Journal articles: 'Captive taking'

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Daniels, Jeffrey A., and Jonathan W. Page. "School barricaded captive-taking: A literature review and critique." Aggression and Violent Behavior 17, no. 2 (March 2012): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.11.002.

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Sharma, Devika. "The Captive Imagination." Humanimalia 6, no. 2 (March 6, 2015): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9913.

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Taking an outset in American artist Matthew Barney’s film Cremaster 2(1999), which is a part of the expansive work The Cremaster Cycle, this essay asks how notions of captivity reflect upon our concepts of inhumanity and animality. Captivity and confinement are in themselves favored themes of the popular imagination, but Barney’s speculative film suggests that notions of captivity also form part of the framework through which we imagine aspects of inhumanity and animality. Discussing the film in the light of contemporary theoretical reflections on what is commonly termed “the question of the inhuman” and “the question of the animal,” respectively, I understand the film to be a visual engagement with captivity and its significance for the discourses, images, and institutions that govern the boundaries of the human.

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Castro, Robert F., and Rihao Gao. "THE DEVIL IN DISGUISE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000193.

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AbstractFor generations, Mexican and American Indian populations reciprocally and ritualistically took captives from one another’s societies in what are today the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. These captive-taking wars breached the expansion of the American state into the west (1850s) and tested the ability of the American state to enforce law and policy in a frontier environment. This intriguing history, however, has yet to be addressed in legal and social science research on race. Our goal in this article is two-fold: (1) to determine whether the captive status of individuals taken in these endemic borderland wars is visible within surviving U.S. administrative materials (e.g., census); and (2) to determine whether close analysis of census materials can be used to ascertain whether federal liberators were able to abolish the captive-taking trade relative to their official mandate. The authors analyze a core sample of 1860s-era census materials from the City of Santa Fe, New Mexico—which has a documented history of Indian captivity and enslavement—as well as church records to determine whether these materials indicate the continuance of captivity even after federal liberators had the opportunity to abolish the trade.

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Tanner, Joanne E., and Richard W. Byrne. "Concealing facial evidence of mood: Perspective-taking in a captive gorilla?" Primates 34, no. 4 (October 1993): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02382654.

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Igler, David. "Captive-Taking and Conventions of Encounters on the Northwest Coast, 1789-1810." Southern California Quarterly 91, no. 1 (2009): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172455.

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Captivity in a variety of forms frequently punctuated culture encounters in the early modern Pacific world. In few places was captivity more common than on the Northwest Coast, where a lively fur trade brought indigenous communities together with European and American traders. Between 1789 and 1792, the taking of captives and exchange of hostages was a strategy used to advantage by both native peoples and foreign ship crews. The captivity account of John Jewitt, 1803-1805, illustrates both the changing dynamics of the trade and of growing language vehicles of communication. The captivity accounts by both native and Russian chroniclers of the 1808-1810 Sv. Nikolai survivors demonstrate the complex motives and internal divisions among both elements. All of these cases draw attention to how many of the actors in the cultural contacts in the East Pacific Basin were "unfree," challenged in their status, and driven by competition in a short-lived market.

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Booth, Brandi, Gregory M. Vecchi, Amy J. Angleman, Emmanuel J. Finney, Craig Marker, Stephen J. Romano, and Vincent B. Van Hasselt. "Captive-Taking Incidents in the Context of Domestic Violence: A Descriptive Analysis." Victims & Offenders 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2010): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564881003640777.

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Prayitno, Khairunnabila, and Markus Moos. "Freeing the “Captive Rider”." Canadian Planning and Policy / Aménagement et politique au Canada 2022 (July 27, 2022): 20–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/cppapc.v2022i1.15316.

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In recent years, public transit policy has often focused on chasing ‘choice’ riders, or those who have mode alternatives, while taking for granted ‘captive’ riders, or also referred to as transit dependents. This paper argues for a need to re-centre attention towards ‘captive’ riders through equity and sustainability perspectives, and to question the use of the term ‘captive’, as it alludes to marginalization. We conduct this research by examining the transit experiences of a sample of young captive riders in Don Valley Village and Crescent Town, two high-rise suburban neighbourhoods in the City of Toronto. Semi-structured interviews are used to gain insight into participants’ travel patterns and the challenges associated with public transit use. Participants accrue different types of costs with their experiences (i.e., time, money, safety, and comfort), which do limit their ability to participate in public life. The study is situated in the broader context of transit equity, which point to the need for service quality improvements for ‘captive’ riders. This study also shows why assessments of young captive riders’ experiences is essential for planning. Contrary to how captive riders are perceived, service quality issues prompted some of the study participants to switch to driving, which further questions the categorization of ‘choice’ and ‘captive’. Transit agencies are urged to consider further how to improve transit quality for ‘captive’ riders to contribute to equity but also to maintain transit loyalty among younger transit riders as their circumstances change.

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Dee, Amy Lynn. "Book Review: Taking Every Thought Captive: Forty Years of the Christian Scholar's Review." Journal of Education and Christian Belief 17, no. 2 (September 2013): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/205699711301700221.

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Castro, Robert Francis. "After the Slavers: Law, Liberation and Captive-taking in the New Mexican Borderlands." Slavery & Abolition 28, no. 3 (December 2007): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390701685571.

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Rivaya-Martinez, J. "A Different Look at Native American Depopulation: Comanche Raiding, Captive Taking, and Population Decline." Ethnohistory 61, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 391–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2681714.

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Booth, Brandi, Gregory M. Vecchi, Emmanuel J. Finney, Vincent B. Van Hasselt, and Stephen J. Romano. "Captive-Taking Incidents in the Context of Workplace Violence: Descriptive Analysis and Case Examples." Victims & Offenders 4, no. 1 (January 13, 2009): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564880802675935.

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Hinlicky, Paul R., and Timothy P. Dost. "Renaissance Humanism in Support of the Gospel in Luther's Early Correspondence: Taking All Things Captive." Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no. 3 (October 1, 2003): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20061542.

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Arechavala-Lopez, Pablo, Samira Nuñez-Velazquez, Carlos Diaz-Gil, Guillermo Follana-Berná, and João L. Saraiva. "Suspended Structures Reduce Variability of Group Risk-Taking Responses of Dicentrarchus labrax Juvenile Reared in Tanks." Fishes 7, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030126.

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Structural enrichment is considered a useful tool to improve the welfare conditions of captive fish by deliberately increasing the physical heterogeneity and complexity of captivity environments. However, the potential effects of structural enrichment on the stress response at the group level and on social interactions have not been well studied yet. In this study, we demonstrate that suspended vertical structures (U-shaped ropes) can reduce behavioural variability among fish groups (tank level) of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Differences in behavioural responses during group risk-taking tests (e.g., number of passes per fish) between treatments were detected, and these responses in seabass in enriched captive conditions were more homogeneous among tanks compared to fish from non-enriched tanks. These results suggest a positive effect of the structural enrichment on social stabilisation and response to stressful events at the tank level in seabass. However, further research is still needed to improve the knowledge of the potential effects of structural enrichment on fish welfare and aquaculture management, considering different enrichment designs, intensities, and strategies according to farming conditions, biological needs, and preferences of the fish species and life-stage reared in captivity.

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Palagi, Elisabetta, and Thore J. Bergman. "Bridging Captive and Wild Studies: Behavioral Plasticity and Social Complexity in Theropithecus gelada." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11103003.

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Cognitive ethology explores the ability of animals to flexibly adapt their behavior to rapid physical and social environment fluctuations. Although there is a historical dichotomy between field and captive studies, recently, a growing interest in questions that sit at the intersection of cognitive and adaptive perspectives has helped bridge this divide. By focusing on Theropithecus gelada, we discuss the three main reasons why this hybrid approach is extremely successful. First, captive and wild studies provide data at different social, spatial, and temporal scales that can be synthesized to give a fuller picture of the behavior. Secondly, apparently conflicting results from captive and wild settings are powerful tools to explore behavioral flexibility and latent behavioral tendencies. Third, the different settings provide ways of validating and exploring behaviors that are noticed in the other setting. Although we were able to bring together our captive and wild research to demonstrate these ideas, we could have obtained a more integrated vision on the proximate and ultimate gelada behavioral and cognitive strategies if we had considered this hybrid approach from the beginning. We hope that this manuscript stimulates scholars in designing their studies by taking into account the incredible potential of a complementary captive-wild research approach.

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Trigg, J. "Review: Renaissance Humanism in Support of the Gospel in Luther's Early Correspondence. Taking All Things Captive." Journal of Theological Studies 54, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/54.1.380.

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Johnson, Joseph. "The Conditional State of Primates in Selected Zoological Garden in Nigeria: A Survey." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, no. 02 (2022): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6208.

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Parasitic diseases often represent a major concern in zoo animals for the high environmental contamination due to the maintenance of animals in confined areas. In wild conditions, animals have some natural resistance against parasitic diseases and there is a state of equilibrium between the parasite and the host and it seldom led to harmful infection unless stressed. The aim of the research work is on the conditional state of primates in selected zoological garden primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria. Survey method was adapted for this research 87 questionnaires was distributed among staff taking care of the zoological gardens. The findings of this work shows, that captive primates are housed according to their species. From the responses, the nutritional status of the captive primates is moderate, based on their physical appearance, and shows 34 respondents, representing (39.1%) Agreed, 29 respondents, representing (33.3%) strongly agreed that the captive primates are constantly dewormed against parasitic infections, while 20 respondents, representing (4.6%) strongly disagreed. On the accountability of the funds, 36 respondents, representing (41.4%) Agreed, 18 respondents, representing (20.7%) strongly agreed, while 24 respondents, which represents (27.6%) disagreed and 9 representing (10.3%) strongly disagreed based on the data, there is adequate accountability of the funds allocated to zoos.

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Kerdraon, Paul, Boris Horel, Patrick Bot, Adrien Letourneur, and David David Le Touzé. "High Froude Number Experimental Investigation of the 2 DOF Behavior of a Multihull Float in Head Waves." Journal of Sailing Technology 6, no. 01 (February 4, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jst/2021.6.1.1.

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Dynamic Velocity Prediction Programs are taking an increasingly prominent role in high performance yacht design, as they allow to deal with seakeeping abilities and stability issues. Their validation is however often neglected for lack of time and data. This paper presents an experimental campaign carried out in the towing tank of the Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France, to validate the hull modeling in use in a previously presented Dynamic Velocity Prediction Program. Even though with foils, hulls are less frequently immersed, a reliable hull modeling is necessary to properly simulate the critical transient phases such as touchdowns and takeoffs. The model is a multihull float with a waterline length of 2.5 m. Measurements were made in head waves in both captive and semi-captive conditions (free to heave and pitch), with the model towed at constant yaw and speed. To get as close as possible to real sailing conditions, experiments were made at both zero and non-zero leeway angles, sweeping a wide range of speed values, with Froude numbers up to 1.2. Both linear and nonlinear wave conditions were studied in order to test the limits of the modeling approach, with wave steepness reaching up to 7% in captive conditions and 3.5% in semi-captive ones. The paper presents the design and methodology of the experiments, as well as comparisons of measured loads and motions with simulations. Loads are shown to be consistent, with a good representation of the sustained non-linearities. Pitch and heave motions depict an encouraging correlation which confirms that the modeling approach is valid.

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Mumby, Hannah S. "Mahout Perspectives on Asian Elephants and Their Living Conditions." Animals 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110879.

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The skills, knowledge, and expertise of mahouts have been recognized by organizations and individual managers who are responsible for captive elephants and by academics, where they have been a source of studies from the ethnographic to animal behavior research. In this study, I used semi-structured interviews in local languages to explore individual experiences of mahouts in Nepal. I also investigated perspectives on elephant welfare, including the use of corral (fenced) enclosures. I undertook a further key informant interview in English to gain more discursive perspectives on the topics. Our results revealed that mahouts at the study site are unlikely to come from multi-generational families of mahouts. All mahouts referenced the religious significance of elephants in their country when describing broader local perspectives. Many mahouts explained both positive and negative implications for differing strategies in housing captive elephants, often balanced the competing interests of elephant welfare with their own need for elephants to follow verbal communication, and their responsibility for the safety of the elephants, other staff, and tourists. The fine-balancing perspectives of mahouts, taking both humans and elephants into account, underlines their role as an important source of knowledge of captive Asian elephants in range countries, and their potential role as co-producers of research linked to welfare. This approach could also be of relevance to the welfare of ex-situ Asian elephants.

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McCracken, Peggy. "Romance Captivities in the Context of Crusade: The Prose Lancelot." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.2.576.

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The Taking of captives was a common practice in crusade warfare. Although men were more easily ransomed, many women were also taken captive. Women were not combatants on the battlefield, but when the fighting overran crusader camps, women in the camps were likely to be taken. Women were also captured when cities were taken or besieged cities were abandoned by their defenders. Albert of Aachen notes that in 1101 when the crusaders lost the battle at Paphlagonia, they left the undefended women to be captured by their enemies:The Christians left their tents and all their equipment with all their wagons, with their delicate and beloved wives, with all the goods which are needed by so many nobles and so great an army…. The Turks … cruelly attacked these noble women and eminent matrons, seized them wickedly and held them in fetters, sending over a thousand into barbarous lands where the language was unknown; they plundered them like dumb animals and sent them into perpetual exile … as if they were in a cage or prison. (qtd. in Friedman, “Captivity” 123)

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Hombing, Jumayanti Boru, Bainah Sari Dewi, Syahrio Tantalo, and Sugeng Prayitno Harianto. "Study of Nutrition Content Food Drop in Deer in PT. Gunung Madu Plantations." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 6, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1633-39.

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Increasing the number of individual deer in captivity indicates an increase in the deer population. One of the factors affecting the increase in the deer population is a drop in the quality of feed and nutritional value adequate for deer. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the type of feed and feed nutrient content in captive deer drop in PT Gunung Madu Plantations (GMP). Nutrient content of feed drop in deer obtained through the proximate analysis by taking a sample of 100 grams per sample feed. This type of feed given drop in manager consists of the main feed forage consisting of grass and leaves, in the form of rice bran concentrate feed, and feed the tubers were given every month. Based on proximate analysis that has been made known that the feed drop-in provided by the organizer captivity contains good nutrition, as seen in the high water content, extract ingredients without nitrogen (BETN) high, protein and fibers that do not differ greatly in value and fat content is not excessive. Keywords: Drop in Feed Nutrition, Feeding Deer, Captive Deer PT. GMP

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Phillips, CJC, Z. Jiang, AJ Hatton, A. Tribe, M. Le Bouar, M. Guerlin, and PJ Murray. "Environmental enrichment for captive Eastern blue-tongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides)." Animal Welfare 20, no. 3 (August 2011): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002931.

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AbstractEastern blue-tongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides) are kept in zoos and increasingly commonly as exotic pets, but little is known about improving their welfare by enrichment of their environment. Using nine animals kept individually in cages provided with a brick for basking and a pipe for hiding, we initially investigated enriching their environment with mealworms, either scattered on the floor or inserted into a foodball. The mealworms increased the time that the lizards spent feeding on both their ration and the mealworms and increased liveweight gain. Scattering the mealworms on the floor of their cages increased the time taken to eat them, compared with taking them from the foodball. Mealworms also reduced the time that the lizards spent hiding. Second, using eight individually housed lizards and replacing the pipe with a log which could be used both for basking and hiding, we investigated whether increasing the size of their enclosure and its temperature affected their behaviour, in a two-factor changeover design with two-week periods. When lizards were moved from small to large enclosures, they greatly increased the time that they spent walking on the first day, and they walked longer and further for the rest of the period. Lizards in big enclosures also spent more time hiding in the log and less time inactive on the log or the brick. Lizards in hot enclosures spent more time basking on the log and less time hiding in it, which would be valuable for display animals. The benefit of enriching the captive environment of Eastern blue-tongue lizards by scattering mealworms in their cage may depend on the effect on the lizards’ weight and the cage's conditions, as captive lizards often become obese, and inactivity and weight loss are normal in their natural habitat during the dry season. Increasing the size of enclosures increases walking activity and reduces weight gain, which similarly will have variable effects on welfare depending on the impact on their bodyweight. Lizards in large enclosures have an increased propensity to hide so it is important that opportunities for this are provided.

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Takeshita, Rafaela S. C., Melissa K. Edler, Richard S. Meindl, Chet C. Sherwood, William D. Hopkins, and Mary Ann Raghanti. "Age, adrenal steroids, and cognitive functioning in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." PeerJ 10 (November 9, 2022): e14323. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14323.

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Background Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate is the most abundant circulating androgen in humans and other catarrhines. It is involved in several biological functions, such as testosterone production, glucocorticoid antagonist actions, neurogenesis and neuroplasticty. Although the role of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) in cognition remains elusive, the DHEAS/cortisol ratio has been positively associated with a slower cognitive age-decline and improved mood in humans. Whether this relationship is found in nonhuman primates remains unknown. Methods We measured DHEAS and cortisol levels in serum of 107 adult chimpanzees to investigate the relationship between DHEAS levels and age. A subset of 21 chimpanzees was used to test the potential associations between DHEAS, cortisol, and DHEAS/cortisol ratio in cognitive function, taking into account age, sex, and their interactions. We tested for cognitive function using the primate cognitive test battery (PCTB) and principal component analyses to categorize cognition into three components: spatial relationship tasks, tool use and social communication tasks, and auditory-visual sensory perception tasks. Results DHEAS levels, but not the DHEAS/cortisol ratio, declined with age in chimpanzees. Our analyses for spatial relationships tasks revealed a significant, positive correlation with the DHEAS/cortisol ratio. Tool use and social communication had a negative relationship with age. Our data show that the DHEAS/cortisol ratio, but not DHEAS individually, is a promising predictor of spatial cognition in chimpanzees.

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Melton, Mallory A. "CROPPING IN AN AGE OF CAPTIVE TAKING: EXPLORING EVIDENCE FOR UNCERTAINTY AND FOOD INSECURITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY NORTH CAROLINA PIEDMONT." American Antiquity 83, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 204–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.63.

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Engagement in sustained encounters with colonial actors had long-lasting demographic, social, and political consequences for Native American inhabitants of Southeastern North America during the colonial period (AD 1670–1783). Less clear is whether Native peoples who did not regularly trade with colonists also felt the destabilization experienced by more closely affiliated groups. This article explores Native lifeways in the seventeenth-century Eno River valley of the North Carolina Piedmont, a context for which archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence have produced divergent narratives. While extant archaeological findings suggest that daily life from 1650 to 1680 continued virtually unchanged from the preceding Late Woodland period, ethnohistoric accounts indicate that this area was victimized by Native slavers who abducted countless women and children. Seeking to reconcile these narratives, I conducted a diachronic analysis of botanical remains and architecture. Archaeobotanical data reveal that Jenrette site (AD 1650–1680) occupants adopted foodways that differed significantly from those of their Late Woodland predecessors, while architectural evidence indicates a brief village occupation. I argue that Eno River valley inhabitants introduced risk-averse subsistence practices that would have aided in coping with the threat and consequences of slave raiding and that these practices occurred within a social climate of fear and uncertainty that is documented ethnohistorically.

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Vidal, Fernando, Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck, Werner T. Flueck, and Luděk Bartoš. "Variation in reproduction of a temperate deer, the southern pudu (Pudu puda)." Animal Production Science 52, no. 8 (2012): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11364.

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Pudu (Pudu puda), occurring in the southern cone of Latin America, has been classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), yet little is known about this animal in the wild, with most knowledge on the breeding behaviour coming from captive animals. For this second-smallest deer in the world, delayed implantation has been suggested to explain the two peaks in the annual cycle of male sexual hormones on the basis of the accepted tenet that the breeding period occurs only once a year, between March and June. However, in the present study, birth dates from fawns born at the Los Canelos semi-captive breeding centre in Chile and male courting behaviour revealed the possibility of two rutting periods: autumn and spring. To our knowledge, this is the first time that late-fall births (May through early June for 17% of fawns in the study population) have been recorded for the southern pudu; two of these four births were conceived by females in the wild. From zoo and captive-animal birth records (n = 97), only three fawns were born in the fall. For all births combined (n = 121), 77% occurred in spring. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Pere David deer (Elaphurus davidianus) have been considered the only two temperate cervids in which sexual activity is initiated by increasing daylength and which breed in early summer. Yet, the present results indicate a similar response from the southern pudu when under a wild or semi-captive environment, with breeding taking place in spring. These results suggest that this species may either have two reproductive periods per year or retains the capacity to be a breeder for a much more extended period of time than documented by earlier studies. Pudu, like other temperate deer, is responsive to photoperiod for timing its breeding period, but may further optimise its production of offspring by also responding to other environmental cues such as seasonal variation in food supply when climatic conditions are favourable.

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Nievergelt, C., and C. R. Pryce. "Monitoring and controlling reproduction in captive common marmosets on the basis of urinary oestrogen metabolites." Laboratory Animals 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367796780865781.

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Non-invasive methods for routine monitoring of reproductive states and reproduction control in large colonies of captive Callithrix jacchus have been developed. Immunoactive urinary oestrone-3-conjugates (E1C) were measured during non-conception cycles ( n=5) and pregnancy ( n=7). Using plasma progesterone levels to time ovulation, ovulation was quantitatively estimated by a) calculating the first E1C rise and b) by establishing an E1C threshold. Ovulation was thus defined as taking place 4 days preceding a) the first rise of E1C above follicular-phase levels, or b) a concentration 4≥.5 µg E1/mg creatinine. Early pregnancy could be determined after day 20 by continued luteal-phase levels of E1C. Secondly, the luteolytic effect of cloprostenol, injected over a wide range of doses and between days 1 and 64 after ovulation/conception, was analysed. Luteolysis was achieved when cloprostenol was administered after day 5 post-ovulation; the luteolytic effect was found not to be dose-dependent. The success of cloprostenol treatment was 87% as confirmed by endocrine monitoring. The methods described are effective and minimize intervention, and are therefore suitable for long-term applications, particularly in combination with behavioural studies.

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Srikanth, Kannan, Anand Nandkumar, Deepa Mani, and Prashant Kale. "How Firms Build Isolating Mechanisms for Knowledge: A Study in Offshore Research and Development Captives." Strategy Science 5, no. 2 (June 2020): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2020.0101.

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Understanding how firms protect their knowledge from leakage is becoming increasingly important, especially when knowledge is not well protected by legal mechanisms such as patents. The rapid rise in research and development (R&D) activities taking place in offshore locations that only offer weak legal protection for intellectual property provides the ideal context to study this question. Using interview and survey data from captive R&D centers of multinational firms in India, we (1) identify five organizational practices that firms use to protect their knowledge from leaking to competitors in offshore locations, (2) consider whether these practices limit knowledge leakage or limit damage from leaked knowledge, and (3) explore whether they are complements or substitutes.

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Escalante-Pliego, Patricia, Noemí Matías-Ferrer, Patricia Rosas-Escobar, Gabriela Lara-Martínez, Karol Sepúlveda-González, and Rodolfo Raigoza-Figueras. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Mesoamerican Scarlet Macaws in an Ex Situ Breeding Population in Mexico." Diversity 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14010054.

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Given the interest in the conservation of the Mesoamerican scarlet macaw (Ara macao cyanoptera), the Xcaret Park formed an initial reproductive population about 30 years ago, which has progressively grown to a considerable population in captivity. In this work, we focus on the evaluation of the genetic diversity of the captive population, taking two groups into account: its founding (49) and the current breeding individuals (166). The genetic analysis consisted of genotyping six nuclear microsatellite loci that are characterized by their high variability. Tests for all loci revealed a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in four loci of the founders and in no loci of the breeding groups. The results showed that the genetic variation in the Xcaret population was relatively high (founders He = 0.715 SE = 0.074, breeding pairs He = 0.763 SE = 0.050), with an average polymorphism of 7.5 (4–10) alleles per locus in founders and 8.3 (4–14) in breeding pairs. No significant differences in the evaluated genetic diversity indexes were found between both groups. This indicates that the genetic variability in Xcaret has been maintained, probably due to the high number of pairs and the reproductive management strategy. Bayesian analysis revealed five different genetic lineages present in different proportions in the founders and in the breeding pairs, but no population structure was observed between founders and breeding individuals. The analyzed captive individuals showed levels of genetic diversity comparable to reported values from Ara macao wild populations. These data indicate that the captive population has maintained a similar genetic diversity as the metapopulation in the Mayan Forest and is an important resource for reintroduction projects, some of which began more than five years ago and are still underway.

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Dash, Manojita, Sarat Kumar Sahu, Santosh Kumar Gupta, Niranjana Sahoo, and Debabrat Mohapatra. "Trypanosoma evansi infection in a captive Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes – molecular diagnosis and therapy." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 20494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7578.14.1.20494-20499.

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A five-year old, apparently healthy male Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes of Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha became ill with acute signs of anorexia, lethargy, staggering gait, and was non-responsive to external stimuli. Microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smear revealed presence of extracellular flagellates having morphological similarity to Trypanosoma spp. Haematological parameters showed anaemia (Hb 6.0 g%), mild leucopenia (total leukocyte count 5 × 103 / mm3) and thrombocytopenia (180 x 103 / µl). Serum biochemistry revealed high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (830 IU/L), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (178.2 mg/dl), creatinine (4.44 mg/dl), and low glucose (25.7 mg/dl) levels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region followed by National Centre for Biotechnology Information blast confirmed Trypanosoma evansi infection in the captive Indian Wolf. The animal showed clinical recovery with the administration of single dose of quinapyramine sulphate and quinapyramine chloride @ 4.0 mg/kg b wt subcutaneously. The wolf started taking meat from the very next day with improved activity. No trypanosomes could be detected in the stained blood smears as well as through PCR carried 25 days post treatment. The occurrence became an eye opener for the zoo and henceforth, all canids were included under chemoprophylaxis protocol against trypanosomosis.

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Peng, Shawn, and Donald M. Broom. "The Sustainability of Keeping Birds as Pets: Should Any Be Kept?" Animals 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020582.

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We describe a wide range of unethical and unsustainable practices inherent to the trading and keeping of pet birds. At present, biodiversity and wild bird populations are being greatly harmed and many individual birds have poor welfare. Wild-caught birds should not be sold to the public as pets, or to breeding establishments for several reasons, including because 75–90% of wild-caught birds die before the point of sale and taking birds from the wild has negative effects on biodiversity. The housing provided for pet birds should meet the needs of birds of that species and allow good welfare, for example there should be no small cages but aviaries with space for each bird to exercise adequately, and social birds should be kept in social groups. At present, inadequate housing of many pet birds results in stereotypies and other indicators of poor welfare in birds. Owners should have knowledge of how to provide good nutrition and minimize the risk of disease. Unless these changes are made, keeping birds as pets should not be permitted. New laws are needed to prohibit taking birds from the wild and ensure captive pet birds in conditions that do meet their needs.

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Weng, Zhuoying, Yang Yang, Xi Wang, Lina Wu, Sijie Hua, Hanfei Zhang, and Zining Meng. "Parentage Analysis in Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) Using Microsatellite and SNP Markers from Genotyping-by-Sequencing Data." Genes 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12071042.

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Pedigree information is necessary for the maintenance of diversity for wild and captive populations. Accurate pedigree is determined by molecular marker-based parentage analysis, which may be influenced by the polymorphism and number of markers, integrity of samples, relatedness of parents, or different analysis programs. Here, we described the first development of 208 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 11 microsatellites for giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) taking advantage of Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and compared the power of SNPs and microsatellites for parentage and relatedness analysis, based on a mixed family composed of 4 candidate females, 4 candidate males and 289 offspring. CERVUS, PAPA and COLONY were used for mutually verification. We found that SNPs had a better potential for relatedness estimation, exclusion of non-parentage and individual identification than microsatellites, and > 98% accuracy of parentage assignment could be achieved by 100 polymorphic SNPs (MAF cut-off < 0.4) or 10 polymorphic microsatellites (mean Ho = 0.821, mean PIC = 0.651). This study provides a reference for the development of molecular markers for parentage analysis taking advantage of next-generation sequencing, and contributes to the molecular breeding, fishery management and population conservation.

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Boccacino, Débora, Caroline Marques Maia, Eliana Ferraz Dos Santos, and Ricardo Tadeu Santori. "INACTIVITY AT NIGHT: A CASE STUDY OF THE NOCTURNAL BEHAVIORS OF TWO CAPTIVE Panthera onca (FELIDAE) SPECIMENS." Acta Biológica Colombiana 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n3.80892.

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Inactivity is a common daytime behavior expressed by wild cats in zoos. It is not clear whether this inactivity is due to the constraints of the captive environment or is a result of a more natural behavior by these animals. Therefore, this work evaluated the behavior of two Panthera oncacaptive specimens, including their inactivity, during the evening/night period. The jaguars were filmed individually in different days, starting at 5:30 pm and finishing between 7:00 pm and 1:30 am, including non-feeding and feeding days. Regardless of whether they were fed or not, both jaguars expressed a significant rate of inactivity. In addition, when fed, one of the jaguars increased its movements and active behaviors, although its inactivity remained high, while the other jaguar further reduced the expression of such behaviors. Therefore, this work concludes that these jaguars were just as inactive during the evening/night period as they were during daytime. Excessive inactivity might be regarded as a negative behavior; with its highest expression being an effect of the captive environment, which might compromise the welfare of the assessed jaguars and possibly of other wild cats. In addition, since the behavioral expression varied between the studied jaguars, depending on the feeding or non-feeding status, we recommend that futures studies should taking into account the individual variations, especially when there are differences in age, health, and management conditions between the specimens.

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Rummel, Erika. "Timothy P. Dost, Renaissance Humanism in Support of the Gospel in Luther’s Early Correspondence: Taking All Things Captive (Burlington: Ashgate, 2001), IX + 244 pp." International Journal of the Classical Tradition 15, no. 1 (March 2008): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12138-008-0028-8.

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Lopes, Ricardo Jorge, Juan Antonio Gomez, Alessandro Andreotti, and Maura Andreoni. "Purple Swamphen or Gallinule (Porphyrio porphyrio) and Humans." Society & Animals 24, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 574–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341432.

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Our knowledge of the historical use of nonhuman animal species in captivity and subsequent human-induced changes in their distribution is poor in comparison to contemporary case studies. Here we assess the hypothesis that, in the case of one waterbird species, the purple swamphen or gallinule (Porphyrio porphyrio), we have neglected the high probability that people transported these birds within the Mediterranean, from Roman to recent times. In ancient iconographies, literary sources, and more recent records there is ample evidence for the use of this species in captivity, captive-breeding, and for trade during several historical periods, especially within the Mediterranean region. All this evidence supports the hypothesis that released or escaped birds might have hybridized with other populations living in the wild. This case study stresses the importance of taking into account past human activity when interpreting contemporary distributional patterns of species.

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Johnson, P. M., and J. K. Hendrikz. "Development of the bridled nailtail wallaby, Onychogalea fraenata, and age estimation of the pouch young." Wildlife Research 26, no. 2 (1999): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96002.

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Morphological growth and qualitative development of the pouch young of captive Onychogalea fraenata are described from birth to permanent pouch emergence. Intuitively, age is a determining factor of growth and development, which precludes it from being the regressand in regression analysis. Therefore, age prediction can only be achieved by estimating expected growth for various ages and examining the confidence limits to this growth. Age values corresponding to these confidence limits are derived from the growth equations and used as limits for the ages. On the basis of these intervals the reliability of age predictions, for ages measured in different day-based units can be assessed. A statistical method is selected so that a small amount of irregularity in the frequency of measurement can be tolerated, and accounted for, in the model, as well taking into account inter-animal variation in growth parameters.

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Kukushkin, Oleg V. "An Experience of Captive Incubation of the Clutch of the European Glass Lizard (Reptilia: Sauria: Anguidae), with Notes on Its Reproductive Biology." Russian Journal of Herpetology 29, no. 3 (June 28, 2022): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2022-29-3-169-186.

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A case of a successful incubation of a clutch of the European glass lizard (Pseudopus apodus) under controlled laboratory conditions during July 22 – September 19, 2019 is reported here. Fully developed neonates hatched from all eggs (n = 7) on the 60th day of incubation. A detailed description of the temperature and humidity regimes of incubation as well as the size and weight characteristics of eggs and offsprings are provided. Moreover, protecting and caring female behavior in regards to the clutch within the first month of incubation was documented comprehensively for the first time. Some aspects of P. apodus reproductive biology such as parental care, oviposition terms, frequency of reproduction and female fecundity are discussed taking into account the data accumulated within the last decennary for the Crimean populations of the species. Likely causes for the non-annual breeding of females were analyzed

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Aro, S. O., A. A. Adewumi, and A. A. Ogunjinmi. "Growth, morphology and haematology of Double-spurred Francolin (Francolinus bicalcaratus): A prelude to its captive breeding and domestication." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 3 (December 23, 2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i3.202.

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It has been documented that broadening the genetic diversity of the livestock population through captive breeding and eventual domestication of game animals could be one of the palliatives for reducing animal protein malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the game birds with wide culinary appeal in West Africa that can easily be captive-bred is the Doublespurred Francolin (Francolinus bicalcaratus). This study was therefore conducted to determine the growth, morphology and haematological indices of Double-spurred Francolin reared under intensive management condition. Eighteen eggs of Double-spurred Francolin collected from the wild were artificially incubated and hatched into chicks. These chicks were subsequently reared intensively for 24 weeks while taking data on their feed intake, growth, plumage development, vocalization and haematological indices. The growth curve of F. bicalcaratus was modelled from which the peri-pubertal period of this bird was determined. Also the number of rectrices and remiges from day old to the 24th week of age were determined while the first adult vocalization was observed in the fifth month. Francolinus bicalcaratus displays sexual dimorphism in terms of body size, vocalization and tarsal spur number and development. Double-spurred Francolin has growth and morphometric parameters that are similar to its other phasianid relatives and can therefore fit into the food security equation geared towards solving the perennial animal protein malnutrition problem especially in the West African sub-region. It is concluded that the bird is a good candidate for domestication and conservation, a two-in-one effort that could re-write its current global signature as an endangered bird species of West Africa.

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Kerman, Kaan, Kathryn E. Sieving, Colette S. Mary, and Michael L. Avery. "Evaluation of boldness assays and associated behavioral measures in a social parrot, monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)." Behaviour 153, no. 13-14 (2016): 1817–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003356.

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Boldness reflects consistent individual differences in risk-taking behavior across various contexts. However, evaluating this basic assumption has largely been neglected in birds. In a captive monk parakeet population (Myiopsitta monachus; ), we undertook an analysis of 7 measures across 3 commonly used boldness assays (i.e., novel object, emergence, and predator-exposure tests). Using principal component analysis, we derived 3 components (PCs). PC-2 loaded strongly with measures from emergence and predator-exposure tests; we interpreted it as the closest approximation of boldness. PC-1 and PC-3 described different aspects of feeding such as foraging activity and rate, respectively. Finally, we assessed the predictive power of each measure that loaded significantly on the boldness axis. We found that no single metric explained even %55 of the variation in PC-2, nor could more than %50 individuals at the extremes of the spectrum be predicted. Our results demonstrate the utility of an inclusive approach in personality research.

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Kerman, Kaan, Kathryn E. Sieving, Colette St. Mary, and Michael L. Avery. "Social conformity affects experimental measurement of boldness in male but not female monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus)." Behaviour 155, no. 13-15 (2018): 1025–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003519.

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Abstract The standard approach for characterizing boldness rarely considers the influence of social environment on the expression of boldness in group-living animals. We studied a wild-caught, captive population of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) to investigate the impact of conspecific presence on boldness — a personality trait in monk parakeets — in a controlled environment. We quantified seven boldness metrics across three types of behavioural assay: novel object, emergence, and predator exposure tests in the presence of a companion pair of flock mates. Because of the high degree of sociality in this species, we hypothesized that the presence of companion birds would facilitate the focal individuals’ behavioural responses (i.e., increase the average boldness level). We found that behavioural response in a risky foraging context was inversely correlated between solitary and social condition in males, but not in females. Our results have implications for characterizing sex-specific differences of risk-taking behaviour in social animals.

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Calcutt, Sarah E., Darby Proctor, Sarah M. Berman, and Frans B. M. de Waal. "Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Are More Averse to Social Than Nonsocial Risk." Psychological Science 30, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618811877.

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Social risk is a domain of risk in which the costs, benefits, and uncertainty of an action depend on the behavior of another individual. Humans overvalue the costs of a socially risky decision when compared with that of purely economic risk. Here, we played a trust game with 8 female captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) to determine whether this bias exists in one of our closest living relatives. A correlation between an individual’s social- and nonsocial-risk attitudes indicated stable individual variation, yet the chimpanzees were more averse to social than nonsocial risk. This indicates differences between social and economic decision making and emotional factors in social risk taking. In another experiment using the same paradigm, subjects played with several partners with whom they had varying relationships. Preexisting relationships did not impact the subjects’ choices. Instead, the apes used a tit-for-tat strategy and were influenced by the outcome of early interactions with a partner.

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Gruber, Jodie, Gregory Brown, Martin J. Whiting, and Richard Shine. "Is the behavioural divergence between range-core and range-edge populations of cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) due to evolutionary change or developmental plasticity?" Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 10 (October 2017): 170789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170789.

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Individuals at the leading edge of expanding biological invasions often show distinctive phenotypic traits, in ways that enhance their ability to disperse rapidly and to function effectively in novel environments. Cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) at the invasion front in Australia exhibit shifts in morphology, physiology and behaviour (directionality of dispersal, boldness, risk-taking). We took a common-garden approach, raising toads from range-core and range-edge populations in captivity, to see if the behavioural divergences observed in wild-caught toads are also evident in common-garden offspring. Captive-raised toads from the invasion vanguard population were more exploratory and bolder (more prone to ‘risky’ behaviours) than toads from the range core, which suggests that these are evolved, genetic traits. Our study highlights the importance of behaviour as being potentially adaptive in invasive populations and adds these behavioural traits to the increasing list of phenotypic traits that have evolved rapidly during the toads' 80-year spread through tropical Australia.

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Glaeser, Sharon S., Katie L. Edwards, Nadja Wielebnowski, and Janine L. Brown. "Effects of physiological changes and social life events on adrenal glucocorticoid activity in female zoo-housed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): e0241910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241910.

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Ensuring good health and welfare is an increasingly important consideration for conservation of endangered species and includes breeding of individuals managed under human care. Understanding how factors in the captive environment affect individual animal wellbeing can be aided by long-term monitoring of biological functioning. This study involved longitudinal assessments (4 to 28 years) of reproductive and adrenal hormones in zoo-housed female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) (age range 4 to ~71 years) to elucidate patterns in adrenal glucocorticoid (GC) activity in association with reproductive and demographic factors, and examine individual response to major social changes. Concentrations of serum and urinary cortisol covaried more consistently with physiological changes (ovarian cycle phase, puberty, pregnancy, lactational anestrus, and age) than with social life events (births, deaths, and facility transfers). Cortisol fluctuated across the ovarian cycle with mean concentrations being higher in the follicular than in the luteal phase, and concentrations were highest in lactational anestrous compared to all other reproductive states. The elephants in this study exhibited substantial individuality in adrenal GC response to major social change, reinforcing the need to assess welfare on an individual basis and to consider factors influencing the impact of perceived stressors, such as social relationships, social support, temperament, and life history. Outcomes from this study deepen our understanding of Asian elephant physiology and highlight the importance of taking intrinsic patterns of hormone secretion into account when evaluating the impact of external factors. Finally, a better understanding of the impact of social change and resiliency in response to real and perceived stressors allows us to improve social management to enhance welfare in both captive settings and free-ranging environments.

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Sribnyak, Igor. "PECULIARITIES OF CONDUCTING NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE CAMP OF CAPTIVE UKRAINIANS WETZLAR, GERMANY (June 1916 - February 1917)." Educological discourse 33, no. 2 (2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2312-5829.2021.2.2.

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The article analyzes the peculiarities of conducting national educational work among the captured Ukrainian soldiers in the camp Wetzlar, Germany, during June 1916 – February 1917. Since the Ukrainization of the camp (September 1915), it has been held by members of the IED Education Department, and since May 1916 – after the establishment of the Educational Community named after M. Drahomanova – passed to the sphere of responsibility of its members from among the prisoners. Thanks to the arrival of a group of Ukrainian activists from the camp Freistadt (Austria-Hungary) it became possible to organize daily classes at the camp folk school of literacy and the sustainable operation of all educational courses. The community took care of providing the school with a teaching staff from among the prisoners themselves, at the same time it was very important to participate in the teaching work of civilian members of the IED Education Department – educators with high school or university education. In addition, members of the Educational Community prepared the convening of general camp meetings (chambers), appointed officers for cultural and educational work in individual blocks of the camp, took care of the camp library. Within the Community there was a teachers' group, whose members had the opportunity to improve their professional competencies at special seminars, which were convened from time to time in the camp. Given that the society brought together the most conscious and active part of the prisoners, the members of the Educational Community had a decisive influence on all aspects of cultural, educational and national-organizational life in the camp. In addition, the community actively participated in the intensification of the educational life of the prisoners, who were part of the workers' teams outside the camp. Largely due to their efforts, it became possible to nationally inform a significant number of captured Ukrainians, who later joined the ranks of the «Blue-Zhupan» division, taking an active part in the struggle for Ukrainian statehood.

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Weerasekera, Danushka S., I. А. Subotsina, H. M. S. S. Herath, N. U. Jayawardana, D. K. K. Nanayakkara, S. J. Perera, K. B. Ranawana, and N. A. Jayasooriya. "MONITORING OF REPRODUCTION AND INFLUENCE OF FECAL PROGESTERONE ON REPRODUCTIVE CYCLICITY IN CAPTIVE SRI LANKAN SAMBAR DEER (RUSA UNICOLOR UNICOLOR)." Transactions of the educational establishment “Vitebsk the Order of “the Badge of Honor” State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 57, no. 1 (2021): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52368/2078-0109-2021-57-1-136-140.

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This study examines the length of the estrous cycle in 16 Sambar deer hinds in National zoological gardens in Dehiwala and Kegalle, Sri Lanka (NZGDK) assessed with the use of changes in progesterone concentrations, along with the changes in the profile of this hormone and by the visual estrus manifestations. The objectives of the present study were to characterize ovarian activity throughout the estrous cycle and the non-pregnant luteal phase of captive sambar deer in Sri Lanka. These objectives were achieved with the use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure fecal concentrations of progesterone and visual estrus manifestation. Fecal samples were collected from non-pregnant sambar deer hinds (aged 2–4 years)over the period of six months on daily basis, both during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Estrous cycles were recorded in non-pregnant females, based on fecal progesterone concentrations. The average estrous cycle length was 26.1±2.08 days (mean ± SEM) and 2.10 ± 0.51 days in the inter-luteal phase.The average fecal progesterone concentrations attained the peak mid-luteal values of 2.74 ng mL–1. There appeared to be variation in fecal progesterone amplitude between animals and between dates, but the low frequency of sampling prohibited confirmation of trends. Behavioral estrus was detected only when the average progesterone concentrations were less than 0.07 ng mL–1. However, not all periods of depressed progesterone secretion were associated with the observed estrus. Behavioral estrus was detected in hinds when progesterone concentrations were less than 0.07 ng mL–1; a subsequent rise in progesterone indicated ovulation taking place at this time.

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Fernández-Morán, J., D. Saavedra, JL Ruiz De La Torre, and X. Manteca-Vilanova. "Stress in wild-caught Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra): effects of a long-acting neuroleptic and time in captivity." Animal Welfare 13, no. 2 (May 2004): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026889.

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AbstractAs part of a translocation project, 28 Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) were captured from the wild and transported to the Barcelona Zoo for veterinary evaluation, quarantine and intraperitoneal implantation of telemetry devices. Eleven animals were injected with the long-acting neuroleptic (LAN) perphenazine enanthate at the time of capture and the remaining animals served as a control group. During their time in captivity, which averaged 23 days, all of the animals were bled three times. Haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated, including red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), blood urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), albumin, and serum cortisol. No significant differences were found between treated and control otters except for monocyte count, which was higher in treated animals. Time after capture had an effect on many parameters. RBC and Hb decreased at first and then increased, while WBC and segmented neutrophils decreased over time. Most of the biochemical parameters considered to vary in relation to stress, including AST, ALT, CK, AP and LDH, decreased over time, suggesting that the stress responses of the animals decreased throughout the period of captivity. However, no significant change in serum cortisol levels was noted. The lack of effect of perphenazine treatment on haematological parameters should encourage further research on other stress indicators applicable to wild animals, such as behaviour or faecal cortisol concentration. Finally, the results obtained in this study suggest that, when captive conditions are adequate, keeping wild-caught animals in human care for a period of time prior to their release into the wild can be beneficial. However, further studies taking into account other welfare indicators would be useful.

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Snyder, Lee Daniel. "Renaissance Humanism in Support of the Gospel in Luther's Early Correspondence: Taking all things captive. By Timothy P. Dost. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2001. x + 244 pp. $79.95 cloth." Church History 72, no. 2 (June 2003): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700099972.

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Marques, Otavio, Selma Almeida-Santos, and Marília Hartmann. "Reproductive biology of the southern Brazilian pitviper Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens (Serpentes, Viperidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 25, no. 1 (2004): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853804322992850.

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AbstractDissection of 286 specimens of the Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens, combined with data on captive individuals, provided information on the reproductive biology of this viperid snake from southern Brazil. Females attained larger body sizes than males, and reproduction was seasonal with mating taking place in autumn when males were more frequently encountered. Vitellogenesis occurred from summer to spring (January-September), sperm storage during autumn and winter (May-September), ovulation and fertilization in early spring (September), embryonic development during middle spring and summer (October-March), and parturition in the summer (January-March). Embryonic development was estimated to last from three to five months, a shorter time than was previously reported. The number of offspring of Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens born in one litter can vary from four to 25 (x = 11). Fecundity is correlated with maternal body size. Neonates measure 17-25 cm SVL. Inferred growth rate of juveniles was low (10 mm/month in first year), with males attaining sexual maturity at about 16 months, but maturity is delayed in females for at least two additional years.

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Steele, Ian K. "Hostage-taking 1754: Virginians vs Canadians1." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 16, no. 1 (May 7, 2007): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015727ar.

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Abstract When Virginians, Canadians, and Indians clashed, the Allegheny borderlands were a new ‘muddle ground’ of fateful cultural confusions rather than an established middle ground of recognized compromises. The taking of captives was an early, significant, and portentious part of the contest. Indians who were resettling the region were familiar with traditional panis slavery, with raiding for captives in long-range blood feuds, and with trading Indian captives to Europeans. Their capture of European traders, as diplomatic gifts, was a very recent development. Colonial trade rivalries became military, and the paltry forts became sites of negotiated surrender in 1754. Before European regulars arrived in numbers, or the Anglo-French war was formally declared, colonial intruders surrendered to their Indian and colonial rivals on three occasions. Virginians surrendered their incomplete stockade at the forks of the Ohio in April. In May, Virginians and Indians ambushed a Canadian party under Ensign Jumonville, and survivors of the initial skirmish sought quarter. Within five weeks, avenging Canadians and Indians forced Virginians to surrender their aptly-named Fort Necessity. In taking prisoners and hostages in the Allegheny borderlands, colonial officers adapted and violated both European and Indian conventions, and took different approaches in dealing with the independent actions of their Indian allies. On the eve of a major war, captives and their brethren learned what distinctions had been made, and that they might well be violated.

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de Miranda, Rafaella Moraes, Rosilainy Surubi Fernandes, André Tavares da Silva-Fernandes, Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito, Silvia Bahadian Moreira, Renata Carvalho Pereira, Ygara da Silva Mendes, et al. "Neotropical Sylvatic Mosquitoes and Aedes aegypti Are Not Competent to Transmit 17DD Attenuated Yellow Fever Virus from Vaccinated Viremic New World Non-Human Primates." Viruses 14, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14102231.

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Beside humans, thousands of non-human primates (NHPs) died during the recent outbreak caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil. Vaccination of NHPs against YFV with the YF 17DD attenuated virus has emerged as a public health strategy, as it would reduce sylvatic transmission while also preserving endangered susceptible species. The hypothesis of establishing an uncontrolled transmission of this attenuated virus in nature was raised. We assessed vector competence of four sylvatic mosquito species, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Haemagogus janthinomys/capricornii, Sabethes albiprivus, and Sabethes identicus, as well as the urban vector Aedes aegypti for YF 17DD attenuated vaccine virus when fed directly on eleven viremic lion tamarins or artificially challenged with the same virus. No infection was detected in 689 mosquitoes engorged on viremic lion tamarins whose viremia ranged from 1.05 × 103 to 6.61 × 103 FFU/mL, nor in those artificially taking ≤ 1 × 103 PFU/mL. Low viremia presented by YF 17DD-vaccinated New World NHPs combined with the low capacity and null dissemination ability in sylvatic and domestic mosquitoes of this attenuated virus suggest no risk of its transmission in nature. Thus, vaccination of captive and free-living NHPs against YFV is a safe public health strategy.

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Omnia Ahmed, Omnia Ahmed. "Customer Satisfaction Comparison between Islamic and Conventional Banks: Case Study of Qatari Banks." journal of king Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics 31, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/islec.31-2.2.

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This paper examines customer satisfaction in Islamic banks in Qatar in comparison with their conventional counterpart. It is an attempt to investigate whether Islamic banks have overcome the obstacle of being relatively new; whether they have started providing satisfying services to their customers or whether they act as taking advantage of their customers’ needs for Islamic finance products and treat them as captive clients who resort to Islamic banks for religious reasons. The research queries needed to be answered by the bank’s customers themselves to test their view of the services they get. A comprehensive comparative questionnaire was formulated. Responses from the questionnaire and other data collected from banks’ websites, personal interviews, etc., were analyzed. The paper conducted cross-sector comparisons of Islamic and conventional banking as well as individual comparisons between banks. Analysis of these results, computing averages and comparing them at the level of each bank as well as at the sectoral level between Islamic banks and conventional banks, was conducted. Through this, the paper attempts to uncover banks’ performance and find out all areas of improvements that the Islamic and conventional banks need to work on.

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Harbers, Hugo, Dimitri Neaux, Katia Ortiz, Barbara Blanc, Flavie Laurens, Isabelle Baly, Cécile Callou, et al. "The mark of captivity: plastic responses in the ankle bone of a wild ungulate ( Sus scrofa )." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 3 (March 2020): 192039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192039.

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Deciphering the plastic (non-heritable) changes induced by human control over wild animals in the archaeological record is challenging. We hypothesized that changes in locomotor behaviour in a wild ungulate due to mobility control could be quantified in the bone anatomy. To test this, we experimented with the effect of mobility reduction on the skeleton of wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), using the calcaneus shape as a possible phenotypic marker. We first assessed differences in shape variation and covariation in captive-reared and wild-caught wild boars, taking into account differences in sex, body mass, available space for movement and muscle force. This plastic signal was then contrasted with the phenotypic changes induced by selective breeding in domestic pigs. We found that mobility reduction induces a plastic response beyond the shape variation of wild boars in their natural habitat, associated with a reduction in the range of locomotor behaviours and muscle loads. This plastic signal of captivity in the calcaneus shape differs from the main changes induced by selective breeding for larger muscle and earlier development that impacted the pigs' calcaneus shape in a much greater extent than the mobility reduction during the domestication process of their wild ancestors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Captive taking'

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