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Bosco, Michele. "Ragion di Stato e salvezza dell’anima. Il riscatto dei cristiani captivi in Maghreb attraverso le redenzioni mercedarie (1575 - 1725)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0037.
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Dans le but d’éclairer les dynamiques économiques et les mécanismes institutionnels qui régulaient le rachat des chrétiens captifs au Maghreb aux siècles centraux de l’époque moderne, l’auteur se propose de reconstruire l’activité rédemptrice de l’un des indiscutables protagonistes de ce commerce: l’Ordre de Notre Dame de la Merci. Pour en illustrer les spécificités, l’auteur présente d’abord de façon général le phénomène des rachats des captifs entre les XVIe et le XVIIIe siècles en Méditerranée, dans le contexte de la guerre de course qui se déroulait entre ses rives. Par la suite, il retrace de façon synthétique l’histoire de l’Ordre de la Merci, de son expansion et de son progressif développement dans les contextes italien et ibérique, et en Amérique latine. Il y aborde l’aspect théologique de cette histoire, à l’aide d’une partie de la production mémorialiste et des traités justificatifs produits par l’Ordre. Suit une analyse des missions de rédemption conduites par les religieux de l’Ordre, entre le dernier quart du XVIe siècle et le début du XVIIIe siècle. Concernant la procédure, l’auteur met en relief les contours juridiques et normatifs et souligne l’importance des raisons économiques et politiques qui étaient derrière eux. Quatre exemples de rédemptions de captifs sont ainsi abordés à-traves l’analyse de livres de comptabilité. L’étude sur une longue période, entre 1575 et 1723, permet à l’auteur de mettre en évidence les changements intervenus dans les rachats en ce qui concerne la procédure, le financement et l’usage des aumônes et de l’argent collecté. Le modus operandi des rédemptions mercédaires est ensuite comparé avec celui d’autres institutes, laïcs et étatiques, qui s’occupent du rachat des captifs dans les territoires italien et ibérique. Là encore les logiques économiques, les exigences politiques et les intérêts nationaux et locaux qui guidaient cette activité sont mis en avant.La thèse soutient que les religieux de l’ordre de la Merci ne furent pas totalement libres d’agir, selon les prérogatives dictées par son propre Ordre, mais qu’ils se trouvèrent étroitement vinculés à des instructions données par le gouvernement espagnol et par les sujets eux-mêmes, ces dernières étant les principaux financeurs des missions de rachats. Autrement dit, il apparaît que l’action humanitaire de ces religieux répondait, en réalité, plutôt à des logiques économiques et à des intérêts politiques (c’est pour ça qu’on y parle de « Raison d’État ») et non pas aux principes d’une charité chrétienne qui était indifférente aux frontières nationales. Pour cette raison, en partant de l’observatoire spécifique des rédemptions mercédaires, l’auteur arrive enfin à envisager que le commerce des captifs à l’époque moderne ait pu servir de «catalyseur» de processus bien plus longs et complexes, tandis que le progressif détachement des politiques d’assistance des États européennes de la dimension religieuse. Et, aussi, qu’il ait pu en quelque sorte accélérer la graduelle et controverse naissance de sentiments d’appartenance nationale, ceux-ci s’imposant, à la fin de l’époque moderne, au détriment d’autres, plus traditionnels, liés aux communautés confessionnellesThe aim of this work is to analyse the captives redemptions' mechanism, through the study of the specific case of Mercedarians ransoming expeditions to North Africa. We have compared this mechanism with the ones pursued by other ransoming institutions in the Italian and Iberian areas, in order to let economics logics and juridical laws emerge that regulated te ransoming process. After a general introduction on the principal aspects that phenomenon entailed, a chapter of the tesis is dedicated to the analysis of four redemption missions, conducted by the religious Order of Our Lady of Mercy during a period of a century and half, precisely between 1575 and 1723
Con l’obiettivo di far luce sulle dinamiche economiche e sui meccanismi istituzionali che regolavano il riscatto dei cristiani captivi in Maghreb nei secoli centrali dell’età moderna, l’autore si propone di ricostruire l’attività redentrice di uno dei protagonisti indiscussi di quel commercio: l’Ordine di Nostra Signora della Mercede. Al fine di illustrane le specificità, l’autore presenta dapprima un quadro complessivo del fenomeno dei riscatti di captivi tra i secoli XVI e XVIII, inserendolo nel più generale contesto del Mediterraneo e della guerra da corsa combattuta tra le sue sponde. Successivamente, traccia una storia sintetica dell’Ordine della Mercede e della sua diffusione e progressivo sviluppo nei contesti italiano e iberico - con un occhio anche alla realtà dell’America spagnola - e attenta all’aspetto teologico e alla trattatistica giustificativa prodotta dai Mercedari stessi. Analizza, poi, a livello procedurale le missioni di redenzione condotte dai religiosi dell’Ordine a cavallo tra il tardo Cinquecento e il primo Settecento, ne traccia i contorni giuridici e normativi e mira a far emergere le ragioni economiche e politiche che le muovevano. A tal fine, prende in esame quattro esempi di redenzioni di captivi attraverso lo studio di altrettanti libri di conto: l’ampio arco cronologico di riferimento - un secolo e mezzo, dal 1575 al 1723 - consente all’autore di evidenziare i cambiamenti intercorsi a livello procedurale nei riscatti, così come in merito al loro finanziamento e alla destinazione d’uso delle elemosine di volta in volta raccolte. Il modus operandi delle redenzioni mercedarie è quindi messo a confronto con quello di altre istituzioni, laiche e statali, dedite al riscatto dei captivi in area italiana ed iberica e, anche qui, nell’intento di far emergere le logiche economiche, le istanze politiche e gli interessi nazionali e locali che vi sottostavano.La tesi difende l’idea che i religiosi della Mercede, nella loro opera della redenzione dei captivi, non fossero liberi di agire autonomamente e secondo le prerogative dettate dal proprio Ordine, ma che fossero, al contrario, strettamente vincolati a istruzioni date loro dal governo spagnolo e da privati cittadini, essendo questi ultimi i principali finanziatori delle loro missioni di riscatto. Sostiene, insomma, l’idea che l’azione umanitaria dei religiosi rispondesse, in realtà, più a logiche economiche e agli interessi della politica che non a quelli di una carità cristiana indifferente ai confini nazionali. Per tale ragione, l’autore, prendendo spunto dall’osservatorio specifico delle redenzioni mercedarie, giunge a ipotizzare che il commercio dei captivi in età moderna abbia potuto giocare un ruolo di «catalizzatore» di processi ben più ampi e complessi, come il progressivo distacco delle politiche assistenziali degli Stati dalla sfera religiosa, e che abbia potuto accelerare il graduale e controverso imporsi di sentimenti di appartenenza nazionale a scapito di altri, più tradizionali, legati alle comunità confessionali
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Harrison, Rebecca L. "Captive Women, Cunning Texts: Confederate Daughters and the "Trick-Tongue" of Captivity." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04232007-094815/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Thomas L. McHaney, committee chair; Audrey Goodman, Pearl A. McHaney, committee members. Electronic text (247 p.) : digital, PDF file. Title from file title page. Description based on contents viewed Mar. 27, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-247).
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McGovern, Jennifer Anne. "The Captive press: captivity narratives, print networks, and regional prospects, 1838-1895." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6612.
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The Captive Press argues that nineteenth-century Indian captivity narratives escaped from the expectations of the American literary marketplace through manipulations of the material text. With modern methods of production, promotion, and dissemination, captivity narratives dominated the reading public even as Native peoples were forced to submit to governmental encroachments. This study focuses on narratives produced by and about Anglo-American women whose impoverished return from captivity motivated them to write for their livelihood. The narratives of Rachel Parker Plummer, Sarah Larimer, Fanny Kelly, and Abbie Gardner-Sharp were designed to appeal to local readers who were likely to become financial sponsors through direct marketing. Later editions added para-textual material, developed textual content, and introduced illustrations such as wood engravings or photographs to increase marketability for broader audiences. By publishing captivity narratives on state presses and distributing them through regional print networks, nineteenth-century producers maintained the homegrown flavor of the genre while expanding readership beyond local boundaries. This dissertation demonstrates how, with the assistance of editors, illustrators, and publishers, these entrepreneurial women reversed their subject position to hold the popular press captive.
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Boyles, Julie L. "An Evaluation of Adult Freshwater Mussels Held in Captivity at the White Sulphur Springs National Fish Hatchery, West Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31356.
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Due to the increasing need to provide refugia for freshwater mussels impacted by anthropogenic activities and exotic species, facilities should be identified and protocols developed for holding mussels in captivity. White Sulphur Springs National Fish Hatchery (WSSNFH), White Sulphur Springs, WV, has held freshwater mussels for nearly eight years, and has the potential to become an important refugium and propagation facility for conservation of mussels in the Ohio River Basin and elsewhere. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of holding adult freshwater mussels in long-term captivity at WSSNFH by evaluating survival, energy reserves, and gametogenesis of captive mussels in a recirculating pond system.
I relocated three mussel species in the summer of 2001 and 10 mussel species in the summer of 2002 to a recirculating pond system (reservoir and raceway) at the hatchery. Water quality parameters of pH, alkalinity, hardness, temperature, and dissolved oxygen; and algal concentrations were measured periodically from summer 2001 to summer 2003. Annual survival rates of 10 species were estimated (August 2002 to August 2003) using the program MARK. Glycogen, protein, and lipid concentrations in mantle tissue of three captive species (Actinonaias ligamentina, Cyclonaias tuberculata, and Tritogonia verrucosa) were compared to those of wild mussels in the New River. Gametogenic activity and synchrony in A. ligamentina and C. tuberculata were compared between captive and wild mussels.
Water quality parameters, with the exception of temperature, were within desirable ranges for most of the study. Temperatures of > 28° C were observed for several days during summers 2002 and 2003. Algal concentrations averaged 1903 cells ml-1 in the raceway (range: 300 to 4658 cells ml-1), which is comparable to algal concentrations reported for nearby rivers. The overall survival rate for 10 freshwater mussel species held in the raceway for one year was 77%. Villosa vanuxemensis had the highest survival rate (96%), and Lampsilis cardium had the lowest survival rate (31%).
Although there were fluctuations in glycogen, protein, and lipid levels over 2 yr, there were no overall differences in energy substrates between captive and wild mussels at the end of the study. Captivity did not appear to have a negative affect on gametogenesis. Captive C. tuberculata spawned within the expected time frame between January and June, but slightly earlier than their wild counterparts in the New River. Due to the infestation of the gonads of both captive and wild A. ligamentina by digenean trematodes, little gametogenesis was observed. However, captive holding did not appear to have an effect on trematode infestation rates.
From these results, I conclude that captive holding conditions in the recirculating pond system at WSSNFH were adequate for long-term holding of a wide range of mussel taxa. I recommend that WSSNFH continue to be used as an adult holding facility. Further research should be conducted to determine food and habitat preferences of freshwater mussel species in captivity so that optimal holding conditions can be provided for each species.Master of Science
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Pitsko, Leigh Elizabeth. "Wild Tigers in Captivity: A Study of the Effects of the Captive Environment on Tiger Behavior." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32620.
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Humans maintain wild animals in zoological parks for the purposes of education,conservation, research, and recreation. However, abnormal behaviors may develop in animals housed in human-made environments, if those environments do not allow them to carry out their natural behaviors (such as swimming, climbing, stalking, and predation). Captive environments in zoological parks often do not provide for natural behaviors due to spatial constraints and negative public reaction. Tigers (Panthera tigris) present a difficult case; they have large home ranges in the wild and natural predatory hunting behaviors that are difficult to provide for in captivity.
As the numbers of wild tigers decline, captive breeding programs have become a major focus of the zoo community, which magnifies the importance of research on tiger husbandry. A body of research exists on small felids, but little, if any, has focused on tigers. This thesis presents an analysis of the effects of the captive environment on the behaviors of 18 captive Bengal and Siberian tigers in four zoological parks in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Certain animal characteristics (such as subspecies, and age) were also related to behavior. Several characteristics of the captive environment had statistically significant effects on stereotypic and exploratory behaviors of tigers: shade availability, the presence of a body of water, cage size, the presence of a conspecific, vegetation, environmental enrichment, and substrate type. There were significant differences in the behaviors of the two subspecies studied, but the reason for the differences are unclear.
The results of this study showed clearly that tigers kept in more natural and complex enclosures performed less stereotypic pacing (unnatural behavior), and more exploratory (natural) behaviors than those housed in less natural enclosures. Reducing the stress level in captive tigers will enhance the animalsâ overall physical and psychological well being, which will in turn increase the success of captive breeding programs. These results suggest that captive tigers should be housed in large enclosures containing natural substrate and vegetation, water pools, ample shade, a variety of resting locations, and a variety of enrichment items.Master of Science
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Nordstrom, Lisa A. "Tapirs and Rhinoceroses in Captivity: An Examination of the North American Captive Populations and their Husbandry." DigitalCommons@USU, 2006. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6607.
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A..11 species of Tapiridae and Rhinocerotidae are threatened or endangered in the wild. Captive populations have been established for most of these species, but successful management has proved challenging. Effective ex situ conservation strategies, however, rely on the ability of zoological institutions to maintain and breed these endangered species. In this study, I examined the captive environment to identify the factors associated with reproduction, mortality, and health of rhinos and tapirs. Zoological institutions in the North American region that currently housed rhinos and/or tapirs were surveyed in 2003. Attaining an approximately 90% response rate, I compiled information on the following variables to describe the captive environment: number of enclosures, enclosure type, enclosure area, number of animals, public viewing, percent of walls surrounding the enclosure, enclosure substrate, topography, vegetation, mud wallows, pools, shelters, percent shade, climate, diet, feeding regime, time spent by keepers, and vaccinations. Information regarding the incidence of health problems also was obtained through the survey. Studbook data was used to obtain life history and demographic information.
Three species of tapirs [Baird's (Tapirus bairdii), South American (T. terrestris), and Malay (T. indicus)] and three species of rhinos [black (Diceros bicornis), white (Ceratotherium simum), and Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis)] were included in this study. Due to the small captive population sizes, genetic and demographic Allee effects were detected. While tapirs responded similarly to their captive environment, each rhino species responded differently. Both exhibit area and completely were associated with the responses of captive tapirs and rhinos. Climate also was an influential factor for both groups of species. Other key factors included density, diet, keeper time, percent of public perimeter, and vaccinations. Complex interactions among the variables were found, including a nonlinear relationship between mean exhibit size and reproduction for black rhinos.
The results of this study can be used to improve the captive management of tapirs and rhinos. By identifying the patterns associated with successful reproduction, reduced mortality, and fewer health problems, we can move towards establishing self-sustaining populations for these species. This goal is critical for the continued husbandry and conservation of these species.
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Citrynell, Pamela Jill. "Behaviour and cognition in captive Bornean orangutans : an ecological and comparative study of Bornean orangutan cognition in captivity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501222.
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The study of orangutan cognition is significant to understanding the connection between human intellectual qualities and that of non-human great apes, In their isolated position as the last existing link to the Asian Hominidae lineage and the first to depart from our clade's common ancestry, orangutans may hold the key to the evolution of our own behavioural adaptations. By using a hierarchy of species appropriate Piagetian type developmental tasks supported by theories of evolutionary cognitive expansion we place orangutans in a broader phylogenetic developmental level. Each of the experimental chapters is examining a small piece of hierarchal intelligence allowing us to see how captive orangutans can be tested for their ability to form concepts by achieving increasing levels of spatial awareness, representational, classification, seriation and transitive skills.
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Tighe, Emily Jayne. "The effects of captivity on display-based communication and social interaction in the captive African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8676.
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The obligate cooperative nature of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), unique among social canids, is thought to be driven by high levels of interspecific competition and intra-guild predation with other large socially-organised predators. Research exploring how wild dogs maintain social bonds through social communication, while avoiding detection from potential competitors, is therefore vital for understanding this species. While olfactory and vocal communications are well represented in the literature concerning L. pictus, these channels of communication pose significant risks to wild dog survival, as they are inherently susceptible to eavesdropping by unintended receivers. In comparison, display communication, which requires visual contact between the signaller and receiver, poses comparatively less risk of attracting the attention of eavesdroppers. In spite of this, few studies have explored the use of display communication in wild dogs, leaving its potential significance in maintaining social bonds within packs unexplored. Using video analysis, I investigate how display communication and subsequent social interaction are affected by several pressures of the captive environment. Captivity did not appear to affect the presence of many social display types also used by free-ranging wild dogs. However, sexual behaviour was absent from the study groups, likely due to the use of contraception and pack sex composition. The effects of pack sex composition (single-sex versus mixed-sex) revealed that while the frequencies and durations of many social behaviours were not affected by sex composition, the distribution of social interactions did differ depending on group structure. Here, a highly related, single-sex group was more stable than a highly related, mixed-sex group of the same size. Differences in the captive management strategies, specifically enclosure size and feeding regime, of the two packs, may explain the behavioural differences observed. The death of a pack member permitted investigation of the effects of death on social interactions. While many of the social interactions were unaffected by the death, behaviours relating to the formation and maintenance of social dominance and social hierarchy increased after the dog’s death. The distribution of social interactions was non-random, suggesting that individuals were reorganising the social structure of the pack during this period. Finally, a small study into the effects of simultaneously added enrichments in the pack (post death) revealed that enrichment reduced the frequencies of dominance behaviours and allowed for a more even distribution of social interaction within the pack. This demonstrates how enrichment may potentially be used to reduce aggression within captive animals. Overall, this research reveals that display-based communication is important for the maintenance of sociality in captive African wild dogs. To better understand this endangered species, future studies in free-ranging populations should include this channel of communication.
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Veber, Martin. ""In carcere eram et venistis ad me" : les secours aux prisonniers en Occident pendant l’Antiquité tardive du règne de Marc Aurèle au pontificat de Grégoire le Grand (fin IIe-VIe siècle)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040189.
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Pendant l’Antiquité tardive, en Occident, les prisonniers reçoivent de l’aide pour supporter leur condition ou pour y échapper. Ceux qui sont détenus par une autorité judiciaire sont soutenus matériellement et psychologiquement sans restriction légale, mais leurs bienfaiteurs se heurtent à l’arbitraire de surveillants parfois corrompus. Le sentiment d’humiliation associé à la prison est nuancé au sein des communautés chrétiennes victimes des persécutions, car celles-ci attribuent à l’emprisonnement une signification religieuse. Les prisonniers de guerre sont rapatriés, notamment grâce à la pratique du rachat, et bénéficient du droit de postliminium qui leur permet de retrouver leur statut juridique antérieur à leur retour. Néanmoins, ils ont désormais l’obligation légale de rembourser leur bienfaiteur pour que s’applique ce droit et, à défaut, sont placés dans la dépendance de celui-ci. Quant au pouvoir romain, il fait du retour sans contrepartie des captifs une condition de paix impérative, signe d’une domination incontestée. La christianisation des sociétés impériale puis romano-barbares accroît l’intérêt pour la condition des prisonniers. A partir du Ve siècle, les efforts en faveur des prisonniers de guerre s’intensifient dans un contexte où leur nombre est multiplié en raison du recul et de l’effacement de l’Empire romain. L’Eglise intègre à son action charitable la libération et l’entretien des captifs de même que l’assistance aux détenus, qu’ils soient accusés ou condamnés. Désormais promu à un rôle de protecteur des cités, l’évêque assume cette fonction en portant secours aux prisonniers, et consolide ainsi son nouveau rang social et politiqueIn the Late Antique West, prisoners are being helped in order to bear the bad conditions of their captivity or to be liberated. The inmates often receive visits and material as well as psychological support without any legal restriction. Yet, benefactors have often difficulties with the guards who take arbitrary decisions and are sometimes corrupted. Prison is no longer only a humiliating place because it is given a religious meaning by Christians during the persecutions. Captives are liberated, particularly by being redeemed, and profit from the postliminium legislation which allow them to recover their former juridical status. Nevertheless, they are from then on under the obligation to pay back their benefactor before they actually benefit by this right. If they can’t, they remain dependent on him. As for Roman authorities, they make of the return of captives without any compensation a non negotiable peace condition in order to show their total superiority. The progressive Christianization of the West make people show more interest for prisoners. From the beginning of the Vth century A. D., Captives, who become more and more numerous because of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, receive more help. Redeeming captives and taking care of them is now a part of the Church charity work, as well as supporting inmates, whether they are accused or condemned. Being promoted protectors of cities, bishops are dealing with this responsibility by rescuing and relieving prisoners. Thus, they strengthen their new social and political rank
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Samuelson, Magdalen Lorenz. "Captive Still Life." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1344.
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Captive Still Life is the fictional story of Marcus Penikett, a seventeen year old celebrity trapped in a scary, suburbanite housing community called Morningside. Marcus Penikett will never escape the childhood incident at the Zoo that made him and the Penikett family famous —the infamous TIME cover of his bleeding face hangs outside of his room, forever documenting and haunting Marcus with the past. Now, Marcus is determined to leave the housing community of Morningside, Georgia to get away from his control freak mother Elise, his absent professor father Otto and a menagerie of other Morningside residents. This plan is complicated by his love for fellow neighbor Olivia, sexual relationship with the maid Sue and Morningside's uncanny 'power' to thwart Marcus' goals.
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Frézard, Anne. "Le loup (canis lupus lupus) captif : de la connaissance du monde propre à l'amélioration des conditions de captivité." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR4005.
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Cette étude porte sur le comportement du loup d'Europe captif et comporte deux phases : la comparaison de six meutes élevées dans des enclos différents et une étude fine d'une meute menée à différentes saisons. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la meute est caractérisée par une certaine instabilité des liens entre les individus. La comparaison des meutes montre que plus la qualité de l'enclos est importante, plus la proportion du temps passé au repos augmente. Quelle que soit la taille de l'enclos, les animaux utilisent seulement une partie de la surface disponible. Le type d'élevage et la gestion du groupe caractérisent la diversité comportementale. L'utilisation habituelle des indices de bien-être généralement utilisés est discutée. Ce travail souligne l'importance du choix du lieu et de la composition du groupe au niveau du bien-être. Il permet d'améliorer les connaissances sur l'animal et son monde propre afin de proposer des suggestions en terme d'élevage.
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Young, Nerys. "Captive city, captive audience : the Kefauver hearings and representations of the Hollywood gangster." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252428.
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Bardo, Lina. "Effects of captivity on the morphology, reproductive success, and growth of the American kestrel «Falco sparverius»: implications for captive wildlife models and reintroduction programs." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107593.
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With the increased use of captive breeding for species conservation and for wildlife research there is a rising concern over potential effects of captivity on animal populations. Changes arising within populations as a result of captivity could reduce their ability to survive and reproduce after release into the wild, or make research on captive specimens incomparable to their wild counterparts. Research into the effects of captive breeding is relatively new and is often hampered by the difficulty of separating origin and rearing environment effects on animals. The overall aim of this study was to determine the effects of captivity on the morphology, nesting success and nestling growth of a common wildlife model, the American kestrel (Falco sparverius). From 2006 to 2009 data were collected on wild and captive kestrel pairs, including adult size, egg volume, fertility, clutch initiation date, hatching success, and nestling survival. From 2007 to 2009, repeated measures of nestlings were taken to determine growth rates. To separate the effects of origin and rearing environment, whole clutches were cross-fostered between pairs in each environment and compared to control clutches. In 2009, captive-bred and wild kestrels reared in captivity (F1 birds) from the 2006 to 2008 cross-fostered clutches were paired in combinations (captive / captive, captive male / F1 female, F1 male / captive female, F1 / F1) and data were collected on adults, nesting success and nestling growth. Results of the combined studies suggest that captive birds and eggs are significantly larger than those in the wild, and that F1 results are intermediate between the two. When comparing reproductive variables, wild clutches had significantly higher fertility and nestling survival than the other groups. Fertility and hatchability were similar between captive and F1 clutches, but nestling survival was greater in captive clutches. Overall, nest productivity was highest in wild pairs and lowest in F1 pairs. Reproductive variables were significantly affected by sex in F1 pairings, with F1 males exhibiting greater nest failure and lower productivity than captive males regardless of female mate. Nestling growth rates differed significantly between captive, wild and F1 birds with captive birds generally having faster growth rates, though asymptotic size did not differ between groups. Carotenoid concentrations in plasma did not vary greatly between groups, though external flesh color in kestrels differed between environment and sex; wild kestrels had significantly higher color scores than captive birds, and males had higher scores than females. Overall, rearing environment had a greater impact on adult kestrel size, nestling growth rates and nesting success than origin, though sufficient differences were noted between captive and F1 birds to suggest that some level of selection in captivity had occurred.L'utilisation croissante de la reproduction en captivité pour les espèces en danger et pour l'étude de la faune suscite davantage d'intérêt quant aux effets potentiels de la captivité sur les populations animales. Des changements engendrés par la captivité pourraient réduire la capacité des animaux de survivre et se reproduire suite à leur réintroduction dans le milieu naturel, ou rendre les résultats d'études sur les spécimens captifs inapplicables à leurs homologues sauvages. L'étude des effets de la reproduction en captivité est relativement nouvelle et souvent entravée par la difficulté de distinguer les effets environnementaux des effets génétiques sur les animaux. L'objectif principal de la présente étude était de déterminer les effets de la captivité sur la morphologie, le succès reproductif et la croissance des oisillons chez une espèce-modèle commune, la crécerelle d'Amérique (Falco sparverius). De 2006 à 2009, des données ont été recueillies sur des couples de crécerelles sauvages et captives, dont la grosseur des adultes, le volume des œufs, la fertilité, la date d'initiation des couvées, le taux d'éclosion et la survie des oisillons. De 2007 à 2009, des mesures à répétition ont été prises pour évaluer les taux de croissance des oisillons. Afin de séparer les effets environnementaux des effets génétiques, des couvées entières ont été échangées entre couples dans chacun des milieux et comparées à des couvées de contrôle. En 2009, des individus nés en captivité ainsi que des individus sauvages élevés en captivité (génération F1) issus des couvées échangées de 2006 à 2008 ont été accouplés selon toutes les combinaisons possibles (mâle captif / femelle captive, mâle captif / femelle F1, mâle F1 / femelle captive, mâle F1 / femelle F1) et des données ont été recueillies sur les adultes, le succès reproductif et la croissance des oisillons. L'ensemble des résultats suggère que les oiseaux captifs ainsi que leurs œufs sont significativement plus gros que leurs homologues sauvages, la génération F1 étant intermédiaire. Quant au succès reproductif, la fertilité des couples sauvages et la survie de leurs oisillons étaient supérieures aux autres groupes. La fertilité et le taux d'éclosion étaient semblables entre les couvées F1 et captives, bien que la survie des oisillons ait été supérieure chez ces dernières. La productivité globale était la plus élevée chez les couples sauvages et la plus faible chez les couples F1. Les mâles F1 avaient un taux d'échec de nidification plus élevé et une productivité globale moins élevée que les mâles captifs peu importe l'origine de la femelle. Des différences significatives dans les taux de croissance ont été observées entre oisillons captifs, sauvages et F1 : la croissance était généralement plus rapide chez les oisillons captifs malgré que la grosseur asymptotique ne variât pas entre les groupes. Les concentrations de caroténoïdes dans le plasma ne variaient pas de façon significative entre les groupes; cependant des différences dans le teint de la chair ont été observées selon le milieu et le sexe: les crécerelles sauvages avaient le teint plus foncé que les crécerelles captives; et les mâles plus foncé que les femelles. Dans l'ensemble, le milieu d'élevage a eu un impact plus prononcé sur la grosseur adulte des crécerelles, les taux de croissance des oisillons et le succès reproductif que l'origine génétique, bien que suffisamment de différences aient été constatées entre individus captifs et F1 pour suggérer qu'un certain niveau de sélection en captivité a eu lieu.
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Pacheco, Pacheco Martha Xareni. "Social network structure and personality in captive meerkat, Suricata suricatta, populations : assessment, comparison between wild and captive meerkat populations and captive management implications." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32372.
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Research into the social behaviour of wild animals living in groups has demonstrated the importance of social structure dynamics and their consequences for an individual’s fitness. Many aspects of animal behaviour and ecology, including interactions with conspecifics, habitat use and willingness to take risks, can be a reflection of personality. One of the key concerns of captive animal husbandry is the social environment, as it is regularly modified and can shape the social behaviour of the animals in question in different ways. In this thesis I explore how meerkat, Suricata suricatta, social dynamics and individual positions may differ between wild and captive groups; I explore personality in the context of social networks and, lastly, I explore how physical and husbandry factors vary across enclosures and how this corresponds to a variation in the social structure of meerkats. Differences were found between the fifteen groups of captive meerkats when considering association networks based on foraging and resting. Some of these differences could be explained by intrinsic differences between the groups. An individual’s position within a network as described by their centrality and closeness measures could be predicted by their age and status, but rarely by their sex. I did not detect consistent patterns of non-random assortment amongst group members based on their sex, age or status. Groups of wild and captive meerkats differed in various aspects of their social network structure. Such differences may be due to individuals occupying different network positions and the difference in their number and strength of their connections to other individuals. This distinct way of interacting and associating could be a result of group specific attributes, such as group size, and/or the attributes of the donor and recipient, including sex, status or age. Critically, the differences may be explained by the dissimilar living environment that each encounters. The current results suggest that a meerkat social network in captive conditions can be less consistent than in their wild environment in the way they associate with one another, and in the manner they occupy particular positions in the network. Principal component analysis of the four personality traits revealed two personality dimensions, Friendliness and Aggressiveness, across the fifteen groups of meerkats. However, within a subset of my data (five groups), Friendliness was the only measure that robustly captured consistent individual differences across at least one year. A relationship was not found between attributes and personality dimensions due to age, status, and sex. Individuals with high Friendliness scores were more central in networks of foraging competitions. Aggressiveness did not explain an individual’s position in any form of interaction. There was no evidence that meerkats preferentially associated with or avoid others based on each of their personality scores. A relationship was found in the way animals associate with one another in the resting network based on the size and complexity of the enclosure and the type of shelter. Individuals were less likely to associate with others of the same sex or dominance status in enclosures that were larger or more complex. All the six external measures (the size and complexity of the enclosure, the type of barrier and day shelter, environmental enrichment frequency and human contact) influenced how individuals interacted with other group members within grooming, playing and dominance networks. In general, it seems to be that the key features to address in meerkat management in zoos are those of enclosure size and complexity (and perhaps provision of adequate shelters). Providing captive meerkats with more naturalistic and complex enclosures can help to preserve their natural social system.
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Silva, Marcelo Augusto Maciel da. "Índios e criollos : rapto e aprisionamento : características do cativeiro nas fronteiras pampiano-patagônicas no século XVIII." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7439.
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CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Este trabalho aborda o tema do cativeiro a partir dos casos de aprisionamento de indígenas e hispano-criollos ocorridos nos territórios ao sul de Buenos Aires ao longo do século XVIII. Ainda que a tomada de cativos entre as parcialidades aborígenes pudesse existir antes mesmo da chegada dos espanhóis, foram estes últimos os que mais fizeram prisioneiros. Assim, inserindo estas capturas no contexto do avanço colonial, procuramos examinar os motivos e os argumentos utilizados pelos espanhóis para justificar tais prisões, bem como investigamos os destinos aos quais as populações autóctones eram encaminhadas. Junto a isso, tentamos nos aproximar de uma perspectiva que explique o papel do rapto e do cativeiro para as sociedades nativas que aqui estudamos. Em relação ao que era praticado pelos índios, propomos isolar o rapto do cativeiro, e abordamos cada questão a partir de suas próprias especificidades. Para os hispânicos, a apreensão de prisioneiros indígenas tinha objetivos oficiais voltados à conversão, segurança e aquisição de novas terras; entre os indígenas, o rapto complementaria práticas econômicas familiares. Enquanto para os primeiros o cativeiro em si vinha a ser uma consequência decorrente dos ataques realizados contra os nativos, para estes, o cativeiro era a própria finalidade da apreensão.
This study addresses the captivity theme, based on the Indians and hispanic-criollo imprisonment cases, that occurred throughout the 18th century, in the South of Buenos Aires. Despite the fact that the imprisonment of captives could exist between the Indians parties even before the Spaniards' arrival, were the latter that held more prisoners. Therefore, inserting those captures in the context of colonial advance, we look to explore the reasons and arguments used by the Spaniards to justify such captures, as well as investigate the destinations where the indigenous population were routed. In addition, we try to approach from a perspective that explain the abduction and captivity role for the native societies studied here. Regarding to what was practiced by the Indians, we propose to segregate the abduction from captivity, and approach each issue from their own particularities. For the hispanic, the capture of indigenous prisioners had official objectives, directed to the conversion, safety and acquisition of new land. Among the natives, the capture would complement family economic practices. The captivity itself would come to be an outcome, resulting from the attacks conducted against the natives for the first, but for these, the captivity was the own purpose of imprisonment.
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Fontes, Sónia Alexandra de Jesus. "Reproductive management in captive elephants." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14044.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaElephants have been widely used by Humans for several centuries: for meat, as warriors through several kingdoms, for their heavy work power, for public entertainment, and for their unique tusks, leading them to be poached for the ivory trade. Nowadays we face the reality of a decreasing number of elephants in most of their range countries, leading them to be considered endangered (Asian) or vulnerable (African) to extinction. Being charismatic mega-vertebrates, made them one of the most desired wildlife to keep and show in zoological collections. Interdiction to the importation of wildlife was an important step, but with no more importation of individuals from the wild, the need to preserve the captive population became mandatory, and the zoological institutions make great efforts to maintain these animals in their collection and extend the conservation of these species. The inability to produce sufficient captive offspring and the continuous declining number in their natural habitat has urged research on elephant reproduction physiology. Asian and African elephants reproduce well in the wild but due to historically poor reproductive performance under human care, most captive populations face the possibility of local extinction. Besides logistical issues, elephant breeding in captivity faces management problems due to diseases, like ovarian and uterine pathologies and bull infertility. Therefore, it is important to understand the anatomy, physiology and all associated pathologies which can lead to reproduction failure, and for the future management of captive elephant populations is fundamental to ensure that professional decisions are made. Recent advances in endocrine monitoring and ultrasound imaging techniques allow researchers to understand the complex mechanisms that control reproduction in elephants, unique in several features. In this thesis, I reviewed all relevant studies from 2000 to nowadays, with special emphasis to the African elephant. Reproductive breeding management considerations to the captive population of the Lisbon Zoo were derived. Finally, four clinical cases in elephant reproduction that were followed and assisted by the author are analysed and discussed.
RESUMO - Maneio reprodutivo de elefantes em cativeiro - Por muitos séculos, os elefantes têm sido utilizados pelo Homem: como produto de caça, soldados de guerra de diversos reinos, pela sua capacidade de trabalho pesado e pelas suas presas, levando a que sejam abatidos para o mercado de marfim. Atualmente, na maior parte da sua distribuição, o número de elefantes continua a decrescer o que levou à sua corrente classificação em “Vulnerável” (Africano) e em “Ameaça de Extinção” (Asiático). Devido ao carisma destes mega vertebrados, os elefantes são um dos mais desejados animais para manter e exibir em Zoos. A interdição à importação de mais indivíduos do meio selvagem foi um passo importante para a conservação destas espécies, mas tornou a manutenção das populações cativas existentes uma prioridade e grandes esforços foram tomados pelas instituições de cativeiro. Um ponto fulcral tem sido o estudo da fisiologia reprodutiva dos elefantes, para que seja atingido um número de descendentes suficientes para manter estas populações. Tanto os elefantes asiáticos (Elephas maximus) como os elefantes africanos (Loxodonta africana) conseguem reproduzir-se com sucesso no meio selvagem mas, devido a uma história de baixa performance reprodutiva sob cuidados humanos, muitas das populações cativas correm o risco de extinção local. Para além de problemas logísticos, a reprodução de elefantes em cativeiro debate-se com questões de maneio devido a enfermidades, como patologias ováricas e uterinas e infertilidade no macho. Compreender e tornar disponível as novas descobertas no ramo da anatomia, fisiologia e as mais comuns patologias associadas a falha reprodutiva tornou-se então uma prioridade para garantir que decisões ponderadas possam ser tomadas no maneio de elefantes cativos. Avanços recentes em monitorização hormonal e em técnicas de ultrasom permitiu aos investigadores perceber os mecanismos complexos que controlam a reprodução nos elefantes, que apresentam variadas características únicas. Posto isso, nesta tese, foram recolhidos e compilados todos os resultados relevantes publicados desde o ano 2000, com especial ênfase em dados relativos ao elefante africano. Considerações sobre o maneio reprodutivo da população de elefantes Africanos existente no Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa são também abordadas. Por fim, quatro casos clínicos, auxiliados e seguidos pelo autor são analisados e debatidos.
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Ebhardt, W. Scott. "Captive Women among the Iroquois." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626328.
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Grün, Volker. "The influence of faecal scent marks on the behaviour of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20080218.150157.
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McClements, Roy D. "Investigations into the nutritional factors affecting reproduction of captive exotic birds." Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14174.
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Schmalz-Peixoto, Karin E. von. "Factors affecting breeding in captive Carnivora." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:64687fe3-f6ca-4d9b-90d8-b6f1e565711a.
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Captive carnivores pose a challenge for conservationists and institutions alike, presenting many problems that range from diseases to poor welfare and unsuccessful breeding. Available databases of captive populations are rich sources of information that can help determine which factors can affect breeding success and the real potential of these populations in conservation programmes. Some species, such as tigers Panthera tigris, seem to preserve in captivity the same reproductive parameters seen in wild animals, making captive individuals extremely useful in the research of reproductive biology, that can be applied in evolutionary and physiological studies of the order Carnivora. Specific reproductive characteristics, mainly connected with the altriciality of the young, can make some species more prone to lose young in captivity than others, and these factors must be taken into consideration when developing ex situ conservation programmes. Infant mortality in captivity seems to be primarily caused by inadequate maternal behaviour, which can be connected to biological factors as well as to individual characteristics such as origin and rearing methods. Maternal infanticide, either passive or active, is also affected by biological and ecological characteristics of the species, and there may be an effect of the origin of the females, i.e. if they were wildcaught or captive-born. Housing conditions and individual history affect infant mortality, with females that suffered transfer between institutions exhibiting lower breeding success. Also, institutions with thriving research programmes presented higher infant mortality overall, independently of their latitude or management system, which can indicate an effect of human interference. Further research, both in the wild and in captivity, is needed to fully understand the factors affecting breeding success of captive carnivores.
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Tomlinson, Cynthia Ellen. "Conservation genetics of captive waldrapp ibis." Thesis, University of Kent, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309748.
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Hershkowitz, Robin Hershkowitz. "Popular Memoirs of Women Held Captive." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1530381667241048.
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Schmidt, Debra Ann. "Fiber enrichment of captive primate diets /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060139.
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Kalafut, Kathryn Lynn. "The Captive Animal Activity Tracking System: A Systematic Method for the Continuous Evaluation of Captive Animal Welfare." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12137/.
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Optimal animal welfare has been a long-term goal for captive animal institutions. To measure welfare a definition and identification of elements that make up welfare need to be established. Further, a method to measure welfare's elements that can be implemented into staff's daily routine is necessary to establish baseline levels and track changes in welfare. The goal of the proposed captive animal activity tracking system is to allow for the measurement of each element of welfare quickly, while providing information regarding the animal's current state of welfare and how changes to the animal's environment affect welfare. The data show that this system is effective in revealing behavioral patterns and changes in behavior that occurred in response to environmental changes.
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Kalafut, Kathryn Lynn Rosales-Ruiz Jesús. "The captive animal activity tracking system a systematic method for the continuous evaluation of captive animal welfare /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12137.
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Hasbun, Jaime Samour. "Studies of male reproductive function, semen preservation and artificial insemination of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) with some observations on birds of prey." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296705.
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Salas, Coscollola Marina. "Assessment of welfare in captive wild ungulates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454899.
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És essencial assegurar alts estàndards de benestar en animals salvatges en captivitat, tant per motius ètics i legals, com per l’establiment i el manteniment de poblacions d’animals sanes i viables. L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi fou l’estudi i l’avaluació del benestar en ungulats salvatges en captivitat, a partir de diferents estudis, en tres espècies d’ungulats: la gasela dorcas (Gazella dorcas), la daina (Dama dama) i la cabra salvatge (Capra pyrenaica). Els animals salvatges que es troben en captivitat afronten diferents situacions que els poden causar estrès crònic. La concentració de cortisol o de metabòlits de cortisol es considera un indicador per quantificar l’estrès en moltes espècies. En aquesta tesi, dos aspectes relacionats amb el benestar (l’estrès social i l’efecte dels visitants) s’han estudiat utilitzant indicadors de benestar basats en l’animal i relacionats amb el seu comportament i la seva fisiologia. Nivells elevats de comportaments agressius poden perjudicar el benestar causant dany físic i estrès crònic. Es va avaluar la sensibilitat del comportament social i de la concentració de cortisol en pèl en quatre grups de gaseles dorcas i es van trobar diferències significatives entre els grups pel que fa a la freqüència de comportaments socials negatius i a la concentració de cortisol en pèl. Això suggereix que els nivells de cortisol en pèl són sensibles a les diferències en l’estructura social de les gaseles dorcas. En ocasions, la presència dels visitants s’ha considerat causant d’un efecte negatiu en el benestar dels animals salvatges en captivitat. En un estudi sobre l’efecte dels visitants en daines i cabres salvatges, vam utilitzar com a indicadors de benestar l’expressió de comportaments de vigilància i les concentracions de metabòlits de cortisol en femta. Els resultats obtinguts a partir d’aquests indicadors eren contradictoris, suggerint que cal una aproximació multidimensional per tal d’assessorar el benestar correctament. Es va observar un augment en l’expressió de comportaments de vigilància quan hi havia més públic, però no es va veure un efecte negatiu en la concentració de metabòlits de cortisol en femta ni en cabra salvatge ni en daina. Finalment, es va desenvolupar i aplicar en cinc grups d’animals un protocol per l’avaluació del benestar en gaseles dorcas captives. El protocol incloïa 23 indicadors de benestar i va provar ser útil per detectar àrees de millora en tots els grups avaluats. El protocol presentat en aquesta tesi podria ser una eina pràctica per tots aquells centres que tenen gaseles dorcas i que volen controlar de manera rutinària el benestar dels animals sota el seu càrrec.Es esencial asegurar altos estándares de bienestar en animales salvajes en cautividad, tanto por motivos éticos y legales, como por el establecimiento y mantenimiento de poblaciones de animales sanas y viables. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue el estudio y la evaluación del bienestar en ungulados salvajes en cautividad, a partir de diferentes estudios, en tres especies de ungulados: la gacela dorcas (Gazella dorcas), el gamo (Dama dama) y la cabra salvaje (Capra pyrenaica). Los animales salvajes en cautividad afrontan diferentes situaciones que les pueden causar estrés crónico. La concentración de cortisol o de metabolitos de cortisol se considera un indicador para cuantificar el estrés en muchas especies. En esta tesis, dos aspectos relacionados con el bienestar (el estrés social y el efecto de los visitantes) se han estudiado utilizando indicadores de bienestar basados en el animal y relacionados con su comportamiento y su fisiología. Niveles elevados de comportamientos agresivos pueden perjudicar el bienestar causando daño físico y estrés crónico. Se evaluó la sensibilidad del comportamiento social y de la concentración de cortisol en pelo en cuatro grupos de gacelas dorcas y se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en la frecuencia de comportamientos sociales negativos y en la concentración de cortisol en pelo. Esto sugiere que los niveles de cortisol en pelo son sensibles a las diferencias en la estructura social de las gacelas dorcas. En ocasiones, la presencia de los visitantes se ha considerado causante de un efecto negativo en el bienestar de los animales salvajes en cautividad. En un estudio sobre el efecto de los visitantes en gamos y cabras salvajes, utilizamos como indicadores de bienestar la expresión de los comportamientos de vigilancia y las concentraciones de los metabolitos de cortisol en heces. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de estos indicadores eran contradictorios, sugiriendo que es necesaria una aproximación multidimensional para poder asesorar correctamente el bienestar. Se observó un aumento en la expresión de comportamientos de vigilancia cuando había más público, pero no se observó un efecto negativo en la concentración de metabolitos de cortisol en heces ni en cabra salvaje ni en gamo. Finalmente, se desarrolló y aplicó en cinco grupos de animales un protocolo para la evaluación del bienestar en gacelas dorcas cautivas. El protocolo incluía 23 indicadores de bienestar y probó ser útil para detectar áreas de mejora en todos los grupos evaluados. El protocolo presentado en esta tesis podría ser una herramienta práctica para todos aquellos centros que tienen gacelas dorcas y que quieren controlar de manera rutinaria el bienestar de los animales bajo su cuidado.
Ensuring high standards of welfare in wild animals kept in captivity is essential for ethical and legal reasons, as well as for the establishment and maintenance of viable populations of animals in good health. The general aim of this thesis was the study and assessment of animal welfare in wild ungulates in captivity through the use of case studies in three different species of ungulates: dorcas gazelles (Gazella dorcas), fallow deer (Dama dama) and Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Wild animals kept in captivity face different situations that can cause chronic stress to the individuals. The concentration of cortisol or cortisol metabolites has been advanced as an indicator to quantify stress in many species. In this thesis, two different welfare issues (social stress and visitor effect) were studied using behavioural and physiological animal-based welfare indicators. High levels of aggressive behaviours can impair welfare by causing physical damage and chronic stress to the animals. The sensitivity of social behaviour and hair cortisol concentration was evaluated in four groups of dorcas gazelles. Significant differences between groups of gazelles were found in frequency of negative social behaviour and hair cortisol concentration, suggesting that hair cortisol levels are sensitive to differences in the social structure of dorcas gazelles. Visitor presence has been described on occasions as having a negative effect on the welfare of captive animals. Our study of the visitor effect in fallow deer and Spanish ibex used the expression of vigilance behaviours and the concentrations of faecal cortisol metabolites as welfare indicators. Conflicting results between these indicators suggested that a multidimensional approach is necessary in order to properly assess welfare. The visitor presence increased the expression of vigilance behaviours, but did not have a negative effect on the faecal cortisol metabolites concentration in Spanish ibex and fallow deer. Finally, a protocol for the assessment of welfare in captive dorcas gazelles was developed and applied to five different groups of this species. The protocol included 23 welfare indicators and it was found to be useful to detect areas for improvement in all groups assessed. The protocol presented in this thesis could be a useful tool for the centres that keep dorcas gazelles under their care and want to routinely check the welfare of the animals.
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Salomonsson, Cecilia. "Food preferences in captive meerkats (Suricata suricatta)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70120.
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By using a three-choice preference test I tested food preferences in eight meerkats (Sutricata suricatta) for nine different food items. The meerkats were presented with all possible combinations of 9 food items, in total 84 combinations. The meerkats displayed the following rank order of food preference: cricket > zophoba lava > egg white > banana = tomato > orange > apple > cucumber > carrot. A correlation test between the food preference and nutritional content showed that the preference is significantly correlated with protein content. There is also a significant correlation between ash content and the food preference. There were no correlations with water, fat or vitamins and minerals. This suggests that, as in the wild, the captive meerkats at Kolmården wild life park seek food with high protein content. Ash has a high significant correlation with protein, which may explain the correlation between ash and the food preference. A comparison between the individual’s food preferences showed that the oldest individuals had the highest number of correlations with their food preferences to other individual’s food preference. This suggests an observational learning capability from older to younger individuals, which has also been reported in wild meerkat
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Nilsson, Sara. "Use of space in captive Siberian tigers." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-79071.
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Empirical measurements of the use of space of an enclosure are important indicators of the enclosure’s appropriateness for the exhibited animal. By studying the animal’s use of space zoological parks are able to provide a more species-adequate environment. In this study the utilization of space by the Siberian tigers held at Kolmården Djurpark was analyzed. Data were collected using the scan sample method for a total of 120 observation hours during 15 days. The tigers showed a marked difference in the utilization of different parts of the enclosure with the number of observations ranging from 1252 for the most popular zone to only 172 for the least popular one. The tigers showed a consistent preference for two of the 15 zones across all days of observation. Further analyses showed that these zones were preferred both during mornings and afternoons as well as during feeding days and non-feeding days. This study demonstrates that the tigers might display a preference for certain environmental features as a result of their behavioral needs that are no different from tigers in the wild.
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Hannah, Alison Campbell. "Rehabilitation of captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12549.
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The behaviour of 48 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) was studied over 27 months in Liberia, West Africa. The chimpanzees were first studied while they were housed in groups in enclosures in a medical research institute, and then after their release onto a 9.7 ha offshore island. When the chimpanzees were observed in captivity, data on social behaviour were collected with the use of check sheets and ad libitum notes. Data were collected on aggression, social grooming, social play, sexual behaviour, and individual spacing. After release onto the island, data on both social and subsistence behaviour were collected with the use of ad libitum notes. Both changes in social behaviour and in the development of subsistence behaviour were observed following release of the chimpanzees onto the island. Rates of aggression decreased following release, whereas rates of social grooming increased. Rates of social play decreased overall, but this was due to a decrease in social play by adults. Stereotyped or abnormal behaviour shown by some subjects declined. Subsistence behaviours which were observed following release were foraging for naturally occurring foods (leaves, fruits, seeds, and nuts), ant-eating, and tool-use for nut-cracking. Some subjects were also seen building sleeping-nests in trees. The chimpanzees also split into subgroups (including consortships) which showed similar trends in size and composition to those observed in wild populations of chimpanzees. Some techniques found to be useful during the release process are discussed, and the study is compared to previous primate release projects.
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George, Adrienne. "Cataloguing Diseases and Pests in Captive Corals." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3115.
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Stony corals (Order Scleractinia) are susceptible to a variety of diseases, which can occur from abiotic or biotic factors, or a combination of both. Public aquaria provide opportunities to study coral disease. Because coral mucus is the first line of defense against disease, the Biolog EcoplateTM is a useful tool to detect differences in microbial assemblages in the surface mucopolysaccharide (mucus) layer when comparing healthy and diseased corals. Histological examination is essential to document structural changes in coral tissue in response to diseases. This study identifies and characterizes diseases in captive corals through visual recognition, characterization of carbon utilization by microbial assemblages in coral mucus samples, and histological examination. In March 2010, surveys were sent to public aquaria throughout the United States that house corals. If the survey was returned indicating that the aquarium had diseased coral specimens present, sample kits were sent to the aquarium to acquire photographs, mucus samples for microbial carbon utilization analysis, and tissue samples for histological examination. Eighteen aquaria participated in the survey and 25 sets of samples were provided. The gross lesions from diseased samples fit into six categories: discoloration associated with darkening of the tissue or with color loss (bleaching), growth anomalies, and tissue loss associated with pests, with brown jelly, or with no obvious cause. Seven categories of possible contributing factors were reported: addition of inadequately quarantined corals to the tank, damage during transport, change of location, manual stress, and variations in light, salinity, or temperature. Introduction of inadequately quarantined specimens was the most common possible contributing factor to pest introduction. Significant differences in carbon source utilization were found between tank-water samples and mucus from both healthy and diseased areas of sampled corals. Although mucus samples from healthy and diseased samples did not differ in carbon source utilization overall, D-mannitol was used by 52% of microbial assemblages from mucus from diseased areas compared with only 17% of microbial assemblages from healthy mucus samples. Histologically, the most commonly observed features across all samples were healthy zooxanthellae, endolithic organisms, and nematocysts, all of which are normal features that can be influenced by stress factors. Brown granular material and ciliates were found associated with some anomalies, primarily the three categories of tissue loss. The presence of dense aggregates of zooxanthellate-engorged ciliates in corals afflicted with brown jelly was highly similar to histological observations of brown band syndrome, previously described from natural coral reefs.
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Recchia, Cheri Anne. "Social behaviour of captive belugas, Delphinapterus leucas." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12265.
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Botha, P. R. (Philippus Rudolph). "Captive the life of our static buildings." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31644.
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This research project investigates the possibility of a public programme-overlay at the Union Buildings, situated on Meintjieskop on the western edge of the Pretoria inner city. The design of the Buildings was commissioned to Sir Herbert Baker to celebrate the newly formed Union of South Africa in 1910. The buildings were completed in 1913 and this research project attempts to commemorate the centenary of this landmark. The buildings’ current state does not allow for public participation and this seems unfortunate for both the public and the buildings. This dissertation attempts to reintroduce the Union Buildings to South Africans, the Pretoria public as well as international tourists by recording the memory of the buildings. The intervention is an interpretative archive to the life of the Union Buildings. The static, stereotomic nature of the buildings has ironically been shaped and forced into many different symbolic meanings through the ever-changing political and cultural dynamics of South Africa. The life of the buildings has been interpreted into five distinguishing symbolic-eras: Birth, Union, Oppression, Democracy and Power. The new intervention attempts to make these layered eras public. This project will also explore the relationship between architecture and craft. This study understands that architecture is more than ever becoming a two dimensional experience and this is believed to be a direct result of the dimension in which it is explored - between pen and paper. The investigation will contest this current condition in which architecture finds itself. Moreover the focus of this study will be to explore architecture in its final dimension, thus exploring the relationship between architecture and craft. In the true sense this is a study of the tekton.Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria 2012.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
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Yasui, Saki. "Behavioral Study of Sociality in Captive Elephants." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/252974.
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Marques, Nuno Morais. "Captive portal paradigm integration with 802.1X architecture." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22726.
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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e TelemáticaIn a scenario where hotspot networks are increasingly being used, present and obtaining more subscribers, with the amount of sensitive information exchanged on this type of networks and with the variety of their users, which may not be trustworthy, there is a need of implementing security mechanisms that guarantee data confidentiality and integrity, as well as to guarantee that announced networks are genuine, avoiding rogue networks. Captive portals are portals provided by networks of this type where a user logs in; they are a greater risk as they imply the transmission of sensitive data on a nonstandardized way. This work explores the weaknesses of this paradigm and describes a solution that intends to suppress them, based on the 802.1X architecture. This solution consists on creating an EAP-compliant protocol in order to integrate an HTTP-based authentication within the 802.1X authentication framework.
Num cenário em que as redes hotspot estão a ser progressivamente mais usadas e presentes e a obter mais subscritores, com a quantidade de informação sensível que neste tipo de redes é transmitida e com a variedade destes mesmos utilizadores que podem ser ou não de confiança, são necessários mecanismos de segurança que garantam a confidencialidade e integridade de dados, assim como garantir que redes anunciadas sejam autenticadas, evitando redes malignas. Os captive portals, portais providenciados por redes deste tipo onde se efetua log in, são ainda um maior risco pois implicam a transmissão de dados sensíveis de maneira não standard. Este trabalho explora as fraquezas deste paradigma e apresenta uma solução que pretende colmatá-las, baseada na arquitetura 802.1X. Esta solução passa por criar uma extensão do protocolo EAP a fim de poder integrar a autenticação via HTTP com o processo de autenticação do 802.1X.
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Schultz, Jeffrey T. "Spatial and Behavioral Patterns of Captive Coyotes." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6341.
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Environmental enrichment is a technique used at many captive animal facilities that can improve the well-being of their animals. It seeks to enhance habitat features and promote natural behavior by providing a variety of practical ways for captive animals to control their environmental settings, especially during stressful circumstances. Enclosure features, such as shelter structures, are one tool that promotes wild behavior by adding complexity to an enclosure’s physical environment. Enrichment efforts for captive wildlife are most effective when they are specialized to the biological needs of the animals. Human activity may alter captive animal behavior and utility of enclosure features, and there is concern that human presence can negatively impact the welfare of some captive animals. Captive coyotes (Canis latrans) at the USDA-National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) Predator Research Facility in Millville, UT, USA, are maintained for research on biology, ecology, physiology and behavior. Coyotes at the research facility are routinely noticed utilizing shelter structures to hide, rest, and display vigilant behavior. Because they regularly use these simple structures, new and more complex enrichment shelter structures were installed to be evaluated. Specific research objectives aimed to assess (1) coyote enclosure utilization and shelter structure preferences, and (2) coyote spatial and behavioral responses to human activity. Using 32 mated coyote pairs rotated through eight 1.5-acre enclosures for 28-day trials over the winter months (January – March) of 2015 and 2016, spatial and behavioral patterns were monitored via the implementation of GPS-collars and live behavioral observations. Coyotes showed preference for shelter structure designs, but still spent most of their time at the perimeter and open areas of their enclosures. Complex structures were preferred over simple structures. Coyotes most often demonstrated inactive and vigilant behavior without human activity, but showed increased vigilance when there was human activity. Human activity also stimulated coyotes to become more active than inactive and reduce their utilization of enrichment structures. Although there was no clear preference for one specific type of enrichment structure, composite evidence from GPS-collars and behavioral data suggest the ramp may have heightened biological suitability. This study advances the knowledge of captive coyote spatial patterns and helps improve environmental enrichment planning for captive animals by exploring effective methods of adding complexity to animal enclosures.
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Valerio, Marta. "Le traitement des prisonniers de guerre en Égypte sous le Nouvel Empire." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30069.
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Le but de la présente étude, est de tracer les caractéristiques principales du traitement de prisonniers de guerre pendant le Nouvel Empire. La période choisie coïncide avec l’arrivée d’une grande nombre de prisonniers étrangers en Égypte à la suite des activités belliqueuses portées contre les populations de Syrie- Palestine, de Nubie ou de Libye. En parallèle, les richesses apportées de ces pays permettaient la réalisation des nombreuses œuvres monumentales nécessitant de la main d’œuvre pour les bâtir et les entretenir. Dans ce cadre s’insèrent donc les prisonniers, enlevés de leur pays pour être emportés en Égypte comme trophées, mais aussi et surtout comme force de travail. De ce que nous avons pu constater, la condition de prisonnier était une condition temporaire qui cessait après l’arrivée en Égypte. À travers l’analyse des sources, écrites comme iconographiques, nous avons essayé de déterminer la répartition de ces nouveaux habitants dans le pays, les différentes institutions (temples, armée..) ou les particuliers qui les employaient et les conséquences sociales et économiques de ce phénomène. En outre, la manière dont les prisonniers sont cités dans les documents permet de dévoiler leur rôle dans l’idéologie royale et ses reflets dans le sources privées ou littérairesThe purpose of this study is to describe the main characteristics of treatment of prisoners of war, during the New Kingdom. The period chosen coincides with the arrival of a large number of foreign prisoners in Egypt as a result of the belligerent activities against the populations of Syria-Palestine, Nubia or Libya. At the same time, the goods brought from these countries allowed the realisation of numerous monumental works requiring labour to build and maintain them. Prisoners were incorporated in this framework, taken from their country, carried in Egypt as trophies, but also and especially used as a work force. The evidence presented in this thesis shows that the condition of prisoner was temporary and ceased after the arrival in Egypt. Through the analysis of written and iconographic sources, this work seeks to determine the distribution of these new inhabitants in the country, the different institutions (such as temples and the army) or the individuals that employed them, and the social and economic consequences of this phenomenon. Moreover, the way prisoners are cited in the sources reveals their role in the royal ideology and its reflections in private or literary sources
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Keller, Rodolphe. "Les profits de la guerre : prédation et pouvoir dans le monde franc (VIe - Xe siècle)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959337.
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La prédation - pillages, prises de captifs et prélèvements tributaires - est un aspect important de la pratique guerrière dans les sociétés du haut Moyen Âge. Elle met en circulation de grandes quantités de richesses qui viennent alimenter les trésors des rois et des potentes. Cette étude vise à en dégager le rôle dans le fonctionnement et la reproduction des pouvoirs, dans le monde franc du VIe au Xe siècle.Les enjeux sont nombreux. L'appropriation de biens par la guerre est déterminante dans la capacité des grands à mobiliser des combattants, qui bénéficient d'une part de ces richesses. En outre, elle leur permet d'accumuler des biens de prestige essentiels dans la praxis aristocratique : objets précieux, armes, chevaux... Ces biens alimentent les échanges matériels entre les élites. Ils peuvent être distribués aux fidèles ou donnés à d'autres princes. La prédation est également facteur de gloire. Le butin fait parfois l'objet de pratiques ostentatoires illustrant la victoire des chefs de guerre.Si elle est facteur de cohésion, la prédation est aussi au centre de concurrences. La royauté franque impose une domination tributaire aux gentes voisines, ce qui apparaît aussi bien comme un moyen de stabiliser l'espace frontalier que d'institutionnaliser à son profit exclusif l'appropriation prédatrice. Les grands en charge des espaces frontaliers tendent au contraire à multiplier les confrontations guerrières afin d'en retirer les bénéfices. Parallèlement, l'expansion franque se traduit par une forte compétition entre les acteurs pour le contrôle des ressources foncières. Cette étude montre ainsi comment la question de la prédation éclaire sous un angle nouveau le rapport entre élites et richesse dans le monde franc.
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Smith, William Clay Kinchen. "Revising captivity narratives." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000611.
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Allard, Stephanie M. "The effect of enrichment structures on the behavior of captive western lowland gorillas (gorill g. gorilla) and public perception." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/36539.
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Garner, Joseph P. "The aetiology of stereotypy in caged animals." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670219.
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Goncalves, Wagner A. de Lima. "Computer modeling of captive-carry missile simulator experiments." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA356886.
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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998."September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Phillip E. Pace. Includes bibliographical references (p. 293-294). Also available online.
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Svensson, Joakim. "Reintroducing captive bred species : a community ecological perspective." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69507.
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Throughout history species has gone extinct due to anthropogenic activities. During the last century efforts have been done to reintroduce species back into the wild. Zoos that originally were created as amusement parks for people have today a new purpose; to keep and breed species in captivity for later reintroductions in the wild. However a relaxed environment such as a zoo leads to a general fitness decline of up to 40% per generation in captivity. The probability of a successful reintroduction of a species that has been bred in a zoo will be lower the longer time it has been kept in captivity. The reintroduction of a captive bred species can also cause secondary extinctions and other negative effects on the food-web. Both changes in the community caused by the loss of a species and changes in the species itself caused by captivity can be expected to affect the outcome of a reintroduction attempt. Using a modeling approach I here investigate how the reintroduction of a captive bred species (at three different trophic levels; basal, intermediate and top predator species) affects a food-web and what risks there are in reintroducing it. A Lokta-Volterra model with type II functional response is used. I investigate three scenarios: the reintroduction of a species with 0% change in its attributes, 40% change in its attributes and 75% change in its attributes. It was found that the most important factor for reintroduction success when reintroducing a species is whether it is a producer species (basal species) or a consumer species (intermediate and top predator species). The producer species were most sensitive to the changes in their attributes, whilst consumer species were more sensitive to change in the food-web (Euclidian distance). The producer species were found to cause most secondary extinctions in all scenarios, hence indicating that it is a bottom-up controlled food-web. The present study suggests that the success of a reintroduction attempt is affected both by the degree of changes in the food web caused by the initial loss of the species and the degree of change in the species itself caused by captivity.
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Elina, Lundholm. "Olfactory-Related Behaviors in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Zoologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69247.
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Primates have traditionally been considered having a poor sense of smell compared to other orders of mammals, like carnivores, due to reduced olfactory structures of the primate brain. This thought, however, is slowly changing. There are now a range of studies showing that primates do use their sense of smell, for example in chemical communication. However, few studies have been carried out on olfactory-related behaviors in Great Apes. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of olfactory-related behaviors in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The results do not only show that chimpanzees use their sense of smell, but also a behavioral difference between male and female chimpanzees. There was a significant difference between male to female smelling of the anogenitals and male to male smelling of the anogenitals (p = 0.0001) and also a difference between the occurrences of males and females touching an object with the hand and then smelling at the hand (p = 0. 0007). There was a significant difference between male and female frequency of smelling at an object (p = 0.001) and a significant difference between the occurrences of male and female smelling at foods and liquids (p = 0.003). There were no observations of chimpanzees performing a scent-marking behavior. These results suggest that chimpanzees use their sense of smell, from investigating new objects to the inspection of food and other chimpanzees. It would be interesting in future studies to study the difference between male and female frequency of olfactory-related behaviors.
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Forgét, Ann-Marie Sharon. "The Roman captive, an iconographical and cultural study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq21908.pdf.
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Kerr, Leslie. "Caching behaviour in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq64380.pdf.
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Katka, Jill Diane. "Aldabra tortoises (Geochelone gigantea) : enriching their captive environment." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30665.
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Bloomstrand, Mollie Anne. "An analysis of feeding enrichment for captive chimpanzees." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33622.
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Kerr, Leslie. "Caching behaviour in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius)." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30676.
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The storing of food is a common behaviour in the American kestrel ( Falco sparverius), a small, cavity-nesting falcon whose prey is comprised mainly of insects and small mammals. It may be a mechanism by which breeding birds ensure a sufficient food supply crucial to reproductive success.In 1996, caching behaviour of 10 single females, 10 single males and 20 paired captive American kestrels was recorded over the breeding season at the Avian Science and Conservation Centre of McGill University.
Cache site preference and seasonal influence on caching frequencies were studied in 8 hand-raised, male kestrels in summer, fall and winter from 1996--1997. Caching frequency during the three seasons was significantly different with most occurring in fall, fewer in winter, and still fewer in summer.
Memory for locations of cached prey was tested in 7 hand-raised males, three days after a caching event, from July to September 1997. The birds located their own caches significantly better than those caches placed by the experimenter. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Murray, Lindsay Elaine. "Personality and individual differences in captive African apes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319303.
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