Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Capteurs portatifs de la qualité de l'air'
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Dessimond, Boris. "Exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air : mesure par capteurs miniatures, modélisation et évaluation des risques sanitaires associés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS297.
Full textAir pollution contributes to the degradation of the quality of life and the reduction of life expectancy of the populations. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to the aggravation of respiratory diseases, causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution has therefore significant health consequences on human life and biodiversity. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the field of microcontrollers and telecommunications modules. These are more energy efficient, powerful, affordable, accessible, and are responsible for the growth of connected objects. In the meantime, the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and electrochemical sensors has allowed the miniaturization of technologies measuring many environmental parameters including air quality. These technological breakthroughs have enabled the design and production in an academic environment, of portable, connected, autonomous air quality sensors capable of performing acquisitions at a high temporal frequency. Until recently, one of the major obstacles to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health was the inability to track the real exposure of individuals during their daily lives; air pollution is complex, and varies according to the habits, activities and environments in which individuals spend their lives. Portable air quality sensors completely remove this obstacle as well as a number of other important constraints. These are designed to be used in mobility, over long periods of time, and produce immediately available granular data, which describes the exposure to air pollution of the person wearing it. Although the measurement modules embedded in these sensors are not currently as reliable as reference tools or remote sensing, when it comes to assessing individual exposure to air pollution, because they are as close as possible to the wearer, they provide the most accurate information, and are therefore an indispensable tool for the future of epidemiological research. In this context, we have been involved in the development and improvement of two air quality sensors; the CANARIN II and the CANARIN nano. The CANARIN II is a connected sensor communicating via Wi-Fi, which reports the concentration of 10, 2.5 and 1 micrometer diameter particles, as well as the environmental parameters of temperature, humidity, and pressure, every minute, making them available in real time. The CANARIN nano is a smaller sensor with the same capabilities of the CANARIN II, while additionally sensing volatile organic compounds levels. The CANARIN nano is able to operate autonomously, as it communicates through the cellular network. Two types of results have been obtained with the CANARIN sensors; on one hand, results produced from their use in real life conditions, and on the other hand, results related to the interpretation and understanding of the measurements produced by the particle sensors. These two sensors were both used in two research projects, in which we have helped deploy several heterogeneous sensor fleets and analyzed the acquired data. Firstly, in the POLLUSCOPE project funded by the French National Research Agency, where 86 volunteers from the general population wore a set of air pollution sensors for a total of 101 weeks, 35 of which the volunteers were also equipped with health sensors. Secondly, in the POLLAR project, where 43 subjects underwent polysomnography and then wore one CANARIN sensor for 10 days, thus allowing for the first time to explore the link between sleep apnea and particulate matter exposure. [...]
Berthelot, Brice. "Conception de capteurs dédiés à la surveillance particulaire biologique des environnements intérieurs." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1170.
Full textNowadays people pass 90% of their time in closed spaces, and in consequence are exposed to indoor and outdoor particulate matter for which no reference value is available. These pollutants include biological particles and in particular fungal spores, the most numerous living particles and most diverse on the air we breathe (Nolard, 1997). Ubiquitous and harmful, fungal particulate pollution is implicated in the occurrence of many diseases including immuno-allergic diseases. In the context of the monitoring of the microbiological quality of air in indoor spaces, this thesis aims to provide first design elements of an individual diagnostic device dedicated to the exposure assessment of allergenic bio-contaminants focusing in particular on airborne fungal pollution. This research relies on the technical and scientific expertise of CSTB, ESIEE Paris and Université Paris-Est for fungal detection, miniaturization of measurement instrumentation and aerosol physics. Thus, this work is built around a system architecture based on three main elements: the capture and selection of particles according to their surface physical and chemical properties, the particles mass quantification and the identification of the nature of the particle using chemical analysis. These elements relate to many topics covered during the thesis work. In this way, the first topic consists in studying the adhesion of conidia to surfaces to better understand the determinants of this physical phenomenon and evaluate the energies involved. Subsequent results were used during a second stage of this work, to design a MEMS-type silicon microbalance considering the particle-resonator interaction. By this mean the issue was to solve some scientific challenges identified in the literature, such non-uniform sensitivity over the entire device surface or nonlinear frequency responses due to the added mass. Such an approach has also allowed evaluating the performance expected for such sensors. The last aspect of this research focused on the identification of biological airborne particles chemically combining pyrolysis of biological entities of interest, and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). On this occasion, a collaborative work engaged with the "Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique" allowed to experience the technological solution and our methodology since another class of particles was considered: pollens. The analysis of volatile organic compounds obtained from Py-GC/MS characterization of micro-fungi and pollens demonstrated the existence of a specific chemical signature for each biological particle class. Thereafter, it was then possible to establish a variety of chemical markers lists for phyla and different species of the contaminants studied. The relevance of these markers has been further tested in an in-situ assay
Vidot, Jerome. "Télédétection des aérosols au-dessus des terres émergées à l'aide des capteurs « couleur de l'eau » et applications." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011216.
Full textIdir, Mohamed Yacine. "Analyse et développement de modèles statistiques pour l'estimation et la prédiction spatiale et temporelle de la pollution atmosphérique à partir de données issues de capteurs mobiles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG107.
Full textUrban air pollution, a global health crisis causing millions of deaths every year, makes accurate mapping of this phenomenon not only relevant, but vital to public health.Currently, air quality is measured by fixed air quality monitoring stations. These reference stations provide a highly accurate measure of air quality, at the cost of limited spatial coverage.The idea of using new low-cost sensors developed from recent technological advances, smaller in size and incorporating a global positioning system (GPS), quickly emerged. This gives scientists additional tools to refine spatio-temporal maps of air pollution and create new datasets providing information on air quality that was previously unavailable.Generating precise air quality maps using these low-cost sensors presents several major challenges. These challenges are mainly related to the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and to the accuracy and volume of the data.Given these difficulties, it is important to know how to combine all these fuzzy data sources to obtain a clear picture of urban pollution.The aim of this thesis is to analyze and develop statistical models that exploit data acquired by low-cost mobile sensors. It contributes to the objective of providing more accurate spatial and temporal estimates and forecasts of urban air pollution, by combining mathematical models and technological advances
Grall, Simon. "Microcapteurs de particules à base de micropoutres pour le contrôle de la qualité de l'air dans un véhicule automobile." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0038/document.
Full textFine particulate matters (PM) have a real impact on the quality of life and health of millions of people in large urban areas, especially in Asia. In order to detect them and quantify their concentration, optical PM sensors are the most widely studied, but remain relatively expensive and bulky. MEMS microcantilever transducers are widely used for gravimetric applications, for PM or gas detection, which requires high mass sensitivities (Sm) and low limits of detection (LOD). A solution is to focus on microcantilevers with high resonance frequencies (f0) and quality factors (Q), low measurement noise and low masses. Silicon microcantilevers are commonly used as gravimetric sensors and are serious candidates to meet the desired characteristics. However, screen printing has the potential for cheaper, faster and large scale manufacturing. Such microcantilevers can be actuated and f0 read-out using the piezoelectric effect. Although promising lead-free inorganic solutions exist, titanium lead zirconate (PZT) ceramics still have the best properties among piezoelectric materials. Screen-printed microcantilevers manufactured in hybrid thick-film technology, with integrated piezoelectric actuation and read-out, released using a polyester sacrificial layer and with co-firing of all the layers are presented here. Different geometries were tested from 1 mm to 2 mm wide and from 1 mm to 8 mm long, for a thickness of about 100 μm. A density ρ PZT = 7200 kg/m³ (≈ 93%ρ PZT bulk) was obtained. With a 1×2×0.1 mm³ microcantilever, a sensitivity Sm ≈ 85 Hz/μm and a LOD of 70 ng were found, compatible with applications in PM mass detection
Morati, Nicolas. "Système de détection ultra-sensible et sélectif pour le suivi de la qualité de l'air intérieur et extérieur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0200.
Full textToday the air is polluted by many chemicals, which are in the form of a complex mixture that is difficult to identify. These marker gases include carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). It has therefore become imperative to design detection systems that are inexpensive, but at the same time highly sensitive and selective, in order to monitor air quality in real time. Metal Oxide gas sensors (MOX) can meet these requirements. They are used in portable and low cost gas detection devices. Very sensitive, stable and with a long lifespan, MOX sensors suffer from an inherent lack of selectivity, which can be overcome by integrating artificial intelligence. This thesis is concerned with the implementation of gas identification methods based on the analysis of experimental data. The objective is to discriminate three pollution marker gases: CO, O3, and NO2, with a single sensor, under real conditions of use, i.e. in the permanent presence of a concentration of these gases in the humid ambient air. For this, we use a tungsten oxide (WO3) gas sensor patented by IM2NP laboratory and operated under a worldwide license by the company NANOZ.A complete experimental database was created from a protocol based on temperature modulation of the sensitive layer. From this database, we implemented two different feature extraction methods: the computation of temporal attributes and the wavelet transform. These two methods were evaluated on their gas discrimination capacity thanks to the use of several families of classification algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVM), decision trees, K nearest neighbours, neural networks, etc
Surchamp, Alexia. "Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010/document.
Full textThe objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
Spinelle, Laurent. "Microsystèmes capteurs de gaz sélectifs au dioxyde d'azote associant structures semi-conducteurs et filtres chimiques (indigo ou/et nanomatériaux carbonés) destinés au contrôle de la qualité de l'air." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741969.
Full textJoblin, Yaël. "Elaboration d'un microsystème d'analyse de l'air destiné à la détection rapide d'un développement fongique dans les espaces clos." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696618.
Full textSurchamp, Alexia. "Emissions potentielles de polluants organiques persistants à partir du milieu urbain et par les activités de traitement des déchets : impact sur la qualité de l'air au voisinage des sources." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066010.
Full textThe objective was to characterize the indirect emissions of SVOCs (PCB, HCB, PeCB, PAHs, phthalates and PBDE) on potentially contaminated environments by their uses (underground railway zones, traffic roads) and waste treatment sites (wastewater treatment plants, elimination, vehicle destruction sites). Measuring networks including "large volume" active air samplers, passive samplers and environmental bio-accumulators have been used to acquire data in the vicinity of potential sources. The results reveal an ubiquity of all the measured compounds in the air, where their presence in the gas phase prevails. The air contamination of the study sites shows a common ranking (phthalates> PAHs> HCB> PeCB> PCBs> PBDEs), where air contamination in summer is more important, confirming the relative importance of diffuse emissions by passive volatilization The results from passive sensors demonstrate the value of this complementary tool for the realization of large spatio-temporal scale study. The interpretation of environmental state from air, soil, atmospheric deposition and plant bio-accumulators analyzes indicates that the contamination remains mostly equivalent to urban area.. The results reveal that diffuse emissions of non-halogenated SVOCs (phthalates and PAHs) by passive volatilization, represent an environmental and health challenge where that could exceed those of past POPs (PCBs, PBDE, ...)
Lochon, Frédéric. "Développement de microcapteurs chimiques à base de micropoutres dédiés au contrôle de la qualité de l'air : détection temps réel de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00399419.
Full textSizun, Thibaut. "Effet de l'humidité sur la réponse à l'ammoniac de capteurs conductimétriques à base de matériaux moléculaires." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783853.
Full textLandreau, Nina. "Capteur colorimétrique à base d’oxydes mixtes pour la détection du chloroforme dans l’air des piscines couvertes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS522.
Full textDuring the last twenty year, indoor swimming-pool air quality measurement campaigns confirmed the presence of toxic compounds such as chloroform (carcinogenic) at higher level than those advised by French authorities. Hence, the ability to easily perform direct detection of chloroform at concentration above the advised threshold is crucial to ensure the safety of swimmers.At the moment, no devices seems to meet such a need. This PhD work aims at preparing a colorimetric sensor suited to this application, thanks to a nanoporous material incorporating probe-molecules to specifically react with chloroform and yield a coloured product.The optimization of the Fujiwara colorimetric reaction was carried out and the best mode to be used within the nanopores in the gas phase was identified. A new type of silica-zirconia materials had to be specifically developed to resist to the harsh chemical conditions of the Fujiwara reaction.Fine-tuning of the differential reactivity of silica (slow) and zirconia (fast) precursors led to a good control of the homogeneity, absorbance and porosity of the materials which was absolutely essential to meet the specifications of transparency, porosity, mechanical stability, absorbance and ability to host the Fujiwara reaction.Such materials were successfully doped with Fujiwara reagents, and the functional material obtained was validated as a chloroform sensor
HARKAT, Mohamed-Faouzi. "Détection et localisation de défauts par analyse en composantes principales." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005283.
Full textBailly, Guillaume. "Développement de la transduction microonde appliquée à la détection d'ammoniac : du nanomatériau au capteur large bande, compréhension des mécanismes et influence des traces d'eau." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK029/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to propose an analysis of the microwave transduction specificities in the framework of ammonia sensing applications. The two main features of this transduction are its broadband characterization (1 to 8 GHz) as well as its sensitive materials (dielectrics). This transduction method is based on the interaction between a polluting gas and a sensitive material deposited on the surface of a microwave-specific propagating structure. The response of the sensor is not directly induced by the dielectric properties of the gaseous target molecule, but rather by those of the target species adsorbed on the surface of the sensitive material. This adsorption causes a modification of the sensor parameters measured by a vector network analyzer. Unlike more conventional transducers such as conductimetry, this principle works at room temperature with any type of material, including electrical insulators.The first work carried out during this thesis led to the development of a new experimental bench adapted specifically for the study of microwave gas sensors by measuring the S-parameters in reflection and transmission modes. This development includes the design of two new generations of sensors, coated with metal oxides (iron or titanium oxides) commercially available or synthesized during the study. The first sensor comprises interdigital circuits while the second sensor is a trapezoidal resonator. The latter is characterized by a series of frequencies of interest regularly distributed between 1 and 8 GHz. The association of a mass spectrometer with the measurement bench allowed to follow the adsorption and desorption behavior of the target species which is ammonia (10-100 ppm), but also the behavior of the vector gas conventionally used, argon, and water initially adsorbed on the sensitive material or intentionally added during the experiment. The objective is to study the role of water as interfering with the detection of ammonia, the main target species. A third molecule of interest, ethanol, was also used during the experiments in order to estimate the possible differences in the detected molecules behaviors. The experimental results were exploited using specific data processing protocols established during this thesis. Temporal treatments were carried out to study the kinetic behavior of the sensor, while spectral treatments allowed to apprehend the broadband aspect of the sensor response in the presence of pollutants.The first major result is the significant increase in sensitivity to ammonia, which significantly lowered the detection threshold to ammonia concentrations in the 10 ppm range. Titanium dioxide has been identified as a good candidate for ammonia detection, with reflection coefficient variations up to 6 dB for 300 ppm. The role of the water initially adsorbed on the sensitive material has been elucidated, showing that its influence is significant only during the first few minutes of the experiments. Thus, it is possible to detect ammonia in the presence of residual moisture. The processes induced by the gaseous exposures and particularly by the carrier gas were identified, and confirmed that the sensor response was solely due to its interaction with the target molecules. Another major result is the definition of the operating conditions that are necessary for the establishment of the selectivity. Our theoretical analysis clearly demonstrated the interest of broadband measurements in terms of discrimination of target molecules. This analysis has been tested in multitarget experiments using ammonia, water and ethanol. These observations allowed to establish the specifications of a new generation of microwave sensors, guaranteeing systematic discrimination between these three molecules
Boubrima, Ahmed. "Deployment and scheduling of wireless sensor networks for air pollution monitoring." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI018.
Full textWireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used in environmental applications where the aim is to sense a physical phenomenon such as temperature, humidity, air pollution, etc. In this context of application, the use of WSN allows to understand the variations of the phenomenon over the monitoring region and therefore be able to take adequate decisions regarding the impact of the phenomenon. Due to the limitations of its traditional costly monitoring methods in addition to its high spatial and temporal variability, air pollution is considered as one of the main physical phenomena that still need to be studied and characterized. In this thesis, we consider three main applications regarding the use of WSN for air pollution monitoring: 1) the construction of real time air quality maps using sensor measurements; 2) the detection of pollution threshold crossings; and 3) the correction of physical models that simulate the pollution dispersion phenomenon. All these applications need careful deployment and scheduling of sensors in order to get a better knowledge of air pollution while ensuring a minimal deployment cost and a maximal lifetime of the deployed sensor network. Our aim is to tackle the problems of WSN deployment and scheduling while considering the specific characteristics of the air pollution phenomenon. We propose for each application case a new efficient approach for the deployment of sensor and sink nodes. We also propose a WSN scheduling approach that is adapted to the case of physical models’ correction. Our optimization approaches take into account the physical nature of air pollution dispersion and incorporate real data provided by the existing pollution sensing platforms. As part of each approach, we use integer linear programming to derive optimization models that are well adapted to solving small and medium instances. To deal with large instances, we propose heuristic algorithms while using linear relaxation techniques. Besides our theoretical works on air pollution monitoring, we design from scratch and deploy in the Lyon city a cost-effective energy-efficient air pollution sensor network. Based on the characteristics of our monitoring system in addition to real world air pollution datasets, we evaluate the effectiveness of our deployment and scheduling approaches and provide engineering insights for the design of WSN-based air pollution monitoring systems. Among our conclusions, we highlight the fact that the size of the optimal sensor network depends on the degree of the variations of pollution concentrations within the monitoring region