Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Capteurs à réseau de Bragg'
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Ramezani-Dana, Hossein. "Étude expérimentale et numérique du vieillissement hygroscopique de composites à matrice organique instrumetés par capteurs à réseaux de Bragg." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2063.
Full textFiber-reinforced organic matrix composites experience mechanical loads as well as hygrothermal environmental conditions during their service-life. Their durability can be impaired by the development of internal mechanical states induced by the moisture diffusion process from its transient to the permanent regime. The present work is focused on the practical determination of local, in depth, internal strains owing to fiber Bragg gratings inserted in the bulk of the studied mechanical parts submitted to hygroscopic conditions. Theoretical approaches were also developed in order to predict the hygro-mechanical states fields in the vicinity of the inserted sensor. Within this context, an original simplified analytical model, based on the representation of the studied structure as concentric cylinders. The internal strains fields predicted owing to this approximation were successfully compared to those obtained through the classical Finite Elements Method accounting for a more realistic geometrical representation of the studied samples. The numerical predictions for the time-dependent local strains were found consistent with the measurements carried out on composite samples submitted to ageing tests
Boilard, Tommy. "Développement de capteurs distribués à base de réseaux de Bragg pour la mesure de contrainte directionnelle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69043.
Full textFiber Bragg gratings distributed sensors in multicore fibers are gaining popularity for remote sensing of physical parameters. By measuring the information from each of its cores, its shape can be reconstructed which has numerous novel applications in robotic and the medical field. As part of the Sentinel North program, the principal goal of my research project was to develop such distributed sensors to monitor the impacts of permafrost degradation in Northern Quebec. Two applications were targeted : 1) the measurement of groundwater flow and its direction which play a major role in heat transfer and need to be considered in numerical modelling of permafrost dynamics and 2) the monitoring of thaw settlement of degrading ice rich permafrost using buried optical fiber with distributed fiber Bragg gratings. A theoretical model of the sensitivity of these sensors to measure groundwater flow was developed and led to the conclusion that the groundwater flow is too small to be detected with a multicore fiber. For the second application, a novel multicore fiber was developed where 3 optical fibers are assembled inside a microstructured polycarbonate preform by drawing it on a draw tower. The characterization of the resulting hybrid glass-polymer multicore fiber showed a sensitivity 7 times higher than standard multicore fibers. These findings were published in the journal Optics Express. In this research project, at the same time, a flexible method to write distributed arrays of fiber Bragg gratings with a single uniform phase mask was developed. A 70 nm accordability, which is more than 15 times higher than anything previously reported, was achieved with this method.
Morvan, Pierre-Antoine. "Mesures de déformations par capteurs à fibres optiques au cœur de matériaux composites." Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=ad04d174-7b51-4ba6-ac5d-495f007179ba.
Full textThe use of optical fibers for strain measurements tends to generalize because of its numerous advantages over other sensor technologies. Today strain gauges based on the use of optical fiber are easy and commercially available. However, this can become complex when the fiber is embedded into a material displaying very different mechanical properties from the properties of the silica. The main purpose of this work is to further question the use of fiber optic strain sensors to obtain quantifiable and/or relevant measures inside composite materials. Firstly we present a state of the art of different types of fiber optic sensors by focusing our attention on their use in composite materials. The second part of this work is devoted to optical fibers included in different homogeneous materials. Analytical and numerical models are compared to experimental studies in order to quantify measurement errors eventually made when the sensor is embedded into a material. Then a method is proposed in order to obtain both the longitudinal and the radial strain with only one optical fiber sensor. Finally, the concepts presented in the second part are validated through the study of a specimen made of two materials crossing the sensor’s location. Furthermore we evaluate the use of this sensor in a laminated composite structure under a different configuration than that proposed in the literature : the sensor is inserted across the thickness of the laminate
Rioublanc, Jérôme. "Etude d'un système de stabilisation passive de la dérive en température de la longueur d'onde d'accord des réseaux de Bragg." Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIMO0004.
Full textAlbero, Blanquer Laura. "Operando optical sensing for battery diagnosis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS134.pdf.
Full textRechargeable batteries, as one of the most versatile energy storage technologies, are essential in a broad range of applications such as power grids, aerospace, robotics, consumer electronics, and electric vehicles. Such dependence makes battery quality, reliability, lifetime, and safety (QRLS) immensely more important than ever before. This underlines the need to accurately monitor the batteries’ functional status and therefore calls for the development of non-invasive operando techniques that could inject smart sensing functionalities into these dynamic electrochemical devices directly from inside. This is exactly what this thesis aims to explore by using optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. To begin with, we first provide an historical overview of the evolution of battery monitoring, before focusing on optical sensing. Then, we demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating FBG sensors inside commercial pouch and cylindrical cells to perform optical calorimetry, hence assessing chemical events such as solid electrolyte interphase formation or thermodynamic parameters. Next, by using the same optical sensor, the chemo-mechanical stress occurring at the electrode level in cells containing either liquid or solid-state electrolyte is investigated. For proof-of-concept, Li-alloying electrodes that undergo large volume changes upon Li uptake or removal are selected. More specifically, throughout this thesis the optical signal monitored during battery cycling is translated into either temperature, pressure or stress and correlated with the voltage profile. To sum up, this work proposes an operando technique with potential use in cell diagnosis and battery designs
Guyard, Romain. "Capteur à fibre optique pour la mesure de déformation au sein des matériaux." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=6e451d89-fed7-4980-a018-fbdae1b0090c.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the design of a new fiber optic sensor for the strain measurement inside materials. Fiber Bragg grating strain sensors are usually glued on the surface of the monitored structure. Their use like embedded strain sensor may be unadapted. Indeed, in these circumstances, a mechanical coupling between the sensor and the host material changes the transverse strain of the fiber. The transverse strain becomes unknown. Consequently, the only measurement of the Bragg wavelength shift is not enough to estimate both axial and transverse strains. In order to decorrelate these strains, we propose a sensor architecture based on the juxtaposition of a Bragg grating (FBG) and of a long period grating (LPG). The thesis work consist in finding the optimal architecture so that the sensor response to strain is linear and the measurement resolution is identical to the resolution of usual fiber optic sensors. During the sensor design, some usual results on LPG have been studied again. Some original optical properties of cladding modes have been revealed. It has been shown that the shape of these modes changes significantly with the cladding radius of the fiber and that there are critical cladding radii for which some modes have the same transverse intensity distribution. A statistical study has been carried out on the strain sensitivities of LPG. General behaviors of LPG strain sensors have been highlighted. Especially, the crosssensitivities can be neglected and the sensitivities are mainly influenced by the period of grating and the cladding radius of the fiber. When the sensor is embedded inside the material, it may be bent. The bending effects on the gratings responses have been studied using the finite element as well as the semi analytical methods. It has been shown that the bending sensitivity of FBG depends on a balance mechanism between the effective refractive index change and the coupling coefficient change of the coupled modes and that the average index variation of the grating plays a key role in the amplitude and the sign of this sensitivity. A similar mechanism has been highlighted for LPG
Mulle, Matthieu. "Eprouvettes technologiques instrumentées à cœur par réseau de Bragg pour l'analyse du matériau composite dans la structure." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30242.
Full textAli, Alvarez Shamyr Sadat. "Capteurs de corrosion à fibre optique pour la surveillance répartie d’ouvrages en béton armé." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI042.
Full textCorrosion of reinforced bars (rebars) in concrete structures remains a major issue in civil engineering works, being its detection and evolution a challenge for the applied research. Usual non-destructive corrosion detection methods involve impedance, potential or ultra-sonic indirect measurements of complex interpretation. Besides, they are restricted to near-surface examinations and the maintenance cost is still high (scheduled maintenance). Many efforts remain to be done to survey the onset and progression of corrosion processes in a reliable way. In this work, we present a new methodology to detect the onset of corrosion and to monitor its evolution, based on the direct observation of rebar–concrete interface changes by the use of an Optical Fiber Sensor (OFS). The corrosion attack over rebar surface depends on several physical, chemical and electrochemical parameters (temperature, pH, presence of chlorides/CO2, biological contamination, etc.). Two types of mechanical behavior and described. In the first case (carbonation), metal oxidation products stay at the interface and increase internal pressure, potentially leading to a crack of the external concrete layer. In the second case (pitting), metal ions are evacuated out of the structure, leading to a reduction of the rebar section (structural weakness). An innovative sensor design is proposed with the purpose of localizing and quantifying the amount of both corrosion types. The basic principle consists in measuring the impact of corrosion over the state of strain of a prestressed optical fiber. Two metrological techniques are used: Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry (OFDR). Accelerated corrosion tests were performed in electrolytic solutions for both kinds of corrosion types (pitting and carbonation) and provide a proof-of-concept for the technique. A low-cost, simplified manufacturing procedure is proposed with the aim to provide distributed and in situ Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), suitable for future Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) of civil engineering concrete structures
Chetrite, Bruno. "Analyse de la mesure simultanée de la déformation et de la température par Capteurs à Fibres Optiques intrinsèques- Etude d'une configuration associant un polarimètre et un réseau de Bragg." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30019.
Full textAubin, Sébastien. "Capteurs de position innovants : application aux Systèmes de Transport Intelligents dans le cadre d'un observatoire de trajectoires de véhicules." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00484751.
Full textBulot, Patrick. "Étude et réalisation sur tour de fibrage de capteurs à fibre optique pour environnements extrêmes." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R018.
Full textThe Ph.D. work focuses on the realisation of optical fibre sensors protected by a high-temperature resistant coating. The aim application temperature is above 350 °C. One part of the work is done on a fibre draw tower to improve the mechanical reliability of these compact sensors.The first part of the presented work focuses on the microstructural study of point-by-point fibre Bragg gratings. These gratings are inscribed in the optical fibre core with a femtosecond laser. The analysis by transmission electronic microscopy shows germanium chemical gradient near the periodic modifications. This gradient could partially explain the spectral evolutions of these sensors at 1000 °C.The second study shows the performances of zirconia nanoparticle-doped optical fibres for distributed sensing at 800 °C by Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry. These fibres have a better stability of temperature measurement than conventional fibres for optical telecommunication.The third study is related to the mechanical protection of optical fibres by a high-temperature resistant coating. For the first time, a silicone coating with fillers is studied like a coating for optical fibre. The coating is applied on fibre Bragg gratings by dip-coating to study the behaviour of the coating on the fibre up to 470 °C. Then the coating is applied on an optical fibre by using a fibre draw tower. A 100 meter-length fibre is protected with a thickness of around 13 µm
Lin, Chih-Lang. "Applications des propriétés opto-mécaniques de matériaux microstructurés : 1) Capteurs à réseaux de Bragg sur fibre 2) Microcapteurs manipulés par laser." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10143.
Full textThis work involves two topics which are fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and laser driven microsensors. Ln the first part, a framework for the interpretation of reflected FBG spectra under a non-uniform strain field is proposed and experimental results for a crack tip strain field are presented. The effect of FBG gauge lengths on the measurements is examined and interpreted. The results are analyzed to see whal information can be derived and how accurate the interpreted strain results are. Ln the second part, the fabrication of laser driven polymer microsensors for viscosimetry, velocimetry and micropump applications is considered. These sensors are readily made with a low-cost polymerization technique based on two-photon absorption. A linearly polarized optical tweezers is used to trap one sensor, freely floating in the liquid to be characterized, at the laser focal point and to generate the optical torque needed for local hydrodynamic measurements. Viscosity and velocity microsensors have slab shapes that align in the polarization direction. The local viscosity is deduced from the maximum rotation frequency generated by the rotating linear polarization, while the fluid velocity is obtained by measuring the maximum angle that equilibrates the optical and drag torques. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. Micropumps are micron-size Archimedes screws that rotate around their long axis when trapped at the focal point. The rotation is due to the optical torque that is transferred by the laser scattering on the screw
Sonnenfeld, Camille. "Fibres optiques microstructurées à réseaux de Bragg pour la production et le suivi santé-matière de matériaux composites à matrice organique renforcée par des fibres de carbone." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2017.
Full textStructural health monitoring (SHM) has emerged as an exciting topic for multi-disciplinary research and development in the field of composite materials. These high-performance materials are increasingly being used in highly mechanically loaded structures such as aircrafts and wind turbines. To ensure that their integrity is not compromised, new systems that enable in-situ SHM are currently developed. This PhD thesis contributes to the development of “smart composite materials” using a novel type of optical sensor based on Bragg gratings in highly birefringent microstructured optical fibre (MOF). The MOF used in this PhD work is highly asymmetric and has been designed such that its phase modal birefringence features sensitivity to transverse strain that is one order of magnitude larger than that reported in literature, whilst being quasi-insensitive to temperature changes. Our objective is to demonstrate the capabilities of our sensors for smart material applications, and to do so we integrate our sensors inside carbon fibre reinforced polymer materials. First, we evaluate the mechanical strength of our MOFs in order to define the mechanical stress range to which MOFs can be submitted without being damaged. Then, we propose a multi-strain sensor using our MOF in order to assess the multi-axial strain field within the composite material with a strain resolution of 5µm in the transverse directions. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility to use these MOF sensors to identify the material state changes during the cure cycle of a composite and we prove that we are able to estimate the residual strain built up within the composite as a result of the manufacturing
Phan, Huy Minh Châu. "Développement de composants transducteurs et de dispositifs aux fonctionnalités innovantes fondés sur la technologie des fibres microstructurées et des réseaux de Bragg." Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/25f913c0-6636-4f4a-8cd0-683c177cea3b/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0012.pdf.
Full textThis work lies within the scope of optical fibers sensors development based on microstructured fibres. The inherent advantages of these special fibres, resulting from the innovative technology, are due to related to the presence of air channels within the cladding. Telecommunication industry as well as instrumentation can draw profit from possibilities offered by “custom” design of this type of guide, achieved through the stack of rods and silica capillaries, each of them constituting many zones of the preform from which would be manufactured microstructured fibers. Thus, it is possible to use the interaction between the electromagnetic field of the optical wave and the liquid medium, even solidified, present in the aforementioned channels to produce transducers or active light modulators for example. Beyond, fibre design makes it possible to optimize the measurement sensitivity to the required parameters. Finally, taking advantage of Bragg grating photowritten in the fibre core adds transducing functionality through spectrally multiplexed remote measurements. This manuscript describes short-period Fiber Bragg Grating and Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating photowriting in a microstructured fiber and sensitivity study of its spectral resonance shift according to the refractive index of the medium inserted into the fiber holes, and this for several fiber designs. The principle of measurement is to follow the wavelength shift of Bragg resonance according to the refractive index of the medium inserted into the holes. Initially, microstructured fiber characterization, manufactured through the MONTE CRISTO project consortium (6-hole fiber, then 18-hole fiber) was carried out through the Fiber Bragg grating photowriting and the cross comparison between experimental and simulation results of a modal analysis. So, adding to the commercial software FEMLab (finite-elements type) a dedicated simulation tool based on the localized function method has been developed. For a given design of hole geometry, it is possible to find out the sensitivity versus refractive index of the medium inserted in the channels (sensitivities obtained, respectively with 6 and 18-hole fibers, are 4×10-3 r. I. U/ pm and 7×10-4 r. I. U/ pm, with a refractive index close to 1,33). This tool allowed us to model and design a specific microstructured fibre made up of three large channels close to the core. This design of hole geometry largely improved the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the medium inserted and in fine increased the sensitivity of the Bragg grating resonance to the refractive index (sensitivity of 3×10-5 r. I. U/ pm for a refractive index close to 1,33). In a second time, fluids with calibrated refractive index were inserted by capillarity into the fiber channels. The spectral evolution versus index of refraction of the Bragg grating photowritten in the Ge doped core microstructured fiber made it possible to determine precisely the spectral sensitivity to the refractive index. Another approach based on Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating was also investigated. This initiative (consisting in modifying the fibre profile and thus its optogeometric characteristics), as a complement to the first solution, allows to significantly increase the measurement sensitivity by considering the spectral evolution of one of the high order mode with the index of refraction. Beyond, a multi-cycle ‘reversible’ refractometric device, allowing insertion and extraction of liquids to be analyzed in the fibre channels was developed and characterized, demonstrating the feasibility of the global solution of refractive index measurements with microstructured fibers. In complement to index measurements, a preliminary study was carried out to highlight the possibility to increase the thermal sensitivity of a Fiber Bragg Grating photowritten in a microstructured fibre, while inserting into channels a fluid whose index is higher than a threshold value depending on hole geometry. As a consequence, doubling the thermal sensitivity of the Bragg grating is achievable for a fibre profile and a given refractive index. In the future the way is wide open for a new type of sensors based on Fiber Bragg gratings (or Tilted Fiber Bragg gratings), optimized microstructured fibers and fluid devices to insert or extract liquids used as transducers themselves or to be analyzed. The fields of potential application cover numerous sectors such as biology, chemistry or environment analysis
Taleb, Fethallah. "Nouvelles sources lasers massivement accordables pour les applications télécom et les nouveaux capteurs." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAR0003/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study and realization of broadband vertical cavity lasers emitting at 1,55 µm, useful for telecom applications, integrated sensors and medical imaging. ln order to achieve tunable VCSELs over broad spectral range(>> 50 nm), this thesis focused on the study and improvement the key components of these devices, which are: Bragg mirrors, active region and optical and thermal performances of VCSELs. The high index contrast (Δn~1,9) of dielectric materials (a-Si/a-SiN.) allowed a large bandwidth mirror (~700 nm) and high reflectivity (99.6%), ensuring a good VCSEL operation. For the active region, we opted for using quantum dashes, and thanks to their size dispersion allow having a broadband gain material. The realization of the quantum dashes based VCSEL with dielectric mirrors allowed a first international demonstration of a laser emission over a broadband of 117 nm, covering the optical telecommunication C and L bands. The laser emission is obtained under continuous optical pumping up to 42°C with a maximum output power of 1.3 mW. To improve the emitted laser power, a study based on the number of the output mirror pairs was conducted. For a variable number of pairs (4, 5 and 6 pairs), the best compromise was obtained for an output mirror with 4 pairs only, for which the output power is increasing from 0.1 mW (6 pairs) to 1.3 mW (4 pairs). ln this case, besides the increase of the output power, performance improvement is also reflected by improved external differential quantum efficiency of the laser and an increase in the operating range of the pump power. To improve the thermal aspect of the VCSEL, an approach based on the use of hybrid mirror was developed. This allows to keep even to improve the reflectivity of the standard dielectric mirror while reducing its number of pairs. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated a 29 % reduction in thermal resistance, confirming the effectiveness of the hybrid mirror to be a potential alternative to standard dielectric mirror. This improvement in term of thermal dissipation allowed an increase in operating temperature up to 45°C and a maximum output power of 1.8 mW. The realization of TSHEC process based on buried hybrid mirror, allowed further optical and thermal enhancements. Thus, with a 20 µm Bragg mirror diameter, we have demonstrated a maximum output power of 2.2 mW with a larger pump power operating range and a temperature operating up to 55 °C. All these optimizations will soon be implemented within the tunable VCSEL structures of HYPOCAMP ANR project
Demirel, Mustafa. "Contribution à l'optimisation des mesures de température et de déformations par capteur à fibre optique à réseau de Bragg : application au procédé de fabrication des composites par infusion de résine." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440938.
Full textAbboud, Rita. "Méthode de mesure sans contact de la température intégrée au rotor d’une machine électrique tournante au moyen d’une fibre optique à réseaux de Bragg." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2645.
Full textIn the transportation system domain, heating problems appear with the temperature increase in different types of electrical machines. In the classical design of electrical machines, thermal analysis should be considered in the initial design, control and monitoring of electrical machines. The measurement of local temperature especially in the rotor is important for several reasons such as extending the lifetime of the electrical machine components, and localizing the hot spots inside the machine which allows the development of appropriate cooling systems and protects the machine. Numerous approaches for temperature measurement can be used such as thermocouples, thermistors, infrared sensors or infra-red cameras. This thesis presents a non-contact technique that measures the temperature of the rotor of a small machine using Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) sensor. Monitoring local temperature especially inside the rotor is important in order to detect early thermal aging of the machine. Hot spot in the rotating parts can be localized by using this technique. The main originality of the proposed work is measuring high temperatures (70°C) with high speed of rotation (860 RPM) of rotating machines and most importantly integrating the FBG sensor into a geometrically small scale electrical rotor of vehicles. The FBG sensor response has been simulated using Transfer matrix method (TMM). After that, the FBG has been calibrated from 20 °C to 70 °C using a heating furnace fabricated at our laboratory. A small rotating machine with embedded FBG has then been designed and fabricated. The temperature of the rotor has been changed while rotating the machine and wavelength shifts due to temperature variations have been experimentally measured up to 860 RPM. A temperature sensitivity of 4.7 pm/°C have been experimentally reached. The ability of this sensor to monitor real time temperature variations of the rotor has been experimentally validated
Chambon, Hugo. "Simulation and characterization of multi-layered surface acoustic wave devices for filtering and sensing applications." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2512.
Full textThis thesis deals with the design and characterization of multilayer acoustic wave micro-devices. The fifth generation of communication (5G) requires more efficient acoustic resonators (frequencies > 3GHz, wider bandwidth). In this context, we have designed and optimized using FEM simulation, the geometry of Lamb wave resonator based on AlScN. The final device, consisting of a layer composed of 30% Sc and deposited on a Bragg W/SiO2 mirror, shows excellent performance (coupling coefficient of 5% and quality factor of 768) as well as a good agreement with the simulation. To characterize the surface of BAW and SAW over the 5G frequency range, we also designed and developed a heterodyne interferometer. The latter has been used successfully to characterize surface vibrations with amplitudes between 1 and 10 pm at 5.95 GHz. Furthermore, thanks to their robustness and ability to be wirelessly interrogated,SAW sensors are used in harsh environments and are of great interest for medical applications and structural health monitoring. Recently, the introduction of multi-material stacks offers new development opportunities. We thus studied a pressure sensor composed of two complementary layers, as well as a so-called package- less sensor using different acoustic impedance layers. To design these new sensors, we have developed a simulation tool based on the extraction of mode coupling parameters and taking into account the effects of temperature, stresses and strains to estimate their sensitivity
Morana, Adriana. "Gamma-rays and neutrons effects on optical fibers and Bragg gratings for temperature sensors." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064993.
Full textTriollet, Sébastien. "Développement d’un capteur à fibre optique à base de réseaux de Bragg superposés de courtes et de longues périodes : application à la mesure discriminée de température et de déformation." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STET4018/document.
Full text[Optical Fibre Sensors present some interesting qualities when considering its size and weight relatively light, which lead to a low intrusivity of the sensor in a material (a composite structure). These sensors are insensitive to electromagnetic phenomenon, stable and long lasting with time, but sensitive to several solicitations such as temperature, strain and pressure hence a real need of discrimination. Among these sensors, we may discern the Bragg gratings: the Long Period Grating one (LPG) and the Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) one. This thesis work reports the development of an optical fibre sensor based on two superimposed Bragg gratings: LPG and FBG for measuring and discriminating temperature and strain. Several studies are reported in literature without getting a real condition use. That's why we propose a parameter E, which stand for the discrimination efficiency leading to a possible comparison of the existing techniques and highlight the quite good potential of superimposed Bragg gratings. The settings of such a structure are given in this thesis report and consist in writing LPG first, then FBG over the entire length of the LPG, which also gives multiplexing possibilities. Strain and temperature calibration steps give sensitivities errors of 2% for temperature and 3% for strain, which lead to estimated errors on measured strain and temperature of 0.3°C and 3 microstrain respectively. In an application point of view, the sensor has been used for the instrumentation of a metallic structure subjected to a variation of temperature and strain applied simultaneously. The results exhibit a maximum error of 0.4°C and 3me for temperature and strain respectively, which is a good validation of the sensor for structural control and monitoring purpose. The second studied application is about instrumentation of glass/epoxy composite specimen for monitoring manufacturing processes: VARTM (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding) and LRI (Liquid Resin Infusion), for which temperature and strain have been monitored with the superimposed Bragg gratings based sensor. Dielectric analyses have also been performed during those processes in order to compare and validate our results]
Hernàndez, Moreno Hilario. "Monitoring de la fabrication de tubes composites réalisés par enroulement filamentaire et comportement mécanique sous pression externe." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30090.
Full textSouici, Mohamed Tahar. "Etude et conception d'un capteur d'ondes acoustiques en milieu sous-marin à base de laser à fibre dopée." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20091/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of the feasibility of an acoustic wave sensor based on fiber laser. This hydrophone should allow the detection of low hydrostatic pressure fluctuations encountered in deep marine. Under the influence of an acoustic disturbance is stretched the laser; thereby changing the pitch of the Bragg grating and thus its transmission frequency. The information is coded in the frequency of the emitted light. The intrinsic frequency noise of the laser must be as low as possible so it is important to be able to measure in the frequency band of $[DC-20KHz]$. Thus we conduct a thorough study of the physical properties of the laser emission in terms of temporal coherence.The sensitivity of a fiber laser acoustic pressure is insufficient. It is essential to design a mechanical amplifier for to increase the signal to noise ratio of the sensor
Toublanc, Thomas. "Sécurisation de capteurs/actionneurs sur réseau industriel." Thesis, Lorient, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORIS512/document.
Full textToday, production systems are facing their 4th revolution. This revolution is digital with increasingly dense and complex networks opening on the outside. This openness makes these systems more vulnerable. The threats on these Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) are no longer just theoretical. The attacks on the German steel mill or the Wannacry crypto virus are perfect examples. This work proposes a tool contributing to the security of the SCPP. Our contributions are threefold: The design of an Anomaly Detection and Response System (ADRS) placed on the field network. It integrates behavioral and informational detection methods. It also includes passive response capabilities, implementing feedback to the human or to higher level systems, and active integrating order filtering or fallback. The application of the proposed methods naturally entails an additional design effort which must be reduced. We have therefore developed an approach to assist designers in the configuration of our ADRS. It is based on a hybrid approach (component / operation) and extends an existing design flow. Several transformations refine monitoring / supervision views of the components while others generate the configuration of the ADRS. A third contribution proposes a realistic demonstrator based on a virtual test environment. It integrates the joint simulation of the operative part and the control part and makes it possible to show the functional qualities of the solutions in the face of attack or failure scenarios
Tsyier, Sergei. "Caractérisation des profils d'indice de réseaux de Bragg innovants en module et phase." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0022/document.
Full textN the last decade new techniques were developed for fabrication of sophisticated Fiber Bragg Gratings (FGBs). This has been motivated by the emergence of many applications such as dispersion compensation for long-haul communication systems, DFB fiber lasers, optical add/drop multiplexers, and optical sensors. Post-fabrication diagnostics should provide relevant information to enhance the FBG fabrication process. It is well known that the FBG spectral properties are related to the index profile Δn. Direct measurement techniques, such as the side diffraction method reported by P. Krug, allow determining the index modulation amplitude along the FBG. Nevertheless, these techniques provide no information about phase fluctuations. An alternative method of indirect characterization, based on the Layer-Peeling (LP) algorithm, consists in Bragg grating profile reconstruction from its complex reflectivity. However, the LP method is unstable when applied to characterize long FBGs (>1mm) due to the error propagation effect. In this thesis we have shown the principle of a novel technique for the direct measurement of amplitude and phase variations of the index modulation along an FBG based on the blue luminescence (BL). Our experimental results are in a good agreement with the according Krug characterization. The proposed method of FBG characterization in amplitude and phase using the UV induced BL can be applied to long gratings (up to tens of centimeters) having complex index modulation profiles. It allows retrieving simultaneously the index profile modulation Δnac(z) and the chirp function, localizing phase shifts, and also detecting the mean index change Δndc(z)
Bitauld, David. "Association d'un réseau de diffraction à un réseau de Bragg intracavité pour le filtrage optique accordable." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112259.
Full textThe constant growth of the needs in data transmission rates has led to the development of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The demultiplexing associated with WDM requires very selective filters with fast tuning possibilities. In this thesis, we propose a filtering technique associating a diffraction grating with an intracavity Bragg grating. Two filters have been implemented experimentally using this principle: one using a liquid crystal intracavity grating and one using an acousto-optic Bragg grating. The liquid crystal device has a bandwidth of 0. 09nm, which is very interesting but this technique does not allow to tune the filter. A tunable Bragg grating can be implemented using the acousto-optic effect. The device we made using an acousto-optic cell has a bandwidth of 0. 076nm with a signal to noise ratio of 20dB. This filter is tunable on a range of 2. 2nm, which allows to separate 30 wavelengths. The bandwidth and the tuning range can be easily adapted by changing the diffraction grating's orientation or its period. A numerical simulation of the response of the filter for a gaussian beam has been developped and it fits the experimental results. It allows us to calculate the performances that could be obtained with filters designed differently. For example, replacing our acoust-optic cell by one with a wider active medium (commercially available) would allow us to separate 500 frequencies. It would then be possible to have a tuning range of 100nm with a bandwidth of 0. 2nm
Millot, Anthony. "Etude d'un réseau de capteurs environnementaux en bande ISM." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00573695.
Full textMadi, Ghadir. "Optimisation d'un réseau de capteurs par techniques MIMO coopératives." Poitiers, 2012. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/25302/2012-Madi-Ghadir-These.pdf.
Full textWireless sensor networks (WSN) have a wide range of applications in various fields and consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power distributed sensors. Energy efficiency of sensors is the most critical issue in the system design of the network. The aim of this thesis is to study the application of recent MIMO techniques in the context of cooperative MIMO forWSN in order to reduce energy consumption. These techniques are based on the max−dmin and P-OSM precoders which require the knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) at transmitter. To make the use of the CSI realistic in WSN, we quantized these two precoders. The idea is to reduce the information sent on the feedback channel while still having a good performance of the precoders. We used some techniques from the literature and proposed others to perform this quantization. We then proposed various energy-efficient cooperative schemes that allow the implementation of max−dmin and P-OSM precoders with a quantized feedback channel. Performances of the proposed schemes in terms of energy consumption and transmission delay are evaluated and analyzed by comparing them with the space-time block codes (STBC) based cooperative scheme used in literature. Results show that our proposed systems provide more energy savings than the STBC one even in the presence of synchronization errors between the sensors. We are further interested in the application of sensor networks in high-voltage substations in the context of the Smart Grid. The objective is to evaluate the performance of proposed cooperative systems in the presence of impulsive noise and in a real environment of high-voltage substation in Quebec. By using measured data of impulsive noise obtained from the Ecole de Technologie Supérieure of Montreal, we determined a statistical model of the impulsive noise. In order to use the multi-antenna system, we propose an extension of this model
Nauvelade, Françoise. "Réseau à fibres optiques de capteurs intelligents et optoalimentés." Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10525.
Full textSuleiman, Maha. "Conception d'un capteur optoélectronique par interférométrie à rétro-injection optique pour la démodulation des signaux de fibres optiques à réseaux de Bragg." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000702/.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose post-transforms for the compression of satellite images. After the wavelet transform, each block of coefficients is further transformed in a basis selected among a dictionary by minimization of a rate-distortion criterion. First, we optimize the bandelet transform parameters, from which the post-transforms derive, for the compression of satellite images. Next, we analyze dependencies between wavelet coefficients that are not exploited by the bandelet transform and we define new post-transform bases. Bases build by PCA minimize the correlations between post-transformed coefficients and compact the energy of each block on a small number of coefficients. This feature is exploited during the entropy coding process. Last, we adapt the post-transform to progressive compression schemes. We then employ the Hadamard post-transform with the CCSDS image encoder to obtain a low computational complexity yet efficient compression scheme
Abbas, Amine. "Optimisation de la durée de vie d'un réseau de capteurs." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2021.
Full textRecent advances in embedded computing systems have led to the emergence of wireless sensor networks, consisting of small, battery-powered nodes. Ln these networks, controlling the energy consumptions is an important challenge, since energy is the scarcest resource of wireless sensor networks, and it determines their lifetimes. AIgorithms and protocols must be developed in order to use energy efficiently and to maintain the network in activity as a long as possible. Ln this thesis, we propose a decentralized iterative approach to irnprove the lifetirne of a wireless sensor network. The proposed approach guarantees a fair workload distribution across the network. This approach ensures tbat each node will contriute proportionally to its available energy. We study the relevance of our algorithm to prolong the lifetirne in helerogeneous wireless sensor networks through simulations using OMNeT++
Yan, Feng. "Homologie simpliciale et couverture radio dans un réseau de capteurs." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0049/document.
Full textHomology theory provides new and powerful solutions to address the coverage hole problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). They are based on two combinatorial objects named Cech complex and Rips complex. Cech complex can fully characterize coverage properties of a WSN (existence and locations of holes), but it is very difficult to construct. Rips complex is easy to construct but it may miss some coverage holes. In the first part of this thesis, we choose the proportion of the area of holes missed by Rips complex as a metric to evaluate the accuracy of homology based coverage hole detection. Closed form expressions for lower and upper bounds of the proportion are derived. Simulation results are well consistent with the analytical lower and upper bounds, with maximum differences of 0.5% and 3%. In addition, we extend the analysis to the sphere case. In the second part, we first propose a graph based distributed algorithm to detect non-triangular holes. This algorithm exhibits high complexity. We thus propose another efficient homology based distributed algorithm. This algorithm only requires 1- and 2-hop neighbour nodes information and has the worst case complexity O(n3) where n is the maximum number of 1-hop neighbour nodes. It can accurately detect the boundary cycles of about 99% coverage holes in about 99% cases
Boer, Jean-Rémi de. "Capteurs MEMS : optimisation des méthodes de traitement capteurs, de navigation et d'hybridation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0001/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to improve accuracy of GNSS/MEMS integrated navigation system. Two main parts can be distinguished in this thesis: first, sensor processing can be achieved to improve measurement accuracy and then, navigation algorithm can be optimized for the specific case of MEMS sensors. Sensor processing is the estimation of real acceleration (resp. real angular rate) from the one measured by accelerometer (resp. gyrometer). This processing have been realized in two steps: 1) Calibration: identification of the non-linear system describing sensors (resolved by Least Square method). 2) Model inversion: estimation of the input of the non-linear system, i.e. acceleration and/or angular rate (resolved by Kalman filtering). Navigation algorithm have then to locate an object in space from both GNSS and MEMS data. This part have been also realized in two steps: 1) If GNSS signals are available, the goal is to improve the existing GNSS/INS navigation schemes (2nd-order bias modeling of MEMS sensors). 2) If GNSS are not available (e.g. multipath or outage), a Neural Network based algorithm have been developped, which learn the error made by the inertial platform during the unavailability of GNSS signals. These different methods have allowed to improve accuracy of GNSS/MEMS inetgrated navigation system both for nominal case and degraded case
Leclerc-Perron, Jérôme. "Laser à miroirs de Bragg à excitation impulsionnelle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26485.
Full textThe emergence of erbium doped glasses has allowed the development of many technologies. However, applications such as LIDAR, infrared spectroscopy and infrared sources for optical parametric oscillators all benefit from having a wide gain bandwidth farther in the infrared than what erbium doped glasses allow. Thulium has shown to be a good candidate for such applications due to its wide gain bandwidth ranging from 1.7 μm to 2.1 μm. Inspired by the success in laser pulse generation from erbium doped media, many researchers decided to apply the knowledge acquired from erbium doped laser sources to thulium doped laser sources. We chose to use a linear distributed Bragg reflector cavity, which allows us to implement a monolithic laser of a very small size. Depending on the pumping scheme, it is possible to operate this laser in a CW regime as well as in a pulsed regime. This document details the implementation of a thulium doped fiber laser in a linear cavity with distributed Bragg reflectors. We first develop the theoretical model used for the simulation of our laser’s dynamics. This model allows us to implement numerical simulations able to treat pulsed pumping, dispersive effects induced by the fiber Bragg grating and intrinsic nonlinear effects. We then characterize the erbium-ytterbium doped phosphate fiber amplifier used to generate pump pulses, along with the other components of the thulium doped fiber laser cavity. The numerical model is then validated by comparing numerical simulations to experimental results obtained from our thulium doped laser.
Le, Goff Alexis. "Contrôle et diagnostic par un réseau de capteurs magnétiques en automobile." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00597715.
Full textSalhi, Ismail. "Un codage réseau contraint pour les réseaux de capteurs sans fil." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00794618.
Full textBen, Nacef Ahmed. "Relais coopératifs dans un réseau de capteurs : performances limites et stratégies." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0098/document.
Full textWireless sensor networks (WSN) have known a great development during the last decade. They intervene in all the domain of our everyday life to make it easier. Despite the success of WSN several problems have to be solved. The restricted energy capacity and the randomness of the wireless channel seriously affect the performances of the WSN. Cooperative communication represents an efficient solution to reduce the instability of the wireless channel and to optimize energy. In this thesis we propose to use cooperative communications at the MAC and network layer in order to set up a cooperative access to the channel and to establish more robust routing paths
Mokrenko, Olesia. "Gestion de l'énergie dans un réseau de capteurs au niveau application." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30199/document.
Full textEnergy is a key resource in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), especially when sensor nodes are powered by batteries. This thesis is investigates how to save energy of the whole WSN, at the application level, thanks to control strategies, in real time and in a dynamic way. The first energy management strategy investigated is based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). The choice of MPC is motivated by the global objectives that are to reduce the energy consumption of the set of sensor nodes while ensuring a given service, named mission, for the sensor network. Moreover, a set of constraints on the binary control variables and on the sensor modes must be fulfilled. The second energy management strategy at the application level is based on a Hybrid Dynamical System (HDS) approach. This choice is motivated by the hybrid inherent nature of the WSN system when energy management is considered. The hybrid nature basically comes from the combination of continuous physical processes, namely, the charge / discharge of the node batteries; while the discrete part is related to the change in the functioning modes and the Unreachable condition of the nodes. The proposed strategies are evaluated and compared in simulation on a realistic test-case. Lastly, they have been implemented on a real test-bench and the results obtained have been discussed
Nasreddine, Nadim. "Conception et modélisation d'un émulateur d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0007/document.
Full textTo accelerate the design process of embedded systems, a fast and efficient simulation environment is needed. To make it efficient, the behavioral models of the elementary components of the system must be able to replace the real elements in their influences and responses to all the influential phenomena: disruptions, attenuation, delays...Our thesis work aims to contribute to this methodological approach: we treat the development of an emulator for WSNs. To do, two types of simulators have been studied:• The first is a software simulator based on the creation of behavioral models, described in VHDL-AMS.• The second is a hardware simulator based on the creation of behavioral logic models, described in synthesizable VHDL. The simulation will be done on an FPGA target. Changes may be made on the architecture dynamically
Phéron, Xavier. "Durabilité des capteurs à fibres optiques sous environnement radiatif." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058775.
Full textHe, Qiong. "Diffraction de Bragg dans des réseaux minces à deux dimensions." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112137.
Full textOptical signal processing requires compact, efficient and selective devices. The solution suggested in this thesis consists in the setting of a thin transmission grating inside a reflection grating or a Bragg mirror, which offer, at the band-edge of the device, the triple advantage of a strongly amplified diffraction efficiency, a largely improved wavelength selectivity and a Bragg diffraction regime. This principle was implemented in two designs: a two-dimensional sinusoidal crossed grating and a transmission grating recorded in a Bragg reflector deposited on another totally reflecting Bragg mirror. These designs were validated by two experimental achievements: a two-dimensional sinusoidal crossed grating recorded in a photopolymer material by optical interference, and a transmission grating recorded in a semiconductor Bragg mirror (CdMgTe/CdMnTe). An analytical model was developed which showed the huge potential of such a device. The experimental results are in good agreement with numerical calculations resulting from our model. The comparison with the equivalent transmission gratings recorded in a homogeneous medium demonstrated the huge improvement in the diffraction properties when the read beam wavelength and incidence correspond to the band edge of the reflection grating or the Bragg mirror and satisfy the transmission grating Bragg condition. These results are very promising for applications in optical signal processing
Attia, Rabah. "Couplage par réseau de Bragg entre microguides optiques se croisant à angle droit." Valenciennes, 1986. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5052cbd3-9faa-4589-b713-08155b1f411c.
Full textMirshafiei, Mehrdad. "UWB Pulse Shaping Using Fiber Bragg Gratings." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26074/26074.pdf.
Full textLaumy, Michel. "Appariements de primitives géométriques par réseau neuromimétique pour la vision par ordinateur." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF21778.
Full textAbdeddaim, Mohamed nazim. "Analyse des performances d'un réseau de capteurs exploitant le standard IEEE 802.15.4." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767883.
Full textKone, Cheick-Tidjane. "Conception de l'architecture d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil de grande dimension." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650839.
Full textAbdeddaim, Mohamed Nazim. "Analyse des performances d'un réseau de capteurs exploitant le standard IEEE 802.15.4." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENM067/document.
Full textAn increasing interest has been observed in Wirless Sensor Network that can be explained by wide range of WSN applications as well as by the challenges involving the constraints of this type of networks. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been proposed with the objective of standardizing the physical and MAC layers. In this work, we have firstly proposed an alternative multichannel scheme for the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It is able to solve the problem of superframe collisions based on a cluster-tree topology approach in which each cluster uses a different channel allowing the reduction of the interference and increased network capacity. We have also difined a novel mechanism for topology construction, channel allocation, and superframe scheduling. Secondly, we have analyzed the impact of different parameters on the medium access control. We have shown the weakness of the medium access method proposed in the standard. For instance, we have observed a decrease in performance when the standard is applied in large networks. Motivated by the analysis and its results we have then proposed auto-adaptive mechanisms for the medium access control. They allow to dynamically adapt the size of the contention window according to the observed traffic conditions. Each coordinator computes the optimal values to avoid deafness. The proposed mechanisms rapidly converge even in the case of bursty traffic
Camberlein, Lionel. "Capteurs de température à réseau planaire distribué de thermopiles en couches minces." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10066.
Full textBouchara, Syryn. "Mise en place d'un réseau sans fil de capteurs déployés à Salluit." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33046.
Full textTo monitor the effects of climate change and to help the understanding and predictability, sensors have been installed in northern Québec. Salluit in Nunavik is among the villages of which a set of sensors has been installed. However, the collection of this data is manually done once a year by scientists. Given the importance of this information, Sentinel North project site 1.5 aims to measure, record, and send data in real time. Our project is primarily aimed at installing a wireless network that allows sensors to transmit data throughout the year, to anticipate risks and damages. The project design was launched in 2016, and the first work took place in summer 2017. After a successful data collection during the first months after installation, LTE network problems have occurred. Since the LTE connection is not reliable, the sensors were only visible from the university between 5% and 9% of the time, before a total loss of the LTE signal starting in January 2017. Environmental and meteorological conditions of the region have confirmed the challenges faced by such a system of wireless data collection. In this thesis, we detail the steps taken to deploy such a sensor network under extreme and unknown conditions. We also explain the challenges, problems and limitations encountered during the project and give recommendations and improvement for the future.
Barrau, Florian. "Etude d'une solution de localisation dans un réseau de capteurs sans fils." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4767.
Full textTracking sensors in a wireless network leads to many applications. However, current techniques based on the received signal strength are unreliable given the stability of measurements. More accurate techniques inspired from radars have been proposed but they require an expensive radio. However, one of the most difficult aspects regarding the localization in a wireless sensor network remains their inadequacy with their low-cost and low-power characteristics. For example, clock generation of ZigBee modems introduce strong uncertainties regarding the reliability of measurements. Demanding digital algorithms must be carefully studied and improved in order not to exceed requirements defined by industrials. In other words, the purpose is to design an implementation as cheap as possible while keeping a minimum accuracy. The work of this thesis focuses on two main objectives: the development of a digital circuit capable of calculating time of arrivals, and the development of prototypes for a future positioning feature. The main constraint is the use of a single channel from the ZigBee 802.15.4 standard. This work enabled to understand issues regarding the distance measurements and adapt them given wireless sensor network constraints
Koné, Cheick Tidjane. "Conception de l'architecture d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil de grande dimension." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10056/document.
Full textThis thesis considers the large-scale wireless sensor network (LSWSN) consisting of million nodes. The questions are: how to predict the good working and to compute before deployment the performances of such a network, knowing that no simulator can simulate a network of more than 100000 nodes? How to ensure its configuration to ensure performance, scalability, robustness and longevity? The solution proposed in this thesis is based on a two-tiered heterogeneous architecture of WSN in which the level 1 is composed of sensors and the level 2 of collectors. The first contribution is a multi-channel self-organization algorithm, which allows partitioning the network of level 1 into several disjointed sub-networks with one collector and one frequency channel while respecting the principle of frequency reuse. The second contribution is to optimize the deployment of collectors because their number represents that of sub-networks. The problems addressed were: the optimization of sinks locations for a predetermined number of sinks, and the minimization of financial cost related of the sinks? number, for a predetermined number of hops in the sub-networks. An intuitive and appropriate solution to ensure both network performance and cost is to partition the network of level 1 into balanced sub-networks in number of hops. To do this, the physical topology of sinks is a regular geographical grid (square, triangular, etc.). Theoretical studies and simulation of topology models show, depending on application requirements (node density, charge application, etc.) and physical (radio range, surveillance zone), the methodology of choice and the computation of the best deployment solutions