Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Capteurs de force – Modèles mathématiques'
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Robert, Alain. "Commande hybride position-force : mise en œuvre et expérimentation sur un micro-manipulateur parallèle." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ESAE0009.
Full textAl, Harrach Mariam. "Modeling of the sEMG / Force relationship by data analysis of high resolution sensor network." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2298/document.
Full textThe neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems are complex System of Systems (SoS) that perfectly interact to provide motion. This interaction is illustrated by the muscular force, generated by muscle activation driven by the Central Nervous System (CNS) which pilots joint motion. The knowledge of the force level is highly important in biomechanical and clinical applications. However, the recording of the force produced by a unique muscle is impossible using noninvasive procedures. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a way to estimate it. The muscle activation also generates another electric phenomenon, measured at the skin using electrodes, namely the surface electromyogram (sEMG). ln the biomechanics literature, several models of the sEMG/force relationship are provided. They are principally used to command musculoskeletal models. However, these models suffer from several important limitations such lacks of physiological realism, personalization, and representability when using single sEMG channel input. ln this work, we propose to construct a model of the sEMG/force relationship for the Biceps Brachii (BB) based on the data analysis of a High Density sEMG (HD-sEMG) sensor network. For this purpose, we first have to prepare the data for the processing stage by denoising the sEMG signals and removing the parasite signals. Therefore, we propose a HD-sEMG denoising procedure based on Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) that removes two types of noise that degrade the sEMG signals and a source separation method that combines CCA and image segmentation in order to separate the electrical activities of the BB and the Brachialis (BR). Second, we have to extract the information from an 8 X 8 HD-sEMG electrode grid in order to form the input of the sEMG/force model Thusly, we investigated different parameters that describe muscle activation and can affect the relationship shape then we applied data fusion through an image segmentation algorithm. Finally, we proposed a new HDsEMG/force relationship, using simulated data from a realistic HD-sEMG generation model of the BB and a Twitch based model to estimate a specific force profile corresponding to a specific sEMG sensor network and muscle configuration. Then, we tested this new relationship in force estimation using both machine learning and analytical approaches. This study is motivated by the impossibility of obtaining the intrinsic force from one muscle in experimentation
Munir, Muhammad Farukh. "Optimisation inter-couche de réseaux de capteurs et capteurs-actionneurs sans fil." Paris, ENST, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENST0039.
Full textDami, Mohamed Ali. "Conception de machines de tests de caractérisation dynamique en induction trapézoidale, pour modélisation du comportement des tôles magnétiques utilisées dans la construction électrique." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS055.
Full textGilis, Martine. "Capteurs et biocapteurs électrochimiques pour le suivi des fermentations." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30243.
Full textDron, Paul Ionut. "Cyclopyridinophanes, capteurs moléculaires : synthèse, structure et propriétés électriques." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0178.
Full textThis thesis reports the synthesis of cyclo(bis-paraquat p-phenylene p-phenylene-carbonyle) tetrakis(hexapluorophosphate) (« CETEBOX »). This one exists in three tautomeric structures proved by NMR spectra, potentiometric titration and synthesis. Through its cycloimmonium ylide, in a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction, this compound furnishes a fluorescent cyclophane sensor. This sensor shows inclusion properties towards Volatile Organic Compounds. By a coupling reaction between the fluorescent indolizine sensor and 6-deoxy-6-amine-β-cyclodextrin a new dual cavity (β-cyclodextrine et cyclophane) fluorescent sensor is synthetized. All new structures reported in this thesis have been established by IR, RMN (1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, TOCSY, COSY, NOESY, HMQC). According to the molecular modeling methods (MM3, AM1, AM1-COSMO, B88LYPDFT), the found most stable conformers are in good agreement with the experiments. Using a bis(paraquat) salt a new Palladium multicavities complex has been synthetized. The electrical properties of the newly synthetized cyclopyridinophanes have been established by measurements of the electrical conductivity at different temperatures and frequencies. Two of them show very interesting properties concerning conversion of light energy into thermal energy
Wei, Chen. "Static force capabilities and dynamic capabilities of parallel mechanisms equipped with safety clutches." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24810.
Full textThis thesis investigates the force capabilities of two-degree-of-freedom planar parallel mechanisms that are equipped with safety clutches (torque limiters). The force capabilities are studied based on the Jacobian matrices. The maximum force that can be applied at the end-effector for given torque limits (safety index) is determined together with the maximum isotropic force that can be produced. The ratio between these two forces, referred to as the force effectiveness, can be considered as a performance index. Finally, some numerical results are proposed which can provide insight into the design of cooperation robots based on parallel architectures. Considering each link and slider system as a single body, approximate dynamic models are derived based on the Newton-Euler approach and Lagrange equations for the tripteron and the quadrupteron. The acceleration range or the external force range of the end-effector are determined and given as a safety consideration with the dynamic models.
Bonzom, Pierre. "Etude, simulation et réalisation de capteurs d'inspiration animale." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20105.
Full textFaucheux, Sébastien. "Identification paramétrique des capteurs d'accélération angulaire chez l'Homme." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13035.
Full textThe identification of the mechanical characteristics of semicircular canals (SCC) of the inner ear of Man interests clinicians, in the case of balance disorders, as much as fluid mechanics. Identifying directly these characteristics for horizontal SCC is made impossible due to the presence of a "velocity storage" mechanism in the vestibulo-ocular reflex linked to them. Studies based on visual testing seem to prove that such a mechanism does not exist for vertical SCC. The originality of the present study consists in a procedure which excites the vertical canals. The head of the subject is tilted in such a way that one pair of vertical canals is in the stimulation plane of a rotating chair around the vertical axis. Eye movements were recorded via video-nystagmography. We have applied a new method of parametric identification in time domain. Convergence is reached when the set composed of the physical system and the parameterized model is stable according to Liapunov theory. This is guaranteed by a criterion based on the difference of one state value between them. This criterion separates parameter differences and state variable differences in an appropriate Liapunov function. This is done without the MKY lemma. A great part of the thesis job was to develop this method. The identification results have been compared with those of a minimum square fit of a model on the numerical transfer function. Concordant results prove the validity of our method on noisy recordings. Identified time constant values trend to demonstrate that there is,indeed, a "velocity storage" mechanism for vertical SCC. This mechanism hinders estimates of their mechanical parameters, from input/ouput recordings, with a frequency scanning method
Gogu, Ada. "Dimensionnement des réseaux RCSF sous des contraintes énergétiques : modèles mathématiques et méthodes d'optimisation." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2028.
Full textIn this thesis, we focused on the development of optimal methods regarding WSN dimensioning problems, mostly encountered during the planning phase. These were instantiated basically into three combinatorial optimization problems. The network deployment scheme which seeks to place the sensors in a such way that the cost of communication operations is minimized. The network configuration problem that asks to find a strategy for dividing the network such that some criteria are satisfied. In the problem’s model we took into account the data aggregation constraint and the discrete values of power transmission. For both problems we proposed a resolution method, based on dynamic programming, which permitted us to solve them optimally. Finally, the joint problem of scheduling and power assignment, consisted in finding a feasible scheduling under SINR constraints and a power assignment scheme to guarantee successful concurrent transmissions. As the problem is shown to be NP-hard we propose a greedy heuristic. The resolution method for the power assignment strategy, an iterative algorithm based on linear programming, provides optimal solutions
Reghem, Pascal. "Conception et modélisation d'un capteur de détection de la position d'une tôle lors de son emboutissage." Le Havre, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LEHA0002.
Full textLachgar, Abdenbi. "Modélisation et optimisation de capteurs à effet Peltier : application à la réalisation d'un nouveau débitmètre massique." Lille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL10097.
Full textZerrik, El Hassan. "Controlabilité et observalité régionales d'une classe de systèmes distribués." Perpignan, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PERP0176.
Full textTetelin, Angélique. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la réponse transitoire d'un capteur d'humidité à couche sensible polymère." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR16016.
Full textThis work presents the characterization and modelling of the transient response of a capacitive humidity sensor. The sensitive layer of the sensor consists in a benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer film. Analytical physical and behavioural models of the sensor were developed on the basis of the theory of sorption and diffusion of gases in polymers, and on the study of the capacitive structure of the sensor. These models were validated by experiments and numerical simulations. They allow the prediction of the transient response of the sensor when exposed to the specific humidity conditions of human breath for medical application. They also provide strategies to shorten the response time of the sensor. Finally, these models were used to predict moisture diffusion in BCB adhesive films for wafer-level MEMS packaging
Akil, Kassem. "Fusion de capteurs ultrasonores : application à la reconstruction de l'environnement d'un robot mobile." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD833.
Full textOuld, Abdallahi Mohamed. "Contribution à la mise en place d'une méthode d'intensimétrie à quatre capteurs." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-117.pdf.
Full textMichelis, Jean-Claude. "Contribution à la vision artificielle : Conception et réalisation d'un capteur rétinien." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20044.
Full textVoisin, Philippe. "Influence de la turbulence de la basse atmosphère sur la localisation d'une source acoustique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECDL0021.
Full textThis report is part of the study of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on sound propagation in the low atmosphere and of its influence (impact) on the localization of vehicles. In the course of experiments, the average and fluctuating meteorological magnitudes of the low atmosphere have been measured in order to have a better knowledge of the stability state and of the rates of thermal and kinematics fluctuation of the atmosphere. To this end, a thermal collector has been developed, capable of measuring the relative variations of temperature inferior to the tenth of degree and with a frequency below a hundred Hertz. This collector is composed of a thermocouple of type S developed by the IGE of Belfort and associated to an amplifier with a gain of 500 000 developed at ISL. The localization antenna is made up of two overlapping linear antenna, each composed of 8 microphones. The whole acoustic and meteorological data have been measured and recorded in situ. From this information, an average value analysis has allowed to lay out the vertical speed profiles of the wind and temperature by means of the Monin-Obukhov theory of similarity. In three different cases of wave refraction, these profiles have been used for a model of propagation based on the method of rays in order to calculate the sound paths and for a calculation code of the acoustic level (PE) allowing to know the propagation conditions of the wave between the source and the antenna. Then, the localization results have been analysed together with thermal and cinematic fluctuations results of the low atmosphere. A narrow relationship between the precision of the localization results and eigenvalues of the correlation matrix of acoustic signals has been established. The degradation of these eigenvalues is a direct consequence of the thermal and the kinematic fluctuation rate of the low atmosphere
Drocourt, Cyril. "Localisation et modélisation de l'environnement d'un robot mobile par coopération de deux capteurs omnidirectionnels." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1385.
Full textCadet, Expédit Philippe. "Etude et modélisation de la microscopie à force électrostatique : Analyse de la résolution latérale et de la précision des mesures de potentiel à l'échelle nanométrique." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20171.
Full textIdris, Jasem. "Etude des capteurs solaires en régime transitoire et présentation d'une nouvelle méthode calorimétrique transitoire pour estimer le coefficient d'échange global des échangeurs thermiques." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10547.
Full textAboulhouda, Samir. "Contribution à l'étude de photodétecteurs rapides : application aux photorécepteurs résonants micro-onde." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10074.
Full textVergely, Laurent. "Modélisation de capteurs : développement d'outils d'aide à la conception de cellules robotisées." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20232.
Full textTang, Hao, and Jean Devillers. "Modélisation des interactions pointe-surface en microscopie à force atomique : calcul et interprétation d'images." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30194.
Full textOlszacki, Michal. "Modelling and optimization of piezoresistive pressure sensors." Toulouse, INSA, 2009. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000297/.
Full textSince 1954, when the piezoresistive effect in semiconductors was discovered, the approach to the pressure measurement has changed dramatically and new devices with outstanding performances have appeared on the market. Along with the development of microtechnologies for integrated circuits, a new branch of MEMS called devices have stormed our world. One of the biggest branches of today’s microsystems are pressure transducers which use the synergy of the piezoresistivity phenomenon and microfabrication technologies. While the main idea of strain gauge-based pressure measurement has not changed over the last few decades, there has been always a need to develop the design methodology that allows the designer to deliver the optimized product in the shortest possible time at the lowest possible cost. Thus, a lot of work has been done in the field in order to create tools and develop the FTR (first time right) methodology. Obviously, the design of the device that best fulfills the project requirements needs an appropriate simulation that have to be performed at the highest possible details level. Such an approach requires the detailed model of the device and, in case of its high complexity, a lot of computing power. Although over the last decade the most popular approach is the FEM analysis, there are some bottlenecks in such an approach like the difficulty of the implanted layers modeling where the doping profile shape has to be taken into account especially in the coupled electromechanical analysis. In this thesis, we try to present the methodology of the pressure sensor design which uses the analytical model of such a sensor that takes into consideration the nonuniform doping profile of the strain gauge, deals with the basic membrane shapes as well as with thermal and noise issues. The model, despite its limitations in comparison to the FEM one, gives trustworthy results which may be used for the reliable pressure sensor design in an extremely short time. In order to be quantitative, the analysis showing the drawbacks and advantages of the presented method in comparison to the FEM analysis using specialized tools like ANSYS ® and SILVACO-ATHENA® packages is also presented. Then, the model is used in a multi-objective optimization procedure that semi-automatically generates the design of a sensor, taking into account project requirements and constraints. At the end, the statistical analysis that may be helpful to estimate the production yield is performed. All three steps are included in the dedicated design and optimization tool created in a MATLAB ® environment and successfully tested. In the last section, the experimental results of fabricated samples are compared to those obtained by the developed tool
Maurel, Céline. "Analyse et modélisation des performances de capteurs microacoustiques spécifiques adaptées à l'adhérence de couches minces sur substrat." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20199.
Full textPlancke, Sébastien. "Estimation temps réel des états dynamiques d'un véhicule automobile." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112172.
Full textThe problem is the real time estimation of dynamic vehicle states using specific sensors sets we search to determine. These states correspond to the vertical velocity on each corner car and each wheel. It also includes the relative displacement and velocity of the suspension and tire deflection. In a fist part, taking into account all the vehicle situations, we have built a specific dynamic vehicle model based on mechanical equations. In this part some simplifications and approximations have been realized to adapt the algorithm to a real time application with its Electronic Control Unit limitations. Then we have adjusted the model parameters by using vehicle data from road measurements. In the second part, we have built filtering algorithms based on different sensor sets. A first setting using only four suspension relative displacement sensors only. A second one using the previous sensors with an accelerometer on each corner of the car. A third one using the four relative displacement sensors and four wheel accelerometers. This study leads to express differently the evolution of the vehicle state variables to decouple the complete model into four sub-systems and design a specific algorithm for each of them. To conclude we have tested each algorithm in simulation from measured vehicle data on reference road. This step leads to quantify the performances of the three filters. The conclusion is that the third configuration is the best sensor set for controlled suspension system applications. The outcome of this work is the ability to construct an algorithm embedded on actual Electronic Control Units available in automotive industry. Also, this work showed that it’s preferable to install accelerometers on wheel rather than on each vehicle’s corner
Cordewener, Laurent. "Contrôle d'exécution de missions de robots mobiles à partir de tâches robot." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD780.
Full textVinchant, Jean-François. "Intégration monolithique de photodétecteurs et de guides optiques sur matériaux III-V." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10023.
Full textCellier, Lise. "Analyse expérimentale de schémas de commande position/force d'un manipulateur monté sur un véhicule." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20164.
Full textBoutin, Yanik. "Optimisation numérique de collecteurs de radiation solaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24973/24973.pdf.
Full textFraisse, Philippe. "Contribution à la commande robuste position/force des robots manipulateurs à architecture complexe : Application à un robot à deux bras." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20042.
Full textGiraud, Claude. "Contribution aux problèmes de sélection et de placement de capteurs." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20138.
Full textSiri, Didier. "Modélisation moléculaire : contribution au développement de deux nouveaux logiciels de calcul de champ de force : application à différentes familles de composés moléculaires." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30019.
Full textCastagnetti, Andrea. "Étude de la gestion de l'autonomie en énergie d'objets communicants sans fil." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4059.
Full textWireless Sensor Networks are composed of nodes equipped with a computational unit, sensors and a radio transceiver. Energy consumption is a major challenge in the WSN domain, and energy efficient solutions are required because the nodes carry a limited amount of power. Energy harvesting technologies can be used to scavenge energy from the environment, thus prolonging the lifespan of a WSN node. The goal of this thesis is on power management techniques
Collin, Ivan. "Planification de tâches-robots pour robots mobiles en environnement structuré." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD778.
Full textZhao, Su. "Étude et intégration de capteurs ultrasonores dans un système de contrôle hiérarchisé : application à un organe de sécurité "réflexe" pour un robot mobile." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD687.
Full textHuard, Mathieu. "Modélisation géométrique et reconstruction de formes équipées de capteurs d'orientation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENM090/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis in applied mathematics was conducted within the Electronic Systems andSensors department of the CEA-Leti (Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission - Laboratory for Electronics and Information Technologies), a major organism for technological research located in Grenoble, France. This work originated from a partnership with the applied mathematics laboratory (LJK) of the Joseph Fourier university (UJF). The Leti develops embedded systems equiped with micro-sensors (magnetometers, accelerometers...) from which it is possible to retrieve informations about their spatial orientation. These systems allow for innovative applications in the field of shape acquisition and reconstruction. The problem of reconstructing surfaces from unstructured orientation data is ill-posed. However, previous work done within the Leti came up with a valid reconstruction protocol. The micro-sensors were integrated into the Morphosense ribbon : this flexible ribbon instrumented with sensor knots according to a known geometry is at the core of a number of reconstruction algorithms for the curves followed by the ribbon. When lied on a physical surface, Morphosense ribbons then allow the acquisition and reconstruction of a network of curves on the surface, that are then used for the reconstruction of the entire surface. We first propose new algorithms for curve reconstruction thanks to the Morphosense ribbon. Those new methods now integrate the orientation informations provided by the sensors in their entirety, as well as the mechanical properties of the ribbon that force it to follow geodesic curves on a surface. From this point of view, the curve reconstruction can be considered optimal, as it integrates all the information embedded in the ribbons' structure. We then study a set of methods for the reconstruction of surfaces using a network of ribbon curves. Such a network generally leads to problems linked to the closure of the network and missing data estimation. The closure of the network is essentially a numerical problem related to differential constraints. The missing data corresponds to the lack of information on the surface outside the network of curves. In order to deal with these problems and propose practical solutions for the reconstruction, hypotheses either on the surface models or the topology of the network of curves are required. Therefore, the developed methods fall within the two following approaches.– On the one hand, reconstruction methods for developable and quasi-developable surfaces, which are a good approximation for the surfaces considered in numerous applications.– On the other hand, reconstruction methods from networks of curves with specific topologies (quasi-planar curves, open network) so as to deal with the closure problem.The set of methods developed in this work allow to formulate a global process for the reconstruction of surfaces, with flexible algorithms adapting to the different practical situations, so as to propose a solution both simple and precise in each case. The validation of our results in the case of real sensors data provided by the Morphosense ribbons also led us to develop metrological device. Finally, notice that the general context of reconstruction from orientation data studied here raises original theorical problems, to which we tried to answer with innovative solutions through interpolation and optimization algorithms
Clouet, Axel. "Géométrie pour l'optimisation de capteurs d'images couleurs ou multispectraux en présence de bruit." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY047.
Full textColor and multispectral image sensors contain several acquisition channels characterized by their spectral responses. On one hand, the choice of these ones influences the functional performance of the sensor by changing its color and spectral accuracy. On the other hand, it affects noise amplification occurring when raw images are processed. This thesis contains a geometrical analysis of this phenomenon and proposes a method to optimize spectral responses.Multispectral images allow to simulate raw acquisitions from theoretical sensors and to test processing steps. Using an acquisition bench, a new dataset has been published containing 22 multispectral images covering the absorption range of silicon (400-1050 nm).Then, I developed a geometrical approach to describe noise amplification based on a graphical representation of signals/noise at raw, spectral and color levels. I concluded that inter-channel correlations are the main cause of the amplification.Based on this geometrical representation, I created a simple decorrelation method respecting positivity constraint, adapted to the computation of theoretical spectral responses. I used this method to compute optimized responses for a color sensor and I extended the principle to multispectral applications.To go further, I used a model of mesopic vision domain to relax colorimetry in a controlled way while increasing signal to noise ratio of the image. Then I showed that the geometrical approach could be extended to other issues like image demosaicing
Phan, Huy Minh Châu. "Développement de composants transducteurs et de dispositifs aux fonctionnalités innovantes fondés sur la technologie des fibres microstructurées et des réseaux de Bragg." Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/25f913c0-6636-4f4a-8cd0-683c177cea3b/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0012.pdf.
Full textThis work lies within the scope of optical fibers sensors development based on microstructured fibres. The inherent advantages of these special fibres, resulting from the innovative technology, are due to related to the presence of air channels within the cladding. Telecommunication industry as well as instrumentation can draw profit from possibilities offered by “custom” design of this type of guide, achieved through the stack of rods and silica capillaries, each of them constituting many zones of the preform from which would be manufactured microstructured fibers. Thus, it is possible to use the interaction between the electromagnetic field of the optical wave and the liquid medium, even solidified, present in the aforementioned channels to produce transducers or active light modulators for example. Beyond, fibre design makes it possible to optimize the measurement sensitivity to the required parameters. Finally, taking advantage of Bragg grating photowritten in the fibre core adds transducing functionality through spectrally multiplexed remote measurements. This manuscript describes short-period Fiber Bragg Grating and Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating photowriting in a microstructured fiber and sensitivity study of its spectral resonance shift according to the refractive index of the medium inserted into the fiber holes, and this for several fiber designs. The principle of measurement is to follow the wavelength shift of Bragg resonance according to the refractive index of the medium inserted into the holes. Initially, microstructured fiber characterization, manufactured through the MONTE CRISTO project consortium (6-hole fiber, then 18-hole fiber) was carried out through the Fiber Bragg grating photowriting and the cross comparison between experimental and simulation results of a modal analysis. So, adding to the commercial software FEMLab (finite-elements type) a dedicated simulation tool based on the localized function method has been developed. For a given design of hole geometry, it is possible to find out the sensitivity versus refractive index of the medium inserted in the channels (sensitivities obtained, respectively with 6 and 18-hole fibers, are 4×10-3 r. I. U/ pm and 7×10-4 r. I. U/ pm, with a refractive index close to 1,33). This tool allowed us to model and design a specific microstructured fibre made up of three large channels close to the core. This design of hole geometry largely improved the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the medium inserted and in fine increased the sensitivity of the Bragg grating resonance to the refractive index (sensitivity of 3×10-5 r. I. U/ pm for a refractive index close to 1,33). In a second time, fluids with calibrated refractive index were inserted by capillarity into the fiber channels. The spectral evolution versus index of refraction of the Bragg grating photowritten in the Ge doped core microstructured fiber made it possible to determine precisely the spectral sensitivity to the refractive index. Another approach based on Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating was also investigated. This initiative (consisting in modifying the fibre profile and thus its optogeometric characteristics), as a complement to the first solution, allows to significantly increase the measurement sensitivity by considering the spectral evolution of one of the high order mode with the index of refraction. Beyond, a multi-cycle ‘reversible’ refractometric device, allowing insertion and extraction of liquids to be analyzed in the fibre channels was developed and characterized, demonstrating the feasibility of the global solution of refractive index measurements with microstructured fibers. In complement to index measurements, a preliminary study was carried out to highlight the possibility to increase the thermal sensitivity of a Fiber Bragg Grating photowritten in a microstructured fibre, while inserting into channels a fluid whose index is higher than a threshold value depending on hole geometry. As a consequence, doubling the thermal sensitivity of the Bragg grating is achievable for a fibre profile and a given refractive index. In the future the way is wide open for a new type of sensors based on Fiber Bragg gratings (or Tilted Fiber Bragg gratings), optimized microstructured fibers and fluid devices to insert or extract liquids used as transducers themselves or to be analyzed. The fields of potential application cover numerous sectors such as biology, chemistry or environment analysis
Cissé, Edmond. "Modélisation, optimisation et réalisation de détecteurs de radiation et de thermopiles en technologie couche mince." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20212.
Full textChebira, Abdennasser. "Détection d'obstacles en temps réel par reconstruction de l'environnement 2d à partir de capteurs infrarouges id : modélisation capteur et scène, représentation d'imprécisions et incertitudes par des modèles probalistes et flous." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112042.
Full textChen, Jiejia. "Minimisation de la consommation et gestion de l’interférence pour des transmissions multi-sauts et coopératives dans les réseaux de capteurs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10097/document.
Full textThe main objective of this work is firstly to study the impact of material characteristics on the consumption of a direct link or a multi-hop transmission in the wireless sensor networks applications. We specifically investigate the communications environment within the building with short transmission distances. A sensors network with low cost but many who can only capture data and transmit it is assumed. A second kind of sensors, fewer but more powerful, is capable of relaying information. Finally, the information is sent to the gateway that may be more expensive and energy-unconstrained. In this context, the physical characteristics may change between the different nodes. We want to see if these factors have an impact on strategies for multi-hop transmissions. Our major contribution is to show that the efficiency or the noise of the nodes in a heterogeneous system is an important parameter for selecting a node and the calculations of optimal relay gains. We then study methods of cooperative diversity "decode and forward" and "Amplify and forward" for improved performance in the context of impulse radio ultra-wideband. Due to the multiple access, the distribution of interference is not Gaussian. We choose the symmetric α-stable model that accurately represents the impulsive nature thanks to its heavy-tailed distribution. The stability property then allows us an analytical study of multi-hop transmissions and cooperatives. We analyze the error probability and obtain semi-analytical expressions. Finally, we propose a criterion for selecting the optimal relay based on the effect of interference
Romary, David. "Etude technico-économique des systèmes de production et distribution de chaleur et de force : application au tertiaire." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10230.
Full textCao, Hua. "Modélisation et évaluation expérimentale de la relation entre le signal EMG de surface et la force musculaire." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1856.
Full textThe estimation of the force generated by a muscle is important in biomechanical studies and clinical applications. As this force cannot be measured directly, the surface electromyography signal (SEMG), reflecting the level of muscle activation, is used to quantify the force developed. However, all the factors controlling an isometric contraction do not influence the force and the SEMG simultaneously. The aim of this study is to develop a simulation model of SEMG and force in order to study the EMG-force relationship. For this purpose, we first developed a new method to simulate the muscle force from an existing EMG model. We tested the complete model with two recruitment strategies and studied the influence of target force duration. Then we used a Monte Carlo method to study the sensitivity of the model to various input physiological parameters. Two existing criteria (EMG-force and force-force variability relationships) and a new criterion (error between the target force and the generated force) were used to optimize the parameters in constant target force contractions. This new criterion was then used in variable target force contractions (sinusoidal or triangular target) in order to obtain the optimum parameter ranges. Finally, to evaluate our model, we performed experiments and simulations for the biceps. The results have shown that our EMG-force model can qualitatively simulate the behaviour of the biceps for isotonic and anisotonic contractions
Bichler, Anthony. "Modélisation et simulation de la propagation optique dans une fibre optique multimode précontrainte : conception de capteurs à fibre optique à modulation d’intensité dédiés à la mesure de températures et d’étirements." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/BICHLER_Anthony_2011.pdf.
Full textThis manuscript presents the modeling, simulation and design of a new kind of light modulation optical fiber sensor for temperature and strain measurement. The transducer consists of a multimode fiber step index clamped between two micro-structured jaws. The clamping effect generates local periodical perturbations of both the geometry and the fiber refraction indexes (core and optical cladding). In order to compute the radiative coupling occurring when the waveguide is perturbated by a mechanical deformation of short period, we have chosen to use an electromagnetic model of modes coupling initially developed by Dietrich Marcuse. The simulation allowed us to determine the transducer sensitivity according to its specific characteristics. From these results we have chosen the parameters useful to design the sensor versus the aimed application. The first jaws prototypes of transducers have been microstructured in rectangular pattern etched in metal by femto-second laser micromachining. The elementary pattern size was of 20 micrometers of depth and the pattern layout period was ranging from 50 micrometers to 100 micrometers. After evaluation, we proposed to develop a large scale fabrication process of the jaws using plastic injection which was very efficient. The experimental tests of the first sensor prototypes allowed the validation of the computing models and showed a linear response of the sensor versus the measured physical parameter. We present the static and dynamic calibration methods that we have implemented to establish the metrological specifications of the sensor
Trezzani, Isabelle. "Conduite et optimisation de processus de fermentation : quantification en ligne de la synthèse de protéines recombinantes par mesure de bioluminescence." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10242.
Full textBoulay, Nicolas. "Modélisation des capteurs d’émission acoustique en vue de la simulation d’un contrôle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS593/document.
Full textNondestructive testing (NDT) by acoustic emission (AE) allows the detection of the formation or the evolution of defects. It relies on the use of one or several sensors that can be permanently attached to a large structure to listen to AE events that can happen. In the framework of the development of a tool for simulating NDT/AE, this thesis aims at modeling the measurement of arbitrary elastic wave field by AE sensor. An exact formulation, then an approximate one which derives from it, are obtained from the electromechanical reciprocity principle, of the response of an AE sensor to elastic waves. It is demonstrated that the accurate calculation of these responses cannot be made under the usual simplifying hypotheses which lead naturally to one-dimensional model. Rather the opposite, it is demonstrated that for standard sensors conceived to be highly sensitive over a large bandwidth, complex vibration modes together with the sensor case influence fundamentally their response. A finite element model is proposed, experimentally validated and used to conduct parametric studies helpful for an operator choosing a sensor, for a manufacturer to optimally conceive sensors. A representation of AE sensor sensitivity is proposed, far more complete than what is usually known about sensors. A simulation strategy is developed relying on the formation of a database of sensor sensitivities
Combes, Pascal. "Injection de signal et contrôle "sans capteurs" des moteurs électriques." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0053/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes an in-depth study of some aspects of "sensorless" control algorithms for electrical machines. Over the past few years, thanks to the progress made in electronics, "sensorless" control laws became a standard expected from any variable speed drive for any electrical motor. However low-speed "sensorless" operation of electrical motors is inherently difficult, due to a theoretical limitation explained here by an observability study. Signal injection is a promising solution to circumvent this limitation, but its effects are not yet fully understood. In particular, experimental results are not explained by traditional linear sinusoidal models for electrical motors.Hence a new modeling approach for electrical motors is proposed here. It is much simpler than the usual ones and explains thoroughly why saturation can be modeled in the nonphysical dq frame. Signal injection effects are then explained using a multiple time-scale approach and, when put into the general context of nonlinear systems, it turns out to be a technique which allows to obtain more information without adding sensors. Thanks to this additional information, sensorless control of electrical motor becomes theoretically possible, even though the implementation remains challenging due to industrial constraints. Models for the Synchronous Reluctance Motor and the Induction Motor at no load are designed using the proposed approach and calibrated on experimental data but the procedure failed for the Induction Motor under load due to a lack of measurements combined to hysteresis effects. Besides, thanks to the similarities between electrical motors, underlined by the proposed modeling approach, we are able to generalize the proof of a "sensorless" control law designed for Synchronous Reluctance Motors to any kind of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Ickowicz, Adrien. "Méthodes d'estimation statistique pour le suivi de cibles à l'aide d'un réseau de capteurs." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482418.
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