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1
Babu, Numbury Surendra, and Didugu Jayaprakash. "Computational Study of the Stability of Tautomers and equilibrium constants of Cyanuric acid (CA) in Different solvents." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2015): 3485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i2.6691.
Abstract:
In the present investigation, the tautomeric and equilibrium of Cyanuric acid has been studied using Hartifock (HF) method in the gas phase and different solvents using the PCM model. The relative energies of these tautomers have been calculated at the HF level of theory using 6-311++ G (d,p) basis set. Energetics and relative stabilities of the tautomers were compared and analyzed in both the gaseous and different solvents. The results indicate that the keto tautomer (CA1) is the most stable form in the gas phase and other solvents. The order of stability of isomers was found to be CA1 > CA3> CA11> CA2> CA6> CA10> CA7> CA4> CA5> CA9>CA8. Having the largest dipole moment the CA8 tautomer is expected to have the strongest interaction with polar solvents. The HF method calculated tautomeric equilibrium constants with respect to the most stable tautomer CA1 of Cyanuric acid both in the gas and in different solvents. The of the equilibrium constants calculated starting from the general outline of interconversion.
2
Shcherbak, N. S., G. Yu Yukina, A. G. Gurbo, E. G. Sukhorukova, A. G. Sargsian, V. V. Thomson, and M. M. Galagudza. "Morphofunctional state of microglia and hippocampal neurons in aged rats after anesthesia with chloral hydrate." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 21, no. 3 (October 12, 2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2022-21-3-64-71.
Abstract:
Introduction. Successful translating of the fundamental research results into clinical practice is determined by a sufficiently large number of components, including the age of experimental animals and the anesthesia used. Chloral hydrate is often used as an anesthetic in preclinical studies, while its effect on the morphofunctional characteristics of the hippocampus in aged animals remains unexplored, which can lead to significant distortion and incorrect interpretation of the obtain results. Objective – morphofunctional assessment of the neurons and microglia in the layers of CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4 fields of the hippocampus in aged rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. Materials and methods. Male Wistar rats at the age of 24 months were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg). In the early (2 days) period after chloral hydrate anesthesia, the morphofunctional state of neurons and the reaction of microglia were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analysis in the marginal, pyramidal, and molecular layers of fields CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 of the hippocampus. Results. 48 hours after 24-month-old Wistar rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate, changes in the morphofunctional state of the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus were shown to be characterized by a significant decrease in the number of neurons in fields CA1 and CA3 with two nucleoli by 42 and 54 %, respectively, and a decrease in the width of the layer of fields CA1 and CA3 and CA4 by 27, 29 and 21 %, respectively, compared with similar indicators in the control group (P<0.05). In all layers of fields CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4 of hippocampus, microglia reacted by the transformation of Iba-1-positive microgliocytes body and processes and a significant increase of the Iba-1 protein expression compared to the animals without administration of chloral hydrate (P<0.05). Conclusions. A single chloral hydrate dose administration necessary to anesthetized the aged Wistar rats without model surgery leads to morphofunctional changes in neurons in the most vulnerable fields of the hippocampus with simultaneous activation of microglia in all fields. This circumstance must be taken into account when conducting basic research and preclinical studies.
3
Orchard, C. H., and E. G. Lakatta. "Intracellular calcium transients and developed tension in rat heart muscle. A mechanism for the negative interval-strength relationship." Journal of General Physiology 86, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 637–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.86.5.637.
Abstract:
The purposes of the present study were to determine (a) whether changes of intracellular [Ca2+] (Cai) can account for the decrease of developed tension observed in rat heart muscle when stimulation rate is increased, and (b) whether the effect of stimulation rate on Cai is altered in conditions in which the rate of repriming of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is altered, as when perfusate [Ca2+] (Cao) is increased, and in heart muscle from senescent animals. The photoprotein aequorin was used to monitor Cai in rat papillary muscles. In muscles from 6-mo-old rats, increasing the stimulation rate in the range 0.2-0.66 Hz led to parallel decreases of both the aequorin light transient and developed tension when Cao was 2 mM. When Cao was increased to 4 mM, changes in the stimulation rate had less effect on both the light transient and tension. At 8 mM Cao, changing the stimulation rate had no effect on either the light transient or developed tension. Papillary muscles from 24-mo-old rats, in which SR function is likely to be depressed, exhibited a prolonged Ca2+ transient and twitch. At a Cao of 4 or 8 mM, increasing the stimulation rate from 0.33 to 0.66 Hz still led to decreases in the size of the aequorin light transient and developed tension in these muscles. Developed tension and aequorin light responded to increases of Cao in the same way in both groups of muscles. We conclude that under the conditions of our experiments, developed tension is determined by Cai. The negative interval-strength relationship observed when Cao is in the physiological range can be accounted for by a time-dependent recycling of Ca2+ by the SR. The effects of increasing Cao and the age-related differences observed at high Cao can also be accounted for using this model.
4
DEURA, Tomoyuki, Makoto TANABE, and Hiroyuki OKUDA. "350 Dynamic and Acoustic Analyses to the impact load using a modal method." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2006.19 (2006): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2006.19.451.
5
GONG, Zheng, Luis Diago, and Ichiro Hagiwara. "2308 Improved Model based Image Retexturing." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2010.23 (2010): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2010.23.250.
6
Migliore, M., E. P. Cook, D. B. Jaffe, D. A. Turner, and D. Johnston. "Computer simulations of morphologically reconstructed CA3 hippocampal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.1157.
Abstract:
1. We tested several hypotheses with respect to the mechanisms and processes that control the firing characteristics and determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ in CA3 hippocampal neurons. In particular, we were interested to know 1) whether bursting and nonbursting behavior of CA3 neurons could be accounted for in a morphologically realistic model using a number of the known ionic conductances; 2) whether such a model is robust across different cell morphologies; 3) whether some particular nonuniform distribution of Ca2+ channels is required for bursting; and 4) whether such a model can reproduce the magnitude and spatial distribution of intracellular Ca2+ transients determined from fluorescence imaging studies and can predict reasonable intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) distribution for CA3 neurons. 2. For this purpose we have developed a highly detailed model of the distribution and densities of membrane ion channels in hippocampal CA3 bursting and nonbursting pyramidal neurons. This model reproduces both the experimentally observed firing modes and the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+. 3. The kinetics of the membrane ionic conductances are based on available experimental data. This model incorporates a single Na+ channel, three Ca2+ channels (CaN, CaL, and CaT), three Ca(2+)-independent K+ channels (KDR, KA, and KM), two Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels (KC and KAHP), and intracellular Ca(2+)-related processes such as buffering, pumping, and radial diffusion. 4. To test the robustness of the model, we applied it to six different morphologically accurate reconstructions of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In every neuron, Ca2+ channels, Ca(2+)-related processes, and Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels were uniformly distributed over the entire cell. Ca(2+)-independent K+ channels were placed on the soma and the proximal apical dendrites. For each reconstructed cell we were able to reproduce bursting and nonbursting firing characteristics as well as Ca2+ transients and distributions for both somatic and synaptic stimulations. 5. Our simulation results suggest that CA3 pyramidal cell bursting behavior does not require any special distribution of Ca(2+)-dependent channels and mechanisms. Furthermore, a simple increase in the Ca(2+)-independent K+ conductances is sufficient to change the firing mode of our CA3 neurons from bursting to nonbursting. 6. The model also displays [Ca2+]i transients and distributions that are consistent with fluorescent imaging data. Peak [Ca2+]i distribution for synaptic stimulation of the nonbursting model is broader when compared with somatic stimulation. Somatic stimulation of the bursting model shows a broader distribution in [Ca2+]i when compared with the nonbursting model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
7
Ostrova, I. V., O. A. Grebenchikov, and N. V. Golubeva. "Neuroprotective Effect of Lithium Chloride in Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest." General Reanimatology 15, no. 3 (July 7, 2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2019-3-73-82.
Abstract:
Lithium chloride, which is used for the treatment of bipolar disorders, has a neuroprotective effect in conditions associated with acute and chronic circulatory disorders.The purpose of the study: to investigate the efficacy of lithium chloride for the prevention of post-resuscitation death of hippocampal neurons during the post-resuscitation period.Material and methods. Cardiac arrest for 10 minutes was evoked in mature male rats by intrathoracic clumping of the vascular bundle of the heart, followed by resuscitation. 40 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg of 4,2% lithium chloride (LiCl) was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour before cardiac arrest, on the 1st and 2nd day after resuscitation (n=9). Untreated animals received equivalent doses of saline (n=9). Rats after a sham surgery served as a reference group (n=10). The number of viable neurons in the CA1 and CA3/CA4 fields of the hippocampus was estimated in slides stained with cresyl violet by day 6 or 7 postresuscitation. In a separate series of experiments, at the same terms, we studied the effect of lithium chloride on the protein content of GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase) in brain tissue using Western-Blot analysis.Results. Histological assay showed that a 10-minute cardiac arrest resulted in a decrease in the number of viable neurons in the hippocampal CA1 field — by 37.5% (P0.001), in the CA3/CA4 field — by 12.9% (P0.05) vs. the reference group. Lithium treatment increased the number of viable neurons in resuscitated rats — in the CA1 field by 37% (P<0.01), in the CA3/CA4 field — by 11.5% (P0.1) vs. the untreated animals. It was found that lithium caused an increase in phosphorylated form of GSK3β: by 180% vs. the reference group (P[1]0.05), and by 150% vs. the untreated animals (P0.05).Conclusion. Lithium treatment leads to a pronounced neuroprotection in the neuronal populations of the hippocampus post-resuscitation. This effect may be due to an increase in the content of the phosphorylated form of GSK3β protein. The results indicate a high potential of lithium for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders caused by a temporary arrest of blood circulation.
8
Bickler, Philip E., Xinhua Zhan, and Christian S. Fahlman. "Isoflurane Preconditions Hippocampal Neurons against Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation." Anesthesiology 103, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200509000-00016.
Abstract:
Background Isoflurane preconditions neurons to improve tolerance of subsequent ischemia in both intact animal models and in in vitro preparations. The mechanisms for this protection remain largely undefined. Because isoflurane increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and Ca2+ is involved in many processes related to preconditioning, the authors hypothesized that isoflurane preconditions neurons via Ca2+-dependent processes involving the Ca2+- binding protein calmodulin and the mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK pathway. Methods The authors used a preconditioning model in which organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus were exposed to 0.5-1.5% isoflurane for a 2-h period 24 h before an ischemia-like injury of oxygen-glucose deprivation. Survival of CA1, CA3, and dentate neurons was assessed 48 later, along with interval measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration (fura-2 fluorescence microscopy in CA1 neurons), mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44, and the survival associated proteins Akt and GSK-3beta (in situ immunostaining and Western blots). Results Preconditioning with 0.5-1.5% isoflurane decreased neuron death in CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampal slice cultures after oxygen-glucose deprivation. The preconditioning period was associated with an increase in basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration of 7-15%, which involved Ca2+ release from inositol triphosphate-sensitive stores in the endoplasmic reticulum, and transient phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44 and the survival-associated proteins Akt and GSK-3beta. Preconditioning protection was eliminated by the mitogen-activated extracellular kinase inhibitor U0126, which prevented phosphorylation of p44 during preconditioning, and by calmidazolium, which antagonizes the effects of Ca2+-bound calmodulin. Conclusions Isoflurane, at clinical concentrations, preconditions neurons in hippocampal slice cultures by mechanisms that apparently involve release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, the Ca2+ binding protein calmodulin, and phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44.
9
Picone, Carmela M., James C. Grotta, Rosa Earls, Roger Strong, and John Dedman. "Immunohistochemical Determination of Calcium—Calmodulin Binding Predicts Neuronal Damage after Global Ischemia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 9, no. 6 (December 1989): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1989.114.
Abstract:
Since ionic Ca2+ binds with intracellular calmodulin (CaM) before activating proteases, kinases, and phospholipases, demonstration of persistent Ca2+ –CaM binding in neurons destined to show ischemic cellular injury would support the concept that elevated intracellular Ca2+ plays a causative role in ischemic neuronal damage. In order to characterize Ca2+ –CaM binding, we used a sheep anti-CaM antibody (CaM-Ab) which recognizes CaM that is not bound to Ca2+ or brain target proteins. Therefore, immunohistochemical staining of brain sections by labeled CaM-Ab represented only unbound CaM. Six normal rats were compared to 15 animals rendered ischemic for 30 min by a modification of the four-vessel occlusion model. Animals were killed immediately after ischemia, and after 2 and 24 h of reperfusion. Brain sections through hippocampus were incubated in CaM-Ab, and a diaminobenzadiene labeled anti-sheep secondary antibody was added to stain the CaM-Ab. Staining in the endal limb of dentate, dorsal CA1, lateral CA3, and parietal cortex was graded on a 4-point scale. All normal animals had grade 4 staining indicating the presence of unbound CaM in all four brain regions. Ischemic animals demonstrated reduced (grade 0 to 2) staining in the CA1 and CA3 regions immediately and 2 and 24 h after ischemia (p < 0.01 for both regions at all three time intervals) indicating persistent binding of CaM with Ca2+ and target proteins in these regions. Staining decreased in dentate and cortex up to 2 h after ischemia (p = 0.02 for both regions) but returned toward normal by 24 h. We conclude that while most brain regions demonstrate increased Ca2+ –CaM binding immediately after ischemia, this binding returns to normal in brain regions destined to recover, such as cortex and dentate, but persists beyond 24 h in selectively vulnerable CA1 and partially vulnerable CA3, which are destined to undergo irreversible damage. These findings support the hypothesis that calcium entry into neurons and consequent persistent activation of Ca2+ -dependent enzyme systems leads to irreversible cell damage.
10
Capogrossi, M. C., M. D. Stern, H. A. Spurgeon, and E. G. Lakatta. "Spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum limits Ca2+-dependent twitch potentiation in individual cardiac myocytes. A mechanism for maximum inotropy in the myocardium." Journal of General Physiology 91, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.91.1.133.
Abstract:
We hypothesized that the occurrence of spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), in diastole, might be a mechanism for the saturation of twitch potentiation common to a variety of inotropic perturbations that increase the total cell Ca. We used a videomicroscopic technique in single cardiac myocytes to quantify the amplitude of electrically stimulated twitches and to monitor the occurrence of the mechanical manifestation of spontaneous SR Ca2+ release, i.e., the spontaneous contractile wave. In rat myocytes exposed to increasing bathing [Ca2+] (Cao) from 0.25 to 10 mM, the Cao at which the peak twitch amplitude occurred in a given cell was not unique but varied with the rate of stimulation or the presence of drugs: in cells stimulated at 0.2 Hz in the absence of drugs, the maximum twitch amplitude occurred in 2 mM Cao; a brief exposure to 50 nM ryanodine before stimulation at 0.2 Hz shifted the Cao of the maximum twitch amplitude to 7 mM. In cells stimulated at 1 Hz in the absence of drugs, the maximum twitch amplitude occurred in 4 mM Cao; 1 microM isoproterenol shifted the Cao of the maximum twitch amplitude to 3 mM. Regardless of the drug or the stimulation frequency, the Cao at which the twitch amplitude saturated varied linearly with the Cao at which spontaneous Ca2+ release first occurred, and this relationship conformed to a line of identity (r = 0.90, p = less than 0.001, n = 25). The average peak twitch amplitude did not differ among these groups of cells. In other experiments, (a) the extent of rest potentiation of the twitch amplitude in rat myocytes was also limited by the occurrence of spontaneous Ca2+ release, and (b) in both rat and rabbit myocytes continuously stimulated in a given Cao, the twitch amplitude after the addition of ouabain saturated when spontaneous contractile waves first appeared between stimulated twitches. A mathematical model that incorporates this interaction between action potential-mediated SR Ca2+ release and the occurrence of spontaneous Ca2+ release in individual cells predicted the shape of the Cao-twitch relationship observed in other studies in intact muscle. Thus, the occurrence of spontaneous SR Ca2+ release is a plausible mechanism for the saturation of the inotropic response to Ca2+ in the intact myocardium.
11
Shirdashtzadeh, Nargess, and Ghodrat Torabi. "Serpentinization and chloritization of metamorphosed lherzolites in Darreh-Deh (east of Nain Ophiolite, Central Iran): Calcium source for rodingitization and tremolitization." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry 196, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njma/2019/0163.
Abstract:
The petrography and mineral chemistry of the metamorphosed lherzolite in Darreh-Deh massif (east of Nain Ophiolite, Central Iran) is investigated in order to find the calcium source for rodingitization and tremolitization. In comparison with olivine and orthopyroxene, the clinopyroxene has lower modal content and is more alteration-resistant. The microprobe data and petrography of these lherzolites indicate that Ca2+ cations can be released during serpentinization of orthopyroxene (with ~18 vol% and CaO~2.7 wt%) and clinopyroxene (with ~6 vol% and CaO~ > 20 wt%). In contrast, per- vasive serpentinization of mantle olivine with ~70 vol% and CaO~0.02–0.07 wt% is another expected source for producing Ca2+ rather than metamorphic olivine with CaO~ < 0.02 wt%. The released Ca2+ cannot be completely accommodated in crystal lattice of produced serpentine (with CaO~0.02–0.06 wt%), talc and chlorite (with CaO~0.015 wt%), but it can participate in formation of Ca-bearing tremolite (CaO~13 wt%), as a result of serpentinization of clinopyroxenes or subsequent metamorphism of peridotites at amphibolite facies and in formation of coarse-grained clinopyroxene blades and tremolite during rodingitization. Therefore, the calcium content in clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and olivine of a plagioclase–free peridotite is a potential source of Ca2+, depending on the degree of serpentinization or chloritization.
12
Wu, Chiping, Marjan Nassiri Asl, Jesse Gillis, Frances K. Skinner, and Liang Zhang. "An In Vitro Model of Hippocampal Sharp Waves: Regional Initiation and Intracellular Correlates." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00086.2005.
Abstract:
During slow wave sleep and consummatory behaviors, electroencephalographic recordings from the rodent hippocampus reveal large amplitude potentials called sharp waves. The sharp waves originate from the CA3 circuitry and their generation is correlated with coherent discharges of CA3 pyramidal neurons and dependent on activities mediated by AMPA glutamate receptors. To model sharp waves in a relatively large hippocampal circuitry in vitro, we developed thick (1 mm) mouse hippocampal slices by separating the dentate gyrus from the CA2/CA1 areas while keeping the functional dentate gyrus-CA3-CA1 connections. We found that large amplitude (0.3–3 mV) sharp wave-like field potentials occurred spontaneously in the thick slices without extra ionic or pharmacological manipulation and they resemble closely electroencephalographic sharp waves with respect to waveform, regional initiation, pharmacological manipulations, and intracellular correlates. Through measuring tissue O2, K+, and synaptic and single cell activities, we verified that the sharp wave-like potentials are not a consequence of anoxia, nonspecific elevation of extracellular K+ and dissection-related tissue damage. Our data suggest that a subtle but crucial increase in the CA3 glutamatergic activity effectively recruits a population of neurons thus responsible for the generation of the sharp wave-like spontaneous field potentials in isolated hippocampal circuitry.
13
Kuljanin, Tatjana A., Vladimir S. Filipović, Milica R. Nićetin, Biljana Lj Lončar, Bojana V. Filipčev, and Lato L. Pezo. "CaO&CaSO4 and CaO&Al2(SO4)3 as Pectin Precipitants–Model of Overlapping Diffuse Layers." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 63, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.12320.
Abstract:
This work is concerned with the theoretical basis of novel sugar beet juice purification method using binary systems CaO&CaSO4 and CaO&Al2(SO4)3. The Gouy–Chapman–Stern (GCS) model of overlapping of diffuse layers of EDLs on pectin surface and that on Ca2+ and Al3+ ions, theoretically explains this method. The change of the zeta potential was used to quantitatively indicate overlapping of diffuse layers. For the experiment two model solutions of pectin (0.1 % w/w) were prepared, while the concentrations of CaO&CaSO4 and CaO&Al2(SO4)3 in the range of 50–500 g dm-3 were used. The greater decrease in the absolute value of zeta potential indicated greater overlapping of diffuse layers between pectin particles and Ca2+ and Al3+ ions and faster coagulation of pectin. The overlapping degree increased with increased concentration of these binary systems. Pectin with a greater surface charge and multivalent Al3+ from CaO&Al2(SO4), exerted a greater impact on the zeta potential. Optimal quantities of the applied binary mixtures were as follows: 256–640 mg g-1 pectin. This is much lower than CaO commonly used in the conventional process of sugar beet juice purification (about 9 g g-1 pectin).
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Shang, Qun, Qi Zhang, Xiao Liu, and Lingchen Zhu. "Prediction of Early Alzheimer Disease by Hippocampal Volume Changes under Machine Learning Algorithm." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3144035.
Abstract:
This research was aimed at discussing the application value of different machine learning algorithms in the prediction of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which was based on hippocampal volume changes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the research, the 84 cases in American Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) database were selected as the research data. Based on the scoring results of cognitive function, all cases were divided into three groups, including cognitive function normal (normal group), early mild cognitive impairment (e-MCI group), and later mild cognitive impairment (l-MCI group) groups. Each group included 28 cases. The features of hippocampal volume changes in MRI images of the patients in different groups were extracted. The samples of training set and test set were established. Besides, the established support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) prediction models were used to predict e-MCI. Metalinear regression was utilized to analyze MRI feature data, and the predictive accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of different models were calculated. The result showed that the volumes of hippocampal left CA1, left CA2-3, left CA4-DG, left presubiculum, left tail, right CA2-3, right CA4-DG, right presubiculum, and right tail in e-MCI group were all smaller than those in normal group ( P < 0.01 ). The corresponding volume of hippocampal subregions in l-MCI group was remarkably reduced compared with that in normal group ( P < 0.001 ). The volumes of regions left CA1, left CA2-3, left CA4-DG, right CA2-3, right CA4-DG, and right presubiculum were all positively correlated with logical memory test-delay recall (LMT-DR) score ( R 2 = 0.1702 , 0.3779, 0.1607, 0.1620, 0.0426, and 0.1309; P < 0.001 ). The predictive accuracy of training set sample by DT, SVM, and RF was 86.67%, 93.33%, and 98.33%, respectively. Based on the changes in the volumes of left CA4-DG, right CA2-3, and right CA4-DG, the predictive accuracy of e-MCI and l-MCI by RF model was both higher than those by DT model ( P < 0.01 ). Besides, the predictive accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of e-MCI by RF model was all notably higher than those by DT model ( P < 0.01 ). The above results demonstrated that the effective early AD prediction models were established by the volume changes in hippocampal subregions, which was based on RF in the research. The establishment of early AD prediction models offered certain reference basis to the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients.
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Chang, Shao-Han, Ying Hao Yu, Alan He, Chen Yin Ou, Bai Chuang Shyu, and Andrew Chih Wei Huang. "BDNF Protein and BDNF mRNA Expression of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Amygdala, and Hippocampus during Situational Reminder in the PTSD Animal Model." Behavioural Neurology 2021 (March 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6657716.
Abstract:
Whether BDNF protein and BDNF mRNA expression of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; cingulated cortex area 1 (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), and infralimbic cortex (IL)), amygdala, and hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG)) was involved in fear of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the situational reminder of traumatic memory remains uncertain. Footshock rats experienced an inescapable footshock (3 mA, 10 s), and later we have measured fear behavior for 2 min in the footshock environment on the situational reminder phase. In the final retrieval of situational reminder, BDNF protein and mRNA levels were measured. The results showed that higher BDNF expression occurred in the Cg1, PrL, and amygdala. Lower BDNF expression occurred in the IL, CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG. BDNF mRNA levels were higher in the mPFC and amygdala but lower in the hippocampus. The neural connection analysis showed that BDNF protein and BDNF mRNA exhibited weak connections among the mPFC, amygdala, and hippocampus during situational reminders. The present data did not support the previous viewpoint in neuroimaging research that the mPFC and hippocampus revealed hypoactivity and the amygdala exhibited hyperactivity for PTSD symptoms. These findings should be discussed with the previous evidence and provide clinical implications for PTSD.
16
Bulavin, V. F., T. G. Bulavina, D. V. Koshutin, and I. S. Petryashov. "CAO / CAE-Engineering Support for the Production of Small Enterprises." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 8 (749) (August 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2022-8-47-54.
Abstract:
The creation of high-tech and science based productions allows designing products with high consumer qualities and manufacturing globally competitive products. New trends associated with the digitalization of design and technological projects are accelerating the integration of material and virtual production. A dynamic environment requires the flexibility of management in the face of accelerated adaptation of manufacture. Such challenges involve long-term forecasting and making quick decisions while maintaining the competitiveness of goods and services over time. The technological transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises as part of the transition to digital production determines their integration into the space of distributed factories. Innovative changes in manufacturing technology are accompanied by the introduction of efficient business processes at all levels. The article considers the formation of a group of competencies ensuring the integration of CAD / CAE / CAO into a single information data flow, as well as their distribution in the field of small and medium-sized machine-building enterprises. A single system of intelligent business process model provides support for parallel work of developers.
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Li, Z. S., P. T. Liang, and N. S. Cai. "A rate equation theory for the pore size distribution of calcined CaCO3 in calcium looping." Faraday Discussions 192 (2016): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00019c.
Abstract:
CaCO3 calcination is an important step in calcium looping, and the formed pore structure of porous CaO is critical for subsequent carbonation towards carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the evolution of the pore structure of the sorbent in the calcination step. A mathematical model describing the pore size distribution during the calcination of the CaCO3 particle was developed. CaCO3 calcination is calculated following a shrinking core model at the CaO–CaCO3 interface, and CO2 diffuses through the porous CaO layers. During the decomposition of CaCO3, after the departure of the CO2 molecule from its original lattice, a vacancy will be formed that will diffuse inside the solid, and the collision and coagulation of the vacancy results in pore formation. A rate equation theory was proposed to describe the vacancy coagulation and pore evolution inside the solid, with rate expressions derived for the pore size distribution function with time evolution. To validate the developed model, the evolution of the pore size distribution during CaCO3 calcination was experimentally measured in a high-temperature furnace combined with the nitrogen adsorption method. It was found that there is a characteristic bimodal distribution for the pore structure of calcined CaCO3, with average pore sizes of ∼2.8 nm and ∼50 nm. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data, and the relative importance of growth and coagulation was discussed.
18
Świetlik, Dariusz, Jacek Białowąs, Janusz Moryś, Ilona Klejbor, and Aida Kusiak. "Computer Modeling of Alzheimer’s Disease—Simulations of Synaptic Plasticity and Memory in the CA3-CA1 Hippocampal Formation Microcircuit." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101909.
Abstract:
This paper aims to present computer modeling of synaptic plasticity and memory in the CA3-CA1 hippocampal formation microcircuit. The computer simulations showed a comparison of a pathological model in which Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was simulated by synaptic degradation in the hippocampus and control model (healthy) of CA3-CA1 networks with modification of weights for the memory. There were statistically higher spike values of both CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells in the control model than in the pathological model (p = 0.0042 for CA1 and p = 0.0033 for CA3). A similar outcome was achieved for frequency (p = 0.0002 for CA1 and p = 0.0001 for CA3). The entropy of pyramidal cells of the healthy CA3 network seemed to be significantly higher than that of AD (p = 0.0304). We need to study a lot of physiological parameters and their combinations of the CA3-CA1 hippocampal formation microcircuit to understand AD. High statistically correlations were obtained between memory, spikes and synaptic deletion in both CA1 and CA3 cells.
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Zhang, G. H., K. C. Chou, and X. Y. Lv. "Influences of different components on viscosities of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 50, no. 2 (2014): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb130819016z.
Abstract:
The present study is aimed to distinguish the different influences of CaO and MgO, as well as Al2O3 and SiO2 on viscosity of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts. It is found that for melt without Al2O3, viscosity increases monotonously as CaO is gradually replaced by MgO. The addition of Al2O3 leads to a complex variation of viscosity. In different composition ranges, viscosity may exhibit different variation tendencies as changing the relative contents of CaO and MgO while keeping contents of other components constant. It is also found that when replacing SiO2 by equivalent mole of Al2O3, (i) in CaOAl 2O3-SiO2 system, viscosity increases when Al2O3 content is small relative to CaO content (there are enough Ca2+ ions to charge compensate Al3+ ions), but decreases when CaO content is inadequate for charge compensation; (ii) in MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, viscosity always decreases as substituting Al2O3 for SiO2. The reason for this difference for two systems may be resulted from the weak charge compensation ability of Mg2+ ion for Al3+ ion relative to Ca2+ ion. All the viscosity variations can be interpreted well by our new proposed viscosity model.
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Anciferov, S., A. Karachevceva, and L. Sivachenko. "DESIGN AND PRODUCT DESIGN IN CAD/CAM/CAE NX SYSTEM MANAGED BY TEAMCENTER PLM SYSTEM." Technical Aesthetics and Design Research 1, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2687-0878-2019-1-2-45-52.
Abstract:
The article discusses a system widely implemented in the designing of equipment for the NX construction industry. Along with this system, a modern automation tool was used. The most common and most used products are Siemens products: PLM-system "Teamcenter". The functionality of this configuration is huge, it includes such applications a "Manager of Structure", "Classifier", "Advanced Studio", "Ray Tracing Studio", etc. For example, it is possible to create a single product structure with various configurations, machine components and assemblies, using the "Structure Manager". This structure allows to simplify the introduction of changes and the development of a digital electronic model. For the final visualization and rendering, the NX system provides a certain set of tools, which includes "Extended Studio" and "Ray Tracing Studio". "Advanced Studio" is an application allowing to get high-quality image, including the effects of materials, textures, lighting, shadows and reflections for the product in the CAD/CAM/CAE NX system. "Ray Tracing Studio" allows to get the rendering of the future product. In the Ray Tracing Studio editor, it is possible to configure such parameters as dynamic tracing setting, real-time ray tracing setting, display static high-quality tracing setting, and general display settings. Creation of a product in this system can be considered by the example of a digital electronic model of a roller support.
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Martani, Nabeel S. "Trueness of Stereolithographic Model Compared to Conventional Model Using CAD/CAM Prosthesis with Digital Photographs." Sulaimani dental journal 6, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/sdj.10095.
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Li, Shen, Xiao Dong Shao, and Xiao Bo Ge. "A Kind of CAD/CAE Integrated Modeling Technology Based on FEATURE." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3436.
Abstract:
A kind of CAD/CAE integrated modeling method based on feature is proposed. Firstly, analysis features are attached to CAD model of part and standard part library is formed. Secondly, the CAD model is created using standard parts. Thirdly, geometry information of analysis features is extracted from CAD model and is reconstructed automatically under CAE environment. Finally, based on feature-based meshing and combination technique, CAE model is built quickly. A prototype software for large-scale antenna structure (LSAS) CAD/CAE integrated modeling has been developed and used in performance analysis of a 16-meter-diameter LSAS. The method has been proved to be useful for improving speed, accuracy and consistency of complicated structure CAE modeling notably.
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Kubota, Tetsuyuki, and Peter Chow. "Development of CAD-to-CAE Model Preparation Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.325.
Abstract:
This paper explains and demonstrates how to reduce time for preparation of 3-dimensional (3D) geometrical Computer-Aided-Engineering (CAE) model from 3D Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) data. In generally, CAE model preparation is labor intensive and takes long time. Main part of preparation work is simplification of 3D-CAD data to decrease mesh scale and without impacting the solution accuracy. The purpose of this study is to create automatic CAE model preparation technology for reduction of preparation time. In this study, automatic model preparation method is developed by using of geometrical and topological information of 3D-CAD data. Benchmark test is performed to proof the efficiency of the method.
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Li, Shijian, Guoyu Qian, Yiwei Sun, Sheng Pang, Dong Wang, and Zhi Wang. "Innovative separation model for boron removal from silicon during slag refining based on ion and molecule coexistence theory." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 3 (2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022024.
Abstract:
How to reduce boron concentration to an extremely low level has become a major obstacle during silicon waste recycling. As a simple and efficient method of removing impurities, slag refining plays an increasingly important role for industrial silicon waste recovery. The deboration ability of slag is usually evaluated by boron distribution ratio LB. However, the development of a separation prediction model is challenged by the limitations on the recognition of impurity structure in slag and complexity of slag-silicon reactions. Herein, a novel thermodynamic model for predicting boron distribution ratio between CaO-SiO2 based slags and molten silicon has been developed based on ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT), i.e., IMCT-LB model. The reaction abilities of structural units are represented by the calculated mass action concentration. The predictive boron distribution ratio between CaO-SiO2, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2, CaF2-CaO-SiO2 slags and silicon correspond well with experimental data, reflecting the reasonability of IMCT-LB model. According to IMCT, deboration reactions between slags and silicon can be represented by ion couples (Ca2+ + O2–), simple molecule Al2O3 with SiO2 to form eight deboration products as B2O3, 3CaO · B2O3, 2CaO · B2O3, CaO · B2O3, CaO · 2B2O3, 2Al2O3 · B2O3, 9Al2O3 · B2O3, CaO · 2SiO2 · B2O3. With the developed IMCT-LB model, the respective boron distribution ratio LB,i of the eight deboration products can be determined quantitatively. Furthermore, the effect of temperature, mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 (%CaO/%SiO2), Al2O3 and CaF2 content of CaO-SiO2 based slags on LB are fully discussed.
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Capogrossi, M. C., A. A. Kort, H. A. Spurgeon, and E. G. Lakatta. "Single adult rabbit and rat cardiac myocytes retain the Ca2+- and species-dependent systolic and diastolic contractile properties of intact muscle." Journal of General Physiology 88, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 589–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.88.5.589.
Abstract:
The systolic and diastolic properties of single myocytes and intact papillary muscles isolated from hearts of adult rats and rabbits were examined at 37 degrees C over a range of stimulation frequencies and bathing [Ca2+]o (Cao). In both rabbit myocytes and intact muscles bathed in 1 mM Cao, increasing the frequency of stimulation from 6 to 120 min-1 resulted in a positive staircase of twitch performance. During stimulation at 2 min-1, twitch performance also increased with increases in Cao up to 20 mM. In the absence of stimulation, both rabbit myocytes and muscles were completely quiescent in less than 15 mM Cao. Further increases in Cao caused the appearance of spontaneous asynchronous contractile waves in myocytes and in intact muscles caused scattered light intensity fluctuations (SLIF), which were previously demonstrated to be caused by Ca2+-dependent spontaneous contractile waves. In contrast to rabbit preparations, intact rat papillary muscles exhibited SLIF in 1.0 mM Cao. Two populations of rat myocytes were observed in 1 mM Cao: approximately 85% of unstimulated cells exhibited low-frequency (3-4 min-1) spontaneous contractile waves, whereas 15%, during a 1-min observation period, were quiescent. In a given Cao, the contractile wave frequency in myocytes and SLIF in intact muscles were constant for long periods of time. In both intact rat muscles and myocytes with spontaneous waves, in 1 mM Cao, increasing the frequency of stimulation from 6 to 120 min-1 resulted, on the average, in a 65% reduction in steady state twitch amplitude. Of the rat myocytes that did not manifest waves, some had a positive, some had a flat, and some had a negative staircase; the average steady state twitch amplitude of these cells during stimulation at 120 min-1 was 30% greater than that at 6 min-1. In contrast to rabbit preparations, twitch performance during stimulation at 2 min-1 saturated at 1.5 mM Cao in both intact rat muscles and in the myocytes with spontaneous waves. We conclude that the widely divergent, Ca2+-dependent systolic and diastolic properties of intact rat and rabbit cardiac muscle are retained with a high degree of fidelity in the majority of viable single myocytes isolated from the myocardium of these species, and that these myocytes are thus a valid model for studies of Ca2+-dependent excitation-contraction mechanisms in the heart.
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Susilowati, Arikha Ayu. "Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera, Lamk.) Pada Mencit Model Demensia: Kajian Memori Spasial, Kadar Malondialdehid Dan Jumlah Sel Piramidal Hipokampus Area CA1 Dan CA2-CA3." Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 16, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jfi.v16i2.612.
Abstract:
ABSTRAK
penyakit sel-sel saraf di otak, akibat hipokampus yang rusak oleh radikal bebas. EEDK (Ekstrak etanol daun kelor) (Moringa oleifera, Lamk.) mengandung phytochemicals, karoten, vitamin, mineral, asam amino, flavonoid dan phenolic, terbukti mengurangi kerusakan oksidatif dan defisit memori. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek EEDK terhadap memori spasial, kadar MDA, jumlah sel piramidal hipokampus yang rusak area CA1,CA2-CA3 dan gambaran histopatologi mencit.
Rancangan penelitian ini pre test and post test control group design untuk uji memori spasial dan post test control group design untuk uji kadar MDA, jumlah sel piramidal hipokampus dan gambaran histopatologi. Menggunakan 30 ekor mencit terdiri dari 6 kelompok, per kelompok ada 5 ekor mencit, yaitu kelompok kontrol normal, kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, kelompok EEDK 100, 200, dan 400 mg/kgBB, semua diinduksi Pb asetat 50 mg/KgBB kecuali pada kelompok normal. Kontrol positif diobati kuersetin 50 mg/kgBB, sedangkan kontrol negatif tidak diobati. Data uji memori diperoleh dari uji Morris water maze pra dan paska perlakuan, data status antioksidan diperoleh dari uji kadar MDA dan data gambaran histopatologi diperoleh dari perhitungan jumlah sel pyramidal. Analisis data menggunakan repeated measures ANOVA dan ANOVA dengan Post Hoc LSD.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan waktu latensi, uji kadar MDA dan pemeriksaan histopatologi otak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol negatif dengan kelompok EEDK. Pemberian EEDK 400 mg/kgBB paling efektif memperbaiki memori spasial, menurunkan kadar MDA, dan mencegah kerusakan sel piramidal hipokampus area CA1, CA2-CA3.
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Reyes-Haro, Daniel, Francisco Emmanuel Labrada-Moncada, Durairaj Ragu Varman, Janina Krüger, Teresa Morales, Ricardo Miledi, and Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres. "Anorexia Reduces GFAP+ Cell Density in the Rat Hippocampus." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2426413.
Abstract:
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder observed primarily in young women. The neurobiology of the disorder is unknown but recently magnetic resonance imaging showed a volume reduction of the hippocampus in anorexic patients. Dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) is a murine model that mimics core features of this disorder, including severe weight loss due to voluntary reduction in food intake. The energy supply to the brain is mediated by astrocytes, but whether their density is compromised by anorexia is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate GFAP+ cell density in the main regions of the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus) in the DIA model. Our results showed that GFAP+ cell density was significantly reduced (~20%) in all regions of the hippocampus, except in CA1. Interestingly, DIA significantly reduced the GFAP+ cells/nuclei ratio in CA2 (−23%) and dentate gyrus (−48%). The reduction of GFAP+ cell density was in agreement with a lower expression of GFAP protein. Additionally, anorexia increased the expression of the intermediate filaments vimentin and nestin. Accordingly, anorexia increased the number of reactive astrocytes in CA2 and dentate gyrus more than twofold. We conclude that anorexia reduces the hippocampal GFAP+ cell density and increases vimentin and nestin expression.
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Świetlik, Dariusz, Jacek Białowąs, Janusz Moryś, Ilona Klejbor, and Aida Kusiak. "Effects of Inducing Gamma Oscillations in Hippocampal Subregions DG, CA3, and CA1 on the Potential Alleviation of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Pathology: Computer Modeling and Simulations." Entropy 21, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21060587.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of the gamma oscillation function (40–130 Hz) to reduce Alzheimer’s disease related pathology in a computer model of the hippocampal network dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 (DG-CA3-CA1) regions. Methods: Computer simulations were made for a pathological model in which Alzheimer’s disease was simulated by synaptic degradation in the hippocampus. Pathology modeling was based on sequentially turning off the connections with entorhinal cortex layer 2 (EC2) and the dentate gyrus on CA3 pyramidal neurons. Gamma induction modeling consisted of simulating the oscillation provided by the septo-hippocampal pathway with band frequencies from 40–130 Hz. Pathological models with and without gamma induction were compared with a control. Results: In the hippocampal regions of DG, CA3, and CA1, and jointly DG-CA3-CA1 and CA3-CA1, gamma induction resulted in a statistically significant improvement in terms of increased numbers of spikes, spikes per burst, and burst duration as compared with the model simulating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The positive maximal Lyapunov exponent was negative in both the control model and the one with gamma induction as opposed to the pathological model where it was positive within the DG-CA3-CA1 region. Gamma induction resulted in decreased transfer entropy in accordance with the information flow in DG → CA3 and CA3 → CA1. Conclusions: The results of simulation studies show that inducing gamma oscillations in the hippocampus may reduce Alzheimer’s disease related pathology. Pathologically higher transfer entropy values after gamma induction returned to values comparable to the control model.
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Hamadi, Naserddine, Ömür Gülsüm Deniz, Ahlam Said Abi Issa, Azim Ullah Shamsul Islam, Naheed Amir, Saeed Tariq Minhas, Nather Madjid, Fatima Khelifi-Touhami, Süleyman Kaplan, and Abdu Adem. "Stereological Evidence of Non-Selective Hippocampal Neurodegeneration, IGF-1 Depletion, and Behavioral Deficit following Short Term Bilateral Adrenalectomy in Wistar Rats." Biomolecules 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13010022.
Abstract:
The development of animal models to study cell death in the brain is a delicate task. One of the models, that was discovered in the late eighties, is the induction of neurodegeneration through glucocorticoid withdrawal by adrenalectomy in albino rats. Such a model is one of the few noninvasive models for studying neurodegeneration. In the present study, using stereological technique and ultrastructural examination, we aimed to investigate the impact of short-term adrenalectomy (2 weeks) on different hippocampal neuronal populations in Wistar rats. In addition, the underlying mechanism(s) of degeneration in these neurons were investigated by measuring the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and β-nerve growth factor (β-NGF). Moreover, we examined whether the biochemical and histological changes in the hippocampus, after short-term adrenalectomy, have an impact on the cognitive behavior of Wistar rats. Stereological counting in the hippocampus revealed significant neuronal deaths in the dentate gyrus and CA4/CA3, but not in the CA2 and CA1 areas, 7 and 14 days post adrenalectomy. The ultrastructural examinations revealed degenerated and degenerating neurons in the dentate, as well as CA4, and CA3 areas, over the course of 3, 7 and 14 days. The levels of IGF-1 were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of ADX rats 24 h post adrenalectomy, and lasted over the course of two weeks. However, β-NGF was not affected in rats. Using a passive avoidance task, we found a cognitive deficit in the ADX compared to the SHAM operated rats over time (3, 7, and 14 days). In conclusion, both granule and pyramidal cells were degenerated in the hippocampus following short-term adrenalectomy. The early depletion of IGF-1 might play a role in hippocampal neuronal degeneration. Consequently, the loss of the hippocampal neurons after adrenalectomy leads to cognitive deficits.
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Luisetto, Igor, Maria Rita Mancini, Livia Della Seta, Rosa Chierchia, Giuseppina Vanga, Maria Luisa Grilli, and Stefano Stendardo. "CaO–CaZrO3 Mixed Oxides Prepared by Auto–Combustion for High Temperature CO2 Capture: The Effect of CaO Content on Cycle Stability." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060750.
Abstract:
Cycling high temperature CO2 capture using CaO–based solid sorbents, known as the calcium looping (CaL) process, is gaining considerable scientific and industrial interest due to the high theoretical sorbent capacity (0.78 gCO2/gCaO), the low specific cost, and the negligible environmental impact of the employed materials. In this work, we investigated the self–combustion synthesis of CaO–CaZrO3 sorbents with different CaO contents (40, 60, and 80 wt%) for use in the CaL process. CaZrO3 was used as a spacer to avoid CaO grains sintering at high temperature and to reduce the diffusional resistances of CO2 migrating towards the inner grains of the synthetic sorbent. Samples were characterized by X–ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The reaction between CO2 and CaO (i.e., carbonation) was carried out in 20 vol% CO2 at 650 °C and calcination (i.e., decomposition of CaCO3 to CaO and CO2) at 900 °C in pure Ar or with 85 vol% CO2 using a thermogravimetric analyzer (thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA)). The most stable sorbent was with 40 wt% of CaO showing a CO2 uptake of up to 0.31 g CO2/gsorbent and 0.26 g CO2/gsorbent operating under mild and severe conditions, respectively. The experimental data corroborated the prediction of the shrinking core spherical model in the first phase of the carbonation. A maximum reaction rate of 0.12–0.13 min−1 was evaluated in the first cycle under mild and severe conditions of regeneration.
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Świetlik, Białowąs, Moryś, and Kusiak. "Computer Model of Synapse Loss During an Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathology in Hippocampal Subregions DG, CA3 and CA1—the Way to Chaos and Information Transfer." Entropy 21, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040408.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to compare the computer model of synaptic breakdown in an Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in the dentate gyrus (DG), CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus with a control model using neuronal parameters and methods describing the complexity of the system, such as the correlative dimension, Shannon entropy and positive maximal Lyapunov exponent. The model of synaptic breakdown (from 13% to 50%) in the hippocampus modeling the dynamics of an Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology was simulated. Modeling consisted in turning off one after the other EC2 connections and connections from the dentate gyrus on the CA3 pyramidal neurons. The pathological model of synaptic disintegration was compared to a control. The larger synaptic breakdown was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the number of spikes (R = −0.79, P < 0.001), spikes per burst (R = −0.76, P < 0.001) and burst duration (R = −0.83, P < 0.001) and an increase in the inter-burst interval (R = 0.85, P < 0.001) in DG-CA3-CA1. The positive maximal Lyapunov exponent in the control model was negative, but in the pathological model had a positive value of DG-CA3-CA1. A statistically significant decrease of Shannon entropy with the direction of information flow DG->CA3->CA1 (R = −0.79, P < 0.001) in the pathological model and a statistically significant increase with greater synaptic breakdown (R = 0.24, P < 0.05) of the CA3-CA1 region was obtained. The reduction of entropy transfer for DG->CA3 at the level of synaptic breakdown of 35% was 35%, compared with the control. Entropy transfer for CA3->CA1 at the level of synaptic breakdown of 35% increased to 95% relative to the control. The synaptic breakdown model in an Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in DG-CA3-CA1 exhibits chaotic features as opposed to the control. Synaptic breakdown in which an increase of Shannon entropy is observed indicates an irreversible process of Alzheimer’s disease. The increase in synapse loss resulted in decreased information flow and entropy transfer in DG->CA3, and at the same time a strong increase in CA3->CA1.
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SUZUKI, Katsuyuki, Masayuki WADA, and Masaru OKAYASU. "2304 Real Time Simulation of Dynamic Large Deformation Problem using Model Order Reduction." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2012.25 (2012): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2012.25.571.
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Louhichi, Borhen, Gad N. Abenhaim, and Antoine S. Tahan. "CAD/CAE integration: updating the CAD model after a FEM analysis." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 76, no. 1-4 (August 31, 2014): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6248-y.
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Okesina, A. A., M. S. Ajao, M. O. Buhari, A. M. Afodun, K. B. Okesina, R. Y. Usman, F. A. Sulaimon, and B. P. Kolawole. "Activation of pro-apoptotic cells, reactive astrogliosis and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in trimethyltin-induced hippocampal injury in rats." Anatomy Journal of Africa 9, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 1782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v9i2.198924.
Abstract:
Neurodegenerative diseases cause neural cells to lose both the functional and sensory abilities as a result of genetic factors, proteopathies and mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurodegeneration forms the basis of most neurodegenerative disorders for example Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s diseases, and Parkinson’s diseases. The mechanism that underlines the process of neurodegeneration is not well understood. Understanding the process and mechanism involved in neurodegeneration might offer a better therapeutic approach to positively manage cases of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study’s target was to create an animal model to study neurodegeneration. Sixteen adult male Wistar rats were used in the study and divided into two groups. Control (0.2 mL of normal saline (NS)), and trimethyltin-treated (TMT, 8 mg/kg stat dose only). These animals underwent perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde, brain excision and analysis of p53 antigen, GFAP and Bielshowsky on these tissues. The results showed that animals in the control group showed presence of activated p53 antigen, reactive astrogliosis, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques within the cytoplasm of the hippocampal cells. Cornus Ammonis (CA2) and (CA3) showed more of the trimethylrtin injury than CA1 and CA4. This study thus revealed that, intra-peritoneal administration of single dose of 8mg/kg of trimethyltin can offer an attractive disease model to study some neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords: p53 antigen, Bielshowsky, Glia fibrillary acidic protein, Trimethyltin, Hippocampus,
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Edwards, Aurélie, Chunhua Cao, and Thomas L. Pallone. "Cellular mechanisms underlying nitric oxide-induced vasodilation of descending vasa recta." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 300, no. 2 (February 2011): F441—F456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00499.2010.
Abstract:
It has been observed that vasoactivity of explanted descending vasa recta (DVR) is modulated by intrinsic nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2−) production (Cao C, Edwards A, Sendeski M, Lee-Kwon W, Cui L, Cai CY, Patzak A, Pallone TL. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 299: F1056–F1064, 2010). To elucidate the cellular mechanisms by which NO, O2− and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) modulate DVR pericyte cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca]cyt) and vasoactivity, we expanded our mathematical model of Ca2+ signaling in pericytes. We incorporated simulations of the pathways that translate an increase in [Ca]cyt to the activation of myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and cell contraction, as well as the kinetics of NO and reactive oxygen species formation and their effects on [Ca]cyt and MLC phosphorylation. The model reproduced experimentally observed trends of DVR vasoactivity that accompany exposure to Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, 8-Br-cGMP, Tempol, and H2O2. Our results suggest that under resting conditions, NO-induced activation of cGMP maintains low levels of [Ca]cyt and MLC phosphorylation to minimize basal tone. This results from stimulation of Ca2+ uptake from the cytosol into the SR via SERCA pumps, Ca2+ efflux into the extracellular space via plasma membrane Ca2+ pumps, and MLC phosphatase (MLCP) activity. We predict that basal concentrations of O2− and H2O2 have negligible effects on Ca2+ signaling and MLC phosphorylation. At concentrations above 1 nM, O2− is predicted to modulate [Cacyt] and MCLP activity mostly by reducing NO bioavailability. The DVR vasoconstriction that is induced by high concentrations of H2O2 can be explained by H2O2-mediated downregulation of MLCP and SERCA activity. We conclude that intrinsic generation of NO by the DVR wall may be sufficient to inhibit vasoconstriction by maintaining suppression of MLC phosphorylation.
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Pan, Zhiyi, Xin Wang, Rumin Teng, and Shunde Gao. "A Synchronous CAD/CAE Modeling Method and Applications in Parametric Parts Library." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (April 17, 2015): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01509010189.
Abstract:
Current parametric parts library cannot contribute to the reuse of finite element model. It is essential to remodel or exchange model for parts in CAE software. This paper presents a synchronous CAD/CAE modeling method, which can be employed in parts library based on Siemens NX software. Primary CAD and CAE information in part are merged into master model, which acts as cornerstone for solid model, FE model and simulation model. Thus, part models from parts library can be directly used into simulation analysis, and parametric amendment and change propagation is sustained. A software package developed for designers is helpful to search and achieve desired part from parts library. Three case studies are carried out to clarify synchronous CAD/CAE modeling process and change propagation procedure.
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Lu, Nan-Han, Lee-Ren Yeh, Tai-Been Chen, Yung-Hui Huang, Chung-Ming Kuo, and Hueisch-Jy Ding. "Analyzing Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Low CAC Scores by 64-Slice MDCT." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/907062.
Abstract:
Purpose. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores are widely used to determine risk for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). A CAC score does not have the diagnostic accuracy needed for CAD. This work uses a novel efficient approach to predict CAD in patients with low CAC scores.Materials and Methods. The study group comprised 86 subjects who underwent a screening health examination, including laboratory testing, CAC scanning, and cardiac angiography by 64-slice multidetector computed tomographic angiography. Eleven physiological variables and three personal parameters were investigated in proposed model. Logistic regression was applied to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of when using individual variables and CAC score. Meta-analysis combined physiological and personal parameters by logistic regression.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity of the CAC score was 14.3% when the CAC score was ≤30. Sensitivity increased to 57.13% using the proposed model. The statistically significant variables, based on beta values andPvalues, were family history, LDL-c, blood pressure, HDL-c, age, triglyceride, and cholesterol.Conclusions. The CAC score has low negative predictive value for CAD. This work applied a novel prediction method that uses patient information, including physiological and society parameters. The proposed method increases the accuracy of CAC score for predicting CAD.
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Nakao, Yoko M., Yoshihiro Miyamoto, Masahiro Higashi, Teruo Noguchi, Mitsuru Ohishi, Isao Kubota, Hiroyuki Tsutsui, et al. "Sex differences in impact of coronary artery calcification to predict coronary artery disease." Heart 104, no. 13 (January 13, 2018): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312151.
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo assess sex-specific differences regarding use of conventional risks and coronary artery calcification (CAC) to detect coronary artery disease (CAD) using coronary CT angiography (CCTA).MethodsThe Nationwide Gender-specific Atherosclerosis Determinants Estimation and Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease Prospective Cohort study is a prospective, multicentre, nationwide cohort study. Candidates with suspected CAD aged 50–74 years enrolled from 2008 to 2012. The outcome was obstructive CAD defined as any stenosis ≥50% by CCTA. We constructed logistic regression models for obstructive CAD adjusted for conventional risks (clinical model) and CAC score. Improvement in discrimination beyond risks was assessed by C-statistic; net reclassification index (NRI) for CAD probability of low (<30%), intermediate (30%–60%) and high (≥60%); and risk stratification capacity.ResultsAmong 991 patients (456 women, 535 men; 65.2 vs 64.4 years old), women had lower CAC scores (median, 4 vs 60) and lower CAD prevalence (21.7% vs 37.0%) than men. CAC significantly improved model discrimination compared with clinical model in both sexes (0.66–0.79 in women vs 0.61–0.83 in men). The NRI for women was 0.33, which was much lower than that for men (0.71). Adding CAC to clinical model had a larger benefit in terms of moving an additional 43.3% of men to the most determinant categories (high or low risk) compared with −1.4% of women.ConclusionsThe addition of CAC to a prediction model based on conventional variables significantly improved the classification of risk in suspected patients with CAD, with sex differences influencing the predictive ability.Trial registration numberUMIN-CTR Clinical Trial: UMIN000001577.
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Lopez-Santiago, Luis F., Yukun Yuan, Jacy L. Wagnon, Jacob M. Hull, Chad R. Frasier, Heather A. O’Malley, Miriam H. Meisler, and Lori L. Isom. "Neuronal hyperexcitability in a mouse model of SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 9 (February 13, 2017): 2383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616821114.
Abstract:
Patients with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) experience severe seizures and cognitive impairment and are at increased risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). EIEE13 [Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) # 614558] is caused by de novo missense mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN8A. Here, we investigated the neuronal phenotype of a mouse model expressing the gain-of-function SCN8A patient mutation, p.Asn1768Asp (Nav1.6-N1768D). Our results revealed regional and neuronal subtype specificity in the effects of the N1768D mutation. Acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons from Scn8aN1768D/+ mice showed increases in persistent sodium current (INa) density in CA1 pyramidal but not bipolar neurons. In CA3, INa,P was increased in both bipolar and pyramidal neurons. Measurement of action potential (AP) firing in Scn8aN1768D/+ pyramidal neurons in brain slices revealed early afterdepolarization (EAD)-like AP waveforms in CA1 but not in CA3 hippocampal or layer II/III neocortical neurons. The maximum spike frequency evoked by depolarizing current injections in Scn8aN1768D/+ CA1, but not CA3 or neocortical, pyramidal cells was significantly reduced compared with WT. Spontaneous firing was observed in subsets of neurons in CA1 and CA3, but not in the neocortex. The EAD-like waveforms of Scn8aN1768D/+ CA1 hippocampal neurons were blocked by tetrodotoxin, riluzole, and SN-6, implicating elevated persistent INa and reverse mode Na/Ca exchange in the mechanism of hyperexcitability. Our results demonstrate that Scn8a plays a vital role in neuronal excitability and provide insight into the mechanism and future treatment of epileptogenesis in EIEE13.
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Serra, Maria, Laura Poddighe, Marianna Boi, Francesco Sanna, Maria Piludu, Fabrizio Sanna, Maria Corda, Osvaldo Giorgi, and Marina Quartu. "Effect of Acute Stress on the Expression of BDNF, trkB, and PSA-NCAM in the Hippocampus of the Roman Rats: A Genetic Model of Vulnerability/Resistance to Stress-Induced Depression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 3745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123745.
Abstract:
The Roman High-Avoidance (RHA) and the Roman Low-Avoidance (RLA) rats, represent two psychogenetically-selected lines that are, respectively, resistant and prone to displaying depression-like behavior, induced by stressors. In the view of the key role played by the neurotrophic factors and neuronal plasticity, in the pathophysiology of depression, we aimed at assessing the effects of acute stress, i.e., forced swimming (FS), on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its trkB receptor, and the Polysialilated-Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (PSA-NCAM), in the dorsal (dHC) and ventral (vHC) hippocampus of the RHA and the RLA rats, by means of western blot and immunohistochemical assays. A 15 min session of FS elicited different changes in the expression of BDNF in the dHC and the vHC. In RLA rats, an increment in the CA2 and CA3 subfields of the dHC, and a decrease in the CA1 and CA3 subfields and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the vHC, was observed. On the other hand, in the RHA rats, no significant changes in the BDNF levels was seen in the dHC and there was a decrease in the CA1, CA3, and DG of the vHC. Line-related changes were also observed in the expression of trkB and PSA-NCAM. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the differences in the BDNF/trkB signaling and neuroplastic mechanisms are involved in the susceptibility of RLA rats and resistance of RHA rats to stress-induced depression.
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YAN, CHUANKUI, RUBIN WANG, and XIAOCHUAN PAN. "A MODEL OF HIPPOCAMPAL MEMORY BASED ON AN ADAPTIVE LEARNING RULE OF SYNAPSES." Journal of Biological Systems 21, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339013500162.
Abstract:
We constructed a neural network of the hippocampus and proposed an adaptive learning rule of synapses to simulate the storing and retrieving processes of memory in the hippocampus by a mechanism of resonance. The hippocampus network consists of CA1, CA3 and DG, in particular, CA1 is a storage of memory, which receives inputs from both EC through perforant path (PP) and CA3 through Schaffer collaterals (SC). The stimulated results showed that the memory trace was unable to be encoded in CA1 when only a single subthreshold signal from EC or CA3 was inputted, of which the main reason might be lack of the resonance of the two signals. We calculated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the network, and found it reached a peak value at appropriate SC connection strength, indicating that a typical stochastic resonance phenomenon appeared in PP signal detection. The inputs from EC and CA3 were able to enhance the memory representation in CA1, although still incomplete. We used a learning rule to modify synaptic weights by which the network could learn an external pattern. The hippocampus network tended to be stable after sufficient evolution. Some CA1 neurons show synchronized firings which are used to represent memory and are clearer than observed memory traces before learning. The model and results provide a good guidance to our understanding of the mechanism of the hippocampus memory.
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Niu, Wen Tie, Peng Fei Wang, Yu Shen, Wei Guo Gao, and Li Na Wang. "A Feature-Based CAD-CAE Integrated Approach of Machine Tool and its Implementation." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.54.
Abstract:
An analysis feature-based CAD-CAE integrated approach was proposed to solve the problems of rapidly CAE modeling for static and dynamic analysis process of machine tool. Firstly, analysis features were defined in CAD system and analysis feature library was constructed for machine tool and its structural components. Secondly, analysis feature model was constructed by attaching analysis feature to CAD model interactively. Finally, ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) file was generated automatically by mapping analysis features to APDL codes, which realized the integration of CAD system and ANSYS system. Based on application programming interface (API) of SolidWorks, a parametric CAD-CAE tool oriented to static and dynamic analysis of machine tool was developed, which realized parametric modeling and automatic analysis of machine tool and improved design efficiency and quality of machine tool.
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Chen, S. P. "Compositional and physical changes on perovskite crystal surfaces." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 7 (July 1998): 1848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0262.
Abstract:
The surface composition of BaTiO3, SrTiO3, and CaTiO3 perovskite (100) surface is determined by shell-model calculations. The TiO2-terminated surface is energetically favorable for BaTiO3 and SrTiO3, which is consistent with experimental observations on SrTiO3. On the other hand, the CaO-terminated surface is preferred for CaTiO3 where Ca2+ is the smallest 2+ cation in these titanates. Ions on (100) surface rumple and induce surface dipoles. The surface ferroelectric polarization stabilizes the surface and changes its sign as the surface composition changes from TiO2 to CaO. This phenomenon is expected to affect the stability and properties of epitaxial films on perovskite substrates.
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Ji, Ai Min, Kun Zhu, Ji Cheng Huang, and Yi Pei Dong. "CAD/CAE Integration System of Mechanical Parts." Advanced Materials Research 338 (September 2011): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.338.272.
Abstract:
The key technologies of CAD/CAM integration of mechanical parts which include parametric modeling technology, model transformation of CAD/CAE and finite element modeling were studied. Based on redevelopment of UG, the process of parametric modeling about typical part was achieved. The identification, selection, extraction, and removal of the details in the CAD model were analyzed. The extraction approach of the mid-surface in the dimensional reduction of the CAD model was executed. The CAD/CAE integration system of the design and finite element analysis for mechanical parts was established by the redevelopment of UG and ANSYS with Visual C++, UG/Open and APDL as tools. The parametric design and automatic finite element analysis for mechanical parts were implemented.
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Zhu, Kun, Xu Yin, and Ai Min Ji. "CAD/CAE Integration System of the Excavator Boom." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.81.
Abstract:
According to the existing problems in the design of the excavator working devices boom, the method of integrated design and analysis for the boom was put forward by CAD/CAE integration technology. Firstly, design ideas of database in CAD/CAE integration system was given, so the data of model can be transmitted and exchanged effectively between CAD and CAE systems. Secondly, the parametric model of the boom was established based on parametric method. Thirdly, the customization analysis platform of the boom is built with customization technology and secondary development of ANSYS Workbench code. Finally, the parametric design and automatic finite element analysis for the excavator boom were implemented.
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Dai, Yaling, Yuhao Zhang, Minguang Yang, Huawei Lin, Yulu Liu, Wenshan Xu, Yanyi Ding, Jing Tao, and Weilin Liu. "Electroacupuncture Increases the Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission Efficiency and Long-Term Plasticity to Improve Vascular Cognitive Impairment." Mediators of Inflammation 2022 (June 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5985143.
Abstract:
Studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively improve vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), but its mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. This study is aimed at investigating the mechanisms underlying the effects of EA treatment on hippocampal synaptic transmission efficiency and plasticity in rats with VCI. Methods. Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to VCI with bilateral common carotid occlusion (2VO). EA stimulation was applied to Baihui (GV20) and Shenting (GV24) acupoints for 30 min once a day, five times a week, for four weeks. Our study also included nonacupoint groups to confirm the specificity of EA therapy. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to assess cognitive function. Electrophysiological techniques were used to detect the field characteristics of the hippocampal CA3–CA1 circuit in each group of rats, including input-output (I/O), paired-pulse facilitation ratios (PPR), field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP), and excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). The expression of synapse- and calcium-mediated signal transduction associated proteins was detected through western blotting. Results. The MWM behavioural results showed that EA significantly improved cognitive function in VCI model rats. EA increased the I/O curve of VCI model rats from 20 to 90 μA. No significant differences were observed in hippocampal PPR. The fEPSP of the hippocampal CA3–CA1 circuit was significantly increased after EA treatment compared with that after nonacupuncture treatment. We found that EA led to an increase in the EPSC amplitude and frequency, especially in the decay and rise times. In addition, the protein expression and phosphorylation levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor 1, and Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II increased to varying degrees in the hippocampus of VCI model rats. Conclusion. EA at GV20 and GV24 acupoints increased the basic synaptic transmission efficiency and synaptic plasticity of the hippocampal CA3–CA1 circuit, thereby improving learning and memory ability in rats with VCI.
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Liu, Pei Lin. "Research on Ship CAE Model Data Conversion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.1153.
Abstract:
A set of self-defined model data structure using discrete boundary representation is designed in this paper, based which the modeling data is transformed from CAD to CAE pre-process. And so the geometric modeling function is realized. By the unified data interface, model data is read and transformed from a variety of mainstream and standard CAD model file such as IGES, STEP and so on. By studying and parsing the STL file and Tribon XML format file, the STL model file and ship CAD model data conversion is realized.
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DEURA, Tomoyuki, Makoto TANABE, and Hiroyuki OKUDA. "2004 Transient Dynamic and Acoustic Analyses of a railway structure using a modal method." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2007.20 (2007): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2007.20.181.
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Gujarathi, G. P., and Y. S. Ma. "Parametric CAD/CAE integration using a common data model." Journal of Manufacturing Systems 30, no. 3 (August 2011): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2011.01.002.
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Longden, Kit D. "Model of CA1 place field formation with CA3 lesioned." Neurocomputing 69, no. 10-12 (June 2006): 1264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2005.12.115.