determine whether these materials indicate the continuance of captivity even after federal liberators had the opportunity to abolish the trade.
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Facchini, Riccardo. "Ad procurandum redemptionem et liberationem. il riscatto dei captivi veneziani in partibus infidelium (1332-1453)." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 162 (December 2018): 657–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2018-162001.
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David and Ian McDougall. "‘Evil Tongues’: a previously unedited Old English sermon." Anglo-Saxon England 26 (December 1997): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100002179.
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In his account of the contents of the second volume of London, British Library, Cotton Otho C. i, Kenneth Sisam drew attention to an unpublished sermon on the sins of the tongue to which he gave the title Evil Tongues. The sermon is written in the same hand as the two texts which precede it in the manuscript – an Old English version of St Jerome's Vita Malchi monachi captivi (henceforth Malchus) and a translation of a letter by Boniface (Wynfrith) on an anonymous priest's vision of the next world (henceforth Wynfrith's Letter) Sisam was unable to identify a source for the Evil Tongues sermon, but close parallels for most of the Old English text are found in anther work by Jerome, the exposition of Ps. CXIX in his Tractatus in Psalmos.
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Hunter, Luke T. B., Paula White, Philipp Henschel, Laurence Frank, Cole Burton, Andrew Loveridge, Guy Balme, Christine Breitenmoser, and Urs Breitenmoser. "Walking with lions: why there is no role for captive-origin lions Panthera leo in species restoration." Oryx 47, no. 1 (July 31, 2012): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000695.
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AbstractDespite formidable challenges and few successes in reintroducing large cats from captivity to the wild, the release of captives has widespread support from the general public and local governments, and continues to occur ad hoc. Commercial so-called lion Panthera leo encounter operations in Africa exemplify the issue, in which the captive breeding of the lion is linked to claims of reintroduction and broader conservation outcomes. In this article we assess the capacity of such programmes to contribute to in situ lion conservation. By highlighting the availability of wild founders, the unsuitability of captive lions for release and the evidence-based success of wild–wild lion translocations, we show that captive-origin lions have no role in species restoration. We also argue that approaches to reintroduction exemplified by the lion encounter industry do not address the reasons for the decline of lions in situ, nor do they represent a model that can be widely applied to restoration of threatened felids elsewhere.
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Barrios-Lech, Peter G. "The Volo Command in Roman Comedy." Mnemosyne 69, no. 4 (June 23, 2016): 628–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341827.
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The contribution aims to show how commands and requests with volo (and nolo), e.g. volo te facere, “I want you to do [this]”, are constrained by social variables, specifically the relationship of hearer to speaker. There are 181 relevant tokens gathered from the corpus of extant Roman comedy. First, three kinds of volo command are distinguished and discussed: volo+bald infinitive, volo+accusativus cum infinitivo, and volo+finite clause with subjunctive. Second, the following are demonstrated: (1.) volo+AcI and volo+subjunctive typically convey peremptory commands; (2.) volo+bald infinitive “prefers” requests compared to the former two expressions; (3.) all three expressions tend to be used in contexts where the speaker enjoys greater authority than the hearer. To conclude, it is suggested that Plautus may use the form to support the authoritative stance of characters in Amphitruo, Casina and Captivi.
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Michael Fontaine. "Reconsidering some Plautine Elements in Plautus (Amphitryo 302–7, Captivi 80–4)." Classical Journal 111, no. 4 (2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.5184/classicalj.111.4.0417.
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Courtney Jones, Stephanie K., Adam J. Munn, and Phillip G. Byrne. "Effect of captivity on morphology: negligible changes in external morphology mask significant changes in internal morphology." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 5 (May 2018): 172470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172470.
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Captive breeding programmes are increasingly relied upon for threatened species management. Changes in morphology can occur in captivity, often with unknown consequences for reintroductions. Few studies have examined the morphological changes that occur in captive animals compared with wild animals. Further, the effect of multiple generations being maintained in captivity, and the potential effects of captivity on sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. We compared external and internal morphology of captive and wild animals using house mouse ( Mus musculus ) as a model species. In addition, we looked at morphology across two captive generations, and compared morphology between sexes. We found no statistically significant differences in external morphology, but after one generation in captivity there was evidence for a shift in the internal morphology of captive-reared mice; captive-reared mice (two generations bred) had lighter combined kidney and spleen masses compared with wild-caught mice. Sexual dimorphism was maintained in captivity. Our findings demonstrate that captive breeding can alter internal morphology. Given that these morphological changes may impact organismal functioning and viability following release, further investigation is warranted. If the morphological change is shown to be maladaptive, these changes would have significant implications for captive-source populations that are used for reintroduction, including reduced survivorship.
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Daniel, Kane. "01.Body size comparisons between wild and captive puff adders Bitis arietans." Herpetological Journal 32, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/32.4.176182.
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Captivity can provide a resource-rich environment for snakes which may lead to over-conditioning of individuals. We compared captive and wild populations of Bitis arietans to see if a difference in scaled mass index (SMI) existed between the samples. Male B. arietans had significantly higher SMI in captivity than in the wild; there was no difference between wild and captive females. A sex-related difference in SMI between wild male and female B. arietans, evident in the wild, was not found in captivity. These results suggest that the captive management of B.arietans may require review to prevent over-conditioning of male snakes, and that this may be informed by further comparative research on wild and captive populations of this species. Keywords: Body condition, captivity, scaled mass index, Viperinae
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Goodman, Asha Z., Bhavya Papudeshi, Michael P. Doane, Maria Mora, Emma Kerr, Melissa Torres, Jennifer Nero Moffatt, Lais Lima, Andrew P. Nosal, and Elizabeth Dinsdale. "Epidermal Microbiomes of Leopard Sharks (Triakis semifasciata) Are Consistent across Captive and Wild Environments." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102081.
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Characterizations of shark-microbe systems in wild environments have outlined patterns of species-specific microbiomes; however, whether captivity affects these trends has yet to be determined. We used high-throughput shotgun sequencing to assess the epidermal microbiome belonging to leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) in captive (Birch Aquarium, La Jolla California born and held permanently in captivity), semi-captive (held in captivity for <1 year in duration and scheduled for release; Scripps Institute of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA) and wild environments (Moss Landing and La Jolla, CA, USA). Here, we report captive environments do not drive epidermal microbiome compositions of T. semifasciata to significantly diverge from wild counterparts as life-long captive sharks maintain a species-specific epidermal microbiome resembling those associated with semi-captive and wild populations. Major taxonomic composition shifts observed were inverse changes of top taxonomic contributors across captive duration, specifically an increase of Pseudoalteromonadaceae and consequent decrease of Pseudomonadaceae relative abundance as T. semifasciata increased duration in captive conditions. Moreover, we show captivity did not lead to significant losses in microbial α-diversity of shark epidermal communities. Finally, we present a novel association between T. semifasciata and the Muricauda genus as Metagenomes associated genomes revealed a consistent relationship across captive, semi-captive, and wild populations. Since changes in microbial communities is often associated with poor health outcomes, our report illustrates that epidermally associated microbes belonging to T. semifasciata are not suffering detrimental impacts from long or short-term captivity. Therefore, conservation programs which house sharks in aquariums are providing a healthy environment for the organisms on display. Our findings also expand on current understanding of shark epidermal microbiomes, explore the effects of ecologically different scenarios on benthic shark microbe associations, and highlight novel associations that are consistent across captive gradients.
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Swanson, David L., and Marisa O. King. "Short-term captivity influences maximal cold-induced metabolic rates and their repeatability in summer-acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis." Current Zoology 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.4.439.
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Abstract Studies of metabolic variation in birds have involved both wild and captive individuals, but few studies have investigated whether captivity directly influences metabolic rates, despite such variation potentially confounding conclusions regarding how metabolic rates respond to the conditions under study. In addition, whether short-term captivity influences metabolic rate repeatability in birds is currently uninvestigated. In this study, we measured Msum (maximal cold-induced metabolic rates) in summer acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis directly after capture from wild populations, after approximately 2 weeks of indoor captivity (Captive 1), and again after an additional 1–2 weeks of captivity (Captive 2). Msum increased significantly (16.9%) following the initial captive period, but remained stable thereafter. Body mass (Mb) also increased significantly (9.2%) during the initial captive period but remained stable thereafter, suggesting that muscle growth and/or remodeling of body composition produced the observed metabolic variation. Mb and Msum were not significantly repeatable between wild and Captive 1 birds, but were significantly repeatable between Captive 1 and Captive 2 groups. These data suggest that caution must be exercised when extrapolating metabolic rates from short-term captive to wild populations. In addition, Msum was a repeatable trait for birds under conditions where mean metabolic rates remained stable, but Msum repeatability disappeared during acclimation to conditions promoting phenotypically flexible metabolic responses. This suggests that the capacity for phenotypic flexibility varies among individuals, and such variation could have fitness consequences.
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Andrew Johnson, D. "Displacing Captives in Colonial South Carolina: Native American Enslavement and the Rise of the Colonial State after the Yamasee War." Journal of Early American History 7, no. 2 (July 21, 2017): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00702001.
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The Yamasee War was a watershed moment in the history of colonial South Carolina. The trade in captive Native Americans through Charles Town was much lower after the war, but did not stop. Continuities across this rupture included captives coming into possession of the colony through the same mechanisms as before the war: as diplomatic gifts, as captives taken in warfare, or as traded commodities. While the liberalized and chaotic trade in captive Native Americans was a concern for colonial officials before the Yamasee War, after the outbreak of war, planters, who controlled of the assembly, made it official policy to remove all Native American captives coming into the colony from the continent, with a few notable exceptions. The main change in how the captive trade worked came with the colonial government’s moves to stand as arbiter over what captives could come into the colony and then force colonists to sell the captives to other colonies. The Native American captive trade therefore became an important site of colonial state-building in the period between 1715 and 1735.
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Wisely, S. M., J. J. Ososky, and S. W. Buskirk. "Morphological changes to black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) resulting from captivity." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-160.
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Captive breeding of endangered species carries risks associated with small population size and domestication. The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was among the first endangered species bred in captivity. We documented morphological changes to the species after >10 years of captive breeding. We measured 9 dental or cranial traits on 109 skulls; 85 specimens were collected prior to captivity and 24 specimens were of captive-born animals. Skulls of captive animals were 56% smaller than skulls from precaptive animals and were 310% smaller than skulls of animals collected near the founding population, suggesting that changes occurred in captivity rather than from sample bias in the founders of the captive population. Skull size did not correlate with inbreeding coefficients of captive animals, eliminating the possibility that black-footed ferrets were smaller because of the effects of inbreeding depression or overdominance. Although reintroduced animals were smaller than historical animals, we recommended no alterations to the current management because intentional selection for body size might further reduce genetic variation in a genetically impoverished species. We hypothesize that reintroduced individuals will return to historical body sizes rapidly, owing either to release of environmental stresses or to natural selection for larger size.
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Kissinger, Abdi Fithria, Adi Rahmadi, Rina MNP, and Nurhakim. "Site selection for captive habitat of Cervus unicolor case study: Area suitability for captive C. unicolor in district of Tanah Laut South Kalimantan, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 886, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012081.
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Abstract Cervus unicolor is an animal with a protected status under government regulations in Kalimantan. Conservation efforts for this species can be done through captivity. This study aims to analyze the suitability of the area for captive C.unicolor with additional functions as educational tourism. The research location that will determine the feasibility of captive C.unicolor in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan consists of 3 selected locations. Data was collected by direct field observation and interviews. Secondary data collected in the form of thematic layers and other land characteristics data. Environmental characteristics that became the main study points in captivity of C.unicolor were analyzed descriptevely. The feasibility of the location for captivity was analyzed by weighting several parameters approach. Some of the feasibility parameters assessed are accessibility, topography, grazing area, shade, water sources, and savety aspects. The mapping of the assessed captive locations was analyzed using Arc Gis Software. The results of the analysis show that the location of the Gunung Kayangan tourist area is the most recommended area for captive C.unicolor. The disadvantage of this area compared to the other 2 options is the limited water source which can be overcome by optimizing existing water bodies as reservoirs for water supply for captive C.unicolor.
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Slade, Brendan, Marissa L. Parrott, Aleisha Paproth, Michael J. L. Magrath, Graeme R. Gillespie, and Tim S. Jessop. "Assortative mating among animals of captive and wild origin following experimental conservation releases." Biology Letters 10, no. 11 (November 2014): 20140656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0656.
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Captive breeding is a high profile management tool used for conserving threatened species. However, the inevitable consequence of generations in captivity is broad scale and often-rapid phenotypic divergence between captive and wild individuals, through environmental differences and genetic processes. Although poorly understood, mate choice preference is one of the changes that may occur in captivity that could have important implications for the reintroduction success of captive-bred animals. We bred wild-caught house mice for three generations to examine mating patterns and reproductive outcomes when these animals were simultaneously released into multiple outdoor enclosures with wild conspecifics. At release, there were significant differences in phenotypic (e.g. body mass) and genetic measures (e.g. G st and F ) between captive-bred and wild adult mice. Furthermore, 83% of offspring produced post-release were of same source parentage, inferring pronounced assortative mating. Our findings suggest that captive breeding may affect mating preferences, with potentially adverse implications for the success of threatened species reintroduction programmes.
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Antonelli, Tyler, Carissa L. Leischner, and Adam Hartstone-Rose. "The Cranial Morphology of the Black-Footed Ferret: A Comparison of Wild and Captive Specimens." Animals 12, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 2708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192708.
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The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), a North American mustelid species, was once found abundantly throughout the Midwest until the extreme decline in prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.), the black-footed ferret’s primary food source, brought the species to near-extinction. Subsequently, the Black-Footed Ferret Recovery Program was created in the 1980s with a goal of bringing all remaining individuals of the species into captivity in order to breed the species back to a sustainable population level for successful reintroduction into the wild. While many components of the ferrets’ health were accounted for while in captivity—especially those affecting fecundity—this study aims to assess the effects that captivity may have had on their cranial morphology, something that has not been widely studied in the species. In a previous study, we showed that the captive ferrets had significant oral health problems, and here we aim to document how the captive diet also affected their skull shape. For this study, 23 cranial measurements were taken on the skulls of 271 adult black-footed ferrets and 53 specimens of two closely related species. Skulls were divided based on sex, species, captivity status and phase of captivity and compared for all measurements using stepwise discriminant analysis as well as principal component analysis derived from the combined variables. We found that there are significant differences between captive and wild specimens, some of which are larger than interspecific variation, and that a diet change in the captive specimens likely helped decrease some of these differences. The results suggest that captivity can cause unnatural cranial development and that diet likely has a major impact on cranial morphology.
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Naylor, Whitney, and E. C. M. Parsons. "An International Online Survey on Public Attitudes Towards the Keeping of Whales and Dolphins in Captivity." Tourism in Marine Environments 14, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427319x15627970573318.
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In 2015, an international online survey was conducted to investigate public attitudes on keeping cetaceans in captivity (N = 858). Respondents were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to be opposed to displaying dolphins and whales in marine theme parks and aquariums (opposed to captive display: 54.4%; support captive display: 45.5%). Only 5% of respondents from the US stated they "strongly support" (with 33.3% "support") keeping dolphins and whales in marine theme parks and aquariums, while 21% of participants from India did so (43.4% "support"). Participants that support cetaceans in captivity were significantly more likely to believe cetacean conservation is not important. Six times as many respondents (or 86%) preferred to view cetaceans in the wild via whale watching (61% preferring boat based, 25% land based) versus in captivity. Respondents from the US were less likely to prefer watching cetaceans in a marine theme park (9%) than those from India (26%). Almost 80% of respondents objected to capturing free-ranging dolphins and whales for display in zoos and aquariums. Only 19% of respondents indicated approval for dolphins performing shows involving tricks for human enjoyment, while 85% supported keeping dolphins in captivity when they are sick or injured. Eighty percent supported captive research that benefited conservation of free-ranging populations, dropping to 60% when the research supported the development of captive husbandry methods. Seventy percent of participants were opposed to keeping cetaceans in concrete tanks, versus 53% who were opposed to sea pen enclosures as well. Respondents who believed dolphin and whale conservation was not important were significantly more likely to oppose keeping captive dolphins for research benefiting conservation in the wild. Moreover, respondents who felt dolphin and whale conservation was only "slightly important" were significantly more like to support keeping captive cetaceans for entertainment purposes.
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Walsh, Zane Cullinane, Hannah Olson, Miranda Clendening, and Athena Rycyk. "Social Behavior Deficiencies in Captive American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3010011.
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Understanding how the behavior of captive American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) congregations compares to wild congregations is essential to assessing the welfare of alligators in captivity. Wild alligator congregations perform complex social behaviors, but it is unknown if such behaviors occur in captive congregations as frequently. We observed the behaviors of a captive and wild congregation of American alligators in Florida, USA in January 2021. Social behaviors were, on average, 827% more frequent in the wild congregation than the captive, and the wild congregation had a richer repertoire of social behaviors, with growling and HOTA (head oblique tail arched) behaviors being particularly common. High walking, a nonsocial behavior, dominated the behavioral repertoire of the captive congregation (94% of behaviors, excluding feeding) and may be a stereotypy that can be used as an indicator of welfare. Both congregations experienced human disturbance and displayed flushing as a species-specific defense reaction. Captive environments differ from the wild with respect to size, structure, stocking density, resource availability, and human presence. These differences translate into behavioral differences between wild and captive congregations. We identified important behavioral differences between wild and captive alligator congregations that can serve as a platform for more detailed investigations of alligator welfare in captivity.
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Selvarajah, Kushaal, Mohd Noor Hisham Mohd Nadzir, and Geetha Annavi. "Comparative Study on the Social Behavior of Sambar Deer (Rusa Unicolor) in Three Selected Captive Facilities in Peninsular Malaysia." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.1.29.
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Sambar deer was up-listed from Least Concern to Vulnerable by the IUCN Red list in 2015. The local government has initiated Ex-situ conservation efforts to boost sambar deer numbers in captivity and reintroduce them into the wild. The reproductive success of sambar deer and their welfare management practices in captivity are important components for effective captive breeding programs. However, there has been a lack of study on sambar deer in recent years, especially about their behavior in captivity. This study aimed to identify environmental factors that may influence the behavior of the captive sambar. Three captive sites were selected and observed for an average of 40 days at each site (minimum 37 days to maximum 43 days, 6 hours/day). A Generalized Linear Model was used to determine the correlation between social behavior and extrinsic parameters. ‘Captive sites’ showed the strongest correlation in behavioral variability environmental settings, such as the size of the enclosure, could force the deer to spend more time in a herd, which increases the frequency in grooming, which was recorded to be highest in Zoo Negara compared to other captive sites. Time of day also significantly influenced certain behavior skewed towards morning slots. It could be due to an adaptive behavior to the feeding time in the captive sites being often in the morning, which caused the deer to rest towards the afternoon. A suggestion would be to create a more erratic feeding schedule to ensure that the deer adapt to behavior variations. An extensive study needs to be done on sambar deer to pinpoint the specifics and better understand these possible influential factors in their behavior.
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McCulloch, Stewart. "Captive Insurance Companies: Do They Provide "Insurance"?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 26, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v26i4.6142.
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This article explores captive insurance companies and focuses on whether a true "insurance" relationship exists between captive insurer and its insured. After providing a general background to captives, the article briefly visits the legal definition of "insurance" and then considers the captive insurer/insured relationship to determine whether an "insurance" relationship exists. Finally, the article considers situations where the existence or absence of a true "insurance" relationship may be of significance.
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Southgate, R. I., P. Christie, and K. Bellchambers. "Breeding biology of captive, reintroduced and wild greater bilbies, Macrotis lagotis (Marsupialia : Peramelidae)." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99104.
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The breeding biology and growth of Macrotis lagotis was investigated using captive stock in Alice Springs and Dubbo and a reintroduced population at Watarrka National Park. Individuals of M. lagotis reached sexual maturity at about six months of age and continued growing until about 18 months old. Pouch life and weaning took approximately 90 days and females produced up to four litters per year. Litters comprised 1–3 young. Average litter size at pouch exit ranged from 1.0 to 1.88, depending on whether animals were studied in captivity or under reintroduced free-range conditions. Females commonly continued breeding past the age of four years and longevity extended to 10 years in captivity. In comparison, the most animals caught in the wild were estimated to be less than 12 months old. Animals in the reintroduced population exhibited a greater reproductive output than the captive populations examined. However, survivorship was far greater for animals in captivity. An intensively managed captive population may achieve a three-fold increase in size in a 12-month period.
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Beimborn, Edward A., Michael J. Greenwald, and Xia Jin. "Accessibility, Connectivity, and Captivity: Impacts on Transit Choice." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1835, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1835-01.
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Travelers can be classified into two groups: choice users and captive users. Choice users select transit or automobile service when they view one option as superior, whereas captive users have only one travel option. Surprisingly, little is known about captivity effects on mode split models. This research examines the way transit service factors such as accessibility and connectivity relate to mode captivity and mode choice. Data for this investigation come from the Portland, Oregon, 1994 Household Activity and Travel Diary Survey, the Regional Land Information System for the Portland area, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy database, and the U.S. Department of Energy. Individual trip data were segmented into transit captive, automobile captive, and choice users based on information about private vehicle availability, transit connectivity, and distance from a transit stop. Traditional transit mode split models are compared with models that segment users into choice and captive groups. It was found that traditional models underestimate the variation in mode choice for captive users, while overestimating the attractiveness of transit for choice users. These results indicate that better transit forecasts can result if accessibility and connectivity are used to help identify captive users. Additionally, among choice transit users, differences in travel times between automobile and transit modes do little to influence mode selection, while walk access to transit has more effect than previously thought.
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Tang, Jie, Lijuan Suo, Feiran Li, Kun Bian, Qingxiong Wang, Yan Wang, Yinhu Lei, and Chao Yang. "Effects of Breeding Forest Musk Deer on Soil Bacterial Community Structure." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610307.
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Breeding captive forest musk deer is an important way to obtain musk resources, but it also causes changes in the ecological environment of the breeding site. This study compared the changes in soil bacterial communities inside and outside the captive breeding site and tried to find out its influencing factors. High-throughput sequencing analysis and other methods were used to analyze the changes in the bacterial community structure in the natural soil and forest surrounding the musk deer site after 4 years of captivity. The results showed that the main dominant phyla in the captive soil samples were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi. In order, Sphingomonadales (8.7%), Acidobacteriales (9.9%) and Solibacterales (6.1%) were dominant in the captive soil, while Rhizobiales (11.3%) and Gaiellales (6.2%) were found in non-captive soil. The main soil-specific microorganisms under captive conditions were Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales and Sphingomadales. These microorganisms mainly gather at the order level and can be used as indicator microorganisms. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the microbial diversity in captivity soil was significantly affected by the contents of organic matter, available phosphorus and total nitrogen. These results will provide a basis for the healthy breeding of animals and shed light on the protection of the ecological environment in the Bashan Mountains of Qinling.
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Weterings, Wim. "The potential positive effects of captive insurance companies on efficiency and moral hazard within a group of companies." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 2 (2016): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i2c2p11.
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Captive insurance companies are ‘in-house’ (re)insurance companies formed with the specific objective of insuring the risks of their parent company and/or its affiliated companies. This alternative form of risk management is potentially or in fact an efficient means through which large listed or a group of companies other companies or a group of companies can protect themselves financially. In the process, the parent company has more control over how risks are insured and claims are managed. The parent company also has more insight into and is able to exercise more influence on the behaviour of the insured companies and their affiliates and therefore on the insured risks, as a result of which moral hazard is lower. There’s also a positive influence on the problem of adverse selection. Insurance law and regulatory legislation, to which captives are also subject, also play an important role in the mitigation of moral hazard. An insurance captive can have important efficiency effects, but is not suitable for every company. The company to be insured must have sufficient financial buffers and a serious premium volume for a captive to be able to increase the prosperity of a company. The start-up costs are high, there are operational costs and the captive must comply with the same regulatory and financial requirements as regular insurance or reinsurance companies. European insurance regulatory legislation is very strict for direct writing captives, but this does benefit the quality of the captives and the risk management policy pursued and prevents captives from being misused.
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Veasey, Jake Stuart. "Can Zoos Ever Be Big Enough for Large Wild Animals? A Review Using an Expert Panel Assessment of the Psychological Priorities of the Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) as a Model Species." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091536.
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The ecology of large, wide-ranging carnivores appears to make them vulnerable to conservation challenges in the wild and welfare challenges in captivity. This poses an ethical dilemma for the zoo community and supports the case that there is a need to reconsider prevailing management paradigms for these species in captivity. Whilst the welfare challenges wide ranging carnivores face have been attributed to reduced ranging opportunities associated with the decreased size of captive habitats, attempts to augment wild carnivore welfare in captivity typically focus on behaviours linked to hunting. Thus far, this has yet to result in the systematic elimination of signs of compromised welfare amongst captive carnivores. Here an assessment is carried out to identify the likely welfare priorities for Amur tigers, which, as one of the widest ranging terrestrial carnivores, serves as an excellent exemplar for species experiencing extreme compression of their ranging opportunities in captivity. These priorities are then used to consider novel strategies to address the welfare challenges associated with existing management paradigms, and in particular, attempt to overcome the issue of restricted space. The insights generated here have wider implications for other species experiencing substantive habitat compression in captivity. It is proposed here that the impact of habitat compression on captive carnivore welfare may not be a consequence of the reduction in habitat size per se, but rather the reduction in cognitive opportunities that likely covary with size, and that this should inform strategies to augment welfare.
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ARCHAWARANON, MANEE. "Captive Hill Mynah Gracula religiosa breeding success: potential for bird conservation in Thailand?" Bird Conservation International 15, no. 4 (December 2005): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270905000651.
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Hill Mynah Gracula religiosa is one of the most popular bird pets worldwide due to its ability to mimic diverse sounds, especially human speech. However, Mynahs have rarely been bred in captivity, so nestlings from natural populations are in large demand, resulting in many populations being threatened with extinction. Both subspecies in Thailand, intermedia and religiosa, are costly and desired in the pet market. Captive breeding is one of the most practical strategies to solve a conservation problem of this nature and this report describes a success in breeding Hill Mynahs in captivity. Mated pairs were given free access to food, nest-cavities and nest materials. Reproductive behaviour in captivity was not different from that in the wild, with the exception that breeding occurred throughout the year, even during the non-breeding season for wild populations. Although there are doubts concerning the reintroduction of captive-bred birds and whether successful Hill Mynah breeding in captivity is an economically competitive alternative to poaching, it ensures species survival in captivity as the risk of extinction increases.
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Hambali, Kamarul, Nadia Zakaria, Norashikin Fauzi, and Aaina Amir. "Behaviour of Captive Ostriches (Struthio camelus) at Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bachok Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 2 (May 15, 2015): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i2.523.
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The behavioural patterns of six captive ostriches (Struthio camelus) werestudied at Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bachok Campus between July andSeptember 2014. The main purpose of the study was to determine thebehavioural patterns of ostriches in captivity to provide the useful informationfor better management action. The ostriches were observed daily for 11 hoursfrom 0700 hrs until 1800 hrs for 45 days by using the focal sampling technique.Six categories of behavioural patterns were observed namely resting,locomotion, ingestive, comfort, aggression and thermoregulation. The highestbehaviour observed was walking compared to other behaviours, while thelowest was running. The result of the study showed a significant difference ofbehavioural patterns of captive ostriches between different observationalperiods except for locomotion and aggression behaviours. The finding of thestudy showed that ostriches reared in captivity possessed similar behaviouralpatterns to those remaining in the wild, although some captive circumstancesimposed minor differences.
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Syaputra, Maiser. "Desain Tapak Perencanaan PenangkaranKupu-Kupu di Kampus IPB Darmaga Menggunakan Sistem Zonasi untuk Mendukung Aktivitas Wisata Alam." Wanamukti: Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan 23, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/wanamukti.v23i2.193.
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Butterfly captivity can be successful if there are artificial environmental conditions that are suitable for the life and reproduction of butterflies. Apart from the technical side, the success key of the captivity also determined from the side of site plan. Site planning is the ability to collect and interpreting data, project into the future, identify problems and provide a reasoned approach to solving existing problems. The purpose of this study was to design a captive development site for the IPB Dramaga butterfly captivity based on the conditions and characteristics of the area. The method used in this research consists of literature study, interview and observation. Data analysis consisted of six stages, consists of: preparation, inventory, analysis, synthesis, planning and design. The results of this study were the IPB Dramaga butterfly captivity site was designed into three zoning systems according to the needs of captive management, namely an office zone (0.37 ha), breeding zone (1.75 ha) and a tourism zone (2.13 ha).
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FRANKHAM, RICHARD. "Quantitative genetics in conservation biology." Genetical Research 74, no. 3 (December 1999): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667239900405x.
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Most of the major genetic concerns in conservation biology, including inbreeding depression, loss of evolutionary potential, genetic adaptation to captivity and outbreeding depression, involve quantitative genetics. Small population size leads to inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity and so increases extinction risk. Captive populations of endangered species are managed to maximize the retention of genetic diversity by minimizing kinship, with subsidiary efforts to minimize inbreeding. There is growing evidence that genetic adaptation to captivity is a major issue in the genetic management of captive populations of endangered species as it reduces reproductive fitness when captive populations are reintroduced into the wild. This problem is not currently addressed, but it can be alleviated by deliberately fragmenting captive populations, with occasional exchange of immigrants to avoid excessive inbreeding. The extent and importance of outbreeding depression is a matter of controversy. Currently, an extremely cautious approach is taken to mixing populations. However, this cannot continue if fragmented populations are to be adequately managed to minimize extinctions. Most genetic management recommendations for endangered species arise directly, or indirectly, from quantitative genetic considerations.
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Campos, Carlos I., Melinda A. Martinez, Daniel Acosta, Jose A. Diaz-Luque, Igor Berkunsky, Nadine L. Lamberski, Javier Cruz-Nieto, Michael A. Russello, and Timothy F. Wright. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Two Endangered Neotropical Parrots Inform In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation Strategies." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080386.
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A key aspect in the conservation of endangered populations is understanding patterns of genetic variation and structure, which can provide managers with critical information to support evidence-based status assessments and management strategies. This is especially important for species with small wild and larger captive populations, as found in many endangered parrots. We used genotypic data to assess genetic variation and structure in wild and captive populations of two endangered parrots, the blue-throated macaw, Ara glaucogularis, of Bolivia, and the thick-billed parrot, Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, of Mexico. In the blue-throated macaw, we found evidence of weak genetic differentiation between wild northern and southern subpopulations, and between wild and captive populations. In the thick-billed parrot we found no signal of differentiation between the Madera and Tutuaca breeding colonies or between wild and captive populations. Similar levels of genetic diversity were detected in the wild and captive populations of both species, with private alleles detected in captivity in both, and in the wild in the thick-billed parrot. We found genetic signatures of a bottleneck in the northern blue-throated macaw subpopulation, but no such signal was identified in any other subpopulation of either species. Our results suggest both species could potentially benefit from reintroduction of genetic variation found in captivity, and emphasize the need for genetic management of captive populations.
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Daniell, Tara L., Mark N. Hutchinson, Phil Ainsley, and Michael G. Gardner. "Recognition of reptile predator scent is innate in an endangered lizard species." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 2 (2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20064.
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Chemical cues can alert prey to the presence of predators before the predator is within visual proximity. Recognition of a predator’s scent is therefore an important component of predator awareness. We presented predator and control scents to wild, wild-born captive, and predator-naive captive-born pygmy bluetongue lizards to determine (1) whether lizards respond to reptile chemical cues differently from controls, (2) whether captive lizards respond more strongly to a known predator than to other predatory reptiles, (3) whether captive-born lizards recognise predators innately, whether captive-born lizards have reduced predator recognition compared with wild lizards and whether time spent in captivity reduces responses to predators, and (4) whether the avoidance response to predator detection differs between naive and experienced lizards. There was no significant difference in the number of tongue flicks to predator scent among wild, wild-born and captive-born lizards, suggesting that predator detection is innate in the pygmy bluetongue lizard and time in captivity did not reduce predator recognition. The number of tongue flicks directed towards brown snake scent was significantly higher than that to the novel and water controls for all lizard origins. Lizards of all origins continued to bask in the presence of predator scents, suggesting that chemical cues alone may be insufficient to instigate an avoidance response and other cues may be required.
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Gartrell, B. D., R. Collen, J. E. Dowding, H. Gummer, S. Hunter, E. J. King, L. Laurenson, et al. "Captive husbandry and veterinary care of northern New Zealand dotterels (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius) during the CV Rena oil-spill response." Wildlife Research 40, no. 7 (2013): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13120.
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Context Oil spills cause significant detrimental impacts on many shoreline species. There is limited information in the scientific literature about the management and response of shorebirds to oil spills. Northern New Zealand dotterels (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius) were pre-emptively captured as part of the oiled wildlife response to the container vessel Rena oil spill, to ensure the survival of a regional population should there be a catastrophic release of oil. Previous attempts to hold dotterels in captivity have resulted in high mortality. Aims To describe the captive husbandry and veterinary management of wild-caught adult dotterels, to outline the common problems encountered, and make recommendations for future captive management. Methods The dotterels were caught by noose mat on beaches at risk of further contamination by oil. Initially, dotterels were kept individually indoors and force-fed until they converted to self-feeding on a diet of an artificial insect analogue, ox heart and mealworms. Once self-feeding, the birds were shifted to individual outdoor aviaries. Key results Sixty dotterels were caught. About half of birds had oil contamination of the legs, nine birds had light oil staining of feathers and only three of these birds required washing. The degree of oiling and washing did not affect survival. Dotterels took a median of 5 days (range 1–15 days) to convert to the captive diet. Common problems encountered in captivity included carpal and beak abrasions (61.7%) and pododermatitis (75%); however, these did not affect survival. Seven birds (11.7%) developed respiratory disease and six of these died from aspergillosis. The incidence of aspergillosis increased with length of time in captivity and was largely refractory to treatment. The 54 surviving birds were released at their capture sites after a median time of 49 days in captivity (with a range of 39–61 days). Conclusions The captive management of the dotterels achieved a 90% survival rate over a period of about 2 months. Deaths were solely due to respiratory aspergillosis, but intensive captive husbandry was required to convert the birds to a captive diet, to minimise traumatic injuries and to manage pododermatitis. Implications Although the captive management of shorebird species as a pre-emptive strategy to minimise the effects of oil spills carries significant costs and risks to the birds, it should be considered in the emergency management of high-priority species.
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DeGregorio, Brett A., Jinelle H. Sperry, Tracey D. Tuberville, and Patrick J. Weatherhead. "Translocating ratsnakes: does enrichment offset negative effects of time in captivity?" Wildlife Research 44, no. 5 (2017): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17016.
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Context Wildlife translocation is a conservation tool with mixed success. Evidence suggests that longer time in captivity may negatively affect an animal’s post-release behaviour and survival. However, environmental enrichment may reduce the deleterious effects of captivity for animals that are going to be released into the wild. Aims The aim of the present study was to compare first-year post-release survival and behaviour of translocated ratsnakes (Pantherophis obsoletus) held captive for varying durations (1–7 years) either with or without enrichment, with that of resident and wild-to-wild (W–W)-translocated ratsnakes. Key results Being in captivity before release negatively affected survival; 11 of 19 (57.9%) captive snakes died or were removed from the study within 12 months, compared with 3 of 11 (27.3%) resident snakes and none of five (0%) W–W snakes. Furthermore, survival probability declined the longer a snake had been in captivity. Six of the seven snakes (86%) that we released that had been in captivity for four or more years before release died during this study, regardless of whether they were enriched or not. Although W–W-translocated ratsnakes moved more often and further than did snakes in other groups, this difference was apparent only in the first month post-release. We found no evidence that abnormal movement patterns or winter behaviour was the cause of reduced survival for captive snakes. Instead, our data suggested that spending time in captivity reduced concealment behaviour of snakes, which likely increased the vulnerability of snakes to predators. Captivity also compromised the foraging ability of some of the snakes. Although there were no overall differences in percentage weight change among the four groups, two snakes (one enriched, one unenriched) were removed from the study because of extreme weight loss (>30%). Conclusions Our results suggested that environmental enrichment did not offset the negative effects of captivity on ratsnakes and that the likely mechanism responsible for low survival was vulnerability to predators. Implications Whether extended periods in captivity render other species unsuitable for translocation, how long it takes for captivity to have deleterious effects, and whether environmental enrichment is also ineffective at offsetting captivity effects in other species remain to be determined.
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Pehrsson, Olof. "Egg and clutch size in the mallard as related to food quality." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-024.
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The effect of food quality on egg and clutch size was studied in captive wild-strain and game-farm mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, and comparisons were made with various wild Swedish populations from different habitat types. Captive mallards laid larger eggs than wild birds. In captivity, game-farm ducks laid larger eggs than wild-strain birds, but when they were exposed to wild conditions the size was reduced. Captive ducks supplied with high-protein food laid larger eggs than ducks fed low-protein food. In the wild, there was a negative correlation between egg size and population density. Various wild Swedish populations showed similar egg-size variations among years, indicating some common factor operating outside the breeding season. In the food quality experiments, clutch size was positively correlated with egg size, but no correlation was found in wild populations. A negative correlation between clutch size and laying date, obtained in the wild, was not found in captivity. Egg and clutch sizes were both significantly smaller in a lake with food competition from fish than in an area rich in lakes empty of fish. When comparing egg characteristics of mallard populations it is important to distinguish between wild, captive wild-strain, and captive game-farm birds.
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Degórski, Bazyli. "Tipologia di donne nella "Vita S. Pauli monachi Thebaei" di san Girolamo." Vox Patrum 76 (December 15, 2020): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4952.
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W starożytnym piśmiennictwie monastycznym postaci kobiece jawią się raczej rzadko i to w sposób ściśle zamierzony przez autorów. Z zasady obecność kobiety nie jest tu miłe widziana; chyba że mamy tu do czynienia z jakąś grzesznicą, którą należy nawrócić na drogę cnoty, względnie z niewiastami pobożnymi, które proszą mnicha o cud lub zachęcają do bogobojności. Typem jest tu figura siostry ascety, a to zgodnie z wzorcem podanym przez Vita S. Antonii św. Atanazego Aleksandryjskiego. Św. Hieronim w Vita S. Pauli Primi Eremitae monachi Thebaei, w swym pierwszym i młodzieńczym dziele, postępuje właśnie za tym klasycznym kanonem zapoczątkowanym przez Atanazjańskie dzieło. Później jednak, w Vita S. Hilarionis (i jeszcze bardziej w Vita S. Malchi monachi captivi), Hieronim odejdzie on niego i wprowadzi weń innowację zakotwiczoną w jego własne, bogate życie mnisze. W Vita S. Pauli Primi Eremitae monachi Thebaei kobieta ukazana została poprzez trzy negatywne postaci: ladacznica – narzędzie torturowania męczennika; królowa Kleopatra – rozwiązła poganka wiodąca życie moralnie naganne; siostra samego św. Pawła Tebańskiego – krucha moralnie, niewolniczo poddana okrutnemu i zachłannemu mężowi, kobieta bez wyrazistej osobowości. Kobiety są tu więc zawsze przedstawione jako “zło”, które jawi się w życiu mnicha-ascety. Czy wówczas, gdy jest to kusicielka do złego (napastująca męczennika ladacznica), czy wtedy, gdy jawi się jako postać historyczna (Kleopatra), czy jako członek rodziny (siostra św. Pawła), należy zawsze unikać jej obecności.