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Journal articles on the topic 'Capital convictions'
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1
Brnett, Cathleen. "Restorative Justice and Wrongful Capital Convictions." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 21, no. 3 (August 2005): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986205278630.
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Holmes, William M. "Illegal Convictions and Sentences to Capital Punishment." Criminal Justice Policy Review 10, no. 1 (March 1999): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088740349901000106.
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Norris, Robert, James Acker, Catherine Bonventre, and Allison Redlich. "Thirty Years of Innocence." Wrongful Conviction Law Review 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 2–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/wclawr11.
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Systematic reporting of data about wrongful conviction cases in the United States typically begins with 1989, the year of the country’s first post-conviction, DNA-based exonerations. Year-end 2018 thus concludes a full thirty years of information and marks a propitious time to take stock. In this article, we provide an overview of known exonerations, innocence advocacy, and wrongful conviction-related policy reforms in the U.S. during these three decades. First, we provide a brief history of wrongful convictions in the U.S. before turning to the modern era of innocence. We describe the key sources of data pertaining to wrongful convictions and exonerations. Then, using case data from the National Registry of Exonerations, we offer a detailed analysis of national and state-by-state trends in exonerations, including annual totals, DNA- and non-DNA-exonerations, and capital case exonerations. Our examination includes factors corresponding to sources of error, state death-penalty status, and regional differences. We then discuss innocence advocacy organizations, with a particular focus on Centurion Ministries and members of the Innocence Network. This is followed by an examination of state-by-state trends in innocence-related policy reforms on key issues as identified by the Innocence Project. The final section of the article discusses the many important matters we do not yet know about wrongful convictions and poses thoughts, questions, and ideas for continued scholarship focusing on miscarriages of justice. The Appendix provides state-by-state summaries of select information relating to wrongful convictions and innocence reforms.
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Carl, Alexis E. "Dead Wrong: Capital Punishment, Wrongful Convictions, and Serious Mental Illness." Wrongful Conviction Law Review 1, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 336–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/wclawr16.
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Serious mental illness (SMI), wrongful convictions, and capital punishment is explored, as having a SMI may heighten an individual’s risk of being wrongfully convicted and consequently dealt a capital sentence. In Atkins v. Virginia, the Supreme Court banned the use of capital punishment for individuals with intellectual disabilities, ruling it unconstitutional, due to the diminished moral and intellectual capacity held by these individuals. Based on these Supreme Court findings, an argument is made that SMI is a compelling mitigating factor that ought to disqualify the pursuit of capital punishment. Due to the cognitive and volitional impairments associated with SMI, people with SMI are especially vulnerable to being wrongfully convicted of a crime and further wrongfully sentenced to death. Data to build this argument include that those with SMI are more likely to: 1) falsely confess; 2) struggle with assisting in their defense; 3) be perceived as an unreliable witness; 4) appear as though they lack remorse; and 5) face prejudices from judges and jurors; which all contribute to wrongful convictions. An explanation of these vulnerabilities are discussed in detail by examining 26 case vignettes (derived from the National Registry of Exonerations and other sources) where such individuals were wrongfully convicted due to SMI. Data from the National Registry of Exonerations is further analyzed, leading to discussion of the disproportionate co-occurrence of wrongful convictions that are stimulated by SMI. This paper concludes with an analysis of reforms and a discussion of how to enact safeguards to protect individuals with SMI.
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Fuller, Jacqueline. "The David Eastman case: The use of inquiries to investigate miscarriages of justice in Australia." Alternative Law Journal 45, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x19886348.
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The wrongful conviction of David Harold Eastman in the Australian Capital Territory represents one of Australia’s most recent and high-profile public failures of the criminal justice system and highlights the limits of the Australian legal system. Further, the Eastman case draws into question the use of inquiries into miscarriages of justice, particularly when an inquiry’s recommendations can be disregarded by governments (as it was in this instance). This article provides an overview of the Eastman case and critically evaluates how it sheds light on the use of inquiries as an avenue to investigate and correct wrongful convictions more broadly in Australia.
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Sorensen, Jonathan R. "Book Review: In Spite of Innocence: Erroneous Convictions in Capital Cases." Criminal Justice Review 19, no. 2 (September 1994): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401689401900209.
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Jiang, Na. "Iron triangle of the gong jian fa: Lessons from wrongful convictions in capital cases?" International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 42, no. 4 (December 2014): 406–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.08.003.
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Harmon, Talia Roitberg. "Race for Your Life: An Analysis of the Role of Race in Erroneous Capital Convictions." Criminal Justice Review 29, no. 1 (May 2004): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073401680402900106.
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Jain, Monika. "Mitigating the Dangers of Capital Convictions Based on Eyewitness Testimony through Treason's Two-Witness Rule." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 91, no. 3 (2001): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1144303.
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Vitriol, Joseph A., and Margaret Bull Kovera. "Exposure to capital voir dire may not increase convictions despite increasing pretrial presumption of guilt." Law and Human Behavior 42, no. 5 (October 2018): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000304.
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Hoyle, Carolyn, and Saul Lehrfreund. "Contradictions in Judicial Support for Capital Punishment in India and Bangladesh: Utilitarian Rationales." Asian Journal of Criminology 15, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11417-019-09304-0.
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AbstractIndia and Bangladesh share a common history, and each has developed somewhat similarly since partition. However, while both countries now have relatively low murder rates, India has seen a decline in the rate of executions, while Bangladesh continues to impose death sentences and carry out executions at a higher rate. There have been challenges to the death penalty in India, restricting its use to exceptional cases. The same has not occurred in Bangladesh. Yet in both countries, systemic flaws in the criminal process are evident. This article draws on two original empirical research projects that explored judges’ opinions on the retention and administration of capital punishment in India and Bangladesh. The data expose justice systems marred by corruption, incompetence, abuses of due process, and arbitrary and inconsistent treatment of defendants from arrest through to conviction and sentencing. It shows that those with the power to sentence to death have little faith in the integrity of the criminal process. Yet, a startling paradox emerges from these studies; despite personal knowledge of its flaws, judges have trust in the death penalty to deter crime and to realise other sentencing aims and feel retention benefits society. This is explained by reference to utilitarian values. Not only did our judges express strongly utilitarian justifications for sentencing people to death, in terms of their erroneous belief in its deterrent effect, but some also articulated utilitarian justifications for misconduct in pre-trial processes, suggesting that it was necessary to break the rules to secure convictions when the system was dysfunctional and ineffective.
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Toth, Zoltan J. "The Capital Punishment Controversy in Hungary: Fragments on the Issues of Deterrent Effect and Wrongful Convictions." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 21, no. 1 (2013): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-20190003.
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KIZYMA, Tetiana, and Viktoriia ONYSHCHUK. "MIGRATION CAPITAL: THEORETICAL, CONCEPTUAL AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(53) (2017): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.04.077.
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Introduction. A clear understanding ofthe patterns ofthe formation, distribution and use of migration capital is impossible without a thorough theoretical and methodological developments, taking into accounthistoricalparallels and studying advanced foreign experience in this held. Purpose. Investigation of the essence and theoretical generalization of the definition of “migration capital”, analysis ofthe current practice ofthe arrival of migration capital to individual countries of the world and Ukraine, as well as the development of proposals for the implementation of effective measures forits use. Results. Theterm “migration capital” is relatively new in modem financial science. Many domestic scholars and foreign researchers identifythe concept ofmigration capital and remittances ofiabormi-grants. According to our convictions, money transfers to migrant workers are private transfers of crisislike nature, which are sent voluntarily by labor migrants to specific households in order to maintain their financial stability. Thus, we can argue that transfers of money transfers, in essence, form a separate component ofthe international capital market - migration capital. Conclusion. Money remittances of migrant workers are essentially a migration capital. The development of financial infrastructure, the use of state-of-the-art money transfer technologies, and the improvement and expansion of banking services in the area ofservicing remittances of migrant workers will adequately address the financial potential ofmigration capital, which in turn will stimulate economic and social developmentofthe country.
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Huijun, Xu. "Using sentencing evidence to effectively establish the balanced application of the death penalty in China." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 21, no. 1-2 (December 29, 2016): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712716674802.
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Whether a death sentence is fair or not is an fundamental question for a country’s criminal justice system, yet in practice, similar cases still occasionally receive differing judgments. In response to this problem, this paper has proposed to take sentencing evidence as the breakthrough for the balanced application of death penalty. This paper begins by analysing written judgments from 40 cases, which involve 69 individuals and have been sampled from all those archived under the Gazettes section by the Beidafabao,1 Peking University Centre for Legal Information. This analysis provides considerable insight into the type of sentencing evidence admitted in capital cases, as well as the impact that principal evidence has on where death sentences are imposed. Next, in accordance with the basic problems of evidence law, this paper separates out sentencing evidence of capital cases from conventional theories that confuse it with convictions. Taking sentencing evidence as the core, the objective of the empirical analysis and theoretical discussion is to establish guidelines as well as a policy analysis for capital cases in China in the future.
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Garnett, Richard W. "Depravity Thrice Removed: Using the "Heinous, Cruel, or Depraved" Factor to Aggravate Convictions of Nontriggermen Accomplices in Capital Cases." Yale Law Journal 103, no. 8 (June 1994): 2471. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/797053.
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Kretschmer, Bernhard. "Criminal Involvement in Terrorist Associations –– Classification and Fundamental Principles of the German Criminal Code Section 129a StGB." German Law Journal 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 1016–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018022.
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The shock was great when a car bomb shook the Norwegian capital of Oslo on 22 July 2011 not only destroying government buildings, but also taking eight people to their deaths. However, this was only the prelude to the horrors that unfolded almost thirty kilometers away. There, on the resort island of Utøya, sixty-nine participants of a Young Socialists summer camp were shot dead. Based on our current understanding of events, all these acts can be attributed to one single person who believed himself to be fighting an ideological battle against the supposed evil. Before the attacks, the perpetrator put his convictions into writing and sent many pages around the world via the Internet.
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Shapiro, Robert Y. "The Politics of the Death Penalty." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (December 2009): 923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709991897.
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This is one of the most interesting books I have read on the mass media, public opinion, and policymaking. Capital punishment is an important and compelling issue in its own right, which makes the first part of the book a great read, devoid of technical detail and filled with stunning descriptions of specific cases. Moreover, the rise and staying power of the idea of innocence—that innocent people sit on death row and may be executed—is clear. There continues to be a stream of news stories and commentaries about convicted murderers making plausible appeals for DNA tests that may set them free. While the overturning of murder convictions based in new evidence or faulty defenses preceded the use of DNA testing, this testing became important since it could confirm guilt or prove innocence.
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Ronzoni, Miriam. "How social democrats may become reluctant radicals: Thomas Piketty's Capital and Wolfgang Streeck's Buying Time." European Journal of Political Theory 17, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885115601602.
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The continuing ramifications of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 have forced social scientists to raise fundamental questions about the relationship between capitalism, democracy and inequality. In particular, Thomas Piketty’s Capital and Wolfgang Streeck’s Buying Time focus on, respectively, the economic and the political contradictions of capitalistic societies. Piketty argues that capitalism naturally tends towards the exacerbation of rent-based wealth inequality, whereas Streeck suggests that capitalism and democracy are ultimately incompatible. A striking feature of these two contributions is that their authors are social democrats, not Marxists or radical anti-capitalist thinkers. In this review article, I illustrate how the combination of social democratic convictions and the acknowledgment that capitalism cannot be tamed generates interesting tensions between the diagnosis offered by the two monographs and the solutions that are proposed. I end the piece by raising two remarks on the implications that this tension might have for normative political theory. On the one hand, it is time for theory to do more work on political action and agency. On the other, liberal egalitarian theorists might have to acknowledge that they are in the same predicament as Piketty and Streeck: social democracy is their ideal, yet it is perhaps unattainable. If this is the case, liberal egalitarians might be committed to adopt a more confrontational attitude towards capitalism: they might have to become reluctant radicals.
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Schumaker, Jack F., Gary Groth-Marnat, Frank I. Dougherty, and Kimberlea C. Barwick. "DEATH ANXIETY, MENTAL HEALTH AND LENGTH OF INCARCERATION IN MALE FELONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1986.14.2.177.
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The present study employed the Templer Death Anxiety Scale and the Langer Mental Health Scale in examining death anxiety and mental health as a function of length of incarceration in 56 male prisoners, categorized according to homicidal, sexual, or nonviolent convictions. Nonoffenders (N 60), closely matched by age, race and socioeconomic background, served as a comparison group. While no significant death anxiety difference was found between offenders and nonoffenders with all subjects included, sexual offenders had significantly higher death anxiety scores than nonoffenders. All three offender groups had significantly more reported psychopathology than nonoffenders. Both death anxiety and extent of psychopathology were inversely related to length of incarceration. Findings are discussed in terms of current arguments regarding the personality structure of capital offenders, as well as the possible value of a death threat in deterring serious crime.
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El Siwi, Yara. "Mafia, money-laundering and the battle against criminal capital: the Italian case." Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-02-2017-0009.
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Purpose This paper aims to look at the case of Italy, which clearly stands out in its relationship with organised crime. The recognition that money is the “lifeblood” of OC has resulted in the implementation of what we can refer to as the anti-money laundering (AML) regime, which backs the systematic targeting of mafia assets and the application of severe obstacles to the concealment of dirty money through increased financial surveillance. This paper discusses the financialisation of counter-mafia strategies, with the purpose of questioning the extent to which this system has been delivering what it promised. Design/methodology/approach The paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter looks at the relationship between Italian mafia and dirty money. The second chapter discusses the rationale and pillars of the AML regime. Finally, the last section examines and discusses recent evidence of the outcome of AML policies, by looking at figures as reported by relevant entities, such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), Europol, the Italian Ministry of Interior and the Direzione Investigativa Anti-Mafia (DIA). Findings Evidence suggests that financial surveillance, the first pillar of the AML regime, is much costlier than it is beneficial to society. Reporting of suspicions has rocketed in the past years, bringing very little change to yearly ML convictions, and being only marginally helpful in mafia-related investigations, confiscations and arrests. The confiscation of assets from mafia members, i.e. the second pillar of the AML regime, has proven to be effective in gaining control over large sums and goods. However, more research is needed around the question of confiscated asset-management and desirable re-investment opportunities. Originality/value As the AML regime gains in prominence internationally, it is of great value to assess its achievements so far. This is especially true of a country like Italy, which suffers from a long-standing mafia dominance. This paper represents a modest initial inquiry, which will hopefully be complemented by future research to come to an in-depth understanding of the value and limitations of an AML regime in fighting OC.
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Sukhonos, V. V., and V. V. Sukhonos. "Collectivization as a form of socialist reconstruction in the Stalinian USSR: historical and legal aspect." Legal horizons, no. 23 (2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i23.p7.
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An article on the shoes of the radical transformations that are joining them in Ukraine as they move towards a democratic, legal and social state, which sets the agenda on the risks and dangers of such reforms. In these conditions, the study of the Soviet experience becomes an identical example of the fact that any reconstruction contains not only positive but also negative aspects. Of course, it should not be considered that the capital of the USSR was not the subject of study of domestic and world science. In more detail, now formed two main areas of study of the capital, taking into account the concept of “enemy of the people”: the capital and anti-Stalinism. The same applies to collectivization. That is why, without prejudice to the selection of previous researchers, it should be noted that most of them are considered by collectivization in a purely legal aspect. Thus, with the help of this article there are statistics of historical and legal analysis of collectivization as one of the directions of Stalin’s reconstruction of the USSR. Most of the publications used with Stalinist themes are, one way or another, on the subject of repression. Today it is possible to conditionally allocate two main directions of realization of capital repressions. First, it was the destruction of the apparent and imaginary “opposition” to the Stalinist- Bolshevik regime. Secondly, it is the purification of the victims of “socialist reconstruction”, which is carried out in three directions: “industrialization”, “collectivization” and “cultural revolution”. As a general rule, the collective farm in the USSR was considered a form of agricultural production cooperative. The idea of agricultural cooperation corresponded to the socialist convictions of most politicians and thinkers of Soviet Russia and the USSR. However, the leadership of the USSR, headed by J. Stalin, put the collective farm form of agricultural cooperation, while, in fact, abandoning the main postulate of collective farm construction – voluntary association. At the same time, the frantic pace of continuous collectivization requires active resistance from the vast majority of peasants.
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Beattie, J. M. "The Royal Pardon and Criminal Procedure in Early Modern England." Historical Papers 22, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030962ar.
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Abstract The study of the royal power of pardon illuminates the English criminal justice system, particularly in the eighteenth century. Pardons granted on condition of transportation acted as a counterbalance to the harshness of the “Bloody Code”, notably after 1689 when a considerable increase in the number of capital statutes threatened a vast rise in executions. The documents generated by the pardon process, especially petitions and judges' reports, suggest the boundaries within which the royal authority was exercised and the relative weight given to the nature of the offence, the character of the accused and the influence of the social and political elite. A study of those who were pardoned and those on the other hand who were hanged reveals that the overriding aim of those who administered the criminal law was to interpret and enforce the law so as to enhance its terror while underlining the king's justice and humanity. The royal power of pardon was an essential element in that administration of the law. During the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, the convictions and attitudes which supported the criminal justice system came under scrutiny, and the cruelty and capriciousness of capital punishment was the subject of particular criticism. The reform of the law in the early decades of the nineteenth century sharply curtailed the role that the royal pardon had played in the administration of justice for several centuries.
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Levi, Michael. "Evaluating the ‘New Policing’: Attacking the Money Trail of Organized Crime." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 30, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589703000101.
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After examining the growth of concern about organized crime, the article critically reviews the arguments advanced for focusing on the money trail as a strategy for combating it, suggesting that the amount of money laundered may be considerably less than that commonly assumed. It goes on to contrast the powerful imagery of ‘the new policing’ with the modesty of the impact of these measures on convictions and confiscated assets in Britain and Australia, and attempts to account for the low yield there compared with the US in terms of greater American concentration on financial and professional intermediaries and more draconian legislation. After discussing the debate over the involvement of the UK Security Service (MI5) in the ‘war against organized crime’ and technological developments in laundering detection, the article examines the tensions, (a) between high level policing on the one hand, and devolved police budgeting and community orientation on the other; and (b) in the attempt to regulate the social conscience of finance capital without making it impossible for them to make a profit.
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Agustina, Dwitya. "PENGUKURAN INTERNALISASI NILAI BUDAYA DAN INDEX SPIRITUAL (STUDI KASUS PERUSAHAAN BUMN DI INDONESIA)." Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen & Ekonomika 7, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35384/jime.v7i2.86.
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Great companies consider knowledge or special skills are important. They assume that knowledge and expertise can be learned, while the dimensions related to convictions such as character, work ethos, dedication to fulfill the commitment, its much deeper and more difficult to modify.In one of the Indonesian corporate, the Human Capital division divided three levels of management: Character or Spiritual Level that speaks in the spirit of landscape, the level of Competence or emotional & intellectual; the area is a sense and ratio, and the level of Compensation or a physical level to talk about physical.A research method used to perform analyze of internalization corporate and spiritual index is descriptive method. Data collected from total respondents of 7061 employees by interview, study literature and questioner distribution.Result of the research is the level internalization values on a basic belief having value of 79, 81 % are on good category. Where the value on each sub-division variabel namely integrity of 80,75 %, enthusiasm of 79,61 %, and totality of 79,06 %. Based on the data to scatter the age of work, can be known that the employees with aged more than 45 years having the level of internalization of the spiritual index most higher than at the age of other working groups.Keywords: Descriptive Research, Internalization, Interview Method, Spiritual Index
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Dowling, Rhiannon. "“The Case of Two Boys,” Gender, and Justice in Late Soviet Russia." Russian History 43, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2016): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04304003.
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This article examines a criminal case from 1966–1969 concerning a crime that took place in 1965 in the town of Izmalkovo outside of Moscow. Two young men were charged and eventually acquitted for the rape and murder of their female classmate. Their trial drew the attention of jurists and journalists from the capital, as well as scrutiny from the highest judicial and party organs in addition to the ire of local villagers. Two accounts remain of the trial: one written in 1969 by a Moscow journalist, Olga Chaikovskaia, well-known for her writings on crime and law throughout the late Soviet period, and the other penned over a decade later by Dina Kaminskaia, one of the defense lawyers in the trial and later notorious for her advocacy on behalf of prominent dissidents. Both of these women, in describing their defense of the young men, employed gendered conceptions of justice and legality in order to criticize or condemn the Soviet justice system and its agents. And yet Kaminskaia’s and Chaikovskaia’s narratives reveal that, in spite of deep divisions between people from different classes, localities, and with disparate education levels, both urban intelligentsia elite women and the simple village women who heartily opposed them could still have a remarkable degree of faith in the criminal justice system well into the era of “stagnation.” What interested the women from the capital in this case was their perception that the highest organs of Soviet power were involved in these boys’ prosecution, and that their convictions were a foregone conclusion. What kept them coming back to Izmalkovo after repeated set-backs, was the hope that, with the right arguments and evidence, and in spite of the political bias working against them, that justice could nonetheless be achieved for the boys. On this count, they were correct.
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Sebire, Jacqueline. "The Value of Incorporating Measures of Relationship Concordance When Constructing Profiles of Intimate Partner Homicides: A Descriptive Study of IPH Committed Within London, 1998-2009." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 10 (June 24, 2015): 1476–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589565.
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This article presents a profile of intimate partner homicides (IPH) committed within London incorporating a gendered comparison of the perpetrators’ relationships. Data was sourced from the original police files for offenses committed in the capital between 1998 and 2009 ( N = 207; 173 male and 34 female perpetrators). In common with other international descriptive studies, the results indicate comparative differences between partners according to perpetrator gender in terms of age profiles, employment status, experience of mental health issues, intoxication at time of killing, and possession of criminal convictions. Gender-based IPH descriptive studies have tended to focus on a collation of either victim or perpetrator or relationship characteristics, often in isolation from one another. Assessments of how parties interact within fatal relationships are invariably absent, and yet, it is the relationship that forms the backdrop against which the fatal acts are perpetrated. This study, therefore, not only provides an insight into the profile of IPH committed within London where none had previously existed but also demonstrates the advantages of incorporating relationship concordance measures. The inclusion of such measures when researching IPH assists homicide investigators in understanding the dynamics taking place within the cohort of fatal relationships they police. It also provides researchers a useful platform to enhance understanding of this crucial aspect, for it is the relationship itself which is what defines IPH and distinguishes as a unique subset of homicide.
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Cunningham, Raymond J. "“Scientia Pro Patria”: Herbert Baxter Adams and Mugwump Academic Reform at Johns Hopkins, 1876–1901." Prospects 15 (October 1990): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300005871.
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Two days before the 1884 presidential election, Woodrow Wilson, then a graduate student in history and political science at the Johns Hopkins University, confessed somewhat guiltily to his fiancée that he had been scanning the newspapers on the Lord's Day to gauge the chances of the Democratic candidate. “I am exceedingly hopeful,” he wrote, “though so anxious as to be thankful that there is only a day or two more of suspense. Only my profound trust in an over-ruling Providence will keep me from the deepest despondency, my darling, if Cleveland should be defeated.” Wilson's commitment to Grover Cleveland and his aversion to James G. Blaine were characteristic of the feeling at the university. In the department of historical and political science, headed by thirty-fouryear-old Herbert Baxter Adams, such feeling ran high. Adams, a New England Republican who made no secret of his mugwump convictions, took for granted that his students hoped for a Cleveland victory. The Cleveland motto, “Public Office is a Public Trust”, he reminded them, was a truth as old as Aristotle. On election night, Hopkins men scrutinized the returns into the early morning hours, and lectures the next day were heard with slight attention. Cleveland's inauguration was an occasion for celebration, and Adams, with a large contingent of Hopkinsians, went off on a “spree” to the Capital.
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Tavares, Anderson Claytron. "O Sucesso da Empreitada Maçônica no Brasil do Século XIX potencializado pelo Ethos do Rito Escocês Antigo e Aceito." REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 13, no. 21 (June 19, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v13i21.688.
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O presente artigo mostra que existiu uma sólida estrutura religiosa financiadora da empreitada maçônica nos diversos locais que a mesma teve acesso e que o êxito desse empreendimento só foi possível pela alta carga de capital religioso presente na estrutura da maçonaria; a constituição Maçônica de 1723, os ritos de passagem e as muitas cosmogonias presentes nas antigas obrigações maçônicas, ajudaram no desenvolvimento da ordem elevando a mesma a uma missão de caráter transcendental. Em 1865 quando se tentou laicizar a maçonaria retirando do ritual a invocação do Grande Arquiteto do Universo, verificou-se através da mudança do rito moderno francês que a base religiosa brasileira era muito mais forte e se impôs à Ordem. O estatuto maçônico através de sua herança religiosa dialogou profundamente com os preceitos da estrutura social que lhe deu aporte no século XIX, fornecendo uma forte base que serviu de alicerce para fundamentação de suas convicções. The present article shows that there was a solid religious structure that financed the Masonic enterprise in the various places that it had access and that the success of this enterprise was only possible due to the high load of religious capital present in the structure of Freemasonry; the Masonic constitution of 1723, the rites of passage and the many cosmogonies present in the old Masonic obligations, helped in the development of the order, elevating it to a mission of transcendental character. In 1865, when it was tried to lay Freemasonry by removing from the ritual the invocation of the Great Architect of the Universe, it was verified through the change of the modern French rite that the Brazilian religious base was very strong imposing itself before the Order. The Masonic statute through its religious inheritance deeply dialogue with the precepts of the social structure that gave him support in the nineteenth century, providing a strong foundation that served as a foundation for the foundation of his convictions..
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Mouline, Boubker, and Hicham Sadok. "Determinants of corporate cash holdings: Evidence from the Moroccan market." Accounting 7, no. 6 (2021): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.4.017.
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Determining cash holdings is amongst the most important financial decisions made by heads of corporations. This decision relies on theoretical convictions and views as well as firm specific characteristics. This article analyzes the determinants of cash management in Moroccan corporations. By mobilizing all the theories of optimal financial structure, our research attempts to focus on the field of knowledge in the financial management of cash surpluses. No analysis has been carried out concerning cash and cash equivalents in Moroccan firms. These results could, therefore, contextualize the existing knowledge in this research theme and better understand the behavior of companies and their main trends in terms of cash flow, as well as the objectives and motivations of managers. The sample studied consists of 42 Moroccan companies, which are all publicly traded on the Casablanca Stock Exchange over 13 years (2007-2019). This research uses an empirical econometric study based on a positivist approach with a hypothetical-deductive method. We use panel regression analysis and perform all the necessary tests to determine the exact nature of this dataset. Our results show some evidence that a strong positive correlation exists between liquidity level and cash-flow as well as family shareholding. It is also found that the cash holdings of these companies are significantly negatively affected by how large or small the firm is, working capital requirement, debt leverage, as well as growth opportunity of the firm.
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Shashkina, Margarita N. "PUBLIC FIGURE I.YA. SLAVIN AND PAINTER ARTIST A.P. BOGOLYUBOV - ZEALOUS GUARDIANS OF THE SARATOV LAND'S GOOD." History and Archives, no. 4 (2020): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2020-4-12-25.
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Alexey Bogolyubov and Ivan Slavin are the two prominent figures in the cultural and public life of the Russian Empire’s Saratov Province. The former was a well-known painter, philanthropist, and Maecenas. In 1885, Alexey Bogolyubov initiated the foundation of the Saratov Museum of Fine Arts (the first public fine arts museum in Russia) and the creation of the famous Saratov drawing school, the cradle of many Russian painters, which was opened after Bogolyubov’s death in 1897. The latter – Ivan Slavin was an eminent public figure in Saratov, the author of the memoirs about the development of his native city in the pre-revolutionary period. In his book, Slavin described the events in which he himself was directly involved as a member of the city government. The Saratov Region State Archives has preserved the documents attesting to the long-lasting friendly relationship between A.P. Bogolyubov and I.Ya. Slavin. The materials elaborate on the roles of the two personalities in the history of the Volga city, which, before World War I, was considered to be the “capital of the Volga Region”. The article tries to analyze how and on what basis did the two characters draw closer. The difference in age was not an obstacle and did not interfere with their business and friendly relationship. Alexey Bogolyubov spent most of his life abroad. Ivan Slavin, out of his convictions, never left his homeland. They were united by the Russian language, pan-European culture, their dedicated service to Russia, understanding of their duty to contemporaries and descendants. “The Sons of the Fatherland” – this noble definition can fully characterize both figures.
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Risch, Michael. "Zukunftsfähigkeit im 21. Jahrhundert: Erfolgsfaktor Unternehmenskultur." Der Betriebswirt: Volume 52, Issue 2 52, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.52.2.23.
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Auch wenn Kondratieff’s „Theorie der langen Wellen“ bis heute statistisch nicht valide nachgewiesen ist, hat sie doch das volkswirtschaftliche Verständnis von Konjunkturzyklen in den letzten 85 Jahren maßgeblich geprägt. Aber die digitale Wirtschaft stellt das Paradigma kapitalgetriebener Innovationszyklen zunehmend in Frage. Kreative Ideen, die Angebote und Kompetenzen intelligent zu Services verbinden, geben der Wirtschaft neue Wachstumsimpulse. Tradierte Managementkonzepte werden dieser veränderten Wirklichkeit nicht mehr gerecht. So ist in vielen Branchen der Aufbau von Eintrittsbarrieren heute nicht mehr möglich – und in einem dynamischen Umfeld mit schwer vorhersagbaren Entwicklungen meist auch nicht mehr sinnvoll. Unternehmen müssen deshalb die Fähigkeit zur Zusammenarbeit in Netzwerken verbessern, um Innovationsquellen auch außerhalb des Unternehmens und seiner angestammten Vertriebskanäle zu erschließen. Unternehmenskultur wird in diesem Umfeld zum Wettbewerbs- und Erfolgsfaktor. Until today, Kondratieff’s „Theory of long waves“ is not validated statistically. Nevertheless, it has significantlyinfluenced the macroeconomic understanding of business cycles in the past 85 years. But the digital economy is challenging the paradigm of capital driven innovation cycles. Creative ideas that intelligently combine competencies to services are the new drivers of the economy. In this environment, traditional convictions of management become obsolete. In many industries, for example, companies can no longer build sustainable entry barriers – which is also not useful in a dynamic environment where the competitor of today can be the partner of the future. Therefore, companies must improve their ability to work flexible together in networks that use sources of innovation and distribution channels beyond the company’s own resources. In such an environment, corporate culture becomes a critical factor of competitiveness and success. Keywords: zukunftsfähigkeit im 21 jahrhundert erfolgsfaktor unternehmen
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Maitra, Krishna. "Gifted mothers as social capital." Gifted Education International 28, no. 2 (January 25, 2012): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261429411435014.
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This article explores an unexamined area in the realm of gifted adults coming from disadvantaged backgrounds. The focus of this paper documents how a mother, in spite of all sorts of hardships, never deviates from her conviction about the education of her children. The author examines the concept of social capital in a symbiotic relationship with gifted motherhood.
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Mello, Michael A. "Is There a Federal Constitutional Right to Counsel in Capital Post-Conviction Proceedings?" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 79, no. 4 (1989): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143754.
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Young, Robert L. "guilty until proven innocent: conviction orientation, racial attitudes, and support for capital punishment." Deviant Behavior 25, no. 2 (March 2004): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639620490266916.
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Flexon, Jamie L. "Does Racism Fuel Conviction Proneness Among Non–African Americans? Assessing the Impact of Juror Bias at the Conviction Stage of Capital Trials." Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 9, no. 3 (July 2011): 218–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2011.594358.
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Kozlov, A. E. "Satirical Weekly “Iskra”: Post-Folklore, Post-Irony and Post-Modern." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 6 (August 11, 2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-6-19-34.
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Purpose. The reputation of the satirical weekly Iskra is traditionally determined by the political context of the Russian Empire in 1860s. Despite the fact that in the first years of its existence, the publication attracted writers of various fractions, views, and convictions, Iskra was perceived as a radical magazine, “…another department of Sovremennik”. Moreover, Iskra’s defamations and attacks against provincial and capital officials, and writers have become an inte gral part of the everyday life of the 1860s. Individual articles and whole issues have been banned and censored, though this policy only promoted and strengthened the reputation of weekly. Later, reflecting the importance of the magazine, the Soviet literary criticism established a typological relationship between Iskra by Kurochkines brothers and the left-wing newspaper of the same name published by V. I. Lenin at the beginning of the 20th century. This article attempts to reinterpret Iskra, implying a “weakening” of the sociological and political aspects of interpretation in favor of the aesthetic ones.Results. The article put forward a hypothesis that publications such as Charivari, Punch, and Iskra can be considered from perspective of modern discursive practices: post-folklore (the phenomenon of variable text and multiple authorship), post-modernity (discrediting the classical heritage or its carnival rethinking) and post-irony (deconstruction of modern leaders of opinion, self-exposure). Based on the study of prosaic and poetic parodies and satire, graphic texts - cartoons and serials (comics), the author analyzes the specificity of the construction and presentation of Russian reality as an anti-world. The article contains fragments of prose and poetic feuilletons by D. D. Minaev, V. P. Burenin, and M. Stopanovsky, many of which are published for the first time.Conclusion. Iskra as a product of the polemical journalism of the Russian Empire in 1860s displayedan experience of a new aesthetics (a kind of anti-aesthetics), synthesizing schoolchildren (cartoons) and decadent subcultures (Baudelaire translations). Apparently, the 8000 subscribers included not only a radical and democratic reader but also a general audience, equally tired of the official tone of government periodicals and the moralizing of the progressive camp. Demonstrating Russian life as the so-called ‘antiworld’, Iskra proposed a version of “carnival liberation”, which was probably reflected in the poetics of many contemporaries: M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. S. Leskov, F. M. Dostoevsky. In this regard, the issue of post-folklore, post-modernism, post-truth, and post-irony on the pages of Iskra rather remained unresolved. However, the change in perspective, it seems to us, enables reinterpretation of the previously collected data, allowing us to give a new interpretation.
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BRAUN, EDUARD. "The theory of capital as a theory of capitalism." Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000394.
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AbstractBefore economists and sociologists came up with their own definitions of the term ‘capital’, it was commonly understood as money invested in businesses by their owners or shareholders, and it continues to be understood this way in everyday business practice. In a recent article, Hodgson (2014) advises economists to return to this pre-Smithian usage of the term. This paper takes up Hodgson's demand and develops a theory of capital that is based upon this business notion of capital. It also argues that the Austrian theory of capital, if interpreted correctly, can serve as a starting point. Despite the conviction of its adherents to the contrary, the Austrian theory of capital is not universal or ahistorical, but dovetails with Hodgson's vision of an approach to capital that analyses historically specific features of capitalism.
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Nkhata, Mwiza Jo. "Emerging Trends from the Resentencing of Capital Offenders in Malawi." New Criminal Law Review 22, no. 2 (2019): 164–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2019.22.2.164.
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In 2007, the High Court of Malawi, sitting as a constitutional court, declared that the mandatory sentence of death for murder was unconstitutional. At the time of the High Court’s invalidation of the mandatory death penalty, Malawi’s prisons had over 190 prisoners serving their sentences as a result of the imposition of the mandatory death penalty. Some of these prisoners were on death row, while others had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. When the mandatory death penalty was declared unconstitutional, the High Court also directed that all prisoners serving their sentences for murder should be brought before the High Court so that they could receive individual sentences taking into account the circumstances of the offense, the offender, as well as the interests of the victim(s). This paper interrogates the application of the sentencing discretion that was introduced with the outlawing of the mandatory death penalty in Malawi. Specifically, the paper analyzes decisions that have emerged from the resentencing of capital offenders in so far as judges have either considered or refused to consider the relevance of post-conviction factors during the resentencing. It is this paper’s central finding that a refusal to consider post-conviction factors, as some judges held, was not only unjustified but was also contrary to Malawi’s Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code and the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. This refusal, the paper argues, resulted in sentencing discrepancies as well as a failure to properly utilize the discretion vested in the courts for purposes of sentencing.
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Nasrijal, Nasreen Miza Hilmy, and Ekmil Krisnawati Erlen Joni. "Enforcement of Capital Punishment: Legal Issues in Eliminating Drug Trafficking." Social and Management Research Journal 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/smrj.v13i2.5270.
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Drug trafficking in Malaysia is punishable with a mandatory capital punishment. To convict a person for drug trafficking is a laborious task for the prosecution. This paper presents the findings of the research on drug trafficking cases which revealed that the courts have been vigorous in meting out capital punishment. However, there are challenges faced by the prosecution in succeeding in cases. This study found various hindrances that frustrate the efforts in combating drug trafficking activities. In some cases, due to evidential procedures and requirements, the person accused for drug trafficking had to be acquitted even though the amount of drugs involved in the case appeared to suggest that there was some drug-related activities. Therefore, while capital punishment is theoretically aimed at deterring drug trafficking, much has to be done to achieve the intended objective.
Keywords: drug trafficking, capital punishment, evidential procedures, acquittal, conviction
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Hoffmann, Joseph L. "Innocence and Federal Habeas after AEDPA: Time for the Supreme Court to Act." Federal Sentencing Reporter 24, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2012.24.4.300.
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New empirical research shows that, since AEDPA, the likelihood of success in non-capital federal habeas corpus has dropped to less than one percent. Federal habeas courts continue to be concerned about the wrongful conviction of innocent defendants, but their role in such cases must be redefined. Habeas courts are structurally incapable of effectively screening and investigating claims of wrongful conviction; these responsibilities are better performed by extrajudicial actors such as innocence projects, innocence commissions, law school clinics, volunteer lawyers, and the media. The proper role of habeas is to provide a clear path to relief, unencumbered by procedural restrictions, for petitioners who can produce clear and convincing new evidence of innocence. The Supreme Court should help to create such a path by finally acknowledging the constitutional status of “bare innocence” claims based on new evidence.
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Gross, Samuel R., and Barbara O'Brien. "Frequency and Predictors of False Conviction: Why We Know So Little, and New Data on Capital Cases." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 5, no. 4 (December 2008): 927–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2008.00146.x.
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Gartzke, Erik, Quan Li, and Charles Boehmer. "Investing in the Peace: Economic Interdependence and International Conflict." International Organization 55, no. 2 (2001): 391–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00208180151140612.
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Research appears to substantiate the liberal conviction that trade fosters global peace. Still, existing understanding of linkages between conflict and international economics is limited in at least two ways. First, cross-border economic relationships are far broader than just trade. Global capital markets dwarf the exchange of goods and services, and states engage in varying degrees of monetary policy coordination. Second, the manner in which economics is said to inhibit conflict behavior is implausible in light of new analytical insights about the causes of war. We discuss, and then demonstrate formally, how interdependence can influence states' recourse to military violence. The risk of disrupting economic linkages—particularly access to capital—may occasionally deter minor contests between interdependent states, but such opportunity costs will typically fail to preclude militarized disputes. Instead, interdependence offers nonmilitarized avenues for communicating resolve through costly signaling. Our quantitative results show that capital interdependence contributes to peace independent of the effects of trade, democracy, interest, and other variables.
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Adler, Jeffrey S. "‘To Stay the Murderer’s Hand and the Rapist’s Passions, and for the Safety and Security of Civil Society’: The Emergence of Racial Disparities in Capital Punishment in Jim Crow New Orleans." American Journal of Legal History 59, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njz012.
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Abstract This essay examines capital punishment in New Orleans between 1920 and 1945. Building on a quantitative analysis of case-level data culled from police, court, and prison records, it explores the emergence of racial disparities in death-penalty sentencing and charts the increasing use of capital punishment as a mechanism of racial control. The paper focuses on four surprising and counter-intuitive patterns in the application of the death penalty. First, shifts in the use of capital punishment during this era bore no connection to patterns of violent crime. Second, changes in death-penalty sentencing were only loosely related to overall trends in homicide conviction. Third, and most surprising, Orleans Parish jurors, particularly during the 1920s, sent white killers to the gallows at a higher rate than African American killers. And fourth, the analysis of case-level records reveals dramatic shifts in death-penalty sentencing during the 1930s, particularly the development of a pronounced racial disparity in the application of capital punishment. Prosecutors also exploited the threat of capital charges to secure guilty pleas from African American suspects, and thus changes in death-penalty sentencing contributed to racial disparities in incarceration. In short, this micro-analysis helps to explain when and why the death penalty became a core component of Jim Crow criminal justice.
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Dincer, Oguzhan. "If you're corrupt, you'd better be free." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 6 (March 25, 2020): 1307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2019-0153.
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PurposeThis study aims to investigate if the level of economic freedom matters for how corruption affects per capita income in US states.Design/methodology/approachUsing a new (and novel) index of corruption, which is based on Associated Press news wires, the author estimates the long-run cointegrating relationship between corruption, economic freedom and per capita income with fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) following Pedroni (2000).FindingsThe author finds that there is a threshold level of economic freedom that determines if corruption reduces the per capita income in a state. According to the FMOLS estimations, the negative effects of corruption on income decrease as economic freedom increases, and they eventually disappear.Originality/valueThis is the first study investigating the intricate relationship between corruption, economic freedom and economic performance using data from US states. The study uses a news-based measure of corruption constructed by Dincer and Johnston (2017), which has several advantages over the convictions-based measure used in previous studies analyzing the relationship between corruption and growth using US data. The study takes into account the integration and cointegration properties of the data and estimates the relationship among the cointegrated variables using FMOLS following Pedroni (2000).
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Ayanlola, Atanda Luqman, and Ugwulebo Jeremiah Emeka. "Graduate Joblessness: Conviction for Entrepreneurship Studies in Library and Information Science Programme of Nigerian Tertiary Institutions." International Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijs.1210.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to understand what the Nigerian graduates are passing through, most especially graduate of library and information science programme of Nigerian tertiary institutions.
Findings: The statistics of unemployed graduates in Nigeria as at 2011 showed that a disheartening figure of 42.7 million with over 1,8 million graduates churned out of our higher institutions yearly. It was further revealed that the unemployment rate in Nigeria stood at 38 percent in 2013 with further increase expected in succeeding years. The slow rate of economic growth and undeveloped private sector, faulty manpower planning, high expectations of the fresh graduate attitude towards some types of jobs, recruitments, the quest for higher education, inadequate educational curricular, immobility of labour, the long period of initial unemployment among graduates of higher institution, use of capital intensive technology, wide rural-urban migration
Conclusion: It is evident that entrepreneurship education is important for Library and Information Science students in higher institution of learning. The training of Library and Information Science students must reflect the 21st century development in the field which is influenced by the emergence of Information Technology, hence, Library and Information Science students must have computer proficiency, familiarity with metadata, database management and application, web development and design, knowledge of electronic resources and services
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Palmer, P. N. "A probabilistic approach to the evaluation of risk-related investments with reference to their location in industrial development/ deconcentration points in South Africa." South African Journal of Business Management 17, no. 2 (June 30, 1986): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v17i2.1036.
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The policy and programme for industrial decentralization in South Africa forms an integral part of South Africa's total economic development strategy for the future. Therefore, in the wake of South Africa's revised regional economic development proposals - which have resulted in the introduction of predominantly cash-based industrial decentralization incentives relative to their predominantly tax-based precursors - the author purports to outline the tenets underlying a probabilistic approach to the evaluation of risk-related investments with reference to their location in industrial development/deconcentration points in South Africa. To this end, the author seeks to illustrate that in evaluating capital investment proposals - within the context of regional decentralization - cash flow streams are one of the principal determinants of project worth in the analytical process. Moreover, although much of contemporary capital budgeting work is based on assumed 'conditions of certainty' a probabilistic approach to cash flow formulations is adopted in this article in the conviction that this affords considerably more insight into the problems of project evaluation and optimal selection.
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Yu, Teng-Li, and Jiun-Hao Wang. "Factors affecting social entrepreneurship intentions among agricultural university students in Taiwan." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0032.
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Taiwan’s agriculture is again generating local interest after years of decline as awareness of problems facing development and food safety grows. Agriculture-related social entrepreneurship is seen as a crucial solution to the challenges faced and has gradually become part of mainstream business in rural areas. This study examined whether empathy, social responsibility, social capital and support, and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy affect social entrepreneurial intentions. Through an online and offline survey, a sample of Taiwanese agricultural college students (n=464) were recruited for analysis. The factor analyses supported previous studies and proved that the factor structures of subscales used in this study were stable, with the exception of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis results indicated that management efficacy was the most prominent factor affecting social entrepreneurial conviction, followed by stakeholder perspective and communication efficacy. In addition, management efficacy was the strongest factor affecting social entrepreneurial preparation, followed by stakeholder perspective and affective empathy. Notably, cognitive empathy was revealed to be negatively associated with social entrepreneurial preparation. Social capital and support were found to have no association with social entrepreneurial intentions.
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Somers, J. M., A. Moniruzzaman, S. N. Rezansoff, J. Brink, and A. Russolillo. "The prevalence and geographic distribution of complex co-occurring disorders: a population study." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796015000347.
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Aims.A subset of people with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders require coordinated support from health, social welfare and justice agencies to achieve diversion from homelessness, criminal recidivism and further health and social harms. Integrated models of care are typically concentrated in large urban centres. The present study aimed to empirically measure the prevalence and distribution of complex co-occurring disorders (CCD) in a large geographic region that includes urban as well as rural and remote settings.Methods.Linked data were examined in a population of roughly 3.7 million adults. Inclusion criteria for the CCD subpopulation were: physician diagnosed substance use and mental disorders; psychiatric hospitalisation; shelter assistance; and criminal convictions. Prevalence per 100 000 was calculated in 91 small areas representing urban, rural and remote settings.Results.2202 individuals met our inclusion criteria for CCD. Participants had high rates of hospitalisation (8.2 admissions), criminal convictions (8.6 sentences) and social assistance payments (over $36 000 CDN) in the past 5 years. There was wide variability in the geographic distribution of people with CCD, with high prevalence rates in rural and remote settings.Conclusions.People with CCD are not restricted to areas with large populations or to urban settings. The highest per capita rates of CCD were observed in relatively remote locations, where mental health and substance use services are typically in limited supply. Empirically supported interventions must be adapted to meet the needs of people living outside of urban settings with high rates of CCD.
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Campbell, James. "Murder Appeals, Delayed Executions, and the Origins of Jamaican Death Penalty Jurisprudence." Law and History Review 33, no. 2 (March 24, 2015): 435–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248015000103.
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In December 1993, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ruled in Pratt and Morgan v. The Attorney General for Jamaica that excessive delay in the enforcement of death sentences—defined with some caveats as more than 5 years from the time of conviction to execution—was “inhuman” and therefore unconstitutional. The Judicial Committee also reversed earlier rulings in finding that the 5 year time frame for appeals should include those delays that resulted from legal proceedings initiated by prisoners themselves. The result was to clear death row cells across most of the British Caribbean, with the capital sentences of more than 100 condemned prisoners commuted in Jamaica alone. Pratt also ushered in a new era of Judicial Committee activism in Caribbean death penalty cases that resulted in a series of further safeguards against executions, including the abolition of mandatory death sentences. The cumulative effect of these judgments is that there has not been an execution in Jamaica since 1988, even though capital punishment remains legal and, amidst persistently high rates of violent crime across the region, political support for a resumption of hanging is strong.
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Młodawska, Jolanta. "Venture Capital in Japan: A Financial Instrument Supporting the Innovativeness of the Japanese Economy." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, no. 2 (September 17, 2012): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0008-8.
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Venture capital (literally “high–risk capital”) is designated for the financing of small companies that by themselves lack sufficient resources, but whose activities indicate potentially high profits in the future. It can play a special role in the development of the technologically advanced industries as well as in the growth of entrepreneurship understood as a readiness to establish new companies (“start–ups”). Two factors: First, the relatively small number of new companies as well as the number of companies subject to liquidation over the year (“firm turnover”) in Japan, and second, the insignificant prestige associated with the profession of entrepreneur do not foster growth in the dynamics of this form of financing ventures. The cited indicator for Japan in among the lowest in comparison with other highly developed countries1, while the profession of entrepreneur is not the foremost dream of college graduates. They would much rather prefer realizing their professional careers as members of the government bureaucracy or employees of a major corporation2. However, this mindset is slowly changing, if for no other reason then, in spite of popular conviction, because most small companies are not established during periods of prosperity, but near the end of the downward phase of the economic cycle. That is exactly the phase Japan has been dealing with for several years now. Young, creative people, recruited from the unemployed, are seeking self–employment, using all possible opportunities embedded in the “again starting up” machinery of the economy.