Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Capteurs de courant fluxgate'
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Msaed, Aline Maroun. "Micro capteur magnétique de mesure de courant et traitement intégré." Grenoble INPG, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00471458.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the current measurement from magnetic field measurement without using magnetic concentrator. A new current sensor based on differential magnetic field measurement has been realized. It consists to disposes one diffenrential linear magnetic fluxgate sensor upon sections of U-shaped conductor. This conductor was crossed by the current to be measured. Using this system, we have improved the accuracy of current sensor and insured the rejection of external magnetic perturbations. This new system has been studied theoretically and validated experimentally. The impacts of various production factors have been studied by suuported to analytical computing, to elements finite simulations and finally tothe measurements. The integration of this new current system makes easier the dissemination of current sensor
Saoudi, Rania. "Comportement des matériaux magnétiques nanocristallins FeCuNbSiB lors du vieillissement sous contraintes thermique et électrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10132.
Full textIn the context of increasing energy efficiency, electrical systems need to be designed in a very compact way in order to reduce their volume and weight, specifically in systems used in transportation (automotive, rail and airplanes). This compactness leads the magnetic materials of the new electrical converters to operate in severe environments (high temperatures and high frequencies). This thesis focuses on the behavior over time (aging) of FeCuNbSiB nanocrystalline materials dedicated to the design of transformers, inductors and current sensors. Different grades of nanocrystalline materials were provided by our collaborator APERAM Imphy in the form of wound cores. At first, nanocrystalline materials are studied during continuous aging under different temperatures. In aim to monitor aging evolution, several macroscopic magnetic properties are measured at each aging period. In order to explain the aging mechanism, an analysis of the anisotropy energies is conducted, completed by measurements at different scales (local, mesoscopic and microscopic). Thereafter, the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline materials are monitored during their thermal aging under alternating excitation. The latter is applied using electronic circuits designed for fluxgate current sensors provided by LEM. Finally, the impact of magnetic aging of nanocrystals on the evolution of sensor parameters is studied
Briffod, Fabien. "Structures innovantes pour capteurs optiques de courant électriques [sic] /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=2664.
Full textPoulichet, Patrick. "Modelisation, conception et realisation de capteurs de courant performants." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DENS0023.
Full textDhahbi, Hakim. "Caractérisation et modélisation de matériaux magnétiques pour capteurs de courant." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT027/document.
Full textThe topic of this study involves power sensors used in Schneider Electrics circuit breakers that should operate increasingly at variable frequencies. We are particularly focusing on "iron losses” through their characterization and modelling. The study is based on the improvement of the LS model in order to use it in the dimensioning of the sensor. The model is integrated in Flux® as post-processing; therefore an application has been developed that includes Ls model iron losses at each time step in the simulation of the sensor and its environment. An experimental analysis of the behaviour of the sensors magnetic circuit was also conducted by integrating new materials on the one hand and by considering the manufacturing processes and operating conditions of the sensor on the other hand. Furthermore, a calorimetric study was conducted to measure the iron losses of the sensor experimentally and to state reference measurements to compare with the results of simulations. Finally, two main missions have been engaged and remain to be finalized: a new method of the static LS model and an experimental bench, a calorimeter, has been designed and tested, but still to be improved
Jacquemod, Cyril. "Micro-capteurs de courant non-intrusifs autonomes sur support souple." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4380.
Full textPart of the CIFRE contract in collaboration with Qualisteo company, this thesis focuses on the design and development of current sensors suitable for large voltage and current ranges for a tertiary or industrial or electrical installation. These new sensors allows to obtain control over the management of power consumption, featuring a network through the current measurement. These transmitted data will return the variations of the charging curve with sufficient detail to allow to recognize the equipment in operation, limiting at the same time the size of the information provided by several orders of magnitude compared to the original signal.The first part of this thesis presents the work done in order to develop innovative sensors. The developed sensors will proposed an answer to respond to the problems related to continuous and transient states. The solutions are based on the Rogowski technology which has the advantage of excellent linearity and measuring a wide dynamic with only one device. Coil sensitivity, linearity, time domain and FFT measurements are some of the mains parameters to judge the static characteristics of the Rogowski coil.The response of this new sensors have been increased as the design and technologies have been tested. Measurements on measuring benches made by the laboratory and field trials enabled to specify and design an electronic treatment, for the specific purpose of achieving a dedicated circuit.The second part of this work concerns the signal conditioning. The aim is to make the wireless sensor using Bluetooth Low Energy technology and use of an electronic system including RF transmitter implemented
Colin, Bruno. "Caractérisation et Réduction des Anomalies de Mesure dans les Capteurs de Courant Différentiel." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00322750.
Full textUn important travail de modélisation par éléments finis de ces faux courants a été accompli. En particulier, les conséquences d?un excentrage des conducteurs primaires du capteur ont été étudiées par simulation numérique. De plus divers outils spécifiques ont été développés, notamment un modèle de matériaux magnétique anisotrope permettant de modéliser de façon simple et rapide le ruban enroulé formant les capteurs
Chauvenet, Cédric. "Protocoles de support IPv6 pour réseaux de capteurs sur courant porteur en ligne." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENM067/document.
Full textThis thesis demonstrate the relevance of Powerline Communication (PLC) usage for sensor networks applications. We focus in particular on the low power and low data rate PLC technol- ogy "Watt Pulse Communication" (WPC) developed by the Watteco company and justify its usage for sensor network applications. We situate the WPC technology in the PLC landscape and define compatible protocols. We then describe the WPC module and the PLC media im- plementation in the COOJA network simulator. This allows us to propose a network solution over this technology, leveraging on the adaptation of the 802.15.4 standard over the WPC tech- nology. We then demonstrate the benefit of media convergence at the network layer level, with the use of the IPv6 standard that we adapted over our PLC solution thanks to the 6LoWPAN protocol. We justify the usage of standards protocols over our PLC solution and show that a routing solutions must be developed over WPC. We show through experiments that our PLC solution match low power and lossy network (LLNs) criterions for which the RPL standard pro- tocol has been designed. We justify the usage of this routing protocol over our PLC solution, and validate its implementation through 2 experiments conducted in tertiary types buildings. Respectively composed of 7 and 26 PLC nodes, results show that the routing topology created by RPL enable the coverage an entire floor of a tertiary building with a tree based topology and 3 hops maximum path length. We also show that the WPC technology exhibits a high connectivity between nodes and that the link quality is highly dynamic. Though, we observed that the routing topology was able to handle these variations. We point out the limitations of our PLC solution, which presents high delays and low throughput, creating high constraints on applications. Our sensor network solution over PLC relies on the IP standard, enabling packets exchanges with other technologies using the same protocol. In particular, we study the possi- bility to create heterogeneous networks mixing the WPC technology with 802.15.4 radio. We show that our protocol stack used over PLC enable to create this type of network, in order to benefit from the best of these 2 worlds. We purpose an architecture of a hybrid Radio / PLC node enabling to transfer packets between these 2 media. Then, we show that the combined usage of these 2 media increase the number of available paths and facilitate the routing, while diminishing the number of hops and possible unreachability of nodes. We then demonstrate that the addition of PLC and Radio/PLC nodes in a RF based battery powered sensor network enable to relieve their routing charge in order to expand their lifetime. We then continue the energy study with a power consumption optimization of a wireless sensor network platform from the hardware and software standpoint. We first determine the operating frequency, the wake up frequency and the mode of operation of the micro controller offering the lowest power consump- tion. We then conduct an energy study of 4 different radio transceivers using the 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz frequency band, in order to determine the most efficient architecture. We determine the protocols parameters and the software optimization to reach the lower power consumption of this architecture. Finally, we realize the energy study of several probes than can be embedded on the node, according to their nature and functioning mode. Our final architecture exhibits a total power consumption that is lower than 17 μW, with an applicative reporting each 10 minutes and the maintenance of the reachability with the network. We also mention in annex parts our implication in standards developments organizations such as the IETF a the IPSO alliance, that allow us to validate the implementation of our solution through interoperability events
Domengie, Florian. "Etude des défauts électriquement actifs dans les matériaux des capteurs d'image CMOS." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENT002/document.
Full textPixels size of CMOS image sensors is now decreasing towards one micron. Inthat context, dark current is a critical parameter. It superimposes with thecurrent generated by photons and affects the image quality with whitepixels. The metallic contamination introduced during the fabrication processplays an important role in the generation of defects that induce this darkcurrent. This study has allowed to determine dangerousness thresholds ofseveral metals on the imager technology. The origin of some accidentalcontaminations has been identified during yield crisis. Some work withdetection techniques has been performed with µPCD, DLTS, charge pumping,SIMS, TEM and photoluminescence. Dark current spectroscopy (DCS),particularly adapted to this situation, has been developped for theidentification of gold, tunsgten and molybdenum contaminations, withdetection limits that reach 108 to 1010 at/cm3. We have observed the darkcurrent quantization and studied the electric field enhancement ofgeneration rate to model the dark current peaks obtained. The behavior ofsome metals in silicon is confirmed by these experiments and we haveevaluated the getter efficiency of different substrates for image sensors.This work has lead to the application of protocols for the metalliccontamination control in clean room
Mazerie, Isabelle. "Développement de capteurs électrochimiques basés sur de la voltammétrie par échantillonnage de courant sur réseau d'électrodes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S139/document.
Full textAs in many fields, safety is primarily based on the development of reliable and highly sensitive analytical methods to detect hazardous molecules. Therefore there is a need for developing simple methods for the diagnosis of harmful molecules in our environment. In this context, electrochemical detection systems seems very promising because they are highly sensitive, require short analysis time, are easy to implement and economic to fabricate. Moreover, our team has recently developed a new concept of device based on sampled-current voltammetry performed on an electrode array (EASCV) which is compatible with miniaturization and portability. The system allows the renewal of the electrode surface and of the analytical solution during the analysis. The present project addresses these issues and aims to extend it to methods involving a preconcentration step. A first study, for the detection of phenol, showed that EASCV offers a versatile solution to decrease fouling effect during the analysis. Indeed experimental and theoretical studies show that the renewable of electrode surface and of the solution in the vicinity of the electrode associated with the use of a short sampled time can avoid electrode fouling. For the first time, it was possible to combine sampled-current voltammetry with anodic stripping voltammetry. In this study, we were able to create a calibration curve, for the detection of lead, and we obtained current intensities 300 times higher than with usual linear stripping voltammetry.First attempts to adapt this new concept to pulse methods were promising.. To increase the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor, the electrode array is chemically modified. The nature of this modification depends on the nature of the analyte. Thus, molecular imprinted polymer (for molecules) or macrocyclic ligands (for ions) are tested In both cases, an electrografting method is achieved to functionalize the surface. The first results are promising since a current-potential curve is obtained with a sensibility ten times higher than with a preconcentration by electrodeposition
Frick, Vincent. "Etude et réalisation d'un système intégré pour la mesure de courant avec isolation galvanique en milieu industriel." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13237.
Full textOuffoue, Cyrius. "Système intégré dédié à des applications de mesure de courant sans contact à gamme dynamique variable en milieu industriel." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/OUFFOUE_Cyrius_2010_ED269.pdf.
Full textThis thesis work has been carried out during a collaborative project between SOCOMEC and InESS laboratory. The goal was to develop a CMOS integrated system for huge dynamic range current measurement. The current dynamic range goes from a few tens of amps to tens of thousands amps. The main objective of such a system is to replace the bulky current sensor like current transformers and Rogowski torus in many industrial applications. By integrating this current measurement system in CMOS technology, we can add many features like amplification, gain control and analog to digital converters. In this work, we proposed a new current sensor based on a Hall effects sensors network. This current sensor has been tested and validated
Gayral, Fabrice. "Interfaces sigma-delta avancées pour capteur de champ magnétique microfluxgate." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECDL0004.
Full textThe microfluxgate sensor is a miniaturized device that measures the magnetic field. Its resolutioncompared to its small size makes him a leader on the accurate micro magnetic field sensors market. For now used in electronic compass or motion capture applications, it will in the near future be a candidate for applications requiring a much higher resolution. In this context, this PhD thesis focuses on the design of an integrated analog/digital interface which will enable to take better advantage of the high performances of the microfluxgate sensor. We have developed a new functioning technique for the microfluxgate sensor, that takes advantage of the intrinsic characteristics of the miniaturized fluxgate sensor. This new method enables to enhance the sensor’s performances while diminishing the constraints on the analog detection electronic, and reducing the consumption of the system. We present the design of an integrated circuit in a 0,35 micron CMOS technology, based on this new technique, that includes a low-pass Sigma-Delta detection and modulation, and a digital feedback control. Promising test results of the circuit lead to envision the design of an adjustable architecture which will enable the real-time tradeoff between consumption and resolution
Pogany, Dionyz. "Etude du bruit télégraphique, du courant d’obscurité et des niveaux profonds dans les photodiodes InP/InGaAs/InP en désaccord de maille." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0044.
Full textDark current and low frequency noise are the principal performance limitations of lattice-mismatched InGaAs/InP linear photodetector arrays for space applications in the 1,7 micrometer wavelength range. Excess noise in these devices has essentially a form of the Random Telegraph Signal (RTS). This work mainly concern the study of physical mechanisme controlling the current and noise. We have performed characterisation, classification and modelling of excess crrents. RTS noise has been studied in time and frequency domain. Results show that RTS noise is due to fluctuations of excess current which flows through a dislocation related extended defetc. This current is modulated by a charge fluctuation or structural reconfiguration of complex defects located at the leakage site. To interpret the results we have developped previously proposed RTS noise models for bipolar devices, Measurments of excess noise have been correlated with spatially resolved technique like LBIC. We discuss the influence of material and technological defects as well as surface and bulk origin of RTS noise
Boudaud, Dominique. "Modélisation comportementale et simulation des capteurs de courant, optimisation globale des déclencheurs électroniques dans les disjoncteurs industriels basse tension." Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10081.
Full textJanet, Fleur. "Modélisation de dispositifs électromagnétiques hautement saturables par la méthode des moments magnétiques : application aux capteurs de courant des disjoncteurs basse tension." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00384272.
Full textBala, Mokrane. "Contributions à l'amélioration de la loi de commande d'une machine électrique d'un compresseur de climatisation : réduction du nombre de capteurs de courant." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPAST014.
Full textThis thesis work is part of the EDC (Electrical Driven Compressor) project, which aims to develop reliable, compact electric air conditioning compressors that comply with automotive standards and have low production costs. This thesis is made up of two parts. The first one is devoted to the elimination of phase current sensors and their replacement by a single current sensor at the DC bus level. This removal was performed with the help of an algorithm for the reconstruction of phase currents. The modification of the SVPWM control law by an analytical algorithm was made necessary in order to ensure the reconstruction of the phase currents over the entire operating range. Simulation and experimentation results have shown the good working of the phase current reconstruction algorithm using the modified SVPWM. The aim of the second part of this work was to reduce electromagnetic interference by control, using spread spectral techniques based on random PWM. The complexity of this part mainly concerned the adaptation of this method to our reconstruction algorithm based on the modified SVPWM. The simulation results and the experimental results showed good spectral spreading of the different harmonics of the phase currents and the output voltages of the inverter
Mas, Patrick. "Etude de capteurs magnétorésistifs intégrés pour l'enregistrement magnétique." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10130.
Full textMartin, Emma. "Etude physique de la dégradation et modèles pour l'assurance durcissement des capteurs d'image en environnement spatial." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0040/document.
Full textTwo imaging sensor technologies are presently used in Earth and space imagery missions: Charge Couple Devices (CCD) and CMOS detectors. The space radiation environment is composed of energetic particles that degrade imaging sensor’s performances. It has been shown that real in-orbit degradation of imaging sensors are strongly dependent of orbital and operating conditions and are, as a consequence, difficult to predict. The work performed in this thesis has for purpose an understanding of space radiation-induced degradations for both CCD and CMOS technologies and the proposal of better suited assessment methods for these specific devices in order to better prediction of real in-orbit detector’s degradation from on-ground irradiation tests. The first step of the work focused on the identification of on-ground test parameters that could possibly explain the differences observed between inorbit and on-ground data. Thus an irradiation test plan to y-rays and proton particles has been defined in order to assess the imaging sensor’s degradation for both CCD and CMOS technologies in operating and irradiation conditions close to in-orbit ones. The effects of detector’s operation conditions during irradiation (bias, duty cycle, etc.) but also the irradiation conditions (dose rate, proton energy, etc.) have been studied. The present work focuses on effects on dark current, on its pixel to pixel dispersion and on the presence of hot pixels, which are, at first order, the main performance parameters of an imaging sensor that is degraded by space radiations. The study of the irradiation dose rate influence has shown an Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS) phenomenon observed for the first time on a CCD imager under dynamic bias condition with a ON/OFF duty cycle. The tested bias conditions CMOS image sensors have demonstrated that the higher the activation frequency and duty cycle, the higher is the degradation. Besides, the proton irradiations performed on CMOS detectors have induced hot pixels that anneal just after irradiation at room temperature. A random telegraphic signal (RTS) behaviour of the dark current has also been shown on CMOS sensors. In parallel to the irradiation tests, a simulation code of ionizing dose effects on oxides of MOS elementary structures has been adapted and used. This program, called ACDC (Accumulation des Charges en Dose Cumulée), has allowed to assess the quantification time constants of physical mechanisms that induce ionizing dose degradation on these structures. These time constants are used for the interpretation of dynamic bias effects
Belloir, Jean-Marc. "Spectroscopie du courant d’obscurité induit par les effets de déplacement atomique des radiations spatiales et nucléaires dans les capteurs d’images CMOS à photodiode pincée." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESAE0029/document.
Full textCMOS image sensors are envisioned for an increasing number of high-end scientific imaging applications such asspace imaging or nuclear experiments. Indeed, the performance of high-end CMOS image sensors has dramaticallyincreased in the past years thanks to the unceasing improvements of microelectronics, and these image sensors havesubstantial advantages over CCDs which make them great candidates to replace CCDs in future space missions.However, in space and nuclear environments, CMOS image sensors must face harsh radiation which can rapidlydegrade their electro-optical performances. In particular, the protons, electrons and ions travelling in space or thefusion neutrons from nuclear experiments can displace silicon atoms in the pixels and break the crystalline structure.These displacement damage effects lead to the formation of stable defects and to the introduction of states in theforbidden bandgap of silicon, which can allow the thermal generation of electron-hole pairs. Consequently, nonionizingradiation leads to a permanent increase of the dark current of the pixels and thus a decrease of the imagesensor sensibility and dynamic range. The aim of the present work is to extend the understanding of the effect ofdisplacement damage on the dark current increase of CMOS image sensors. In particular, this work focuses on theshape of the dark current distribution depending on the particle type, energy and fluence but also on the imagesensor physical parameters. Thanks to the many conditions tested, an empirical model for the prediction of the darkcurrent distribution induced by displacement damage in nuclear or space environments is experimentally validatedand physically justified. Another central part of this work consists in using the dark current spectroscopy techniquefor the first time on irradiated CMOS image sensors to detect and characterize radiation-induced silicon bulk defects.Many types of defects are detected and two of them are identified, proving the applicability of this technique to studythe nature of silicon bulk defects using image sensors. In summary, this work advances the understanding of thenature of the radiation-induced defects responsible for the dark current increase in space or nuclear environments. Italso leads the way to the design of more advanced dark current prediction models, or to the development ofmitigation strategies in order to prevent the formation of the responsible defects or to allow their removal
Nabias, Julie. "Capteur de courant à Magnéto-Impédance Géante (GMI) souple et portatif." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT013/document.
Full textThe GMI effect displays several advantages, such as high sensitivity, high detection resolution and bandwidth, and mechanical flexibility. These advantages predispose this technology to the implementation of flexible contactless current sensors measuring both DC and AC currents.This thesis work aims at exploring the feasibility of a flexible GMI current sensor. A particular attention to the impact of influence parameters which largely condition the design solutions of the sensor has been paid.The effects of temperature and mechanical constraints such as bending and torsion, which apply in a real measuring environment, are characterized by taking into account the intrinsic features which are necessary to the design of the sensor. The impact of the general measuring configuration and electronics are also studied. The effects of magnetic disturbances and of the position of the current-carrying conductor in the measuring loop are quantified and an adequate shielding method is proposed. Finally, the sensor prototype obtained at the end of this work is described with its performances and the possible optimization and enhancement ways
Touzani, Youssef. "Commande aléatoire du convertisseur Buck-Boost triphasé à prélèvement sinusoïdal du courant." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693968.
Full textUrsule, Marie-Cécile. "Compréhension des mécanismes physiques à l'origine des dégradations électriques extrêmes des pixels dans les capteurs d'images irradiés." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0014/document.
Full textImage sensors are used in various space applications: space and earth observations, attitude calculation etc. Those sensors are very sensitive to the space environment whose radiations lead to a degradation of their performances. Among the different impacted parameters, we are interested in the increase of dark current in the pixels. This parasitic current is caused by the thermal generation of charge carriers without any light excitation inducing the increase of the background noise on the images. Some pixels exhibiting the highest degradation are particularly disadvantageous for space missions. They can be critical for some missions and impose to the space community to develop effective prediction methods. ONERA developed an original method to predict dark current induce by the space radiations, based on a Monte Carlo method and the GEANT4 library. The objective of the PhD is to improve the performances of the tool. The approach of this work is first to modify the numerical tool for extreme cases of modelling (i.e. high fluencies or huge pixel volume) for which the Monte Carlo simulations are too long. In order to reduce this computation time, we developed calculation methods using statistical simplifications. In a second part, we studied the influence of the pixel geometry on the dark current. The idea is to follow the degradation cascades created by space particles and to determine if those cascades are contained in the impacted pixel or if they reach neighbor pixels. Finally, we modelled in our tool the physical mechanisms potentially responsible of the highest degradations linked to the electric field, the Poole-Frenkel effect and the phonon assisted tunneling
HARDY, LAURENT. "Conception et realisation d'une matrice de capteurs plats a courant de foucault en vue de la detection et de la reconnaissance de pieces metalliques de formes simples." Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMS009.
Full textLe, Roch Alexandre. "Analyse de l’augmentation et de la fluctuation discrète du courant d’obscurité des imageurs CMOS dans les environnements radiatifs spatiaux et nucléaires." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESAE0018.
Full textInspired by the microelectronic Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, CMOS image sensors are widely used in many consumer-grade applications and are predominant in the commercial market for embedded cameras. Over the past decade,numerous technological advances allowed state-of-the-art CMOS image sensors to achieve excellent performances as well as low-power consumption. Therefore, CMOS image sensors are becoming essential candidates for a growing number of high-end applications such as space and nuclear applications. However, the behavior of these microelectronic devices inspace and nuclear radiative environments is still under understanding. Hence, studies still investigate the different mechanisms that lead to the degradation of CMOS image sensor performances including the radiation-induced dark current increase, a parasitic signal that increases with radiation doses. Among these radiation doses, the so-called displacement dose,relative to the alteration of the crystalline structure of the silicon, remains poorly studied compared to the so-called ionizing dose. In the latest CMOS image sensor technologies using pinned photodiodes, the ionizing dose is no longer the main degradation mechanism when the displacement dose is at stake. From then on, the displacement dose becomes the principal degradation mechanism that leads to the dark current increase. This work mainly focuses onthe role of the crystalline defects, created by radiation-induced displacement damage, in the CMOS image sensor dark current increase. Particular interest is given to metastable defects,which are probably the cause of discrete and random fluctuations of the dark current called : Dark Current Random Telegraph Signal (DC-RTS). This study presents a double objective :The first aims to contribute to improving knowledge of the physical principles involved in crystalline silicon when facing radiations. Particle-matter interactions, combined with the specific architecture of image sensors, aim to provide reliable tools to analyze the radiation induced defects in silicon. Observations and findings can be extended to all silicon-based devices and more generally to other semiconductor-based devices.The second seeks to identify the different mechanisms leading to CMOS image sensor dark current increase when operating in radiative environments. The study aims to identify and improve knowledge on the behavior of dark current sources aiming to optimize CMOS image sensors for future space and nuclear applications
Bonvalot, Cyrille. "Contribution à la compréhension du courant d'obscurité dans les détecteurs infrarouges matriciels à base de matériaux III-V." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST016.
Full textLynred is one of the major actors in the high quality cooled infrared detectors market, originally based on II-VI materials (HgCdTe), and more recently on III-V materials (QWIP, InSb, InGaAs). The InSb and InGaAs detectors are composed of photodiode organized in an array, in order to get a two dimension imager. The study reported here aim to enhance our comprehension of the dark current of these photodiodes. The subject is addressed in three steps: a study of the junction profile, an analyze of the phenomenon responsible for the dark current generated in the material’s bulk, and the highlighting of the interfaces role. The junction profile is established from sensibility optimized SIMS measurement. The thicknesses of the absorbing InGaAs layer, and of the space charge region, are obtained from capacity measurement. Because of the non-abrupt junction, the determination of the doping concentration can’t be achieved form the capacity. Diffusion current, which have to be taken into account for the InGaAs diode, is highly dependent upon the double heterojunction. Therefore, vertical and radial diffusion mechanisms have to be considered separately. Additionally, array configuration brings another constraint. Generation current is the witness of the actual technologies progresses, high quality materials with low default concentration and small sized diodes. Bulk material contribution is mostly negligible in comparison of the surface states one, localized at the InSb/SiO or the InGaAs/InP interfaces. Hence, the passivation process, or the epitaxy, is the critical point of those technologies. This thesis made it possible to identify the mechanisms responsible for the dark current of the InSb and InGaAs diodes, allowing us to point out the critical fabrication processes and to propose optimization of design. Characterization means developed during those three years might be used in the production line. It will allow monitoring the stability of the fabrication processes, especially the doping and thickness of the InGaAs absorbing layer. Those methods have the advantages of being simple to use, relatively cheap and above all non-destructives
Jacob, Dominique R. "Principe de la mesure simultanée de distance et d'épaisseur de dépôts métalliques par capteur à courants de Foucault : conception et réalisation d'un dispositif." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112148.
Full textThis thesis presents the design of a system, using an eddy current sensor, for measuring the thickness of metallic deposits on metallic sheets. The sensor, allows the thickness measurement without an accurate position of sensor and the sheet. A model which take account of the distribution of the flux in the space and of the physical properties (resistivity, permeability) of the materials has been developed. This model has been experimentally validated. It allows to take account of the temperature and to calculate the dimensions of the sensor. An application concerning the thickness measurement of zinc deposit on a steel sheet is exposed. The informations of the sensor are digitalised and processed by a microcomputer for calculating simultaneously the distance, between the sensor and the covered sheet, and the thickness of the deposit
Caruso, Laure. "Giant magnetoresistance based sensors for local magnetic detection of neuronal currents." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066272/document.
Full textUnderstanding brain activity requires simultaneous recordings across spatial scales, from single-cell to brain-wide network. Measurements provide insights about the relationship between structures, functions and dynamics in neuronal circuits and assemblies. Electrophysiological techniques carry crucial information about the electrical activity within neurons. Locally probing the magnetic signature of this activity gives direct information about neuronal currents and the vectorial nature of magnetic measurements provides the directionality of neuronal ionic flux without disturbing it. Noticeably, the magnetic signature induced by the neuronal currents is accessible through Magneto EncephaloGraphy (MEG), which provides neuromagnetic field mapping outside the head using Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). However, local measurements of neuronal currents at cellular scale requires small and very sensitive devices. The purpose of the present thesis work is to develop a novel tool for neurophysiology, the magnetic equivalent of electrodes, named “magnetrodes”, are able to detect the local neuronal currents through magnetic detection. Recent advances in spin electronics have given rise to Giant MagnetoResistance (GMR) based sensors, which offer the possibility to be miniaturized and sensitive enough to detect very weak magnetic fields like those emitted by neurons at local scale (in the picotesla to nanotesla range). Two kinds of GMR based sensors have been developed throughout this work, one of these are planar probes dedicated to surface measurements (hippocampus slice, muscle or cortex), the other kind are sharp probes, designed in a needle-shape to easily penetrate the tissues and locally record the neuromagnetic fields. Three experiments have been performed, either in vitro and in vivo. In the first experiment, an Action Potential has been detected magnetically in vitro by means of planar GMR sensors, resulting from axial currents within a mouse muscle. The second in vitro experiment analyzed the hippocampal mouse brain slices, where both planar and sharp probes were tested giving some preliminary results. Lastly we performed the first magnetic recordings in vivo on cat's cerebral cortex, displaying stimulus-induced cortical responses of 10-20 nT pp . These results pave the way for local magnetophysiology, a novel approach of brain exploration and interfacing
Kielar, Marcin. "Photodétecteurs organiques : conception, caractérisation et étude des mécanismes de défaillance." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0226/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study of photodetectors based on organicsemiconductor materials (OPDs) that are sensitive to green light. There are five partsto this study. First, a bibliographic study following the fundamentals of organicmaterials and the working principle of organic photodetectors is presented. Then, anextended study on the methodology and metrology is detailed, which was carried outin order to design and fabricate new optoelectronic instruments that are able tocharacterize organic devices accurately. Fabrication and optimization steps oforganic photodetectors are detailed. The experimental section concerns the study onthe origin of the dark current in organic devices based on electron donor/acceptorsystems. A choice of materials is discussed and a full characterisation of state-of-theartorganic photodetectors is presented in detail. The measured performances wereclose to the those of inorganic sensors based on silicon technology. Finally, a studyof degradation mechanisms is presented which highlights the role of oxygen andmoisture
Durnez, Clémentine. "Analyse des fluctuations discrètes du courant d’obscurité dans les imageurs à semi-conducteurs à base de silicium et Antimoniure d’Indium." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0030/document.
Full textImaging has always been an interesting field, all the more so as it is nowpossible to see further than human eyes in the infrared and ultraviolet spectra. For each fieldof application, materials are more or less adapted : in order to capture visible light, Siliconis a good candidate, because it has been widely studied, and is also used in our everydaylife. Concerning the infrared, more particularly the MWIR spectral band, InSb has provedto be stable and reliable, even if it need to operate at cryogenic temperatures because ofa narrow bandgap.. In this work, a parasitic signal called Random Telegraph Signal (RTS)which appears in both materials (and also others, such as HgCdTe or InGaAs) is analyzed.This signal comes from the pixel photodiiode and corresponds to a discrete dark currentfluctuation with time, like blinking signals. This can cause detector calibration troubles, orfalse star detection for example. This study aims at characterizing RTS and localize the exactorigin in the photodiode in order to be able to predict or mitigate the phenomenon
Bitsindou, Pierre. "Contribution a l'etude et l'exploration de capteurs a courants de foucault utilisant des bobines plates pour la realisation d'un dispositif de detection selective et de positionnement en regard d'ecrous." Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMS002.
Full textAbdellatif, Meriem. "Continuité de service des entraînements électriques pour une machine à induction alimentée par le stator et le rotor en présence de défauts capteurs." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0107/document.
Full textThe development of closed loop controls for electrical drives requires the sensor installations in order to get feed back information. Nevertheless, any occurred sensor fault (current sensor,speed/position sensor,…) shows an operation system deterioration which leads in most cases to its shut down. This consequence is in contrast to industrial expectations especially concerning the system high accuracy that they are asking for. Statistic studies point out the sensor faults as frequent. So, it is necessary to find out solutions ensuring the system service continuity in case of any sensor fault. Firstly, the study presented in this work shows the used sensor technologies in order to understand both of the reason and the kind of occurred faults. Secondly, the studied system is presented which is an electrical drive based on a Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) operating in motor mode and connected to the grid by two inverters. The control developed is a Direct Torque Control (DTC). The control validation, in healthy operating mode, is realised throw simulation and experimentally. After, a study considering alternative current sensor and speed/position sensor faults are achieved. The developed algorithms are based on signal estimation, on a Fault Detection Isolation (FDI) and reconfiguration algorithms. In fact, they are simple to carry out, they don't need much hardware resources for implementation and their execution time is short. Finally, the experimental validation of the developed algorithms shows their efficiency. The system continues working even in presence of a sensor fault. Thus, the obtained control becomes a fault tolerant control thanks to these algorithms
Mamdy, Bastien. "Nouvelle architecture de pixel CMOS éclairé par la face arrière, intégrant une photodiode à collection de trous et une chaine de lecture PMOS pour capteurs d’image en environnement ionisant." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1197/document.
Full textThanks to the growing smartphones and tablets consumer markets, CMOS image sensors have benefited from major technology developments and are able to rival with and even outperform CCD sensors. In parallel, for spatial and medical imaging applications, CMOS sensors have been developed using technologies recognized for their robustness in harsh ionizing environment. This Ph.D. thesis work aims at combining in one single pixel architecture the latest technology developments driven by consumer applications with a novel solution for radiation hardening recently developed at STMicroelectronics. For the first time, this innovative back-side illuminated pixel architecture integrates within a 1.4µm pitch a vertical pinned photodiode based on hole-collection, a PMOS readout chain and deep trench isolation with either passive or active interface passivation. This pixel has been developed using 3D-TCAD simulations allowing fast and efficient optimization of its fabrication process. Through a series of electro-optical characterizations, we have compared its performances to its N-type equivalent before and after irradiation with gamma rays. The pixel developed during this thesis exhibits intrinsically lower level of dark current than its N-type counterpart and improved radiation hardness. Active passivation of deep trench isolation greatly decreases the impact of degradations usually observed at Si/SiO2 interfaces and therefore shows very promising results in ionizing environment. Evidence of intrinsically different mechanisms of white pixel formation under irradiation for N-type and P-type pixels have been presented. Finally, back-side illumination technology and the vertical photodiode both contribute to the pixel’s high full well capacity and good quantum efficiency
Gabi, Yasmine. "Modélisation FEM du système de contrôle non destructif 3MA en ligne de production des aciers dual phase." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00749118.
Full textPedroli, Francesco. "Dielectric strength and leakage current : From synthesis to processing optimization." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI014.
Full textElectro-active polymers (EAPs) such as P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) was demonstrated to be greatly promising in the field of flexible sensors and actuators. The advantages of using EAPs for smart electrical devices are due to their low cost, elastic properties, low density and ability to be manufactured into various shapes and thicknesses. In earlier years, P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) terpolymer attracted many researchers due to its relaxor-ferroelectric property that exhibits high electrostriction phenomena. Although their attractiveness, this class of materials still owns two main technological limitations: low breakdown voltage and the high level of leakage current when high voltages are applied. The quadratic dependence of the strain response and mechanical energy density on the applied electric field highlights the relevance of EAP breakdown electric field, while reducing the dielectric losses. The low dielectric strength of P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) terpolymer turns out to be a main concern for achieving high actuation performances. Moreover, the large of electric field required to attain satisfactory levels of deformation (≥ 40 V/µm, about) inevitably lead to high level of leakage current and thus short life-time. This work demonstrates that it is possible to dramatically increase the electrical breakdown and decrease the dielectric losses by controlling processing parameters of the polymer synthesis and fabrication procedures. Enhancement of intrinsic dielectric strength is obtained by tuning the terpolymer molecular weight and by improving the purity of polymeric dissolution used for fabrication of terpolymer films. The reduction of dielectric losses, and with particular attention at the high-voltage conduction losses (or leakage current) are achieved by the introduction of a novel thermal treatment in the film fabrication process, called electro-thermal annealing
Place, Sébastien. "Elaboration d’une technologie de pixels actifs à détection de trous et évaluation de son comportement en environnement ionisant." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0037/document.
Full textCMOS image sensors are rapidly gaining momentum in high end applications. Some emerging markets like medical imaging applications are focused on hardening against ionizing radiation. Design solutions currently exist to mitigate the effects of these degradations. However, they may introduce additional limitations on pixel performances. In this context, this thesis proposes an innovative solution of hardening by process against ionization effects. It suggests using hole pinned photodiode pixels to mitigate the dark current degradation: one of the most severely impacted parameter during ionizing radiation. This study is first focused on the modeling and understanding of dark current variation on standard CMOS sensors before and after irradiation. Next, a sensor integrating hole-based 1.4 micron pixels is proposed and demonstrated. Dark current performances induced by interfaces contribution are promising before irradiation. A direct comparison under irradiation between hole and electron based sensors with similar design has been carried out. These experiments show a significant reduction in dark current at high doses. Ways of improvement are proposed to enhance the quantum efficiency of this sensor, the main area for improvement as well consumer as medical applications
Delmas, Marie. "Analyse des performances des photodiodes à superréseaux InAs/GaSb pour le moyen infrarouge." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS260.
Full textAmong the high performance cooled infrared (IR) photodetector systems, the InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) is an emerging material which may complement the currently technologies already established. Over the last 10 years, the Institut d'Electronique du Sud (IES) of the University of Montpellier has developed skills in both the growth of SL materials by molecular beam epitaxy and the process fabrication of pin photodiodes. The photodiode fabricated by the IES group are at the state of the art in the mid IR (3 – 5 μm). During this thesis, we studied two structures with different SL periods for the pin active zone showing the same cut-off wavelength of 5 μm at 80K: the structure called InAs-rich structure presents InAs layer thicker than the GaSb layer in each SL period while this configuration is reversed in the case of the GaSb-rich structure. These SL structures have very different electrical and electro-optical characteristics. In particular, the current densities of the InAs-rich structure are very good, about 10-8 A/cm2 at 80K - two orders of magnitude greater than that of GaSb-rich. The aim of this thesis work was therefore to analyze the performance of these photodiodes. For this purpose, we developed a simulation method with the SILVACO TCAD tool. Using this tool, we found that the InAs-rich diodes are limited at low temperatures (typically under 120K) by generation recombination and/or by assisted tunneling currents. The lifetimes extracted from the simulation follows the T-1/2 law, which demonstrates that the limiting mechanism is SRH recombination. However, we found that we could not study the current densities of the GaSb-rich structure using the same procedure. We demonstrate that these results are strongly related to the presence of the electric field in the absorption zone of the device. This electric field generates, at low biases, a strong tunneling current through localized Wannier-Stark states, which strongly limits the overall current despite material improvements. Finally, we define the design conditions to achieve an optimized SL barrier structure and propose a design for SL structures targeting the long wavelength domain
Virmontois, Cédric. "Analyse des effets des déplacements atomiques induits par l’environnement radiatif spatial sur la conception des imageurs CMOS." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0009/document.
Full textToday, space imaging is an essential tool for sustainable development, research and scientific innovation as well as security and defense. Thanks to their good electro-optic performances and low power consumption, CMOS image sensors are serious candidates to equip future space instruments. However, it is important to know and understand the behavior of this imager technology when it faces the space radiation environment which could damage devices performances. Many previous studies have been focused on ionizing effects in CMOS imagers, showing their hardness and several hardening-by-design techniques against such radiations. The conclusions of these works emphasized the need to study non-ionizing effects which have become a major issue in the last generation of CMOS image sensors. Therefore, this research work focuses on non-ionizing effects in CMOS image sensors. These effects, also called displacement damage, are investigated on a large number of CMOS imagers and test structures. These devices are designed using several CMOS processes and using design rule changes in order to observe possible common behaviors in CMOS technology. Similarities have been shown between proton and neutron irradiations using current-voltage characteristics and deep level transient spectroscopy. These results emphasize the relevance of neutron irradiations for an accurate study of the non-ionizing effects. Then, displacement damage induced dark current increase as well as the associated random telegraph signal are measured and modeled. Common evaluation parameters to investigate displacement damage are found, allowing imager behavior prediction in space radiation environment. Finally, specific methods and hardening-by-design techniques to mitigate displacement damage are proposed
Rafael, Rémi. "Étude des propriétés piézorésistives de jonctions tunnel MIM pour la réalisation de jauges de déformations." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI105/document.
Full textNew applications are emerging with de development of flexible electronic like flexible touch panels and wearable movement sensors. The well mastered silicon technologies are ill adapted to these uses (low maximal elongation, high fabrication temperatures). In this context, it is necessary to develop new types of strain gauges. Numerous possibilities have been studied that can be divided in two main categories: nanosomic transducers and composite transducers. In this work, we study the possibility to use a MIM (Metal Insulator Metal) tunnel junction as strain gauge. This kind of structure is very unusual in the literature were the only similar article are based on MIS (Metal Insulator Semiconductor) junctions. The objectives of this thesis are thus the understanding of the piezorisistive properties of MIM structures, the optimisation of their sensitivity, and the realisation of a sensor prototype exploiting plastonic technologies
Miller, Dominique. "Contribution à l'étude et à la réalisation d'une sonde multi-éléments à courants de Foucault et de l'instrumentation associée, destinée à la détection et la reconstruction tomographique de défauts dans les tubes de générateurs de vapeur." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0039.
Full textMsaed, Aline. "MICRO CAPTEUR MAGNETIQUE DE MESURE DE COURANT ET TRAITEMENT INTEGRE." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00471458.
Full textBento, Christophe. "Détermination de la réduction d’épaisseur d’une tôle en acier enrobée - Étude de faisabilité d’une méthode de mesure physique électromagnétique." Master's thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/48568.
Full textCe document constitue le rapport de mon projet de fin d'études à l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Grenoble dans la filière Instrumentation Physique. Il expose mon étude de faisabilité d’une méthode de mesure physique électromagnétique en vue de la détermination de la réduction d’épaisseur d’une tôle en acier enrobée. Cette tôle en acier est constitutive d'une conduite d'eau, puisée en mer ou en rivière, et sous pression alimentant un circuit de refroidissement de centrale nucléaire EDF. Le circuit est classé Important Pour la Sûreté et doit donc être étanche et résistant. L'acier de ces conduites (tôle cylindrique étanche et armature) est soumis à la corrosion. EDF souhaite, dans le cadre du maintient en conditions opérationnelles du circuit, disposer d'un outil permettant de déceler la réduction de l'épaisseur de la tôle cylindrique. Mon projet de fin d'études a eu pour but de déterminer la faisabilité d'une telle mesure au moyen d'une méthode de Contrôle Non Destructif électromagnétique. Dans une première partie, vous trouverez dans ce document une présentation du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique ainsi que des unités allant jusqu'au Laboratoire de Contrôle par Méthodes Electromagnétiques au sein duquel s’est déroulé mon projet de fin d’études. Il présente également l'EDF et particulièrement sa R&D à laquelle est rattaché Gauthier VERCOUTERE, le responsable de ce stage. La deuxième expose la problématique du projet entrepris ainsi que son enjeu, la description des conduites BONNA et les axes de l'étude. Le fruit d'une recherche bibliographique est présenté dans une troisième partie. La quatrième partie rappelle le principe des courants de Foucault appliqués au Contrôle Non Destructif. Les deux chapitres qui succèdent présentent, le logiciel utilisé pour la simulation (CIVACF/ Messine) et les résultats des essais expérimentaux réalisés. Les annexes apportent des compléments d'information au sujet du projet de fin d'études, de la société BONNA SABLA, des caractéristiques dimensionnelles des conduites, du moyen d'essai utilisé lors des essais et une biographie de Jean Bernard Léon Foucault. Une première série d'essais SANS ARMATURE a été menée apportant des résultats concluants. La corrélation entre la simulation et les essais est très bonne. La prise en compte de l'armature du béton modifie les valeurs de mesure, ce qui était pressenti. Une connaissance de sa position est nécessaire afin d'interpréter correctement les mesures. Les informations épaisseur de tôle et entrefer peuvent être séparées des signaux de mesure. Le niveau des signaux renseignant sur l'épaisseur de la tôle est cependant 29 dB plus faible que celui concernant l'entrefer. La discrimination entre une tôle de 0,5 mm d'épaisseur et une autre de 2 mm, est possible. Ce projet de fin d'études a permis de vérifier la faisabilité de la détermination de la réduction d’épaisseur d’une tôle en acier enrobée au moyen d’une méthode de mesure physique électromagnétique.
Maloberti, Olivier. "CONTRIBUTION A LA MODELISATION DE LA DYNAMIQUED'AIMANTATION DANS LES MATERIAUX MAGNETIQUES DOUX : CARACTERISATION ET SIMULATION." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00156657.
Full textdiffusés à une échelle macroscopique mais aussi et surtout localement induits dans une microstructure magnétique en mouvement et réarrangement incessant. Ces effets d'amortissement et de pertes dynamiques ont plusieurs conséquences parfois difficilement prévisibles:
des pertes d'énergie, des temps de retard, de la distorsion de signal et de la rémanence. Nous nous intéressons à la recherche de modèles
fidèles dans le but de comprendre les propriétés des matériaux ferromagnétiques doux en régime statique et dynamique et de simuler avec précision le comportement des dispositifs électrotechniques. Nous choisissons de nous concentrer particulièrement sur l'effet des courants induits microscopiques en plus de ceux macroscopiques, puisqu'ils sont à l'origine des pertes en excès et de l'hystérésis dynamique qui sont observées expérimentalement.
Après avoir longuement étudié la problématique, les enjeux et les modèles existants; nous avons entrepris la construction d'une représentation des matériaux à l'échelle mésoscopique, intermédiaire entre l'échelle microscopique et macroscopique, utilisable aussi bien en Ingénierie des Matériaux qu'en simulation numérique type Eléments Finis. Pour ce, les équations de champs dans la matière ont été redérivées en présence des processus physiques dynamiques mis en jeu.
Ensuite nous nous sommes attachés à résoudre analytiquement certains problèmes simples pour appréhender les apports et limites de
notre modélisation. Il s'est agit de comparer la théorie à l'expérience et de caractériser des échantillons sur bancs de mesure normalisés.
Enfin, nous avons mis en oeuvre, à l'aide d'une méthode numérique (la Méthode des Eléments Finis), des formulations électromagnétiques 3-D et 2-D dédiées. Nous les avons testées sur des cas tests simples en les comparant systématiquement aux résultats standards et antérieurs, aux calculs analytiques et aux observations. Des premières configurations simples d'applications de sécurité électrique ont aussi été simulées et étudiées : un transformateur de courant et un actionneur électromécanique.