Academic literature on the topic 'Cantonese'

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Journal articles on the topic "Cantonese"

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Choi, William, Xiuli Tong, and Helene Deacon. "From Cantonese Lexical Tone Awareness to Second Language English Vocabulary: Cross-Language Mediation by Segmental Phonological Awareness." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 1875–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-17-0323.

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Purpose Cantonese lexical tone awareness is closely associated with 1st language Cantonese vocabulary knowledge, but its role in 2nd language English vocabulary knowledge was unclear. We addressed this issue by investigating whether and, if so, how Cantonese lexical tone awareness contributes to English expressive vocabulary knowledge in Hong Kong Cantonese–English bilingual children. Method A sample of 112 Hong Kong Cantonese–English bilingual 2nd graders were tested on Cantonese lexical tone awareness, English lexical stress sensitivity, Cantonese– English segmental phonological awareness, and both Cantonese and English expressive vocabulary knowledge. Results Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that Cantonese lexical tone awareness contributed indirectly to English expressive vocabulary knowledge through English lexical stress sensitivity and Cantonese–English segmental phonological awareness. Conclusion These results demonstrate the role of Cantonese lexical tone awareness in Cantonese–English bilingual children's English vocabulary knowledge. This also underscores the importance of 1st language suprasegmental phonological awareness in 2nd language expressive vocabulary knowledge.
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Bakhtiar, Mehdi, Min Ney Wong, Emily Ka Yin Tsui, and Malcolm R. McNeil. "Development of the English Listening and Reading Computerized Revised Token Test Into Cantonese: Validity, Reliability, and Sensitivity/Specificity in People With Aphasia and Healthy Controls." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3743–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00103.

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Purpose This study reports the psychometric development of the Cantonese versions of the English Computerized Revised Token Test (CRTT) for persons with aphasia (PWAs) and healthy controls (HCs). Method The English CRTT was translated into standard Chinese for the Reading–Word Fade version (CRTT-R- WF -Cantonese) and into formal Cantonese for the Listening version (CRTT-L-Cantonese). Thirty-two adult native Cantonese PWAs and 42 HCs were tested on both versions of CRTT-Cantonese tests and on the Cantonese Aphasia Battery to measure the construct and concurrent validity of CRTT-Cantonese tests. The HCs were retested on both versions of the CRTT-Cantonese tests, whereas the PWAs were randomly assigned for retesting on either version to measure the test–retest reliability. Results A two-way, Group × Modality, repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significantly lower scores for the PWA group than the HC group for both reading and listening. Other comparisons were not significant. A high and significant correlation was found between the CRTT-R- WF -Cantonese and the CRTT-L-Cantonese in PWAs, and 87% of the PWAs showed nonsignificantly different performance across the CRTT-Cantonese tests based on the Revised Standardized Difference Test. The CRTT-R- WF -Cantonese provided better aphasia diagnostic sensitivity (100%) and specificity (83.30%) values than the CRTT-L-Cantonese. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed significant moderate correlations between the Cantonese Aphasia Battery scores and the CRTT-Cantonese tests in PWAs, supporting adequate concurrent validity. Intraclass correlation coefficient showed high test–retest reliability (between .82 and .96, p < .001) for both CRTT-Cantonese tests for both groups. Conclusions Results support that the validly translated CRTT-R- WF -Cantonese and CRTT-L-Cantonese tests significantly differentiate the reading and listening comprehension of PWAs from HCs and provides acceptable concurrent validity and high test–retest reliability for both tests. Furthermore, favorable PWA versus HC sensitivity and specificity cutoff scores are presented for both CRTT-Cantonese listening and reading tests.
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Chan, Hong Yin. "A Preliminary Study of the Social History of the Cantonese Chinese Community in Singapore." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 16, no. 2 (October 21, 2022): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-16020003.

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Abstract This paper aims to provide a historical study of the development of the Cantonese community in Singapore. Through an archival study of various Cantonese associations, it will focus on the connotations of what it means to be Cantonese and the lives of Cantonese people in the context of Singapore. According to a 2020 Singapore population census, the “Cantonese” are currently the third largest Chinese-dialect group, making up almost fifteen percent of the Chinese population on the island state. The term Cantonese, in Singapore, commonly refers to those originating from the vicinity of China’s Guangdong Province, mainly from the south-west region of Guangdong, along the Pearl River Delta. Outnumbered by the Hokkien and Teochew communities, the Cantonese were largely centralized in the Kreta Ayer area and were the dominant dialect group there. Yet, the definition of the term “Cantonese” involves two major issues of geographical location and language system. Being Cantonese, as per the administrative control of Guangdong Province, encompasses all of Chinese descent whose respective ancestral origins are from Guangdong. Moreover, the Cantonese are defined by the unique characteristics of the Cantonese language as well. Therefore, this paper will attempt to differentiate the multiple definitions of the term Cantonese, followed by an overall history of the Cantonese people in Singapore.
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Christensen, Matthew B., Keith S. T. Tong, and Gregory James. "Colloquial Cantonese." Modern Language Journal 80, no. 3 (1996): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/329458.

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Yang, Peter. "Beginning Cantonese." CALICO Journal 18, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.35139.

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Yang, Peter. "Intermediate Cantonese." CALICO Journal 24, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.35260.

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Zheng, Yifan, Qi Wu, Fengjuan Su, Yingying Fang, Jinsheng Zeng, and Zhong Pei. "The Protective Effect of Cantonese/Mandarin Bilingualism on the Onset of Alzheimer Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 45, no. 3-4 (2018): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488485.

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Background: Several studies have found that bilingualism can delay the age of onset of Alz­heimer disease (AD). The interpretation of these findings is that switching between two languages can enhance cognitive reserve. However, some studies have provided inconsistent results. Diverse language pairs used by the bilinguals in different studies may contribute to the discrepancies. Cantonese and Mandarin are widely used in southern China, and regarded as bilingualism. The present study aims to determine if Cantonese/Mandarin bilingualism can delay the onset of AD. Methods: The data of 129 patients diagnosed with probable AD, including 48 Cantonese monolinguals, 20 Mandarin monolinguals, and 61 Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals were analyzed. Results: Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals were found to have an older age at AD onset, and older age at the first clinic visit than Mandarin monolinguals and Cantonese monolinguals. Both Mandarin monolinguals and Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals had a higher education level and higher occupation status than the Cantonese monolinguals. Mandarin monolinguals did not differ from Cantonese/Mandarin bilinguals significantly in years of education and occupation status. The multiple linear regression analyses indicated that Cantonese/Mandarin bilingualism can delay the onset of AD independently. Conclusion: Constantly speaking both Cantonese and Mandarin from at least early adulthood can delay the onset of AD.
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Lockart, Rebekah, and Sharynne McLeod. "Factors That Enhance English-Speaking Speech-Language Pathologists' Transcription of Cantonese-Speaking Children's Consonants." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 22, no. 3 (August 2013): 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2012/12-0009).

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Purpose To investigate speech-language pathology students' ability to identify errors and transcribe typical and atypical speech in Cantonese, a nonnative language. Method Thirty-three English-speaking speech-language pathology students completed 3 tasks in an experimental within-subjects design. Results Task 1 (baseline) involved transcribing English words. In Task 2, students transcribed 25 words spoken by a Cantonese adult. An average of 59.1% consonants was transcribed correctly (72.9% when Cantonese–English transfer patterns were allowed). There was higher accuracy on shared English and Cantonese syllable-initial consonants /m,n,f,s,h,j,w,l/ and syllable-final consonants. In Task 3, students identified consonant errors and transcribed 100 words spoken by Cantonese-speaking children under 4 additive conditions: (1) baseline, (2) +adult model, (3) +information about Cantonese phonology, and (4) all variables (2 and 3 were counterbalanced). There was a significant improvement in the students' identification and transcription scores for conditions 2, 3, and 4, with a moderate effect size. Increased skill was not based on listeners' proficiency in speaking another language, perceived transcription skill, musicality, or confidence with multilingual clients. Conclusion Speech-language pathology students, with no exposure to or specific training in Cantonese, have some skills to identify errors and transcribe Cantonese. Provision of a Cantonese-adult model and information about Cantonese phonology increased students' accuracy in transcribing Cantonese speech.
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Sautman, Barry, and Xinyi Xie. "Today in Guangzhou, Tomorrow in Hong Kong? A Comparative Study of the Language Situation in Two Cities." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 49, no. 2 (August 2020): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868102620983939.

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Many in Hong Kong voice concerns about the fate of Cantonese, including nativists (“localists”) and the general public. Guangzhou is seen as a harbinger of diminishing Cantonese in Hong Kong. News and commentaries paint a gloomy picture of Cantonese in Guangzhou. Yet rarely do we read about surveys on the range of Cantonese use and identity in Guangzhou. Neither do we see analyses on how the social context differences between Hong Kong and Guangzhou may have contributed to the two cities’ unique language situations. Our study delineates the Guangzhou and Hong Kong language situations, comparing mother tongues, ordinary languages, and language attitudes. Cantonese is unrivalled in Hong Kong and remains vital in Guangzhou. We put the two cities’ different use frequency and proficiency of Cantonese and Putonghua (“Mandarin”) in the sociocultural context of motivation and migration. We conclude that some claims of diminishing Cantonese are unsupported. We also address how likely it is that Cantonese will diminish or even be replaced in Hong Kong.
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Snow, Don. "Cantonese as written standard?" Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 18, no. 2 (July 31, 2008): 190–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.18.2.05sno.

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“Standard language” status is a relative construct defined by a variety of attributes rather than by any single criteria. This paper uses the taxonomy of standard language attributes presented in Downes 1998 as a framework for examining the degree to which written Cantonese, particularly in Hong Kong, has developed attributes of a standard language. In particular, it is argued that written Cantonese has gained a degree of autonomy from Standard Written Chinese, that the Cantonese speech community has clear usage norms regarding how spoken Cantonese words should be represented in writing, that written Cantonese is functionally elaborated in the sense that users have little difficulty with lack of vocabulary for technical or academic concepts, that written Cantonese plays a growing social role in Hong Kong, and that its level of prestige is increasing. The paper concludes that while written Cantonese does not have all the attributes associated with standard languages, it has developed a significant number of these attributes to a significant degree, and that the growing role of written Cantonese is an important indicator of the degree to which Cantonese is taking on a regional standard role in China.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cantonese"

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Chung, Poy-san. "Acquisition of Cantonese sortal classifiers in Cantonese-English bilinguals." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38669808.

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Chung, Poy-san, and 鍾佩珊. "Acquisition of Cantonese sortal classifiers in Cantonese-English bilinguals." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38669808.

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Mok, Sui-Sang. "Cantonese exceed comparatives /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9835401.

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Tsang, Chi Chung Aaron. "Transitivity in Cantonese." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=764745701&SrchMode=2&sid=13&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233252640&clientId=23440.

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Flynn, Choi-Yeung-Chang. "Intonation in Cantonese." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28518/.

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This thesis develops a system for describing intonation in Cantonese, a language having six phonological tones employing both pitch and slope. It analyses the utterance intonation contour into major intonation units, intonation units and feet. It defines what criteria those units meet and how they relate to each other. The intonation contours, constructed with a string of lexical tones, are described in terms of prosodic units which separate themselves in terms of pitch height and pitch span. The demarcation of the units is an innovation of the thesis. The different F0 values of identical phonological tones in an utterance are found to be in gradual descent if they are within an intonation group, and an intonation group is depicted more clearly when the two fitted lines which cover the top and the bottom are parallel and declined. A major intonation group is the largest prosodic unit in utterances. It is decided by a larger size of resetting of pitch span. An intonation group and a major intonation group each represent a unit of information which is semantically and syntactically coherent. The most prominent syllable in an intonation group is the tonic. An acoustic analysis of all possible combinations of the lexical tones of disyllabic and trisyllabic tonal sequences shows that tonal coarticulation is an important factor in modifying the F0 contours. The modification can affect both the pitch height and the slope of the F0 contours, and is also realised in both anticipatory and carryover effects. Prominence is examined, both at the level of words and of utterances, and a description of its prosodic parameters is developed with supporting evidence from the discussion of tonics.
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Lam, Ka-ki Fiona. "The verb use in Cantonese monolingual and Cantonese-English bilingual children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholors Hub, 2005. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38279277.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2005.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2005." Also available in print.
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Fong, Chung-man. "The development of functional categories in early Cantonese speaking child language." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207871.

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Thesis (B. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences). The University of Hong Kong, May 4, 2001." Also available in print.
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To, Kit-sum Carol. "Feature development in Cantonese." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3620805X.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2001.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 4, 2001." Also available in print.
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Mau, Wing-yan Annie. "Cantonese language or dialect? /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31789705.

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Mau, Wing-yan Annie, and 繆穎欣. "Cantonese: language or dialect?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31789705.

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Books on the topic "Cantonese"

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Cox, Gregg M. Cantonese dictionary: English--Cantonese, Cantonese--Engllish. [United States?: s.n.], 2001.

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(Firm), Hippocrene Books. Cantonese practical dictionary: Cantonese-English, English-Cantonese. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books, Inc., 2014.

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Zhang, Zhaoyi. Cantonese. 4th ed. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2005.

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Cantonese. Lincolnwood, Ill: NTC Pub. Group, 1992.

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Cantonese. Sevenoaks: Teach Yourself, 1992.

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Zhaoyi, Zhang, Li Tao, and Lau Kam Y, eds. Cantonese. 5th ed. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2008.

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Killingley, Siew-Yue. Cantonese. München: Lincom Europa, 1993.

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(Firm), Hippocrene Books. Cantonese-English, English-Cantonese dictionary & phrasebook. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2011.

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Wah, Kwan Choi, ed. English-Cantonese dictionary: Cantonese in Yale romanization. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2000.

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Cantonese phrasebook. 3rd ed. Footscray, Vic., Australia: Lonely Planet, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cantonese"

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Sau-yan, Chan. "Cantonese Opera." In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture, 169–85. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315453491-10.

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Sin-wai, Chan. "Cantonese Culture." In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture, 132–68. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315453491-9.

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"Cantonese." In Speak Not. Zed Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350237865.pt-003.

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"Cantonese Courtrooms:." In The Common Law in Two Voices, 163–200. Stanford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqsdx84.12.

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"Cantonese Courtrooms." In The Common Law in Two Voices, 163–200. Stanford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804761642.003.0006.

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"DIALOGUE 1." In Colloquial Cantonese, 366. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203134764-128.

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"Gli Zhdngguó péngyou xil xìn Writing a letter to a Chinese friend." In Colloquial Cantonese, 284–90. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203134764-93.

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"Grammar summary." In Colloquial Cantonese, 296–97. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203134764-97.

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"Mki ddngxi (I) Shopping (I)." In Colloquial Cantonese, 161–65. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203134764-47.

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"Characters." In Colloquial Cantonese, 79–81. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203134764-24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cantonese"

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Zhong, Xingyi, and Taiwei Sun. "Design Strategy Based on Consumers' Cognition of Cantonese Cultural Product in the New Era." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001855.

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Cantonese culture is an important part of Chinese culture. From the perspective of the consumer side, with the way of in-depth interview and questionnaire, the paper conducts a research on the consumers’ cognition of Cantonese cultural product, and proposes a corresponding design strategy. The research shows that although consumers are interested in Cantonese culture, not many consumers pay attention to Cantonese cultural product. The main reasons include the lack of category, practicality and innovation of Cantonese cultural product and so on. To strengthen consumers’ attention and consumption of Cantonese cultural product, it is suggested that the appearance, visual symbol of Cantonese, product function diversity and the addition of technology and nostalgic should be considered for designers.
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T'sou, B. K., K. K. Sin, S. W. K. Chan, T. B. Y. Lai, C. Lun, K. T. Ko, G. K. K. Chan, and L. Y. L. Cheung. "Jurilinguistic engineering in Cantonese Chinese." In the 18th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/992730.992817.

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Roxana Fung and Brigitte Bigi. "Automatic word segmentation for spoken Cantonese." In 2015 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2015 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsda.2015.7357891.

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Karafiát, Martin, František Grézl, Mirko Hannemann, Karel Veselý, and Jan Černocký. "BUT BABEL system for spontaneous Cantonese." In Interspeech 2013. ISCA: ISCA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2013-582.

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Mei, Yaomin, Meitong Guo, Manxin Lin, Guangzheng Jiang, Jiawei Zhou, Hongkun Zhou, Jun Liu, Hongyu Su, Xiaodan Chen, and Minggeng Xie. "Protection and Inheritance of Cantonese Opera." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassee-18.2018.106.

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Chen, Jian, Yu Liu, Guangyi Zhang, Yi Cai, Tao Wang, and Huaqing Min. "Sentiment Analysis for Cantonese Opinion Mining." In 2013 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Intelligent Data and Web Technologies (EIDWT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eidwt.2013.89.

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Lee, Tan, Greg Kochanski, Chilin Shih, and Yujia Li. "Modeling tones in continuous Cantonese speech." In 7th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 2002). ISCA: ISCA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2002-105.

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Chen, Hsuan-Chih, Michael C. W. Yip, and Sum-Yin Wong. "Segmental and tonal processing in Cantonese." In 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA: ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-446.

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Cao, Xiaoyan. "Taboo and Cultural Psychology in Cantonese." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.176.

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Zhao, Youbin. "The English Influence on Cantonese Vocabulary." In International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication (ICELAIC-14). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-14.2014.92.

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Reports on the topic "Cantonese"

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Chouteau, M., C. Deschambault, and E. J. Schwarz. Interpretation des Levés Magnetiques et Gradiomagnetiques Aeroportes dans la Region de Weedon, Cantons de l'Est, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130062.

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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Levé de reconnaissance de polarisation provoquée dans des sédiments contenant du cuivre, sutton, cantons de l'est, Québec. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/129941.

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