Relevant bibliographies by topics / Capacity and disability – england

Academic literature on the topic 'Capacity and disability – england'

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Published: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Capacity and disability – england"

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Shah, Ajit, Chris Heginbotham, Bill Fulford, Natalie Banner, Karen Newbigging, and Mat Kinton. "A Pilot Study of the Early Experience of Consultant Psychiatrists in the Implementation of the Mental Capacity Act 2005: Local Policy and Training, Assessment of Capacity and Determination of Best Interests." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law, no. 19 (September 8, 2014): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v0i19.251.

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<p>The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) was partially implemented in April 2007 and fully implemented in October 2007 in England and Wales (with the exception of the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards which were implemented in April 2009). The government estimated that up to 2 million adults in England and Wales may have issues concerning their decision-making capacity (henceforth ‘capacity’), and these will included 840,000 people with dementia, 145,000 people with severe learning disability, 1.2 million people with mild to moderate learning disability and 120,000 people with severe brain injury. Additionally, the prevalence of schizophrenia, mania and serious depression are 1%, 1% and 5% respectively, and some of these individuals may also lack capacity. Moreover, up to 6 million family and unpaid carers are estimated to provide care or treatment for individuals lacking capacity. Furthermore, many other people who do not lack capacity may use aspects of the MCA for future planning.</p>
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Bearden, Elizabeth B. "Before Normal, There Was Natural: John Bulwer, Disability, and Natural Signing in Early Modern England and Beyond." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, no. 1 (January 2017): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.1.33.

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Disability studies scholars and Renaissance scholars have much to learn from early modern schemata of disability. Early modern people used nature and the natural to discriminate against and to include people with atypical bodies and minds. In his writings, the English physician John Bulwer (1606–56) considers Deafness a natural human variation with definite advantages, anticipating current concepts of biolinguistic diversity and Deaf-gain, while acknowledging his society's biases. He refutes the exclusion of sign language and other forms of what he calls “ocular audition” from natural law, which made capacity for speech the benchmark for natural rights. Instead of using Deaf people as exceptions that prove the rule of nature or as limit cases for humanity, Bulwer makes deafness part of a plastic understanding of the senses, and he promotes the sociability of signed languages as a conduit to a universal language that might be encouraged and taught in England.
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Le Gallez, Isabelle, Keith J. B. Rix, Kartina A. Choong, and Helen Dewson. "Sexual rights, mental disorder and intellectual disability: principles and law." BJPsych Advances 24, no. 5 (July 20, 2018): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2018.32.

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SUMMARYPeople with mental disorder and intellectual disability have the same rights to sexual expression as other people, albeit that in some cases a lack of capacity may require curtailment of those rights and regard must be had to protecting the vulnerable. Furthermore, the formation or maintenance of sexual relations, or the attainment of sexual fulfilment, may assist in the maintenance or restoration of mental health or well-being. This article demonstrates how the courts in England and Wales, applying statute law and judicial precedent, are largely supportive of the rights of people with mental disorder or intellectual disability to make decisions about sexual expression, sexual relationships and related matters, notwithstanding some societal and staff attitudes that act to prevent them fulfilling their sexual needs and making decisions about sexual and reproductive matters.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Understand the underlying principles that apply to the exercise of their sexual rights by people with mental disorder or intellectual disability•Understand some of the obstacles to the exercise of sexual rights by people with mental disorder or intellectual disability•Understand the statute and case law that apply to the exercise of sexual rights by people with mental disorder or intellectual disabilityDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.
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Soifer, Aviam. "The Paradox of Paternalism and Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism: United States Supreme Court, 1888–1921." Law and History Review 5, no. 1 (1987): 249–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743942.

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In 1898, the year Americans first sailed forth to fight in other countries to protect purported victims of imperialism, A. V. Dicey steamed into Harvard University to deliver his lectures on Law and Public Opinion in England. Like William Blackstone, Vinerian Professor before him, Dicey deployed a number of memorable epigrams to capture what seemed basic truths of his day. Dicey's assertion that ‘protection invariably involves disability’ appeared to state the obvious to Americans at the turn of the century.In this essay I will consider how the United States Supreme Court embraced Dicey's epigram and translated it into decisions during the tenures of Chief Justices Fuller and White about the capacity of the individual in the United States to contract and care for himself.
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Series, Lucy. "On Detaining 300,000 People: the Liberty Protection Safeguards." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 2019, no. 25 (June 30, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v2019i25.952.

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<p>The Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019 will introduce a new framework––the Liberty Protection Safeguards (LPS)––for authorising arrangements giving rise to a deprivation of liberty to enable the care and treatment of people who lack capacity to consent to them in England and Wales. The LPS will replace the heavily criticised Mental Capacity Act 2005 deprivation of liberty safeguards (MCA DoLS). The new scheme must provide detention safeguards on an unprecedented scale and across a much more diverse range of settings than traditional detention frameworks linked to mental disability. Accordingly, the LPS are highly flexible, and grant detaining authorities considerable discretion in how they perform this safeguarding function. This review outlines the background to the 2019 amendments to the MCA, and contrasts the LPS with the DoLS. It argues that although the DoLS were in need of reform, the new scheme also fails to deliver adequate detention safeguards, and fails to engage with the pivotal question: what are these safeguards for?</p><p>Keywords: Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019; Mental Capacity Act 2005; deprivation of liberty safeguards; liberty protection safeguards; article 5 European Convention on Human Rights; P v Cheshire West and Chester Council and another; P and Q v Surrey County Council [2014] UKSC 19; [2014] A.C. 896; [2014] H.R.L.R. 13</p>
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Flynn, Eilionóir. "Disability, Deprivation of Liberty and Human Rights Norms: Reconciling European and International Approaches." International Journal of Mental Health and Capacity Law 2016, no. 22 (February 23, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/ijmhcl.v22i2.503.

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<p><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica',sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Persons with disabilities are subject to unique forms of deprivation of liberty, often justified by reference to the need to protect their right to life, right to health, and to protect the human rights of others. This paper examines disability-specific forms of deprivation of liberty, particularly those authorised in mental health and capacity law, in light of their compliance with European and international human rights frameworks. It explores the apparent tension between Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which permits deprivation of liberty of ‘persons of unsound mind’ in certain circumstances, and Article 14 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which states that ‘the existence of a disability shall in no case justify a deprivation of liberty.’ The challenges in attempting to comply with both provisions are illustrated through reference to developments in England and Wales. This paper also seeks to offer a way forward for States Parties to both Conventions, in order to protect the rights of persons with disabilities.</span></p>
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Branton, Tim, and Guy Brookes. "Definitions and criteria: the 2007 amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16, no. 3 (May 2010): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.108.006577.

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SummaryThis article deals with the provisions for the lawful detention and compulsory treatment of patients in England and Wales. The 2007 amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983 redefine ‘mental disorder’ and ‘medical treatment’ and remove the classifications required for longer-term detention, abolishing the so-called ‘treatability test’ and introducing a new appropriate-treatment test. ‘Learning disability’ is brought within the definition of mental disorder but only if ‘associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct’. The exclusion for promiscuity, other immoral conduct or sexual deviancy is repealed; the exclusion for dependence on alcohol and drugs is retained. The revised definition of ‘medical treatment’ includes psychological treatment and removes the requirement that treatment is under medical supervision. The basic structure of the 1983 Act is retained. Use of the powers is discretionary. The principles of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 are imported into the decision-making framework through the wording of the Mental Health ActCode of Practice.
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Carroll, John, and Jill Davies. "Stopping Over-Medication of People With a Learning Disability, Autism or Both (STOMP) – a Community Audit." BJPsych Open 9, S1 (July 2023): S151—S152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.408.

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AimsThe stopping over-medication of people with a learning disability, autism or both (STOMP) campaign was launched by NHS England in 2016 as part of the Transforming Care programme. It aims to reduce the inappropriate prescribing of psychotropic medication to manage challenging behaviour in the absence of a licenced indication. The current audit aimed to demonstrate adherence to national standards for STOMP within the community learning disability teams (CLDTs) of Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust. Additionally, a secondary aim was to compare current adherence to the previous audit undertaken in 2019.MethodsAudit standards were derived from national guidance by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The population was defined as all patients open to a CLDT prescriber (medical or non-medical) between April 2020 - March 2021. A multidisciplinary working group agreed inclusion and exclusion criteria before designing an electronic audit questionnaire. A random sample of 20% of patients from each of the three CLDTs (Bexley, Bromley & Greenwich) was generated. Data were collected between October and November 2021.ResultsThe clinical records of 111 patients were reviewed, 86 of whom met inclusion criteria. Of these, 65 patients were taking psychotropic medication and progressed to full auditing. Key findings were: 85% of patients on established psychotropics had a medication review within the previous 6 months, of which 100% were assessed for their response to treatment and 86% were assessed for side effects; 78% of patients had their capacity to consent to treatment documented and, of those lacking capacity, 81% had a best interests decision documented. All but one of these key findings demonstrated an improvement compared to the 2019 audit.ConclusionOverall, this 2021 audit demonstrates a substantial improvement since the previous audit in 2019. However, adherence to national standards continues to be below 100%. Dissemination of findings and an updated action plan are indicated before re-audit in 2023.
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Gupta, Jaya, Angela Hassiotis, Ingrid Bohnen, and Yogesh Thakker. "Application of community treatment orders (CTOs) in adults with intellectual disability and mental disorders." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 9, no. 4 (July 6, 2015): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-02-2015-0007.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore use of community treatment orders (CTOs) in adults with intellectual disability (ID) and mental health problems across England and Wales. Design/methodology/approach – A web-based exploratory survey was sent to 359 consultants on the database of the Faculty of the Psychiatry of ID, Royal College of Psychiatrists who had declared ID as their main speciality. Socio-demographic details of responding consultants, clinical characteristics of adults with ID on CTO, subjective views of consultants on using CTOs in people with ID were collected and analysed. Findings – In total, 94 consultant questionnaires were returned providing information on 115 patients detained under CTO. More than 75 per cent of the respondents had used CTO in their clinical practice. Patients subject to CTO were generally young, white males with mild ID and living in supported accommodation. CTOs were primarily used in situations of non-engagement (52.2 per cent), non-compliance with medication (47 per cent) or non-compliance with social care supports (49.6 per cent). Practical implications – Responding consultants expressed concerns about encroachment of civil liberties and ethics of using CTOs in people with ID who may lack capacity and stressed that decision to use CTOs needs to be therefore done on individual basis. Originality/value – This is the first national study to examine the practice of applying CTOs in adults with ID and mental disorders. Current practice is based on evidence from research done in adults with normal intelligence. Further research is needed to investigate the utility of CTOs in routine clinical practice in adults with ID and mental disorders.
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Bartlett, Annie, Nadia Somers, Matthew Fiander, and Mari Anne Harty. "Pathways of care of women in secure hospitals: which women go where and why." British Journal of Psychiatry 205, no. 4 (October 2014): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.137547.

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BackgroundCare pathways for women needing expensive, secure hospital care are poorly understood.AimsTo characterise women in low and medium security hospitals in England and Wales and to compare populations by security and service provider type.MethodCensus data from all specialist commissioning areas. Sociodemographic, clinical, medico-legal, criminological and placement needs data were requested on all women in low and medium secure hospital beds. Parametric tests were used for continuous data and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical data. Thematic analysis was used for free text data.ResultsThe independent sector is the main service provider. A third of all women (n = 1149) were placed outside their home region despite spare local National Health Service (NHS) capacity. The independent sector provides for women with relatively rare disorders, including intellectual disability. The NHS admits most serious offenders. One in 20 are detained because of self-harm alone.ConclusionsPatient-specific factors (notably the diagnosis of personality disorder) and organisational inadequacy (commissioner and service provider) contribute to placements that compromise rehabilitation. Responses should include local solutions for women whose main risk is self-harm and a national approach to women with highly specialist needs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Capacity and disability – england"

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McVey, Julie. "The experiences of healthcare staff in using the Mental Capacity Act (2005) when working with people with a learning disability." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/10673/.

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The Mental Capacity Act (2005) (MCA) is part of the legislative framework of the NHS. Small scale studies in a range of health settings have shown that the understanding and use of the MCA (2005) varies considerably in different services and across staff of differing occupations and grades. The experiences of individual staff in using the MCA has received little attention. This grounded theory study aimed to explain how staff working with people with a learning disability (PWLD) make sense of and use the MCA, whilst also exploring the factors that influence applying the MCA in clinical practice. This study involved 11 healthcare staff from a specialist learning disability service that had used the MCA in the six months prior to their participation in the research. Staff interviews provided narratives about how they had used the MCA. A theoretical framework was developed from the analysis which underpinned three core conceptual categories. The first core category was that of ‘professional risk’ in which staff have awareness of a series of risks that pertain to themselves or the service user that could have negative professional or legal consequences. The second core category described ‘emotional risk’, which affected both the staff and service user. Staff appeared to experience those risks as feelings in the form of anxiety or concern. Both ‘professional risk’ and ‘emotional risk’ bring about ‘strategies’ which mediate the risk; allowing staff to justify and document their position, creating what feels like safe practice for both the staff and service user. Factors which facilitate the use of the Act are concerned not only with these risks but the significance of the decision that the service user has to make. The findings suggest that there is much uncertainty in the process of using the Act, some of which is due to the subjective nature of evidence gathering. The study suggests that peer support offers a range of factors important to education and development of experience in using the Act, along with helping staff cope with the outcome of decision making. The findings have clinical implications for those involved in managing difficult assessments and decision making, including how to gain an appropriate balance between risk and human rights against a backdrop of adversity that can be present for people with a learning disability. Further implications clinically and for future research, along with limitations of the study are also discussed.
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Alteraifi, Rihab. "Disability, citizenship and education in England." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2013. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/8c9dc5f6-7d91-485d-ae20-1737f6420993/1/.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between disability and the notions of citizenship, human rights and education. It aims to analyse the UK watershed 1978 Warnock Report on special education and its application and relate them to models of disability, citizenship and UN human rights law. Education in England serves as a case study to show how these models are expressed in theory and practice and their implication for full citizenship for disabled people. There are eight chapters in this thesis. Chapter One is the introduction and discusses the scope of this thesis. Chapter Two examines the medical and social models of disability. Chapter Three discusses the classical and modern notions of citizenship as they relate to disability. Chapter Four compares citizenship and human rights concepts and the application of UN human rights law prior to 2006 in relation to disability. Chapter Five examines the 2006 United Nation Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD) legislation in detail. Chapters Six and Seven discuss the Warnock Reports of 1978 and 2005 in relation to models of disability and citizenship. Chapter Eight is the conclusion. These chapters collectively examine the notion of classical and modern citizenship and their consideration of disability; the role of human rights in promoting disability and attempt to show their strengths and weaknesses in relation to education for the disabled. The thesis seeks to establish whether models of disability, citizenship and human rights are adequate in providing full citizenship for disabled people. To do so the thesis examines models of disability, notions of citizenship and human rights legislation and whether the UN sponsored CRPD is a superior way forward for gaining recognition for disabled people rights as full citizens. This thesis concludes with the view that disabled people have progressed in achieving rights of inclusive citizenship, but that the medical, social, political and legislative responses remain flawed. Disabled people‘s right to full inclusivity in both educational levels and throughout society remain.
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Heldring, Leander. "State capacity, violence and industrialization in Rwanda and England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:11af4e07-7cc8-4987-9dfa-9ba078be1d4c.

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Economic prosperity across African countries has greatly diverged over the last decades. One the one end, countries like Botswana, Ethiopia and Rwanda have grown rapidly. Others, like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, are poorer in the 21st century than they were at independence. Growing evidence shows that a considerable share of this variation is explained by the presence of centralized precolonial polities within these countries (Michalopoulos & Papaiannou, 2013). In this thesis, I investigate whether there is an effect of having a tradition of statehood matters for development outcomes today. I also investigate potential mechanisms behind the effect of a longer tradition of statehood and ask if there are interaction effects between historical states and intermediate outcomes. I furthermore attempt to understand the effects of large-scale state intervention in the rural economy of England on industrialization. This dissertation, then, is a study of the role of the state in comparative economic development.
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Hamilton, Arthur. "India and Intellectual Disability: An Intersectional Comparison of Disability Rights Law and Real Needs." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40282.

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Given its vast population, India has one of the highest absolute numbers of people with intellectual disability (PwIDs) in the world. Studies have placed the prevalence as high as 3.1% of children aged between 2 to 5 years and 5.2% of children aged between 6 to 9 years. India recently passed the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPwD Act), to align itself with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This thesis applied the complementary methods of the review of academic and grey literature, document analysis of the RPwD Act, and in-depth informant interviews to become the first full study on the extent to which the RPwD Act meets the needs of PwIDs. Drawing on the biopsychosocial model of disability and intersectional theory, the findings show that the RPwD Act only partially meets the needs of PwIDs. The RPwD Act does incorporate progressive elements such as affirmative action provisions in the labour market, measures to prevent unethical research on PwIDs, and steps toward inclusive education. However, the Act stipulates a disability certification process that remains mired in the medical model of disability and is mostly inaccessible in rural areas. It also continues the system of legal guardianship dating to the colonial era which deprives many PwIDs of legal capacity and leaves some of them confined to long-term institutions with highly inadequate levels of care. Other problems in the Act include inadequate provisions to provide privacy, reproductive rights and education, and protection from discrimination.
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Boahen, Godfred Fordjour. "Ethnicity, learning disability, and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 : a social constructionist ethnography of an integrated learning disability service." Thesis, Open University, 2013. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54718/.

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This thesis explores how the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) is operationalised within an integrated statutory learning disability service and examines how the legislation is manifested in everyday lived experience of an ethnic minority. In England and Wales, the MCA established a framework for assessing cognitive decision-making ability with mental capacity conceptualised as 'objective', 'rational' and person-specific. Taking as points of departure rationality and individualism which are associated with Western liberal democracy, the MCA evokes interest in how the notion of mental capacity is understood within different cultures. In the statutory context, with on-going heated debates about the epistemology of mental capacity, there is the need to examine how professionals concretise an arguably nebulous concept in their roles. These aforementioned issues are addressed in this thesis through examination of data collected during two phases of ethnographic fieldwork in a London local authority. Proposing a new relational model as a theoretical approach, it is argued that ethnicity, learning disability, and mental capacity emanate from human interactions; therefore, greater attention should be paid to context and localised meanings to better understand how they interact in everyday living.
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Genders, Nicky. "Making a difference? : understanding the working lives of learning disability nurses : 30 years of learning disability nursing in England." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.705060.

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The study aimed to explore the lived experience of the careers of learning disability nurses in England. The methodology was informed by Hermeneutic Phenomenology, and the study design utilised narrative interviewing techniques based on an adapted model of the Biographic Narrative Interpretive Method (Wengraf 2001) in order to explore the career choices, experiences and beliefs, and values about learning disability nursing. Twenty in-depth qualitative interviews with learning disability nurses, who had been in practice in the 30-year period between 1979 and 2009, were undertaken in 2010 across nine counties in England. The data was interpreted using a narrative analysis approach. Key findings indicated that nurses, working in a diverse range of settings with varying degrees of experience, are motivated by working with people with learning disabilities and narrate their experiences of building relationships with people articulating the meaning of this for them as nurses. The initial reasons for choosing learning disability nursing as a career formed a key theme within the findings, with complex influences on their career choice. Additionally, all participants in this study created a narrative of change, focusing on the ways in which change in policy, practice and in societal views have impacted upon their working lives and their identity. The individual narratives have also been interpreted to form a collective narrative of learning disability nursing to specifically explore the identity of learning disability nurses and nursing in a changing context of health and social care provision.
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Blomqvist, Sven. "Postural balance, physical activity and capacity among young people with intellectual disability." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-71227.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate postural balance, physical activity, physical capacity and their associations in young people (16-20 years) with intellectual disability (ID), mild to moderate. The aim was also to study the reliability and concurrent validity of postural balance tests. To evaluate postural balance, one assessor used five common postural balance tests and one new test. The tests were performed twice for 89 young people with ID (one to twelve days apart). Intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.80 were achieved for four of the common balance tests: Extended Timed Up and Go Test (ETUGT), Modified Forward Reach Test (MFRT), One-Leg Stance Test (OLS), and a Force Platform Test (FPT). The smallest real difference ranged from 12% to 40%; less than 20% is considered to be low. For the six balance tests, the concurrent validity varied between none to low. Falls are more common for young people with ID compared to young people without ID. One reason could be impaired postural balance. The postural balance for young people with ID has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, five balance tests and three muscle strength tests were used to compare young people with ID with an age-matched control group without ID (n=255). The young people with ID had significantly lower scores on most of the postural balance tests and muscle strength tests of the trunk and lower limbs. Muscle strength, height, and body mass index had no strong association with postural balance. The results also illustrated that young people with ID did not rely more on vision for their balance ability compared to peers without ID. It seems that postural balance is impaired for young people with ID when evaluated with common tests. An everyday situation is to react to unexpected balance disturbances to avoid falls by using different postural responses. Since young people with ID seem to fall more often than peers without ID, it is valuable to investigate if those postural responses are different between the groups. Therefore, young people with and without ID (n=99) were exposed to six backward surface translations and several postural muscle responses were evaluated: muscle synergies and strategies, muscle onset latency, time-to-peak amplitude, and adaptation. The responses of the investigated muscles – the gastrocnemius, the biceps femoris, and the erector spinae L4 level – were measured using electromyography. The results showed that there were no differences between the two groups with respect to synergies or strategies, muscle onset latency, and time-to-peak amplitude. An overall pattern was seen, that young people with ID adapted their muscle response slower in all three muscles than peers without ID, but this pattern was not statistically significant. Studies have shown that people with ID have impaired postural balance, a lower level of physical activity, and lower aerobic capacity compared to people without ID. The association is however not investigated. Therefore, postural balance (postural sway indirectly measured with the subjects standing on a force platform), physical activity (measured with a pedometer), and aerobic capacity (measured with a sub-maximal ergometer cycle test) were used to assess young people with and without ID (n=106). To investigate the subjects’ view of their own health, the subjects completed an adapted questionnaire that addressed their perceived health. The analysis showed no significant associations between postural balance, level of physical activity, and aerobic capacity. The subjects in the ID group, both men and women, had significantly lower aerobic capacity compared to subjects without ID. The answers from the health questionnaire did not correspond to the measured outcomes from the physical tests for young people with ID. In conclusion, ETUGT and MFRT can be used to evaluate change in postural balance over time in young people with mild to moderate ID. The low concurrent validity suggests that the postural balance tests probably challenge various subsystems. Young people with ID have impaired postural balance and perform lower on muscle strength tests than age-matched controls. Postural muscle responses after external perturbations seem to be similar for young people with and without ID, but the ability to adapt muscle responses after repeated perturbations appears to be slower for young people with ID. The studies in the thesis also indicate that young people with ID have reduced level of physical activity and lower aerobic capacity. The lack of association between the different physical functions indicates that they should be evaluated and exercised separately. Young persons with ID might have more difficulty realising the health advantage of being physically active, as they do not seem to make this connection. Because of this, it is important that parents/guardians, school staff, physiotherapists, and others encourage them to participate in physical activity.
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Thouroude, Véronique Joséphine Gabrielle. "Sickness, disability, and miracle cures : hagiography in England, c.700-c.1200." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9c42b2d-9d25-454c-bed9-169ef79e223b.

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This thesis considers how religious literature represented sickness and disability in Anglo- Saxon and post-Conquest England. Based on Gospel accounts of Jesus's healings, narratives of miracle-cures were highly valued within medieval Christian culture. By analysing a selection of miracle-cure narratives from the main period of miracle writing in England, from the age of Bede to the late twelfth century, this project considers the social significance of such stories. All miracle-cures followed the pattern of a spiritual triumph over the material world, but this thesis focuses on how hagiographers represented human experiences of sickness and disabilities. The first two chapters of this thesis address the conceptual structure of the project. The first explains the two areas of scholarly theory that underpin this thesis. These are the use of narrative sources for historical study; and sociological conceptualisations of bodily difference. The second chapter orientates the case-studies selected for this project in their context. Miracle-cures were recounted in relation to other aspects of the culture of medieval England, most importantly the theology of sainthood and of sin. The remaining three chapters of the thesis provide detailed thematic analysis of selected miracle-cure narratives. The third chapter asks how the spiritual experience of bodily difference was understood. The next chapter considers the physical understandings of a body that was affected by either sickness or disability, and the links between miracle-cure narratives and contemporary medical theory. The fifth and final chapter addresses the representation of social aspects of sickness and disability in these texts, in particular the moralising rhetoric of such texts in favour of community support. This thesis concludes with a discussion of how modern Disability Studies and scholarship on medieval culture benefit from interaction with one another.
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Row-Heyveld, Lindsey Dawn. "Dissembling Disability: Performances of the Non-Standard Body in Early Modern England." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4906.

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The fear of able-bodied people pretending to be disabled was rampant in early modern England. Thieves were reputed to feign impairment in order to con charity out of well-meaning Christians. People told stories about these deceptive rogues in widely circulated prose pamphlets, sung about them in popular ballads, and even recorded their purported actions in laws passed to curb their counterfeiting. Feigned disability was especially prevalent--and potent--on the stage. Over thirty plays feature one or more able-bodied characters performing physical impairment. This dissertation examines the theatrical tradition of dissembling disability and argues that it played a central role in the cultural creation of disability as a category of identity. On the stage, playwrights teased out stereotypes about the non-standard body, specifically the popular notion that disability was always both deeply pitiful and, simultaneously, dangerously criminal and counterfeit. Fears of false disability, which surged during the English Reformation, demanded a policing of boundaries between able-bodied and disabled persons and inspired the first legal definition of disability in England. Rather than resolving the issue of physical difference, as the legal and religious authorities attempted to do, the theater revealed and reveled in the myriad complications of the non-standard body. The many plays that feature performances of dissembling disability use the trope to interrogate issues of epistemological proof, ask theological questions about charity and virtue, and, especially, explore the relationship between the body and identity. Fraudulent disability also had important literary uses as well; playwrights employed this handy theatrical instrument to construct character, to solve narrative problems, to draw attention to the manufactured theatricality of their dramas, and, often, to critique the practices of the commercial theater. Expanding beyond the medical perspectives offered by the few studies that have considered early modern disability, I argue that these performances emerge out of a complex network of literary, religious, and social concerns. For all that fraudulent disability may have been itself a type of fraud, trumped up by the state, the church, and the theater for their own diverse ends, it still wielded enormous influence in shaping notions of the non-standard body that are still current.
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Timander, Ann-Charlott. "Experience of discrimination, collective identity and health. : Two studies carried out in Sweden and England, UK." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-5297.

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Both England and Sweden has an aim to improving the health of those groups that are most vulnerable to ill health, and those groups in society, who are most vulnerable to ill health, are also those who face the most discrimination.

The main purpose of this paper is to study how female mental health service user/survivor experiences their health. The paper is composed of two studies carried out in a city in Sweden and a city in England, UK.  Four women from Sweden participated and two from England, UK. The empiric material has been collected by semi-structured interviews and the method that has been used for analysing the material was qualitative content analysis.

The result shows that almost all of the women did experience discrimination. Almost all of the women that did experience discrimination did also express that experience of discrimination also influenced their health in a negative way. However, all of the women also resisted the experience of an oppressive society and the view that they are just “victims”, by reclaiming their identity and experiencing a collective identity or a self-identity. These experiences of identity have given them a sense of wellbeing and health.

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Books on the topic "Capacity and disability – england"

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Turner, Wendy J. Care and custody of the mentally ill, incompetent, and disabled in medieval England. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Mental Capacity Bill. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Mental Capacity Bill. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Mental Capacity Bill. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Mental Capacity Bill: Explanatory notes. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Parliament, Great Britain. Mental Capacity Bill: Explanatory notes. London: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Wise, Sarah. Inconvenient people: Lunacy, liberty and the mad-doctors in Victorian England. London: Bodley Head, 2012.

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Ḥukm al-taṣarrufāt al-qānūnīyah li-fāqid al-ahlīyah: Dirāsah muqāranah bi-al-fiqh al-Islāmī. [Cairo?: s.n.], 1997.

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Muḥammad ʻAlī ʻAbd Allāh Sharafī. Ḥukm al-taṣarrufāt al-qānūnīyah li-fāqid al-ahlīyah: Dirāsah muqāranah bi-al-fiqh al-Islāmī. [Cairo?: s.n.], 1997.

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Commission, Queensland Law Reform. Minors' civil law capacity. [Brisbane]: The Commission, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Capacity and disability – england"

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Gross, Douglas P., and Michele C. Battie. "Disability, Functional Capacity Evaluations." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 1021–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_1127.

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Clough, Beverley. "Care/disability." In The Spaces of Mental Capacity Law, 78–105. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351067881-5.

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Orsolini, Margherita, Francesca Federico, and Sergio Melogno. "Is intelligence a general mental capacity?" In Understanding Intellectual Disability, 34–63. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003220367-2.

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Pyaneandee, Coomara. "Legal Capacity and Access to Justice." In International Disability Law, 55–69. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429489426-4.

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Sebastiano, M. Di Katie. "Functional Capacity, Disability, and Status." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 903–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1133.

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Clemson, Lindy, J. Rick Turner, J. Rick Turner, Farrah Jacquez, Whitney Raglin, Gabriela Reed, Gabriela Reed, et al. "Functional Capacity, Disability, and Status." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 817–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1133.

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Williams, John, Gwyneth Roberts, and Aled Griffiths. "Legal Capacity." In Adult Social Care Law in England, 27–52. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-44356-4_2.

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Bickenbach, Jerome Edmund. "Determining Work Capacity." In The Palgrave Handbook of Disability at Work, 63–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42966-9_4.

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Clough, Beverley. "Spatial dynamics and disability." In The Spaces of Mental Capacity Law, 29–51. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351067881-3.

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Hall, Ian, and Afia Ali. "Assessing Mental Capacity and Making Best Interest Decisions." In Intellectual Disability Psychiatry, 37–50. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470682968.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Capacity and disability – england"

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Guzmán-Castillo, M., S. Ahmadi-Abhari, P. Bandosz, S. Capewell, A. Steptoe, A. Singh-Manoux, M. Kivamaki, MJ Shipley, EJ Brunner, and M. O’Flaherty. "P81 Forecasting trends in disability in england and wales to 2030: a modelling study." In Society for Social Medicine, 61st Annual Scientific Meeting, University of Manchester, 5–8 September 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-ssmabstracts.182.

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Junior, I. Lombardi, LM Oliveira, CR Monteiro, YQ Confessor, TL Barros, and J. Natour. "AB0185 Evaluation of physical capacity and disability in osteoporotic women." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Annals of the rheumatic diseases ARD July 2001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2001.624.

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Qazvini, Marjan. "Levels of disability in the older population of England: An unsupervised and self-supervised learning approach." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdmw60847.2023.00088.

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Rahaju, Tjitjik, Asri Widjiastuti, and Galih Wahyu Pradana. "Stakeholder Collaboration: Strategies to Strengthen Disability Capacity Achieve Economic Independence in Madura." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences (ICSS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icss-18.2018.38.

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Jongepier, Lianne, and Ruth Barlow. "Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) capacity, uptake and completion rate in the East of England." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa3584.

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Waters, Daniel, and Lili Wang. "Capacity Development and International Collaboration in Sub-Saharan Academia." In 27th International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (STI 2023). International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55835/6441a0ff51f8cf8e8752a32e.

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The impact of collaboration with global academic leaders on capacity development in sub-Saharan research is investigated using Web of Science panel data from 2000-2019. We combine commonly-studied collaboration-related metrics, such as research field, collaboration size, and research quality, with country-specific metrics to compare international collaborative partners. We find that Global North countries (US, England, France) support longer-term capacity development through their research leadership, while nascent partners like China have stronger peer-to-peer driven publication growth.
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Lira Dos Santos, Patricia, Soraia Micaela, Carina Silveira Mariano Nunes, Frederico De Melo Cruz, João Carlos Ferrari Correa, Ivan Peres Costa, and Luciana Maria Malosa Sampaio. "Functional capacity categorization of pulmonary fibrosis patients according International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) qualifiers." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2882.

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Tabors, Richard D., Lorna Omondi, Aleksandr Rudkevich, Evgeniy Goldis, and Kofi Amoako-Gyan. "Price Suppression and Emissions Reductions with Offshore Wind: An Analysis of the Impact of Increased Capacity in New England." In 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2015.314.

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Troshin, V. V., I. A. Umnyagina, and M. D. Rudoy. "WORK UNDER HARMFUL OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS EXPOSURE AND ITS EFFECT TO WORKABILITY OF EXPERIENCED WORKERS." In The 17th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2023). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-1-4-2023-1-471-475.

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Working with harmful production factors (HPF) is accompanied by the risks of disability among probationary workers. Among the risk factors are the working conditions of patients, regulatory regulation of professional suitability, and the state of health of workers. The analysis of work capacity was carried out using the questionnaire «Work Ability Index» in 150 workers in the manufacturing industry and using a specially designed card in 235 patients with chronic occupational diseases. The obtained results indicate that the adapted questionnaire «Work Ability Index» is applicable for screening assessment of the work ability of those working with HPF, both in a hospital setting and in a polyclinic. 82% of HPF trainees had good or very good working ability. Patients with chronic occupational diseases lost their ability to work as a result of long-term work with HPF, and persistent disability with a high percentage of disability was noted relatively rarely, in about 10‑12% of cases.
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Costa, Ivan Peres, Soraia Micaela Silva, Roberto Stirbulov, João Carlos Ferrari Correa, and Luciana Malosa Sampaio. "Functional capacity classification of asthmatic individuals according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: a proposal of clinical use." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa1180.

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Reports on the topic "Capacity and disability – england"

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Mori, Ipsos. Local Authority Capacity and Capability. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dvl526.

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The FSA has a key role as the central competent authority in overseeing official food and feed controls undertaken by local authorities. This supports the delivery of the FSA’s mission, food you can trust, and helps ensure food is safe and what it says it is. The FSA seeks to work in partnership with local authorities to help them to deliver official food and feed controls. Local Authority (LA) Environmental Health (EH), Port Health and Trading Standards (TS) teams deliver official food and feed controls using a range of interventions as set out in the Food Law Code of Practice (FLCoP) and Feed Law Code of Practice (FeLCoP). They are instrumental to the delivery of the FSA mission, across England, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumer confidence and protect public health. Evidence from professional bodies, LAs and wider sources suggests that LAs are experiencing significant issues around the recruitment and retention of suitably/ appropriately qualified and experienced officers.(footnote 1) The FSA commissioned Ipsos UK to carry out this initial phase of discovery research to understand more about the barriers and facilitators encountered by LAs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
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Banks, James, Arie Kapteyn, James Smith, and Arthur van Soest. Work Disability is a Pain in the *****, Especially in England, The Netherlands, and the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11558.

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Birch, Izzy. The Effectiveness of Training in Building Capacity for Governance Reform. Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.010.

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This rapid evidence review examines the effectiveness of individual training in building capacity for governance reform, focusing on state and democratic governance in middle- to low-income countries. The report reviewed both academic and grey literature on different areas of intervention that fall within the two broad categories of state and democratic governance. While evidence from the Eastern Neighbourhood was scarce, broader findings suggest that purposeful, problem-centered high-quality training is more likely to contribute to governance reform when sustained. However, the review acknowledges challenges in assessing training impacts and highlights gaps in addressing gender and disability considerations within training interventions, underscoring the need for tailored approaches to meet diverse needs and promote inclusive governance reform.
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Ahmed, Syeda, and Anannya Chakraborty. Policy brief: Teacher professional development for students with disability in the Asia-Pacific. Australian Council for Educational Research, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-708-3.

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Around the world, policymakers and development organisations are increasingly supporting the education of students with disability, particularly in the bid to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 – to ensure ‘inclusive and equitable quality education for all’. Yet globally, more than half of students with disability drop out of secondary school due to the lack of support in classrooms (UNESCAP, 2019). In the Asia-Pacific region, resource shortages and high student drop-out rates significantly impact the shift to inclusive education. Additionally, educational segregation of students with disability is widely accepted in low- and middle-income countries in the region, despite international evidence of improved academic and social outcomes for students with disability educated in inclusive settings. Developing teachers’ understanding of disabilities and building their capacity to implement evidence-based inclusive teaching practices and effectively use assistive technologies, are key to transitioning to inclusive education of students with disability.
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Williams, Janine, Maria Hameed Khan, Robyn Mayes, Trish Obst, and Benjamin Lowe. Getting on at Work: Progression and Promotion of Women with Disability in the Victorian Public Service. Queensland University of Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.241144.

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Overview of the Project Gender inclusivity and equal employment opportunities are key priorities for the Victorian Government. The Gender Equality Act 2020 (the Act) commenced in March 2021 and laid the foundation to improve workplace gender equality in the Victorian public sector. The legislation requires Victorian public sector entities to explicitly address intersecting forms of inequality and disadvantage. The research project aimed to centre the voices of women with disability to provide evidence-based insights into the enablers, barriers and inclusive practices shaping their career progression and promotion in the Victorian Public Service. The research team reviewed scholarly literature, analysed data extracts from the People Matter Survey (2021) and interviewed 49 women with disability from across the Victorian Public Service. Summary of Key Findings People Matter Survey Data 2021 Analysis of the People Matter Survey 2021 data extracts identified statistically significant insights. People who identified as having a disability analysed by gender identity indicated that: ● women and people who identified as non-binary and ‘other’ reported having a disability more often than men. ● women were more likely to use one or more flexible work arrangements. ● more requests for workplace adjustments were made by women, non-binary or ‘other’ gender identities and disability was often identified as a reason for requesting workplace adjustments. ● women and men reported low perceptions of workplace culture related to disability. This was significantly lower for respondents who identified as non-binary, ‘other’ or who preferred not to state their gender. Research Interviews with Women with Disability Interviews with women with disability identified three career patterns. Firstly, broadly inclusive, and positive career experiences. Secondly, broadly non-inclusive career experiences which led participants to feel unsure they had a future career in the VPS. Thirdly, most participants experienced a range of inclusive and non-inclusive career experiences which varied depending on the VPS employer or team in which they were employed. Overall, participants highlighted a desire for: ● the VPS to move forward with more consistency in how it enables the careers of women with disability across all roles and levels of seniority. ● the VPS to move away from putting women with disability in the ‘too hard basket’ towards developing a culture where disability inclusion is characterised by relationships and interactions that reflect ‘respect’ and ‘trust’. Eight themes draw together insights from the interviews with women with disability and identify experiences of the VPS workplace that can enable or create barriers to career progression: ● Sharing Disability Information ● Requesting Workplace Adjustments ● Disability Advocacy ● Team Relations ● Impact of Managers and Supervisors ● Mentorship ● Disability Leadership ● Policy Context and Application To build on the enabling aspects of women with disabilities experiences and remove barriers, the VPS should focus on fostering VPS workplaces where respect and trust are embedded throughout the broader culture. There may be value in identifying one or a small group of VPS employers to lead on developing the inclusive practices identified by participants. The inclusive practices identified by participants were drawn together into three key areas: VPS Managers and Supervisors; Psychological Safety; and VPS Policies and Practices. Respecting the agency of women with disability, their capability and capacity to navigate their career contexts, the report suggests three key areas women with disability may want to focus their energy and sources of support: seeking out mentoring opportunities, considering how they can advocate for their inclusion requirements, and exploring opportunities to share their career experiences with other women with disability.
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Gutierrez-Arias, Ruvistay, Ximena Neculhueque-Zapata, Raul Valenzuela-Suazo, and Pamela Seron. Assessing people's functioning through rehabilitation registries systems. A rapid scoping review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0006.

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Review question / Objective: 1.- To systematize the available scientific evidence on rehabilitation models and rehabilitation registries systems, which allow for the assessment of people's functioning; 2.- To describe rehabilitation data registries systems used internationally and the "minimum data set" that relate to the functioning of persons. Eligibility criteria: - Population: Studies that have enrolled adult or paediatric patients, with any condition or pathology that could potentially result in low functioning or disability, related to impairments, activity limitation or restriction in participation, according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework will be included. - Concept: Studies that submitted data from a rehabilitation registry, bank, or database containing a minimum data set will be included. These registries may include clinical and administrative information that can be used to improve the quality of care, monitor or answer research questions. - Context: Studies that have been conducted in a context of rehabilitation programs and assessment of function or disability, at any level of care, and that have directly or indirectly addressed aspects or variables that can account for functioning, capacity, or participation according to the ICF framework will be included. The inclusion of studies will not be limited by their methodological design, since they will be used to identify rehabilitation registries or databases, so primary studies (cohort studies, case-control studies, among others) and secondary studies (systematic reviews, exploratory reviews, among others) will be considered.
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Carter, Becky. Inclusion in Crisis Response, Recovery and Resilience. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.079.

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This rapid review provides examples of what has worked to include people in humanitarian assistance who experience heightened vulnerability during crises, due to social inequalities and discrimination relating to gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, and sex characteristics; and religious belief . Overall, robust evidence is limited for what are, in most cases, relatively new areas of practice in challenging crisis situations. However, the literature does identify promising practices. Emerging themes from the research on what has potential for improving inclusion in humanitarian assistance include: affected people’s meaningful participation in intervention planning and design; whole-of-community approaches while maintaining accountability to the targeted beneficiaries; multi-component approaches combining complementary strategies (e.g. economic empowerment with social norms change programming); longer-term, pre-crisis investment in relationships with, and capacity building of, local organisations; and disaggregating data and undertaking intersectional analyses to include those hardest to reach.
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Jones, Cat, and Clare Lally. Prison population growth: drivers, implications and policy considerations. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pb58.

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England and Wales have the highest per capita prison population in Western Europe. In October 2023, over 88,000 people were imprisoned, in an estate with a maximum capacity of 88,890. This was the highest number recorded. 94% of people in prison are adult men and the adult male prison estate is almost full. The prison estate is operating at 99% of its usable operational capacity and over 60% of prisons are overcrowded. Drivers of the current prison population growth include changes in sentencing policy (including increased sentence lengths). Other factors include remand, recall, reoffending and policing. The number of people given immediate custodial sentences has fallen from 98,044 in 2012, to 67,812 in 2022. This suggests that the prison population increase is not driven by more convictions. Nearing capacity can have negative implications for the safe operation of prisons, and for the health, wellbeing and rehabilitation of people in prison. Government action to avoid exceeding capacity includes expanding the prison estate and releasing some prisoners up to 18 days early. As of December 2023, three relevant bills are progressing through Parliament: the Sentencing Bill 2023, the Criminal Justice Bill 2023, and the Victims and Prisoners Bill 2023. Each contains a range of measures, with some likely to reduce the prison population and others likely to increase it. Various stakeholders have proposed additional policy options, such as the greater use of non-custodial sentences, and interventions to reduce the remand and recall populations. Some experts in this field have highlighted the role of public opinion in relation to sentencing policy and the relationship between prisons and the wider justice system. Evidence suggests that the public generally overestimate crime rates and underestimate sentence lengths, and that better-informed members of the public are less likely to view sentences as lenient. More high-quality research is needed to better understand the drivers of increased sentence length and to evaluate health and rehabilitation programmes in the prison context.
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Idris, Iffat. Increasing Birth Registration for Children of Marginalised Groups in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.102.

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This review looks at approaches to promote birth registration among marginalised groups, in order to inform programming in Pakistan. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports by international development organizations. While there is extensive literature on rates of birth registration and the barriers to this, and consensus on approaches to promote registration, the review found less evidence of measures specifically aimed at marginalised groups. Gender issues are addressed to some extent, particularly in understanding barriers to registration, but the literature was largely disability-blind. The literature notes that birth registration is considered as a fundamental human right, allowing access to services such as healthcare and education; it is the basis for obtaining other identity documents, e.g. driving licenses and passports; it protects children, e.g. from child marriage; and it enables production of vital statistics to support government planning and resource allocation. Registration rates are generally lower than average for vulnerable children, e.g. from minority groups, migrants, refugees, children with disabilities. Discriminatory policies against minorities, restrictions on movement, lack of resources, and lack of trust in government are among the ‘additional’ barriers affecting the most marginalised. Women, especially unmarried women, also face greater challenges in getting births registered. General approaches to promoting birth registration include legal and policy reform, awareness-raising activities, capacity building of registration offices, integration of birth registration with health services/education/social safety nets, and the use of digital technology to increase efficiency and accessibility.
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Elliott, Jane, Maureen Muir, and Judith Green. Trajectories of everyday mobility at older age. Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58182/bnec3269.

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Background: This review and exploratory data analysis focuses on everyday mobility at older age; that is, travel outside the house for routine activities. Everyday mobility is an important determinant of health and wellbeing. Although there can be physiological reasons for declines in an individual’s capacity for mobility, trajectories are uneven. A social model of mobility at older age assumes that impairments due to bodily ageing do not inevitably lead to reduced mobility, and that policy and environmental interventions (such as transport provision, quality of built environment) can and should support mobile later lives. We scope the potential for a study of the conditions which foster trajectories of maintained or increased mobility over time, in an equitable way. Aims: With a focus on corporeal mobility in the UK (in particular England), and on social and environmental, rather than physiological factors, our aims were to: 1) scope the existing evidence on trajectories of mobility at older age; 2) assess the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) as a possible source of data on changes in mobility over time; 3) outline the potential for further research through identifying candidate analytical approaches and; draft an initial logic model to inform a study. Literature review findings: Literature on mobility at older age documents physiological, lifecourse, social, and environmental factors that shape trajectories of declining mobility, and the health and wellbeing consequences. There are complex and bidirectional relationships between determinants and consequences of mobility. Points of disruption in the lifecourse are points where mobility practices may change and are therefore potential points for interventions to promote greater mobility. A body of research demonstrates this through the case of concessionary bus travel for older adults in the UK, which both promotes greater mobility and appears to improve health status. There is a more mixed body of research on the environmental factors that can foster greater mobility: more research is needed on how to support mobility in place in the UK, particularly in settings outside urban centres. Compared to research on physiological factors, there is a relative dearth of evidence on population level interventions, with the exception of free bus travel. ELSA summary: The main strength of using the ELSA for understanding what influences trajectories of everyday mobility is that it is an eighteen-year longitudinal study with data collection every two years, focussing on those aged 50 and over. The sample is drawn from across England, detailed contextual information is available via linked geographical identifiers, and longitudinal and cross-sectional weights enable adjustment of the sample for non-response and attrition. The weaknesses (for studies of mobility) are the lack of fine-grained measures of ‘ability’ for many mobility indicators and the potential for reporting biases that intersect with measures of social and cultural capital. In this descriptive analysis, we document six separate measures of everyday mobility that can be derived from ELSA data, and map these to our logic model. Implications: The review identified the potential for studying the conditions for mobility at older age that could help identify and develop population level interventions. Focusing on points of disruption in the lifecourse is a potentially fruitful and tractable area of investigation. We have mapped indicators available from ELSA as a foundation for future study, and as a resource for other researchers. ELSA has some disadvantages for a study, but also many strengths. Given the complexity of causal pathways linking different conditions for maintained or increased mobility, an analysis approach directed specifically at multiple pathways (such as Qualitative Comparative Analysis) could well be fruitful."
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