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Journal articles on the topic 'Captive breeding program'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Vidal, Fernando, Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck, Werner T. Flueck, and Eduardo Arias. "Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) under captive conditions: an historical overview." Animal Production Science 51, no. 4 (2011): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10226.

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Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is a native deer of Patagonia whose endangered status has raised concerns for several decades, and yet conservation efforts to reverse this situation have not succeeded for most populations. Captive breeding projects attempted in the past were short-lived; animals were often lost due to poor methodology or unsanitary conditions during capture, transport stresses and rudimentary husbandry, and reintroductions could not be realised. Despite inappropriate capture and transport techniques of the past, a few individuals did make it to captive centres where they managed to survive for several years, with a minimum of eight births recorded. Regardless of the successes, it is the past failures that impinge upon today’s conservation efforts. In Argentina, a recent financially backed proposal – establishing a huemul breeding centre and including an in situ reintroduction program – was prevented by the prevailing opinion that captive breeding was neither feasible nor a necessary conservation tool for huemul. In Chile, the Huilo Huilo Foundation was able to obtain government consent and to establish the only captive breeding project in the last two decades with the main objective of reintroducing individuals in the future. Here we present some of the historical accounts to demonstrate the suitability of the species to captivity. We then describe the Chilean semi-captive breeding program (begun in 2005) including capture, transport, site selection, construction design and maintenance procedures of the two centres. The first centre has grown from an initial two adults to nine individuals. The second centre, which initially served for rehabilitation of an injured male, is awaiting arrival of some females. The success of the current program demonstrates that huemul can do well in captivity, and wherever considered beneficial, could serve as a significant conservation tool for the recovery of the species, inclusive of a research program and reintroductions to qualified sites.
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2

Power, Vicki, Cathy Lambert, and Phillip Matson. "Reproduction of the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus): observations from a captive breeding program." Australian Mammalogy 31, no. 1 (2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08111.

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Captive breeding and reintroduction programs are making a significant contribution to the survival of several endangered species. We demonstrated that the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) can be maintained within a captive breeding program at Perth Zoo, Australia, for the purposes of release. We found that females have one litter per year but can be mated two or three times in the breeding season if they fail to conceive or lose their young. The mean (±s.e.m.) interval between mating in polyoestrous females is 25.2 ± 1.6 days. Males show spermatorrhoea with development of secondary sexual characteristics in the breeding season between November and late February.
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3

Manubens, Joan, Oriol Comas, Núria Valls, and Lluís Benejam. "First Captive Breeding Program for the Endangered Pyrenean Sculpin (Cottus hispaniolensis Bacescu-Master, 1964)." Water 12, no. 11 (October 24, 2020): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12112986.

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The strong decline of freshwater fish species in Europe implies that further ex-situ conservation plans should be implemented in the near future. The present study reflects our experience with the Pyrenean sculpin (Cottus hispaniolensis Bacescu-Mester, 1964)—a small cottid endemic to the Hispano-French Garona River basin. In recent years, the Spanish Pyrenean sculpin population has reached a limit situation. Because of that, the non-profit association ADEFFA—with support from the public administration—started the first captive breeding program for this species in 2006. Fourteen years later, this study presents the results and evaluates the different steps of the program, with the aim of discussing and improving the ex-situ conservation plans for this and other cold freshwater species. There is a description and a comparison between six consecutive phases during the captive breeding process: nesting behaviour, courtship, egg fixation, parental care (incubation), hatching and survival during juvenile development. The purposes of this project are to: (1) identify the most determining phases for a successful captive breeding; (2) identify the factors that had a major influence to the success of the critical phases; and (3) increase the number of the offspring. This study is based on thirty-three wild individuals collected from Garona River (Val d’Aran, Spanish Pyrenees). During the program, twelve couples spawned in captive conditions, with around 2300 eggs laid. Eight couples bred successfully, with 751 hatched individuals and 608 juveniles reared. The analysis of each step of the captive breeding does not reveal significant differences between phases, so it can be concluded that they are all critical at the same level. In the literature, similar study-cases of captive breeding programs identify incubation and survival phases as the most critical. Consequently, the management made for this project has probably allowed to overcome in part the main impediments described in other similar programs.
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4

Kalinowski, Steven T., Philip W. Hedrick, and Philip S. Miller. "Inbreeding Depression in the Speke's Gazelle Captive Breeding Program." Conservation Biology 14, no. 5 (October 18, 2000): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98209.x.

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5

Ray, Jesse W., Richard B. King, Melvin R. Duvall, Jace W. Robinson, Collin P. Jaeger, Michael J. Dreslik, Bradley J. Swanson, and Diane Mulkerin. "Genetic Analysis and Captive Breeding Program Design for the Eastern Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus catenatus." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032012-jfwm-026.

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Abstract The eastern massasauga Sistrurus catenatus catenatus is a declining species for which a captive breeding program was established in 2006. To effectively manage wild and captive populations, an understanding of genetic diversity within the species is necessary. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences of 186 individuals: 109 wild snakes from 34 U.S. and Canadian counties and districts, all 52 breeding program members (23 of known and 29 of unknown origin), 18 other captives of unknown origin, and 7 outgroup representatives of desert massasauga S. c. edwardsii, and western massasauga, S. c. tergeminus. Statistical parsimony, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses all identified eastern massasaugas as divergent from western and desert massasaugas. We found 18 different haplotypes among eastern massasaugas, comprising three geographically and genetically differentiated NADH dehydrogenase II (ND2) subunits that potentially reflect post-Pleistocene range expansion from unglaciated into formerly glaciated regions. Snakes of unknown origin could all be assigned unambiguously to these ND2 subunits. To maintain natural genetic variation, preserve diversity in captive lineages, and allow future augmentation or reintroduction, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums is managing these three geographic ND2 subunits separately within the Eastern Massasauga Species Survival Plan breeding program.
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6

Ramos-Güivas, Brian, Jodie M. Jawor, and Timothy F. Wright. "Seasonal Variation in Fecal Glucocorticoid Levels and Their Relationship to Reproductive Success in Captive Populations of an Endangered Parrot." Diversity 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120617.

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Many species are threatened with extinction, and captive breeding programs are becoming more common to avoid this outcome. These programs serve to prevent extinction and produce individuals for eventual reintroduction to natural populations in historical habitat. Captive animals experience different energetic demands than those in the wild, however, and as a result may have different levels of glucocorticoid hormones. Glucocorticoids help with responses to energetically expensive and potentially stressful situations. Elevated glucocorticoid levels can also potentially alter reproduction and other key behaviors, thus complicating successful captive breeding. The Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) is a critically endangered parrot that currently exists in only two wild and two captive populations. Its recovery program provides a good platform to better understand how glucocorticoid levels may relate to reproductive success under captive conditions. We validated a corticosterone assay in this species and used non-invasive techniques of measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites of males and females from two captive populations (Rio Abajo and El Yunque) of Puerto Rican parrots over two consecutive breeding seasons, 2017 and 2018, and the pre-breeding season of 2018, which occurred just after Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico. Our results show that levels of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites of males measured during the breeding season of 2018 negatively correlated to the number of total eggs and fertile eggs laid by pairs. In contrast, there was a positive relationship of female fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels during the pre-breeding season of 2018 with total eggs laid. In males from the Rio Abajo population, we found seasonal differences in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels, with higher levels during the pre-breeding season of 2018 compared to both 2017 and 2018 breeding seasons. There was no difference in the mean value of male fecal glucocorticoid metabolites between the 2017 breeding season and 2018 breeding season which started four months after Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico. We did find sex differences during the pre-breeding season of 2018 in birds from the Rio Abajo population. Adjustments in the care routine of both populations that could reduce circulating baseline glucocorticoids and avoid frequent, sudden elevations of glucocorticoids should be considered. These results provide a baseline for future comparison with reintroduced populations of this endangered species and other species with captive breeding programs.
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7

Bradley, MP, C. Lambert, V. Power, H. Mills, G. Gaikhorst, and C. Lawrence. "Reproduction and Captive Breeding as a Tool for Mammal Conservation: The Role of Modem Zoos." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 1 (1999): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99047.

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There is a growing awareness in the scientific research community of the role that zoological institutions can play in the conservation of threatened or endangered species. Zoos themselves have changed and become more focussed on the contributions they can make to regional conservation objectives, driven in part by the "World Zoo Conservation Strategy" published in 1993. Perth Zoo has committed itself to this strategy and established a collaborative scientific research program with Conservation and Land Management (CALM), WA, to develop captive breeding techniques for a number of Western Australian native species. To achieve this objective, the zoo has established a sub-program known as the Native Species Breeding Program. This consists of 6 specialist keepers who are charged with developing specialised skills in captive husbandry of selected species, and the implementation of research projects. All of the species under study are part of recovery plans, and many of the species are being produced for release under the objectives of those plans and as part of CALM's "Western Shield Project". Mammal species under study are the Numbat, Chuditch, Dibbler, Djoongari (Shark Bay Mouse) and the Wopilkara (Greater Stick Nest Rat). Currently, Chuditch, Numbats and Djoongari bred in captivity have been the subject of re-introduction programs. The results of these breeding programs and the subsequent releases of selected species into different habitats in Western Australia will be presented, along with a discussion of the issues which relate to the limitations of captive breeding as a conservation tool.
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8

Fisch, Kathleen M., Jamie A. Ivy, Ronald S. Burton, and Bernie May. "Evaluating the Performance of Captive Breeding Techniques for Conservation Hatcheries: A Case Study of the Delta Smelt Captive Breeding Program." Journal of Heredity 104, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/ess084.

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9

Hogg, Carolyn J. "Preserving Australian native fauna: zoo-based breeding programs as part of a more unified strategic approach." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 1 (2013): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13014.

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High extinction rates and loss of biodiversity is a critical conservation matter. Twenty-two Australian mammal species have become extinct in the last 200 years. Of the 95 mammal species under the EPBC Act, 51 have recovery plans and 15 of these have captive components. Zoo-based programs as part of a recovery plan can ‘buy’ time for critically endangered species. In Australia, programs are established as a result of government recovery plans, though more consultation with the zoo industry in initial development phase is needed. Often by the time the decision is taken to remove individuals from the wild for captive breeding, the source populations are fragmented and small. As zoo-based programs become more successful, issues with space limitations arise. This may be rectified with regular release of individuals or avoidance of maintaining post-reproductive and/or non-reproductive animals long-term. Those involved in recovery efforts should make few assumptions on the captive productivity of species, unless the species has been held before. Success of the captive component of a recovery program can be measured by the number of animals bred for release and the level of genetic diversity retained by the program. Although recovery teams are responsible for strategy development, good communication between parties from an early stage is essential. Where a captive component is needed, a more unified strategy, developed early, should provide our native fauna with a realistic chance of recovery. Zoo-based breeding programs are useful in assisting with the preservation of some Australian fauna, whilst for others they will have limited relevance.
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10

Valbuena-Ureña, Emilio, Anna Soler-Membrives, Sebastian Steinfartz, Mònica Alonso, Francesc Carbonell, Raquel Larios-Martín, Elena Obon, and Salvador Carranza. "Getting off to a good start? Genetic evaluation of the ex situ conservation project of the Critically Endangered Montseny brook newt (Calotriton arnoldi)." PeerJ 5 (June 13, 2017): e3447. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3447.

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Ex situ management strategies play an important role in the conservation of threatened species when the wild survival of the species cannot be ensured. Molecular markers have become an outstanding tool for the evaluation and management of captive breeding programs. Two main genetic objectives should be prioritized when planning breeding programs: the maintenance of maximum neutral genetic diversity, and to obtain “self-sustaining” captive populations. In this study, we use 24 microsatellite loci to analyze and evaluate the genetic representativity of the initial phases of the captive breeding program of the Montseny brook newt, Calotriton arnoldi, an Iberian endemic listed as Critically Endangered. The results show that the initial captive stock has 74–78% of the alleles present in the wild populations, and captures roughly 93–95% of their total genetic diversity as observed in a previous study on wild newts, although it does not reach the desired 97.5%. Moreover, the percentage of unrelatedness among individuals does not exceed 95%. Therefore, we conclude that the genetic diversity of the captive stock should be improved by incorporating genetic material from unrelated wild newts. In recognition of the previously described significant genetic and morphological differentiation between eastern and western wild populations of C. arnoldi, we suggest maintaining two distinct breeding lines, and we do not recommend outbreeding between these lines. Our comparisons of genetic diversity estimates between real and distinct sample-sized simulated populations corroborated that a minimum of 20 individuals are needed for each captive population, in order to match the level of genetic diversity present in the wild populations. Thus, the current initial stock should be reinforced by adding wild specimens. The captive stock and subsequent cohorts should be monitored in order to preserve genetic variation. In order to avoid genetic adaptation to captivity, occasionally incorporating previously genotyped individuals from the wild into the captive populations is recommended.
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11

Firliansyah, Eterna, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, and Arzyana Sunkar. "Pemanfaatan dan Efektivitas Kegiatan Penangkaran Penyu di Bali bagi Konservasi Penyu." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (October 4, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.25690.

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Sea turtle has been widely consumed in Bali since the 1970s mostly for religious activities. After many international critics, various stakeholders (governments, NGOs, environmentalists and Balinese people) developed the so-called “turtle conservation centre” as means to conserve sea turtles. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of those conservation efforts by evaluating the conservation activities of each conservation centres. We visited five sea turtle conservation centres in Bali; all were named as captive breeding centres or farm. The captive breeding centre is misleading as there is no activity related to captive breeding, mostly hatchery. Some of the eggs were not even originated from Bali, and the centres were sometimes used as the source for sea turtle for religious purposes. Based on the scoring, only one centre is active in terms of conservation. Turtle conservation program in Bali should increase their in situ program, i.e. mapping and protecting the nesting habitat and conducting regular monitoring of nesting turtle.
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12

Willoughby, Janna R., and Mark R. Christie. "Captive Ancestry Upwardly Biases Estimates of Relative Reproductive Success." Journal of Heredity 108, no. 5 (May 12, 2017): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx046.

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Abstract Supplementation programs, which release captive-born individuals into the wild, are commonly used to demographically bolster declining populations. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs, the reproductive success of captive-born individuals released into the wild is often compared to the reproductive success of wild-born individuals in the recipient population (relative reproductive success, RRS). However, if there are heritable reductions in fitness associated with captive breeding, gene flow from captive-born individuals into the wild population can reduce the fitness of the wild population. Here, we show that when captive ancestry in the wild population reduces mean population fitness, estimates of RRS are upwardly biased, meaning that the relative fitness of captive-born individuals is over-estimated. Furthermore, the magnitude of this bias increases with the length of time that a supplementation program has been releasing captive-born individuals. This phenomenon has long-term conservation impacts since management decisions regarding the design of a supplementation program and the number of individuals to release can be based, at least in part, on RRS estimates. Therefore, we urge caution in the interpretation of relative fitness measures when the captive ancestry of the wild population cannot be precisely measured.
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13

Zhang, Ming-Yue, Xiao-Hui Zhang, James Ayala, and Rong Hou. "Effects of Different Nursing Methods on the Behavioral Response of Adult Captive Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda Melanoleuca)." Animals 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030626.

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14

Howell, Lachlan G., Peter R. Mawson, Richard Frankham, John C. Rodger, Rose M. O. Upton, Ryan R. Witt, Natalie E. Calatayud, Simon Clulow, and John Clulow. "Integrating biobanking could produce significant cost benefits and minimise inbreeding for Australian amphibian captive breeding programs." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 9 (2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd21058.

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Captive breeding is an important tool for amphibian conservation despite high economic costs and deleterious genetic effects of sustained captivity and unavoidably small colony sizes. Integration of biobanking and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) could provide solutions to these challenges, but is rarely used due to lack of recognition of the potential benefits and clear policy direction. Here we present compelling genetic and economic arguments to integrate biobanking and ARTs into captive breeding programs using modelled captive populations of two Australian threatened frogs, namely the orange-bellied frog Geocrinia vitellina and the white bellied frog Geocrinia alba. Back-crossing with frozen founder spermatozoa using ARTs every generation minimises rates of inbreeding and provides considerable reductions in colony size and program costs compared with conventional captive management. Biobanking could allow captive institutions to meet or exceed longstanding genetic retention targets (90% of source population heterozygosity over 100 years). We provide a broad policy direction that could make biobanking technology a practical reality across Australia’s ex situ management of amphibians in current and future holdings. Incorporating biobanking technology widely across this network could deliver outcomes by maintaining high levels of source population genetic diversity and freeing economic resources to develop ex situ programs for a greater number of threatened amphibian species.
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15

Nielsen, R. K., C. Pertoldi, and V. Loeschcke. "Genetic evaluation of the captive breeding program of the Persian wild ass." Journal of Zoology 272, no. 4 (August 2007): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00294.x.

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16

ROLLINSON, NJAL, DAVE M. KEITH, AIMEE LEE S. HOUDE, PAUL V. DEBES, MEGHAN C. MCBRIDE, and JEFFREY A. HUTCHINGS. "Risk Assessment of Inbreeding and Outbreeding Depression in a Captive-Breeding Program." Conservation Biology 28, no. 2 (January 29, 2014): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12188.

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17

Ramirez, Oscar, Laura Altet, Conrad Enseñat, Carles Vilà, Armand Sanchez, and Alfredo Ruiz. "Genetic assessment of the Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus captive breeding program." Conservation Genetics 7, no. 6 (March 2, 2006): 861–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-006-9123-z.

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18

Purohit, Deepanwita, Shivakumara Manu, Muthuvarmadam Subramanian Ram, Shradha Sharma, Harika Chinchilam Patnaik, Parag Jyoti Deka, Goutam Narayan, and Govindhaswamy Umapathy. "Genetic effects of long-term captive breeding on the endangered pygmy hog." PeerJ 9 (October 8, 2021): e12212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12212.

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Long-term captive populations often accumulate genetic changes that are detrimental to their survival in the wild. Periodic genetic evaluation of captive populations is thus necessary to identify deleterious changes and minimize their impact through planned breeding. Pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is an endangered species with a small population inhabiting the tall sub-Himalayan grasslands of Assam, India. A conservation breeding program of pygmy hog from six founders has produced a multi-generational captive population destined for reintroduction into the wild. However, the impact of conservation breeding on its genetic diversity remained undocumented. Here, we evaluate temporal genetic changes in 39 pygmy hogs from eight consecutive generations of a captive population using genome-wide SNPs, mitochondrial genomes, and MHC sequences, and explore the relationship between genetic diversity and reproductive success. We find that pygmy hog harbors a very low genome-wide heterozygosity (H) compared to other members of the Suidae family. However, within the captive population we find excess heterozygosity and a significant increase in H from the wild-caught founders to the individuals in subsequent generations due to the selective pairing strategy. The MHC and mitochondrial nucleotide diversities were lower in captive generations compared to the founders with a high prevalence of low-frequency MHC haplotypes and more unique mitochondrial genomes. Further, even though no signs of genetic inbreeding were observed from the estimates of individual inbreeding coefficient F and between individuals (FIS) in each generation, the kinship coefficient showed a slightly increasing trend in the recent generations, due to a relatively smaller non-random sample size compared to the entire captive population. Surprisingly, male pygmy hogs that had higher heterozygosity also showed lower breeding success. We briefly discuss the implications of our findings in the context of breeding management and recommend steps to minimize the genetic effects of long-term captive breeding.
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19

Howell, Lachlan G., Stephen D. Johnston, Justine K. O’Brien, Richard Frankham, John C. Rodger, Shelby A. Ryan, Chad T. Beranek, John Clulow, Donald S. Hudson, and Ryan R. Witt. "Modelling Genetic Benefits and Financial Costs of Integrating Biobanking into the Captive Management of Koalas." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080990.

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Zoo and wildlife hospital networks are set to become a vital component of Australia’s contemporary efforts to conserve the iconic and imperiled koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Managed breeding programs held across zoo-based networks typically face high economic costs and can be at risk of adverse genetic effects typical of unavoidably small captive colonies. Emerging evidence suggests that biobanking and associated assisted reproductive technologies could address these economic and genetic challenges. We present a modelled scenario, supported by detailed costings, where these technologies are optimized and could be integrated into conservation breeding programs of koalas across the established zoo and wildlife hospital network. Genetic and economic modelling comparing closed captive koala populations suggest that supplementing them with cryopreserved founder sperm using artificial insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection could substantially reduce inbreeding, lower the required colony sizes of conservation breeding programs, and greatly reduce program costs. Ambitious genetic retention targets (maintaining 90%, 95% and 99% of source population heterozygosity for 100 years) could be possible within realistic cost frameworks, with output koalas suited for wild release. Integrating biobanking into the zoo and wildlife hospital network presents a cost-effective and financially feasible model for the uptake of these tools due to the technical and research expertise, captive koala colonies, and ex situ facilities that already exist across these networks.
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20

Barrett, Kimberley G., Geneviève Amaral, Melanie Elphinstone, Malcolm L. McAdie, Corey S. Davis, Jasmine K. Janes, John Carnio, Axel Moehrenschlager, and Jamieson C. Gorrell. "Genetic management on the brink of extinction: sequencing microsatellites does not improve estimates of inbreeding in wild and captive Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)." Conservation Genetics 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01429-7.

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AbstractCaptive breeding is often a last resort management option in the conservation of endangered species which can in turn lead to increased risk of inbreeding depression and loss of genetic diversity. Thus, recording breeding events via studbook for the purpose of estimating relatedness, and facilitating mating pair selection to minimize inbreeding, is common practice. However, as founder relatedness is often unknown, loss of genetic variation and inbreeding cannot be entirely avoided. Molecular genotyping is slowly being adopted in captive breeding programs, however achieving sufficient resolution can be challenging in small, low diversity, populations. Here, we evaluate the success of the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis; VIM; among the worlds most endangered mammals) captive breeding program in preventing inbreeding and maintaining genetic diversity. We explored the use of high-throughput amplicon sequencing of microsatellite regions to assay greater genetic variation in both captive and wild populations than traditional length-based fragment analysis. Contrary to other studies, this method did not considerably increase diversity estimates, suggesting: (1) that the technique does not universally improve resolution, and (2) VIM have exceedingly low diversity. Studbook estimates of pairwise relatedness and inbreeding in the current population were weakly, but positively, correlated to molecular estimates. Thus, current studbooks are moderately effective at predicting genetic similarity when founder relatedness is known. Finally, we found that captive and wild populations did not differ in allelic frequencies, and conservation efforts to maintain diversity have been successful with no significant decrease in diversity over the last three generations.
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21

Chaiyarat, Rattanawat, Neeracha Sriphonkrang, Phattaranan Khamsirinan, Saree Nakbun, and Namphung Youngpoy. "Age Structure, Development and Population Viability of Banteng (Bos javanicus) in Captive Breeding for Ex-Situ Conservation and Reintroduction." Animals 13, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13020198.

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Captive breeding is important for ex-situ conservation and the future reintroduction of bovids that become extinct in the wild. The age structure, development, and viability of captive-bred bantengs (Bos javanicus) are important to sustain the long-term reintroduction program in Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary (SWF) and other areas. This research conducted a long-term population viability analysis (PVA) using height, weight, body condition scores (BSC), age structure, and development in captivity for a sustainable reintroduction program of bantengs in Thailand. Monthly development photographs of 23 founder individuals (12 males and 11 females) were assessed by three banteng experts, two researchers, and three members of the general public. The assessments of weight and BCS were not significantly different among the three groups, while height was underestimated by the general public. The PVA showed that the time to reach the maximum population in a captive banteng program is dependent on the carrying capacity of the habitat. The reduction of a small banteng founder group by the reintroduction of animals into the wild can negatively affect the population growth of the captive group. This information can be used to maintain the population viability of bantengs and sustain ex-situ conservation and the reintroduction program in Thailand and elsewhere.
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22

Heath, Joel P., Donald W. McKay, Mac O. Pitcher, and Anne E. Storey. "Changes in the reproductive behaviour of the endangered Newfoundland marten (Martes americana atrata): implications for captive breeding programs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-192.

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Behavioural changes associated with reproduction were studied in captive Newfoundland martens (Martes americana atrata), an endangered species. Patterns of scent-marking and behavioural interactions were recorded before and after a male was introduced to two females. After introduction of the male, marking by the receptive female increased, whereas the nonreceptive female marked less and became less active. Activity and marking bouts were significantly correlated throughout the day for the male and the receptive female, and they often marked in the same locations. The male marked more frequently when the receptive female was active and the female's marking was often associated with behavioural interactions. These findings suggest a major female influence on male marking and activity and suggest that marking may facilitate social interaction. In the spring following this study, the receptive female successfully whelped a litter, the first to be conceived and born in this captive breeding program. The results of this study may help establish successful protocols for captive breeding programs, and thus aid efforts to conserve this endangered species.
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23

Smith, Bradley, Matthew Flavel, and Bradley Simpson. "Quantification of salivary cortisol from captive dingoes (Canis dingo) in relation to age, sex, and breeding season: implications for captive management." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 1 (2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15017.

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Captive-breeding programs can play a key role in the conservation of threatened species such as the Australian dingo (Canis dingo). It is important to determine whether holding and rearing practices impose stressors that impact negatively on program outcomes and the health and wellbeing of the captive population. Despite evidence that chronic stress has significant welfare implications, our understanding of ‘stress’ in either wild or captive dingoes remains limited. In a first attempt to rectify this, we report salivary cortisol concentrations in juvenile and adult dingoes held in a captive colony. Dingo puppies (n = 8, M = 0.484 ± 0.09 μg dL–1) were found to have higher concentrations than adults (n = 12, M = 0.106 ± 0.031 μg dL–1) (P < 0.0001). Concentrations in adult females (n = 6, M = 0.113 ± 0.030 μg dL–1) and males (n = 6, M = 0.099 ± 0.033 μg dL–1) did not significantly differ (P = 0.4740). Our preliminary findings also suggest that during the annual breeding season, males (but not females) have elevated levels of corticosteroids. Establishing a reference range for cortisol concentrations is vital for researchers and wildlife carers attempting to measure stressors in both captive and wild dingo populations. This study provides useful insight into the influence of time of day, development, and seasonality on cortisol concentrations. Suggestions for future research and implications of routine cortisol evaluation to aid better management practices are also discussed.
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Kirkland, Corey, and Marta Farré. "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution, Genetic Diversity, and Population Structure in British Water Voles (Arvicola amphibius)." Genes 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020138.

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The European water vole (Arvicola amphibius) is a rodent within the subfamily Arvicolinae. In Britain, water voles have declined rapidly during the last century, making them a conservation priority. The relationship of Arvicola to other genera within Arvicolinae remains debated. Additionally, the impact that captive breeding programs in Britain are having on the genetic diversity of water voles is unknown. We use available mitochondrial genomes to construct the phylogeny of species within Arvicolinae, followed by sequencing the mitochondrial DNA control region of 17 individuals from a captive population of water voles in Britain to assess their genetic diversity and population structure. Our study first provides an updated phylogenetic tree of Arvicolinae using the mitochondrial genome of 31 species. Second, our results show considerable genetic diversity in the captive population of water voles, when compared with natural populations in Britain. We confirm the grouping of British water voles into two clades, with all captive individuals found in the English/Welsh clade. Moreover, captive water voles clustered closely with populations in the South East and East of England. The mitochondrial genome provides a useful marker to study the phylogenetics of this rodent clade and in addition, our study provides support for the breeding program at Wildwood Trust and provides a framework for future conservation genetics studies in this species.
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Maggeni, Ruth, and William E. Feeney. "Insights into the successful breeding of Hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) from a long-term captive breeding program." Global Ecology and Conservation 24 (December 2020): e01278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01278.

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Wagler, Ron. "A Captive Breeding Program for the Giant Amazonian Whip Spider: Making Educational Connections to a Charismatic Arachnid and the Ongoing Sixth Mass Extinction." American Biology Teacher 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.1.47.

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Heterophrynus batesii (the Giant Amazonian Whip Spider) are often referred to as “whip scorpions” or “whip spiders” because of their very long antenniform legs (i.e., whips), but they are neither scorpions nor spiders. They are amblypygids, a type of harmless charismatic arachnid with an alien-like appearance that students are drawn to. I have developed care and breeding techniques that are effective at getting H. batesii to live and reproduce in captivity. I developed these techniques with other science teachers in mind. These techniques are simple, time efficient, utilize the least expensive materials, and require minimal space—important characteristics since most high school biology teachers are limited by time, money, and space. This article instructs high school biology students (under the guidance of their teacher) how to properly care for and develop a captive breeding program for H. batesii in their high school biology classroom. Topics, resources, and activities are also suggested that allow teachers to make educational connections between the H. batesii captive breeding program, the ongoing sixth mass extinction, and the destruction of the Amazon rainforest.
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Kakakhel, Syed Fazal Baqi, NaveedUl Haq, and Ejaz Ul Haq. "CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION OF BLACK FRANCOLIN, GREY FRANCOLIN AND CHUKAR PARTRIDGE (2015-2020) IN DISTRICT DIR LOWER, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN." European Journal of Biology 5, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejb.608.

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Purpose: The ex-situ conservation aims to discover new populations or supports the populations that yet survive in the wild. To breed animals in captivity and release them in their natural control habitats is one of the conservation methods. Amongst other species partridges also breed in captivity and can be release in the wild but presently data lacking, need to examine. Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francolin are used for sports hunting in Pakistan. The available record on captive breeding of Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francilin and their release in the wild for the years 2015-2020 was reviewed using a developed questionnaire. Methodology: Review record of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department Pakistan through a developed questionnaire Findings: It was found that the maximum number of chukar partridge breed was 36, Black francolin (6) and Grey francolin (24). Out of the breeding stock, Chukar partridges (44) and Grey francolin (28) were released in the wild to its natural habitat by hard release technique. Unique contribution to the theory, practice and policy: The researchers recommended decrease in dissimilarity of habitat quality between breeding center environment and the release habitat besides providing a pre-release training to the release experts so as to improve habitat selection and survival of captive-bred. This study will help researchers for further in depth study in the area and will also facilitate conservation organization in making captive breeding of partridges as a successful program. Key words: Partridges, Captive breeding, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Tzika, Athanasia C., Christophe Remy, Richard Gibson, and Michel C. Milinkovitch. "Molecular genetic analysis of a captive-breeding program: the vulnerable endemic Jamaican yellow boa." Conservation Genetics 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9519-z.

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Fiumera, A. C., L. Wu, P. G. Parker, and P. A. Fuerst. "Effective population size in the captive breeding program of the Lake Victoria cichlidParalabidochromis chilotes." Zoo Biology 18, no. 3 (1999): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1999)18:3<215::aid-zoo5>3.0.co;2-d.

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Kumar, Vinod, Shivakumara Manu, Karunakaran Caroline, Anupama Sekhar, Sajwan-Khatri Mamta, Mushkam Sandeep, Wasimuddin ., Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran, and Govindhaswamy Umapathy. "Discovery of 16-Androstenes (Androstenone and Androstenol), Their Synthesis Pathway, and Possible Role in Reproduction of Mouse Deer (Moschiola indica)." Cells 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 3837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11233837.

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We discovered odorous 16-androstenes (Androstenone and Androstenol) in endangered mouse deer during a captive breeding program. This study examined the molecular characteristics, their synthesis pathway, and the possible functional role of these compounds in the reproduction of mouse deer. CYP17A1 and CYB5 genes were cloned and expressed in HEK-293, COS-7 cell lines, and gonads of mouse deer to investigate the CYP17A1 gene’s andien-β-synthase activity towards the synthesis of 16-androstenes in mouse deer. An enzyme immunoassay was further developed and standardized to measure fecal androstenone during the reproductive cycles of mouse deer. Results showed that the mouse deer CYP17A1 gene possesses andien-β-synthase activity and could transform pregnenolone into 5,16-androstadien-3β-ol. The expression of the CYP17A1 gene upregulated in the testis and ovary compared to other tissues in mouse deer. Significantly elevated androstenone and estrogens were recorded prior to delivery and postpartum estrus/mating in mouse deer. Further, there were weak correlations between fecal androstenone and estrogens/androgens in mouse deer during the breeding season. These findings suggest that androstenone probably plays a role in the reproductive activities of mouse deer. This knowledge can be used for captive breeding programs of mouse deer in India and elsewhere.
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Ueda, Atsushi, Atsushi Kobayashi, Sayaka Tsuchida, Takuji Yamada, Koichi Murata, Hiroshi Nakamura, and Kazunari Ushida. "Cecal Microbiome Analyses on Wild Japanese Rock Ptarmigans (Lagopus muta japonica) Reveals High Level of Coexistence of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Lactate-Utilizing Bacteria." Microorganisms 6, no. 3 (July 28, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030077.

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Preservation of indigenous gastrointestinal microbiota is critical for successful captive breeding of endangered wild animals, yet its biology is poorly understood. Here, we compared the cecal microbial composition of wild living Japanese rock ptarmigans (Lagopus muta japonica) in different locations of Japanese mountains, and the dominant cecal microbial structure of wild Japanese rock ptarmigans is elucidated. Coriobacteraceae and Lachnospraceae were the two dominant bacterial families in all samples analyzed. At the genus level, 10 genera Olsenella, Actinomyces, Megasphaera, Slackia, Cloacibacillus, Bifidobacterium,Escherichia,Dialister, Megamonas, and Bilophila were dominant. These results reveal the high level of coexistence of lactic acid bacteria (Olsenella and Bifidobacterium) and lactate-utilizing bacteria (Megasphaera). This coexistence should be taken into account for the successful breeding of captive Japanese rock ptarmigans in the national conservation program.
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Rafli, Fahry, Angel Novita Tethool, and Freddy Pattiselanno. "Morphometry of The Reproductive Organs of Female Bandicoots (Echymipera kalubu)." Jurnal Veteriner 22, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.4.562.

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Information about bandicoots in Papua is very limited, because most of the studies conducted are focusing on ecology with study areas in other parts of Indonesia New Guinea. Our knowledge about the reproductive organs of bandicoots, especially females as a local genetic source, is almost completely non-existent. Meanwhile, on the other hand, the development of captive breeding efforts for endemic Papuan animals including bandicoots is currently a concern. Therefore, research on the reproductive organs of female bandicoots is very urgent to get an idea of the reproductive organs that play an important role in the development of captive breeding program. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Physiology and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Papua from 15 June to 15 September 2017. The reproductive organs of female bandicoots were obtained from female bandicoots hunted around Manokwari. Three female reproductive organs of the bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) were used in this study, and the morphology of their reproductive organs was observed according to the purpose of the study. As a comparison the reproductive organs of D. minustus were used in this study. The results showed that the female reproductive organs of E. kalubu had an “advanced duplex” type with a pair of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vaginal cul de sac, cervix and lateral vagina. Morphologically, the reproductive organs of E. kalubu have a certain uniqueness, different from the reproductive organs of other female marsupials, so they need serious attention in developing captive breeding program in the near future.
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Tretten, Tyler N. "Rarely Observed Behaviors and Occurrences of Black-footed Ferrets Preconditioning for Wild Release 2014–2017." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042018-jfwm-030.

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Abstract Black-footed ferrets Mustela nigripes became extinct in the wild in 1987 when the last known wild animals were removed from a remnant population in an attempt to save the species by beginning a captive breeding program. Breeding efforts were successful, and since 1991 wildlife managers have annually released ferrets back into the wild at sites within the ferrets' historic range. Before their release into the wild, ferrets undergo a preconditioning stage in a quasi-natural habitat which better prepares them for life in the wild after a captive upbringing. Due to their nocturnal, fossorial, and largely solitary lifestyle, combined with their expansive habitat and endangered status, there are undoubtedly a multitude of behaviors ferrets exhibit that are not commonly observed. Here I detail multiple aspects of rarely described black-footed ferret ecology including black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus hunting stratagems, interactions with prairie rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis, predation on birds, and sudden unexplained deaths of entire ferret family groups. The preconditioning setting that serves as an intermediate step between a captive and wild life for captive-reared ferrets allows for wildlife managers to witness ferret behaviors, though similar situations conceivably occur somewhat regularly in the wild.
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López, Javier, Michael Waters, Andrew Routh, Tsanta F. Rakotonanahary, Lance Woolaver, Ann Thomasson, Emma Holmes, and Hanspeter W. Steinmetz. "HEMATOLOGY AND PLASMA CHEMISTRY OF THE PLOUGHSHARE TORTOISE (ASTROCHELYS YNIPHORA) IN A CAPTIVE BREEDING PROGRAM." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 48, no. 1 (March 2017): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2016-0201.1.

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35

Antonelli, T. S., C. L. Leischner, J. J. Ososky, and A. Hartstone-Rose. "The effect of captivity on the oral health of the critically endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 1 (January 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0135.

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Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman, 1851)), a North American species of mustelid, faced near extinction after westward expansion during the 20th century destroyed a majority of the population of prairie dogs (genus Cynomys Rafinesque, 1817), their primary food source. Fearing extinction of the black-footed ferret, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service captured the entire population between 1985 and 1987 and began a captive breeding program. While in captivity, the fertility and genetic diversity of the species was closely monitored; however, there is little information about other health consequences of this breeding program. For instance, the black-footed ferrets have been fed a diet that is very different than what they consume in the wild. How did the composition of this diet affect the oral health of these animals? An analysis of dentition of wild and captive black-footed ferrets reveals that calculus accumulation and periodontal diseases occurred with greater severity in captive black-footed ferrets, suggesting that such oral pathologies arose from the unnaturally soft diet fed to them. These findings offer insight into how mechanical properties of diet can affect oral health and how these dietary properties should be considered, not only in regard to the health of black-footed ferrets but also to the health of all mammals including humans.
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Watts, Bryan D., Mitchell A. Byrd, Elizabeth K. Mojica, Shawn M. Padgett, Sergio R. Harding, and Craig A. Koppie. "Long-term monitoring of a successful recovery program of Peregrine Falcons in Virginia." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0018.

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Abstract The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) was believed to be extirpated as a breeding species in Virginia by the early 1960s. An aggressive restoration program was initiated in 1978 that involved the release of captive-reared birds totaling 115 on the Coastal Plain (1978–1985) and 127 in the Mountain physiographic region (1985–1993). The first occupied territory was established and the first breeding attempt was documented in 1979 and 1982, respectively. We have monitored the size, distribution, reproductive rate, and substrate use of the resulting breeding population (1979–2016). The population proceeded through an establishment phase (1979–1993) driven by releases with an average doubling time of 3.8 yrs to a consolidation phase (1994–2016) with an average doubling time of 23.1 yrs. The state supported 31 breeding pairs by 2016. Per capita reproductive rates have increased significantly over the study period from 0.89 (1979–1993) to 1.86 (1994–2016). Average nesting success increased from 67.1% to 82.7% over the same period. Nesting attempts (n = 469) have been documented on dedicated peregrine towers (52.1%), bridges (26.1%), buildings (4.1%), and various man-made structures (13.0%) with only 4.7% documented on natural cliffs. The population appears to be self-sustaining with reproductive rates exceeding 1.5 young/pair every year since 1999. An ongoing management concern is that only 8.9% of known territories (n = 45) identified since introductions and 4.7% of documented breeding attempts (n = 469) have occurred within the historic mountain breeding range.
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Antognazza, Caterina M., Isabella Vanetti, Vanessa De Santis, Adriano Bellani, Monica Di Francesco, Cesare M. Puzzi, Andrea G. Casoni, and Serena Zaccara. "Genetic Investigation of Four Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso, L.) Broodstocks for its Reintroduction in the Po River Basin." Environments 8, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8040025.

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The reintroduction of the extinct beluga sturgeon (Huso huso L.), an anadromous species with economic and traditional relevance, is a priority in next conservation strategies in Northern Italy. The EU-LIFE NATURA project aims to reintroduce the beluga sturgeon in the Po River basin through a captive breeding program. Critical requirements for the success of the program are river connectivity and knowledge of genetic diversity of the selected broodstocks to ensure self-sustainability of reintroduced populations. Here, the four broodstocks used for the reintroduction of beluga sturgeon have been genetically screened, genotyping 13 loci and sequencing mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene and the entire mitochondrial DNA control region (D-Loop). The four broodstocks showed a medium-high level of nuclear genetic variability and the presence of two sub-populations, evidencing a total level of inbreeding coefficients able to sustain the good potential as future breeders. Mitochondrial analyses showed a genetic variability comparable to wild populations, further strengthening the positive potential of the investigated broodstock. Therefore, this study, showed how the degree of genetic diversity found within the four broodstocks used for H. huso reintroduction in the Po River basin could be suitable to ensure the success of the program, avoiding the inbreeding depression associated with founder effect and captive breeding.
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Narayan, Edward, Ketan Christi, and Craig Morley. "Captive propagation of the endangered native Fijian frog Platymantis vitiana: Implications for ex-situ conservation and management." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 1 (2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090047.

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We present research and management implications for captive propagation of the endangered Fijian Ground Frog Platymantis vitiana to develop methods for supplementing populations in the wild. In 2004, a captive propagation program was instituted at Kula Ecopark, Sigatoka, Fiji. However, there was little success with only a single froglet reared after three years. In 2006, a more intensive programme was undertaken between the University of the South Pacific (USP), Kula Ecopark and the community on Viwa Island. The aim of this programme was to create an outdoor enclosure to mimic natural habitat conditions so the frogs could exhibit natural breeding behaviour. A total of 39 froglets was reared after one year of this programme. We provide information on the methods of captive management, reproductive biology, captive diet varieties, and on problems of rearing froglets in captivity. This research is useful baseline information in guiding captive propagation techniques in zoological parks like the Kula Ecopark and for organizations such as the National Trust of Fiji.
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39

Martin, Renee M., Heidi Meador, Lee Bender, and Lacey Hopper. "Isolation and Characterization of 27 Novel Microsatellite Loci in Critically Endangered Wyoming Toad." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042019-jfwm-029.

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Abstract Wyoming toad Anaxyrus baxteri is a federally endangered amphibian endemic to the Laramie basin in southwestern Wyoming, USA. A captive breeding program propagates A. baxteri, and the monitoring of genetic diversity in the captive stock can assist in guiding conservation measures of this species. Illumina paired-end sequencing lead to 27 species-specific polymorphic microsatellite genetic markers being developed. Across 24 samples, A. baxteri exhibited two to eight alleles per locus, and observed and expected heterozygosities per locus ranged from 0.292 to 0.958 and from 0.344 to 0.787, respectively. Tests for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were nonsignificant except for Abax_13 and Abax_39. These microsatellite markers will be useful for genetic monitoring to aid recovery efforts of A. baxteri captive and wild populations as well as other amphibians in the family Bufonidae.
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40

Jackson-Martin, Charlie. "The violent-care of dingo conservation breeding." Animal Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (December 2020): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/asj/v9.i2.5.

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In 2019, a wild-born dingo pup named Wandi was taken from the Victorian high country to the Australian Dingo Foundation to become a part of their breeding program. Wandi was chosen because he was identified as a ‘rare’ ‘alpine’ dingo. At the point at which Wandi was handed over to the ADF, he became a captive dingo and will likely never be released. Wandi is one of thousands of dingoes who are bred and sold each year by the dingo breeding industry in Australia – both for zoos and wildlife parks to exhibit, and as privately owned ‘pets’. None of these dingoes can ever be released. Dingo captivity is often justified by dingo breeders as a necessary part of ‘essential’ conservation to combat the possible ‘extinction’ of the dingo. In this article, I question this assumption and demonstrate how it perpetuates and energises historically constructed distinctions between dingo ‘types’ (such as ‘alpine’ and ‘pure’). Here, I mobilise Thom van Dooren’s concept of ‘violent-care’ to better understand the contradictory ways in which dingoes experience life and captivity in Australia: ‘rare’ but a ‘pest’, charismatic and newsworthy but also imprisoned, evincing popular sentiments of affection and forced into captive breeding. I work with these contradictions every day as the founder of Sydney Fox and Dingo Rescue (SFDR). As dingo advocates, we have a responsibility to examine the violence dingoes experience as a result of captivity and the ‘logics’ and discourse that drive that violence, as van Dooren writes: ‘[w]hen the ‘logics’ that structure violence (or care for that matter) go unexamined, they become both invisible and commonsensical’ (van Dooren, ‘A Day with Crows’ 3).
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41

Neal Webb, Sarah J., Jann Hau, Susan P. Lambeth, and Steven J. Schapiro. "Differences in Behavior Between Elderly and Nonelderly Captive Chimpanzees and the Effects of the Social Environment." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 58, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000019.

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The population of NIH-owned or NIH-supported captive research chimpanzees is quickly becoming aged, and the 1998 NIH breeding moratorium has resulted in a skewed age distribution. As such, behavioral management programs aimed at refining the care of an aging captive chimpanzee population have become increasingly important. However, little research exists that addresses the ways in which captive chimpanzee behavior differs as a function of the interaction of age and aspects of the captive environment. We examined overall differences in behavior between elderly (35 y and older) and nonelderly (younger than 35 y) captive chimpanzees. Elderly chimpanzees exhibited significantly more rough scratching (a behavioral indicator of anxiety) and inactivity, less behavioral diversity, and less affiliation than their nonelderly counterparts. We also assessed whether elderly chimpanzee behavior and wounding rates differed as a function of housing in geriatric (group average age, 35 y or older) or nongeriatric (group average age, younger than 35 y) groups. In our program, geriatric social groups were characterized by smaller group size, more females within the group, and higher levels of individual mobility impairment compared with nongeriatric groups. Furthermore, elderly chimpanzees housed in geriatric groups displayed significantly increased rough scratching, decreased locomotion and submission than nongeriatric animals but no difference in wounding. These findings suggest that housing elderly chimpanzees in nongeriatric groups may be beneficial, given that doing so may stimulate locomotion. However, the establishment and maintenance of geriatric groups may be unavoidable as the demographics of the population of captive former research chimpanzees continues to age. Therefore, refinements to captive geriatric care strategies for chimpanzees should focus on methods of evaluating and enhancing functionally appropriate captive environments within geriatric groups.
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42

Sandoval-Castillo, Jonathan, Catherine R. M. Attard, Shashikanth Marri, Chris J. Brauer, Luciana M. Möller, and Luciano B. Beheregaray. "swinger: a user-friendly computer program to establish captive breeding groups that minimize relatedness without pedigree information." Molecular Ecology Resources 17, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12609.

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43

Withler, Ruth E., Robert H. Devlin, Steve Latham, Chris C. Wood, and K. Janine Supernault. "Analysis of gene origin in the first adult returns to the Cultus sockeye salmon captive breeding program." Conservation Genetics 12, no. 6 (July 26, 2011): 1469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-011-0246-5.

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McGreevy, Thomas J., Lisa Dabek, and Thomas P. Husband. "Genetic evaluation of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Matschie's tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) captive breeding program." Zoo Biology 30, no. 6 (November 9, 2010): 636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20362.

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45

Yuda, Pramana, and Worawidh Wajjwalku. "Using Feathers for Molecular Sexing of Straw-headed Bulbul (<i>Pycnonotus zeylanicus</i>) Offsprings." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 67129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.67129.

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Sex determination of of straw-headed bulbul offspring was carried out from 27 offspring’s plucked feather samples in a captive breeding program. Using direct PCR, this study provided more evidences that feather samples are reliable as a source of DNA for non-invasive and effective molecular sexing. The study also revealed that the offspring sex ratio of straw-headed bulbul was slightly inclined towards males, but there was no significant difference from the value of 0.5.
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46

Delroy, LB, J. Earl, I. Radbone, AC Robinson, and M. Hewett. "The Breeding and Reestablishment of the Brush-Tailed Bettong, Bettongia-Penicillata, in South-Australia." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860387.

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The brush-tailed bettong formerly ranged over much of southern Australia, but is now extinct except in the south-west of Western Australia and northern Queensland. A small colony was obtained from the Perth Zoo in 1975 and these were bred successfully at the Para Wirra Recreation Park near Adelaide and provided stock for a re-establishment program in South Australia. Details of the breeding program are given. Bettongs were kept in small colonies, usually one male and two or three females; the young were removed when they reached 550 g, or, with very intensive breeding, at a lower weight. The animals were fed principally on commercial kangaroo pellets with a range of supplements. Usually two offspring per year were produced although up to three were produced with intensive breeding. Females commenced breeding when approximately 4 months old. Techniques for re-establishment were tested on small islands. One island, Island A in Venus Bay, provided apparently ideal habitat and the captive-bred stock released there established quickly. Bettongs bred in the wild on two small and two large islands. However, the introduction to St Francis I., their last stronghold before extinction in South Australia, was least successful. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
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Recino-Reyes, Elsi Beatriz, Julia María Lesher-Gordillo, Salima Machkour-M’Rabet, Manuel Ignacio Gallardo-Alvarez, Claudia Elena Zenteno-Ruiz, León David Olivera-Gómez, Alejandra Valdés-Marín, et al. "Conservation and Management of Trachemys venusta venusta in Southern Mexico: A Genetic Approach." Tropical Conservation Science 13 (January 2020): 194008292096150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082920961506.

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The Meso-American slider turtle ( Trachemys venusta) is a freshwater turtle that is widely distributed from Mexico to Colombia. Due to the overexploitation of populations of this species in Mexico, it has been placed within the “subject to special protection” category formulated by the Official Mexican Standard NOM-059-ECOL-2010. In the state of Tabasco, Mexico, Management Units for the Conservation of Wildlife (UMA) were created to reduce the impact of overexploitation of freshwater turtles bred in captivity. However, no genetic management plan was considered. The present study was carried out in an UMA in the state of Tabasco. We obtained the level of genetic diversity of the founder individuals of the UMA in order to develop a management plan which will optimize reproduction in the UMA. Genetic diversity was compared between captive (n = 86) and wild (n = 45) individuals using 14 microsatellite molecular markers. The genetic diversity parameter ​​determined in this study was slightly higher for captive than for wild population ( He = 0.606 and He = 0.594 respectively), reflecting the mix of genetic sources in captive group (founding individuals from different localities) and demonstrating that the captive population contains a diverse subset of alleles from representative populations. The analysis of genetic structure revealed a relationship between captive and wild populations, indicating the influence of the two principal river basins in this region on the populations structure of freshwater turtles. Finally, according to the results obtained from the relationship analysis, we recommend the use of 19 females and 13 males to constitute the appropriate breeding group, generating a potential of 247 dyads with no relationship. However, in order to improve breeding program and the genetic diversity of captive population, we suggest to introduce wild-caught individuals. These results are the first regarding genetic management in a Mexican UMA and demonstrate the importance of molecular approaches in the management and conservation of captive species.
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48

Garr, Amber L., Helen Posch, Margaret McQuillan, and Megan Davis. "Development of a captive breeding program for the Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa: Relaxation and sex ratio recommendations." Aquaculture 370-371 (December 2012): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.10.015.

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49

Elyasi Zarringhabaie, Ghorban, Arash Javanmard, and Ommolbanin Pirahary. "Random Amplified Polymorphic Markers as Indicator for Genetic Conservation Program in Iranian Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/640381.

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The objective of present study was identification of genetic similarity between wild Iran and captive Azerbaijan Pheasant using PCR-RAPD markers. For this purpose, in overall, 28 birds were taken for DNA extraction and subsequently 15 arbitrary primers were applied for PCR-RAPD technique. After electrophoresis, five primers exhibited sufficient variability which yielded overall 65 distinct bands, 59 polymorphic bands, for detalis, range of number of bands per primer was 10 to 14, and produced size varied between 200 to 1500 bp. Highest and lowest polymorphic primers were OPC5, OPC16 (100%) and OPC15 (81%), respectively. Result of genetic variation between two groups was accounted as nonsignificant (8.12%) of the overall variation. According to our expectation the wild Iranian birds showed higher genetic diversity value than the Azerbaijan captive birds. As general conclusion, two pheasant populations have almost same genetic origin and probably are subpopulations of one population. The data reported herein could open the opportunity to search for suitable conservation strategy to improve richness of Iran biodiversity and present study here was the first report that might have significant impact on the breeding and conservation program of Iranian pheasant gene pool. Analyses using more regions, more birds, and more DNA markers will be useful to confirm or to reject these findings.
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50

Hossen, Amir, M. Farid Ahsan, and Mohammad Kamruzzaman. "Hatchability Problem Of Exsitv Conservation Of The Freshwater Crocodile Crocodylus Palustris(Lesson 1831) At Dulahazra Safari Park, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 41, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v41i2.46199.

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In this research hatchability problems of freshwater crocodile in Dulahazra Safari Park have been discussed. The findings focused on meteorological factors, lack of suitable habitat in semi-captive enclosures and some physiological factors which are mainly responsible for non-hatchability of freshwater crocodile in the park environment. The research emphasized on finding rationale that interrupts breeding failure of this crocodile in this park. The hatchability problem was identified with some influential factors which are main barriers to escalate and proliferate the reintroduce program in Bangladesh. The findings showed that the influential factors including high stock density in a small space, low water deepness and narrow sandy bank of the enclosure with lack of nesting materials, high temperature and heavy rainfall are mainly responsible for the failure of freshwater crocodile breeding potentiality. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 41(2): 155-161, December 2015
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