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1
Falchi, Gian Luigi. Introduzione allo studio delle fonti dell'utrumque ius. Città del Vaticano: Lateran University Press, 2006.
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2
Protecting New Jersey's environment: From cancer alley to the new Garden State. New Brunswick, N.J: Rivergate Books, 2011.
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3
Bellini, Piero. Del primato del dovere: Introduzione critica allo studio dell'ordinamento generale della Chiesa cristiana cattolica. Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro): Rubbettino, 2004.
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US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Allow Postal Patrons to Contribute to Funding for Breast Cancer Research through the Voluntary Purchase of Certain Specially Issued United States Postage Stamps, and for Other Purposes. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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Falchi, Gian Luigi. Fragmenta iuris Romani canonici: Introduzione allo studio della recezione del diritto romano nelle fonti del diritto canonico altomedievale. Roma: Pontificia Università lateranense, 1998.
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Moseley, V. J. "Jon", Andreas Lampropoulos, Eftychia Apostolidi, and Christos Giarlelis. Characteristic Seismic Failures of Buildings. Edited by Stephanos E. Dritsos. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed016.
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<p>Earthquakes can cause considerable fatalities, injuries and financial loss. The forces of nature cannot be blamed, as the problem lies with the structures in seismic regions that may not have been designed or constructed to a sufficient degree to resist earthquake actions or they may have design flaws. This Structural Engineering Document (SED) concerns reinforced concrete and masonry buildings together with geotechnical aspects and presents in a concise and practical way the state of the art of current understanding of building failures due to earthquakes. It classifies the different types of seismic failure, explains the reasons for each failure, describes good practices to avoid such failures and also describes seismic retrofitting/upgrading procedures for pre-earthquake strengthening and post-earthquake repair and/or strengthening techniques for deficient buildings. Carefully selected photographs and diagrams illustrate the different failure types. This document could be considered as quite unique, as this is the first time such material concerning characteristic seismic failures of buildings has been presented together in one single document. It is intended to be a valuable educational reference textbook aimed at all levels of experience of engineers. It provides background information, ideas, guidance and reassurance to engineers in earthquake regions faced with the task of building a safer future for the public and to protect lives. <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Oddi3VTtxCM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Munday, Clare. Allo Cancer, Je T'écoute. Independently Published, 2018.
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8
Belton, Thomas. Protecting New Jersey's Environment: From Cancer Alley to the New Garden State. Rutgers University Press, 2010.
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9
Lavoué, Vincent, Patrick Legembre, Jean Levêque, Fabrice Foucher, Sébastien Henno, and Florian Cabillic. Ovarian Cancer Immunity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0003.
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Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in women, and there has been no substantial decrease in the death rates due to EOC in the past three decades. Thus, basic knowledge regarding ovarian tumor cell biology is urgently needed to allow the development of innovative treatments for EOC. Traditionally, EOC has not been considered an immunogenic tumor, but there is evidence of an immune response to EOC in patients. Clinical data demonstrate that an anti-tumor immune response and immune evasion mechanisms are correlated with a better and lower survival, respectively, providing evidence for the immunoediting hypothesis in EOC. This chapter focuses on the immune response and immune suppression in EOC.
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Belton, Thomas. Protecting New Jersey's Environment: From Cancer Alley to the New Garden State. Rutgers University Press, 2010.
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11
Cutter, David, and Martin Scott-Brown. Diagnosis and staging of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0324.
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The accurate diagnosis of the precise type and stage of a malignancy is a vital part of cancer management. Treatment options and decisions vary significantly between various stages of the same malignancy (e.g. treatment with radical vs palliative intent) and also between specific histological subtypes of a cancer arising from the same organ (e.g. small-cell lung cancer vs non-small-cell lung cancer). It is therefore of critical importance that as much accurate information about each individual case is obtained. This is achieved with a variety of diagnostic procedures which allow the multidisciplinary team to reach correct decisions about management. The types of investigations performed typically include radiology and pathology, but clinically important information may also be obtained by other methods, for example surgical staging, clinical examination, endoscopy, and blood tests. As well as directing therapy, accurate staging also allows a more precise estimation of prognosis or the probability of treatment success, knowledge which is of obvious importance to the patient.
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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Principles of symptom control in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0006.
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Describes cell cycle and its importance in cancer therapy. Outlines the major classes of “ traditional”cancer drugs together with their mechanisms, basic pharmacology and toxicity profiles. Intended to allow the new entrant to the field to understand how combinations are made, the rationale for such combinations and the limitations of currently available cytotoxic agents
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Lilja, Hans. Prostate-specific antigen and biomarkers for prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0061.
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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a kallikrein serine protease secreted by the prostate to liquefy the ejaculatory coagulum. Changes in the blood/prostate barrier allows PSA to enter the circulation in men with prostate cancer and other inflammatory prostatic diseases. The commonest method for detection of men at risk of prostate cancer is PSA testing, which is typically used in an opportunistic screening setting. The widespread use of PSA testing leads to overdiagnosis and overtreatment of many men with low-risk prostate cancer, but can allow the identification of those with significant disease requiring radical treatment. This lack of specificity for high-risk prostate cancer has led to the need for more accurate biomarkers or methods to improve the use of PSA testing.
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Bellizzi, Keith M., and Kate E. Dibble. The Integration of Aging and Gender to Understand the Cancer Experience Among Older Adults (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0008.
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Central to understanding the experience of cancer in older adults is to recognize human behavior and the role of gender and age. The goal of this chapter is to present a general description of what is known about cancer and aging, briefly describe the literature on gender and aging, and offer suggestions for the integration of these disparate fields to answer important clinical and research questions for older adults with cancer. Analyzing gender and age in psycho-oncology studies, not as a factor to stratify on but as a lens to view and understand the cancer experience, will allow for a richer understanding of the experience of cancer in older adults.
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Ajithkumar, Thankamma, Ann Barrett, Helen Hatcher, and Sarah Jane Jefferies. Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.001.0001.
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This easy-to-read, practical guide distils and compiles all the disparate literature on cancer into one succinct volume. It includes the essential, evidence-based clinical guidelines needed for the safe and effective management of patients with cancer, and has a clear layout to allow for quick reference whilst on the ward. All aspects of cancer and its management are covered, including prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. The text begins by outlining the clinical approach to suspected cancer and the principles of multidisciplinary prevention and management. It then progresses through site-specific cancer management, including head and neck, CNS, thoracic, breast, gastrointestinal system, genitourinary system, female genital system, skin, musculoskeletal system, haemopoietic system, and endocrine. Later chapters cover oncological emergencies and acute oncology, and special situations such as cancer in younger and older people, and pregnancy and fertility. The guide also offers information about coping with the lifestyle and social issues that may arise with a diagnosis of cancer, such as insurance, travel and support, and includes a chapter dedicated to palliative care for the cancer patient. A unique appendix of clinical management flowcharts assists fast, appropriate decision-making.
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Umphrey, Heidi R. Emerging Breast Imaging Technologies. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0011.
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Emerging breast imaging technologies may provide improved care across the entire breast cancer care continuum; however, assessment of these technologies and their added value will require further development and research. Contrast-enhanced mammography was first described in 1985, utilizing digital subtraction angiography of the breast. Molecular techniques in breast imaging are expanding as advances in technology allow for decreased radiotracer dose and reveal high sensitivity for the detection of breast cancers. Molecular breast imaging (MBI) tools may have a role as we develop personalized breast imaging protocols based on risk. This chapter, appearing in the section on breast cancer overview, describes the new emerging technologies in breast imaging, including contrast-enhanced spectral mammography and molecular breast imaging.
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Krauter, Cheryl. Relationship. Edited by Cheryl Krauter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636364.003.0005.
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What people remember most after the end of cancer treatment is the quality of the relationship between themselves and their practitioners and how they were treated. The chapter focuses on healthcare provider and patient as fellow travelers on the path to healing in the survivorship phase of cancer. Subjects covered include letting the patient matter; appropriate professional boundaries that allow quality contact; the use of humor; assessing the need for referral to more in-depth psychotherapy or counseling; and interacting with the partners and family members of the patient. Also highlighted is the importance of interpersonal connection in this work. This chapter deals with the essential need for understanding, respecting, and working with personal and professional boundaries.
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Conant, Emily F. Overview of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0007.
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Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a relatively new X-ray technique that allows quasi–three-dimensional imaging of the breast to overcome limitations of conventional 2-D digital mammography (DM). Several early screening studies have shown that DBT reduces the number of false-positive recalls while simultaneously improving the cancer detection rate. Cost-effectiveness studies have shown that incorporating DBT in screening has the potential to save health care dollars due to lower recall rates as well as reduced treatment costs resulting from the earlier detection of breast cancer. In the diagnostic setting, DBT imaging may allow a more efficient work-up of breast lesions due to improved lesion conspicuity and the ability to better localize lesions within the breast.
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Dothan, Shai. Comparative Views on the Right to Vote in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697570.003.0018.
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There is a consensus about the existence of an international right to vote in democratic elections. Yet states disagree about the limits of this right when it comes to the case of prisoners’ disenfranchisement. Some states allow all prisoners to vote, some disenfranchise all prisoners, and others allow only some prisoners to vote. This chapter argues that national courts view the international right to vote in three fundamentally different ways: some view it as an inalienable right that cannot be taken away, some view it merely as a privilege that doesn’t belong to the citizens, and others view it as a revocable right that can be taken away under certain conditions. The differences in the way states conceive the right to vote imply that attempts by the European Court of Human Rights to follow the policies of the majority of European states by using the Emerging Consensus doctrine are problematic.
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Tollefsen, Torstein Theodor. Circumscription. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816775.003.0003.
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The concept of circumscription is central to the iconoclast argument against the icons: if the icon is a true image of Christ, it must represent his divine as well as his human nature. If it cannot do that, the image is an idol. The divine nature is uncircumscribed, therefore an image cannot be made of it. This is the challenge Theodore tries to counter. He develops a detailed Christological position in order to show that Christ somehow must appear in this world in a concrete (circumscribed) and visible form. The chapter presents an interpretation of both iconoclast Christology and Theodore’s Christology. Theodore manages to define his Christological position in such a way that he can show how Christ may be a subject of painting. The concepts of the eidos (appearance) and likeness allow Theodore to work out a doctrine of painting that is almost phenomenological, to use a modern term.
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Plog, Stephen, Carrie C. Heitman, and Adam S. Watson. Key Dimensions of the Cultural Trajectories of Chaco Canyon. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.15.
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This chapter reviews the issues that continue to challenge understandings of the pre-colonial developments that occurred in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico during the ninth–twelfth centuries ce. It specificially focuses on questions of population, agricultural potential, the organization of production, internal social dynamics, and the nature of regional interactions. The chapter highlights major trends in Chacoan research, as space does not allow a full review of the significant interpretive models in the current literature. Instead, the chapter focuses thematically on the aforementioned issues and offers interpretations in the context of contemporary and historic research and the authors’ specific areas of specialization. The authors argue for the significant agricultural potential of the canyon, dispersed and non-coercive craft specialization driven by a ritual mode of production, a substantial residential population, distinct social differentiation based largely on religious authority, and a multi-nodal network of local and regional relationships consistent with house society models.
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Mahon, James Edwin. Secrets vs. Lies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743965.003.0009.
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The traditional way of stating the common view of the moral asymmetry between keeping secrets and lying is that keeping secrets is prima facie morally permissible, whereas lying is prima facie morally wrong. This chapter argues that the correct way of stating the common view is that both keeping secrets and lying are prima facie morally wrong, but lying is worse than keeping secrets, all things being equal. The author draws upon the work of Thomas Nagel and compares candor, non-acknowledgment, informativeness, and reticence with secrecy, and compares secrecy with deception and lying. It is argued that keeping secrets must be distinguished from being reticent, and that understood this way, it is clear that it is prima facie wrong to keep secrets. Having the correct way of stating the common view of the moral asymmetry between keeping secrets and lying will allow us to evaluate the common view.
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Goodman, Jessica. The Afterlife of an Author. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198796626.003.0009.
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The final chapter traces Goldoni’s presence in modern French culture (theatre repertoires, publications, and school curricula) to measure how far Goldoni achieved posthumous gloire in his adoptive country. It reveals how, despite his claims to have proved himself as a French author, his lasting gloire in France is as an Italian; the comic outsider created by the Mémoires. Finally, it suggests that this outsider status meant his quest for integration into the French canon was doomed from the start: that contemporary conceptions of glory and national identity, which focused on a useful contribution to the nation, did not allow space for individuals from outside the national literary space.
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James A, Green. Part I The Origin and Legal Source of the Persistent Objector Rule, 2 The Persistent Objector Rule in Case Law and State Practice Post-1945. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704218.003.0003.
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This chapter continues to assess the legal status of the persistent objector rule by examining its basis in post-1945 case law and post-1945 state practice and opinio juris. The support for the existence of the persistent objector rule in the academic world, while being relavant to, and perhaps indicative of, the emergence of the rule, cannot be viewed as enough to constitute the rule as a matter of international law in itself. Investigation in this chapter reveals a relatively small but cumulatively convincing degree of support for the persistent objector rule. Further investigation into this body of practice will allow for the analyse of the mechanics of the rule: it is one thing to conclude that it exists, but how does it function?
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William A, Schabas. Part 13 Final Clauses: Clauses Finales, Art.124 Transitional provision/Disposition transitoire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0129.
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This chapter comments on Article 124 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 124 entitles a State, in becoming a party to the Statute, to declare that it does not accept the jurisdiction of the Court with respect to war crimes alleged to have been committed by its nationals or on its territory. Thus, if a State declares that it does not accept the Court's jurisdiction over war crimes, does this mean that its nationals cannot be prosecuted, even if the crime is committed on the territory of another State Party, as would ordinarily be the case? Does article 124 allow the creation of a privileged group of nationals who are insulated from prosecution by the Court for war crimes, wherever they are committed?
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Plotnik, Adam N., and Stephen Kee. Advancing the TIPS Sheath Through a Difficult Cirrhotic Liver: Pay It Forward Off the Balloon. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0076.
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The “pay it forward off the balloon” technique for advancing the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) sheath may be employed during a difficult TIPS case when the interventionalist has already accessed the portal vein but cannot get the standard 10 Fr TIPS sheath through the fibrotic tract into the portal vein to thereby allow placement of a standard TIPS covered stent. In some patients, the fibrotic recoil of the parenchymal hepatic tract can be so severe that the basic balloon dilation maneuver fails. The pay it forward off the balloon technique employs the use of a 6 mm × 4-cm balloon, which is placed through the 10 Fr TIPS sheath and advanced over the wire and across the fibrotic tract into the portal vein.
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May, Joshua. Freeing Reason from Desire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0008.
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The previous chapter showed that our beliefs about which actions we ought to perform frequently have an effect on what we do. But Humean theories, holding that all motivation has its source in desire, insist on connecting such beliefs with an antecedent motive. However, reason needn’t be a slave to the passions. We can allow moral (or normative) beliefs a more independent role to generate intrinsic desires by developing an anti-Humeanism (distinct from internalism) that is empirically sound. Since an anti-Humean theory provides perfectly ordinary and intelligible explanations of actions, Humeans have a burden to justify a more restrictive account. However, they cannot discharge this burden on empirical grounds, whether by appealing to research on neurological disorders (acquired sociopathy, Parkinson’s, and Tourette’s), the psychological properties of desire, or the scientific virtue of parsimony.
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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. The multiple voices of the corporation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0002.
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This chapter develops the central research questions of the book and lays down some of the basic assumptions we took. It is argued that corporate actors form a network of influence that reaches into every area of public life. Therefore, researching the influence of business on public policy making cannot concentrate on single actors but must emphasize the network. The chapter does so by applying classical power structure research to the digital age. The research approach is designed to allow the combination of various, very heterogeneous data sources—such as scanned material, data available online, and handcrafted structured data—into one database that can be used for network research. We conclude the chapter by taking a closer look at the sources we used to investigate the important actors within the network.
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McPherson, Lionel K. Legalism, Justice, and the War on Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0011.
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Some standard norms of conduct in war are morally unsustainable. The “noncombatant immunity” principle that prohibits deliberate use of force against noncombatants represents one such norm. Standard noncombatant immunity is limited, its focus on intention, allowing, in effect, ordinary noncombatants to be harmed routinely through lawful attacks by combatants. These noncombatant casualties often are likely, foreseeable, and avoidable and thus not merely accidental. Apart from the moral problem of just war legalism, the practical problem is this: a military power cannot expect to win hearts and minds in foreign populations, as the war on terrorism requires, when its approach to fighting expresses relatively little concern for noncombatant lives. Greatly reducing noncombatant casualties is a pragmatic imperative that recommends fighting to a much higher standard—even when prevailing moral and legal norms allow collaterally harming noncombatants.
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Lacoste, Jean-Yves, and Oliver O’Donovan. Resurrectio Carnis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827146.003.0009.
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Considering the distinction between discursive, acquired knowledge and intuitive knowledge raises the question of how theology as a learned discipline relates to the spiritual life. The two kinds of knowledge cannot exist apart in history, but may be in unhappy tension. Eschatology can have no place for discursive knowledge, while history may be conceived as veiling of intuitive knowledge behind discursive knowledge. The goal of theology, then, is to introduce the believer into intuitive knowledge of God. “Indirect” communication allows it to speak of God without reductively “objectifying” him. The experience of worship combines the two kinds of knowledge. It involves words, and the words aim at truth. But its function is to allow the truth not merely to be understood but to be felt in its splendour.
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Pissarskoi, Eugen. The Controllability Precautionary Principle: Justification of a Climate Policy Goal Under Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0011.
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How can we reasonably justify a climate policy goal if we accept that only possible consequences from climate change are known? Precautionary principles seem to offer promising guidelines for reasoning in such epistemic situations. This chapter presents two versions of the precautionary principle (PP) and defends one of them as morally justifiable. However, it argues that current versions of the PP do not allow discrimination between relevant climate change policies. Therefore, the chapter develops a further version of the PP, the Controllability Precautionary Principle (CPP), and defends its moral plausibility. The CPP incorporates the following idea: in a situation when the possible outcomes of the available actions cannot be ranked with regard to their value, the choice between available options for action should rest on the comparison of how well decision makers can control the processes of the implementation of the available strategies.
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Morton, Jonathan. Making and Worshipping Idols. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816669.003.0007.
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This chapter offers an account of the Rose’s ethical project based around the principle of misrecognition as it relates both to the psychology of desire and to the poem’s unreliable textuality. Its ethics, which cannot be distilled into a series of definitive sentences, are understood to depend on the hermeneutic process that the deceptive poem itself demands. The shifting uses of figures idols and idolatry in the poem are used to illustrate how the poem’s productive polysemy allow concepts to be dislodged from one field, such as theology, and repurposed for another, such as psychology or satire. Considering Pauline theology, medieval optical theory, and psychology as they inform the iconic episodes of Narcissus and Pygmalion in the Rose, this chapter shows how the poem presents the mental projections of fantasy simultaneously as dangerous traps and as fundamental tools for the negotiation of desire.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Specific constructions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0009.
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This chapter presents network-generating models which cannot be neatly categorized as growing, nor as defined primarily through a target degree distribution. They are best understood as mechanistic constructions designed to elucidate a particular feature of the network. In the first sub-section, the Watts–Strogatz model is introduced and motivated as a construction to achieve both a high degree of clustering and a low average path length. Geometric graphs, in their Euclidian flavour, are shown to be a natural choice for broadcast networks. The Hyperbolic variant is informally described, because it is known to be a natural space in which to embed hierarchical graphs. Planar graphs have very specific real-world applications, but are extraordinarily challenging to analyze mathematically. Finally, weighted graphs allow for concepts such as traffic to be incorporated into the random graph model.
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Currie, Gregory. Visually Attending to Fictional Things. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717881.003.0009.
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There is a kind of perceptual-imaginative experience we have when we watch screen-based fictions. In such situations it is natural to think of ourselves as “watching Robin Hood” rather than as watching Errol Flynn dressed as Robin Hood. Screen-based fictions are not the only fictions that allow this kind of experience but they encourage it in ways that theatrical dramas cannot quite match, while still photographs do a poor job in this regard. This chapter offers an explanation of this kind of experience, partly by reference to features of the screen medium and partly by reference to aspects of human perceptual-cognitive architecture. The architectural story will tell us something about imagination that reflection on the phenomenology of imaginative experience fails to disclose. The resulting picture may also help us to understand certain kinds of delusions.
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Glausser, Wayne. The Rhetoric of Faithful Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0003.
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This chapter examines books by three distinguished scientists—Francis Collins, Owen Gingerich, and John Polkinghorne—who have strong Christian faith. All three scientists attempt to argue that religious faith and scientific truth are not incompatible. They refuse to cede the territory of science to atheists; they use scientific argument to support theism. Analysis of their rhetoric reveals certain difficulties with these apologetic projects. Although they eschew mere “assertion of fideistic certainties,” they cannot entirely avoid such assertions. Sometimes they elevate their diction to articulate a Romantic truth that transcends science. They use “appeal to authority” with theist-friendly quotations from Einstein and Hawking, but neither of these physicists turns out to be a very good ally. Finally, their use of science to prove theism leads to dubious analogies, mismatched explanatory models, and flawed theodicy.
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Whetham, David. Do Some Soldiers Deserve to Die More Than Others? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0004.
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Many would say that a conscript coming toward you with “love in his heart” is somehow less blameworthy than a soldier who has quite deliberately chosen to participate in an unjust conflict. If you are more culpable, are you more deserving of death than others who surely cannot be blamed for the predicament they find themselves in? Many states recognize the rights of committed pacifists to refuse to fight, but very few states are willing to allow their soldiers to refuse to fight if it is a particular conflict which they consider to be unjust—a position known as selective conscientious objection. This chapter explores the way that three different Western militaries currently deal with soldiers who refuse on ethical grounds to participate in a specific conflict in order to answer the question Do soldiers from some states deserve to die more than others if those states fight unjust wars?
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Schiff, Brian. Out of the Head. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199332182.003.0003.
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Chapter 2, “Out of the Head,” in A New Narrative for Psychology argues that psychology’s conceptual problem becomes even more acute when one considers conclusions drawn about the relationship between variables. Interpreting the statistical relationship between two or more variables, researchers commit a serious error; they misinterpret correlations derived from group data as an indication of what must be happening inside persons. Only an approach that allows one to get close enough to persons, to observe how they tell and interpret their experience, can allow one to understand how subjectivity operates. Psychologists need to observe the phenomenon in order to argue that they really know how it works. But observations made in variable-centered research cannot extend to this level of analysis, and researchers must speculate about what must be happening inside persons. Examples from research on personality development and contact theory are examined in order to make this point.
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Martin, Graham R. Postscript: Conclusions, Implications, and Comment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.003.0010.
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The natural world contains a huge amount of constantly changing information but specializations within sensory systems mean that each species receives only a small part of that information. Information is filtered by sensory systems. We cannot assume what a bird can detect–it is important to measure its sensory capacities and to quantify the sensory challenges posed for the conduct of tasks in different environments. No sensory system can function adequately throughout the full ranges of stimuli that are found in the natural world. There have been many trade-offs in the evolution of particular sensory capacities and tradeoffs and complementarity between different sensory capacities within a species. Birds may often be guided by information at the limits of their sensory capacities. Information that guides behaviours may often be sparse and partial. Key behaviours may only be possible because of cognitive abilities which allow adequate interpretation of such partial information.
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Winner, Ellen. Too Easy to Be Good? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863357.003.0009.
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This chapter examines whether beliefs about how an artwork was made unconsciously affect judgments. Philosopher Denis Dutton believed that we judge an artwork in part by the kind of achievement it represents. Something created without effort constitutes a different achievement from something created with much effort. One might assume that a work completed without much effort would be most valued because such a work is evidence of a greater talent than one completed with greater effort. However, research shows the opposite. All else being equal (and without priming people to think about talent), more effort leads to a more positive judgment. The history behind the work is part and parcel of the work. We cannot help but allow process to affect our evaluation of the product. This understanding helps to explain why many connoisseurs were angered by artist David Hockney’s theory that certain Renaissance artists used optical aids to achieve realism.
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Scott, Tom. Calm amidst the Storm. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725275.003.0011.
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The convulsions which seized southern Germany and Switzerland between 1520 and 1540 included the expulsion of Duke Ulrich of Württemberg (an ally of the Swiss) from his duchy of Württemberg; his intrigues to recapture his duchy by raising peasants in the Black Forest already in the throes of popular rebellion; and the beginnings of Reformed Protestant preaching by Huldrych Zwingli in Zürich. Any of these circumstances could easily have led to outright war on both banks of the Rhine. The Swiss were reluctant to give any support to Duke Ulrich, or to the peasants, though Zürich came to the aid of the Forest Town of Waldshut where Balthasar Hubmaier preached the new doctrines (and later Anabaptism). Konstanz, too, embraced Protestantism, to the chagrin of the Catholic Inner cantons. That effectively put an end to the city’s hopes of joining the Confederation.
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Mast, Christof, Friederike Möller, Moritz Kreysing, Severin Schink, Benedikt Obermayer, Ulrich Gerland, and Dieter Braun. Toward living nanomachines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0039.
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How does inanimate matter become transformed into animate matter? Living systems evolve by replication and selection at the molecular level and this chapter considers how to establish a synthetic, minimal system that can support molecular evolution and thus life. Molecular evolution cannot be explained by starting with high concentrations of activated chemicals that react toward their chemical equilibrium; persistent non-equilibria are required to maintain continuous reactivity and we especially consider thermal gradients as an early driving force for Darwinian molecular evolution. The temperature difference across water-filled compartments implements a laminar fluid convection with periodic temperature oscillations that allow for the melting and replication of DNA. Simultaneously, dissolved molecules are moved along the thermal gradient by an effect called thermophoresis. The combined result is an efficient molecule trap that exponentially favors long over short DNA and thus maintains complexity. Future experiments will reveal how thermal gradients could actively drive the Darwinian process of replication and selection.
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Duckett, Victoria. Nullius in Verba. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039669.003.0002.
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This chapter challenges the notion that Sarah Bernhardt mouthed her lines on film due to her inability to act in a fittingly naturalistic way for film, and that her famous “golden voice” is brutally denied in a media that gives us the spectacle of an actress mouthing lines that we cannot hear. The chapter explains why an actress who was famous for her voice and gesture acts on silent film in terms of art nouveau acting, changes in visual literature, and the ongoing use of musical accompaniment—all of which allow us to reinterpret Bernhardt's relationship to the silent screen. It argues that Bernhardt's films record her gestural fame on the live stage, and that this fame was associated with her use of the spiral as a structuring device for action. It shows that the music that accompanied Bernhardt's films served the same purpose as it did on the live stage—to develop and expand the emotional resonance of her performance.
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Beer, Yishai. Revitalizing the Concept of Military Necessity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881146.003.0002.
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This chapter revisits the in bello necessity principle. It challenges the current dichotomy between the two pillars—mistakenly assumed to be polar opposites—of the law of armed conflict: necessity and humanity. It embraces the idea that a well-trained military has an inherent interest in enhancing its operational effectiveness and constraining unnecessary brutality. The exercise of brute force by militaries, though common, reflects professional incompetency. The prevailing law of armed conflict, generally ignores the constraining effect of the necessity principle, which was originally intended to allow only the minimally necessary use of force on the battlefield. Consequently, the prevailing law places the burden of restricting the exercise of brute military force upon humanitarian considerations. Humanitarianism alone, however, cannot deliver the goods and substantially reduce war’s hazards. This chapter therefore calls for the transformation of the military’s actual or potential self-imposed professional constraining standards into a revised legal standard of necessity.
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Gibson, Rachel. ¡Canta Conmigo! Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197624913.001.0001.
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Sing, play, move, create, and experience joy with living musical traditions from Guatemala and Nicaragua. Suitable for use in families, schools, or community centers, this resource contains a playful collection of 90 songs, singing games, chants, and games the author learned from teachers, children, and families while living in several communities in both countries. While the majority of the songs are in Spanish, a few in a Mayan language, Kaqchikel, are included. Field videos, audio recordings, and select song histories are available on the companion website to witness the music in authentic contexts, guide in pronunciation, and trace musical origins. Ethnographic descriptions of locations where songs were learned and personal biographies of a few singers written in Kaqchikel or Spanish and translated to English allow the reader to develop a connection to the land and the musicians. Culturally responsive and sustaining teaching pedagogies are discussed alongside strategies to responsibly include the music in school curriculums. A brief history of Central America and an overview of music genres in the region are included to frame this song collection within historic, cultural, and musical contexts. ¡Ven a cantar y jugar! Come sing and play! The song pages are playfully and thoughtfully illustrated by Sucely Puluc from Guatemala.
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Martin, Graham R. The Sensory Ecology of Birds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.001.0001.
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The natural world contains a huge amount of constantly changing information. Limitations on, and specializations within, sensory systems mean that each species receives only a small part of that information. In essence, information is filtered by sensory systems. Sensory ecology aims to understand the nature and functions of those filters for each species and sensory system. Fluxes of information, and the perceptual challenges posed by different natural environments, are so large that sensory and behavioural specializations have been inevitable. There have been many trade-offs in the evolution of sensory capacities, and trade-offs and complementarity between different sensory capacities within species. Many behavioural tasks may have influenced the evolution of sensory capacities in birds, but the principal drivers have been associated with just two tasksforaging and predator detection. The key task is the control of the position and timing of the approach of the bill towards a target. Other tasks, such as locomotion and reproduction, are achieved within the requirements of foraging and predator detection. Information thatguides behaviours may often be sparse and partial and key behaviours may only be possible because of cognitive abilities which allow adequate interpretation of partial information. Human modifications of natural environments present perceptual challenges that cannot always be met by the information available to particular birds. Mitigations of the negative effects of human intrusions into natural environments must take account of the sensory ecology of the affected species. Effects of environmental changes cannot be understood sufficiently by viewing them through the filters of human sensory systems.
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Golubev, A. V. Agri-food import substitution through the prism of agricultural sustainability. Publishing house of the Russian state agrarian University UN-TA im. K. A. Timiryazeva, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0235-2494-2022-8-2-8.
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The difficult geopolitical situation has exacerbated the problem of agri-food import substitution, in which Russia has made obvious progress in recent years. However, the increasing volumes of agricultural production do not mean further dynamics of the industry development. On the contrary, a number of fundamental growth factors in some cases do not provide even simple reproduction. Thus, the natural fertility of the soil has been steadily declining over the past decades, the material and technical base of agriculture is not updated in sufficient volume, the wages of farmers are significantly lower than the average level in the economy, many enterprises of the industry are credited, the disparity of prices for agricultural and industrial products is increasing. These contradictions between the growth of output and the reproductive abilities of the agricultural sector of the economy cannot last forever. Therefore, a transition to sustainable agricultural development is necessary, assuming that the current needs of society are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. To do this, Russia has key capabilities that allow the conversion of available energy resources into food production on a planetary scale, which, in addition to the source of economic prosperity, strengthens the geopolitical influence of our country.
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Clealand, Danielle Pilar. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632298.003.0011.
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The influence that racial ideology has on racial attitudes and racial consciousness in Cuba is shown throughout this project to be significant. Racial democracy in Cuba combines with socialist ideology to form a powerful racial ideology that is distinct to other Latin American societies that operate under the ideology of racial democracy. Throughout the decades of the revolution Fidel and Raúl Castro and the Cuban government have united belief in the revolution with belief in racial democracy, and as a result support of the revolution often correlates with the notion that racism is not a considerable problem in Cuba. State rhetoric and policy have promoted national identity and unity as supreme over racial identity, while claiming to have solved the problem of racism through socialist policies. The state also created a set of norms and an institutional framework that did not allow for the proliferation of alternate racial ideologies or information, barred the creation of any institution or organization that addressed race, and by creating institutions that addressed the needs of women, youth, and others created the philosophy that race was not a cleavage that mattered in revolutionary Cuba. Despite the ideological and political measures executed by the government, the presence of racism in Cuba cannot be denied and has, as supported by the data throughout this book, contributed to feelings of racial consciousness among black and ...
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Weller, Patrick, Dennis Grube, and R. A. W. Rhodes. Comparing Cabinets. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844945.001.0001.
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Why is cabinet government so resilient? Despite many obituaries, why does it continue to be the vehicle for governing across most parliamentary systems? This book answers these questions by examining the structure and performance of cabinet government in five democracies: the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Australia. The book is organized around the dilemmas that cabinet governments must solve: how to develop the formal rules and practices that can bring predictability to the daily business and allow consistent decision making; how to balance good policy with good politics; how to ensure cohesion between the factions and parties that constitute the cabinet while allowing levels of self-interest to be advanced; how leaders can balance persuasion and command; and how to maintain support through accountability at the same time as being able to make unpopular decisions. All these dilemmas are continuing challenges to cabinet government, never solvable, and constantly reappearing in different forms. We ask how traditions, beliefs, and practices shape the answers. The different practices between the democracies examined show there can be no single definition of cabinet government. This comparative approach provides analysis and insights into the process of cabinet government that cannot be achieved in the study of any single political system. We better understand the pressures on each system by appreciating the options that are elsewhere accepted as common beliefs.
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Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. Democratic Law. Edited by Hannah Ginsborg. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084486.001.0001.
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In this book, based on her 2017 Berkeley Tanner Lectures, the author offers an original, deontological account of democracy, law, and their interrelation. Her central thesis is that democracy and democratic law have intrinsically valuable, interconnected communicative functions. Democracy and democratic law together allow us to fulfill our fundamental duties to convey to each another messages of equal respect by fashioning the sorts of public joint commitments to act that a sincere message of equal respect requires. Law and democracy are essential to each other: the aspirations of democracy cannot be realized except through a legal system, and, conversely, law can fulfill its primary function only in a democratic context. After defending these theses, she explores two doctrinal examples to illustrate how a communicative conception of democratic law would yield concrete implications. First, articulating the special democratic character of judicially articulated common law, she resists instrumental, outcome-oriented conceptions of law and defends the essential importance of the common law duty of good faith in contracts. Second, appealing to the need for law to articulate a coherent set of moral commitments, she criticizes the US Supreme Court’s approach to constitutional balancing. In a set of commentaries, Niko Kolodny, Richard R. W. Brooks, and Anna Stilz offer illuminating and sometimes provocative discussion of both the philosophical and legal aspects of Shiffrin’s discussion. The author’s responses expand on themes concerning legal compliance, commitments, communication, dissent, political participation, and the permissible range of state interests.
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Ledewitz, Bruce. The Universe Is on Our Side. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197563939.001.0001.
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There has been a breakdown in American public life that no election can fix. Americans cannot even converse about politics. All the usual explanations for our condition have failed to make things better. Bruce Ledewitz shows that America is living with the consequences of the Death of God, which Friedrich Nietzsche knew would be momentous and irreversible. God was this culture’s story of the meaning of our lives. Even atheists had substitutes for God, like inevitable progress. Now we have no story and do not even think about the nature of reality. That is why we are angry and despairing. America’s future requires that we begin a new story by each of us asking a question posed by theologian Bernard Lonergan: Is the universe on our side? When we commit to live honestly and fully by our answer to that question, even if our immediate answer is no, America will begin to heal. Beyond that, pondering the question of the universe will allow us to see that there is more to the universe than blind forces and dead matter. Guided by the naturalism of Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy, and the historical faith of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., we can learn to trust that the universe bends toward justice and our welfare. That conclusion will complete our healing and restore faith in American public life. We can live without God, but not without thinking about holiness in the universe.