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Burlison, Alison Jean. "Sward canopy structure and ingestive behaviour in grazing animals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27546.
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McWilliam, Simon Charles. "Plant establishment, canopy structure and yield formation in oilseed rape." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243684.
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Mohd, Yusah Kalsum binti. "Ant community structure in the high canopy of lowland dipterocarp forest." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609653.
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Newell, Felicity L. "A Bird’s Eye View of the Forest: How Does Canopy Openness Affect Canopy Songbirds?" The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276875484.
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Joys, Andrew Colin. "Determinants of songbird community structure in a woodland environment : coppice in lowland Europe." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251560.
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Lee, Alex C., and alexanderlee@aapt net au. "Utilising airborne scanning laser (LiDAR) to improve the assessment of Australian native forest structure." The Australian National University. Fenner School of Environment and Society, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090127.222600.
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Enhanced understanding of forest stocks and dynamics can be gained through improved forest measurement, which is required to assist with sustainable forest management decisions, meet Australian and international reporting needs, and improve research efforts to better respond to a changing climate. Integrated sampling schemes that utilise a multi-scale approach, with a range of data sourced from both field and remote sensing, have been identified as a way to generate the required forest information. Given the multi-scale approach proposed by these schemes, it is important to understand how scale potentially affects the interpretation and reporting of forest from a range of data.
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To provide improved forest assessment at a range of scales, this research has developed a strategy for facilitating tree and stand level retrieval of structural attributes within an integrated multi-scale analysis framework. The research investigated the use of fine-scale (~1m) airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data (1,125 ha in central Queensland, and 60,000 ha in NE Victoria) to calibrate other remotely sensed data at the two study sites. The strategy refines forest structure mapping through three-dimensional (3D) modelling combined with empirical relationships, allowing improved estimation of maximum and predominant height, as well as foliage and crown cover at multiple scales. Tree stems (including those in the sub-canopy) were located using a height scaled crown openness index (HSCOI), which integrated the 3D density of canopy elements within the vertical profile into a two-dimensional spatial layer. The HSCOI modelling also facilitated the reconstruction of the 3D distribution of foliage and branches (of varying size and orientation) within the forest volume.
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Comparisons between forests at the Queensland and NE Victorian study sites indicated that accurate and consistent retrieval of cover and height metrics could be achieved at multiple scales, with the algorithms applicable for semi-automated use in other forests with similar structure. This information has facilitated interpretation and evaluation of Landsat imagery and ICESat satellite laser data for forest height and canopy cover retrieval. The development of a forest cover translation matrix allows a range of data and metrics to be compared at the plot scale, and has initiated the development of continuous transfer functions between the metrics and datasets. These data have been used subsequently to support interpretation of SAR data, by providing valuable input to 2D and 3D radar simulation models. Scale effects have been identified as being significant enough to influence national forest class reporting in more heterogeneous forests, thus allowing the most appropriate use and integration of remote sensed data at a range of scales. An empirically based forest minimum mapping area of 1 ha for reporting is suggested. The research has concluded that LiDAR can provide calibration information just as detailed and possibly more accurately than field measurements for many required forest attributes. Therefore the use of LiDAR data offers a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between accurate field plot structural information and stand to landscape scale sampling, to provide enhanced forest assessment in Australia.
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Seed, Evan D. "Retrieval of forest canopy structure from high-resolution airborne digital camera imagery." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/MQ36848.pdf.
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Goff, Bruce Franklin. "Dynamics of canopy structure and soil surface cover in a semiarid grassland." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_503_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Van, Leeuwen Martin. "Using forest structure to model vertical variations of canopy radiation and productivity." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45732.
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The productivity of autotrophic organisms affects all life on Earth; hence, gaining insight in the variability of autotrophic productivity has received significant research interest. At cell to organism level, much knowledge has been gained under controlled conditions through laboratory analysis. At the stand level and beyond, control over the driving variables is limited, and hence experiments have relied on extensive time series, and geospatial analysis to observe changes in productivity across a wide range of environmental conditions. Significant technologies at these scales are eddy covariance that provides point sample estimates of productivity by measuring CO₂ fluxes between land and atmosphere, and remote sensing that provides for extrapolating eddy-covariance measurements across the landscape using canopy-reflectance data. Challenges in fusing eddy covariance with remote sensing relate to the limited capacity of airborne and spaceborne instruments to observe changes in the biophysical state of deep canopy strata; hence, eddy-covariance estimates that capture the productivity of an arbitrarily dense canopy volume are extrapolated based on top-of-canopy reflectance data. Proximal-sensing technology extends the acquisition of reflectance data to arbitrary locations within the canopy; however, these data are affected by the immediate canopy structure surrounding the sensor that introduces a sensor-location bias, and the direct use of these data in stand-level models is therefore challenging. This thesis explores the simulation of photosynthetic down-regulation using geometrically explicit forest models and meteorological records. The geometrically explicit models are constructed by combining laser-scanning data with tree-regeneration models, and are used to simulate a time series of leaf-level incident radiation. The parameters of a leaf-level photosynthesis model are then optimized against eddy-covariance productivity estimates. Finally, the potential of geometrically explicit models for the fusion of remote sensing and proximal sensing data is discussed.
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Houldcroft, Caroline. "Measuring and modelling the surface temperature and structure of a maize canopy." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408336.
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Serra-Stepke, Ignacio M. "Influence of soil parameters and canopy structure on root growth and distribution." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4184.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Because of long-term climate changes, apparently associated with higher temperatures and fewer rainfall events, factors such as water-use efficiency and site selection for new cultivars are a matter of increasing importance for viticulture. Within this context, the root system is expected to play a key role. Its relevance to grapevine functioning is due to the numerous functions in which it is involved. In the light of this, the development of the root system is highly relevant to the viticulturist because of the fact that grapevine growth and functioning are dependent on the development of the root system. Differences can, therefore, be expected in terms of berry ripening on single grapevines of the same scion for situations with differing development of root systems, despite being grafted on the same rootstock. Root growth is influenced by several factors, among the ecological aspects. Soil parameters have a predominant influence on root growth and distribution but also annual root production can be altered by canopy manipulation. Due to the importance of root growth to the aboveground development of the vine, it is critical to gain understanding of the relationship between soil factors and root growth and distribution, and the central role that the subterranean environment plays in the concept of terroir. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selected soil physical and chemical parameters on root growth and distribution and to investigate whether having very different canopies influences root growth. In order to achieve these goals, two experiments were conducted; the first was performed in two commercial Sauvignon blanc vineyards each grafted onto Richter 110, non-irrigated, with two treatments: undisturbed lateral growth and complete lateral removal. The second study included the analysis of eight commercial Sauvignon blanc vineyards grafted onto Richter 99 and Richter 110 located in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District. Measurements of physical and chemical soil parameters, root growth and distribution, canopy growth and functioning, vine water status and berry composition were performed. The edaphic factors appeared to be one of the most important parameters that affected root development by changing soil water availability and possibly causing physical or chemical limitations on root growth. From the results of this study, it is clear that severe water stress and a pH (KCl) lower than 4.5 play a key role in the limitation of root growth. Due to the fact that most of the soils from the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District, especially the subsoils, are acidic, this is a factor to consider before planting. On the other hand, the combination of favourable edaphic conditions, such as a subsoil pH of higher than 5.0, light- to mediumtextured subsoil and moderate water stress, allow increased growth of thin roots. However, the effect of canopy management on root growth cannot be discounted due to its importance in the variation of carbohydrate demand by competing sinks. This study showed that lateral removal done from when the berries are at pea size results in an increase in the number of thin roots (0.5-2.0 mm). The secondary leaf area represents at least the same leaf area as the primary leaf area in all the vineyards evaluated, which reveals the relative importance of the laterals in the total leaf area of the vine and the potential importance in terms of microclimate and leaf area available for photosynthesis. Studies of root growth should take the vineyard canopy architecture into account.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van langtermyn klimaatsveranderinge wat toegeskryf kan word aan die voorkoms van hoër temperature en laer reënval, is faktore soos effektiwiteit van waterverbruik en liggingseleksie vir nuwe kultivars van kardinale belang vir wingerdkunde. Binne hierdie konteks, speel die wortelsisteem ‘n belangrike rol. Die belangrikheid hiervan vir wingerdfunksionering kan toegeskryf word aan die talle funksies waarby dit betrokke is. Die ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem is dus hoogs relevant vir die wingerdkundige, omdat wingerdgroei en funksionering afhanklik is van die ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem. Verskille kan daarom dus verwag word in terme van korrelrypwording op ‘n enkele wingerdstok van dieselfde onderstok vir gevalle met verskillende ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem, ten spyte daarvan dat dit op dieselfde onderstok geënt is. Wortelgroei word, onder ekologiese aspekte, deur verskillende faktore beïnvloed. Grondfaktore het meerendeels ‘n predominante invloed op wortelgroei en -verspreiding, terwyl jaarlikse wortelproduksie deur lowermanipulasie beïnvloed kan word. Weens die belangrikheid van wortelgroei vir die bogrondse ontwikkeling van die wingerd, is dit krities om kennis op te doen oor die verhouding tussen grondfaktore en wortelgroei en –verspreiding, asook die sentrale rol wat die subterreinomgewing op die terroir-konsep speel. Die studie was daarop gemik om die invloed van geselekteerde fisiese en chemiese parameters van grond op wortelgroei en -verspreiding vas te stel, en ook te ondersoek of verskillende lowers wortelgroei sal beïnvloed. Om laasgenoemde doelwitte te bereik, is twee eksperimente uitgevoer. Die eerste is uitgevoer in ‘n kommersïele Sauvignon blanc-wingerd wat geënt is op Richter 110, sonder besproeïng en met twee behandelings, naamlik onversteurde sêkondere lootgroei en volledige sêkondere lootverwydering. Die tweede studie het die analise van agt kommersïele Sauvignon blancwingerde geënt op Richter 99 en Richter 110 in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong Distrik. Metings van fisiese en chemiese grondfaktore, wortelgroei en -verspreiding, lowergroei en -funksionering, plantwaterstatus en korrelsamestelling is uitgevoer. Dit blyk dat edafiese faktore een van die belangrikste parameters is wat wortelontwikkeling beïnvloed deur beskikbaarheid van grondwater te verander, en wat moontlik fisiese en chemiese beperkings op wortelgroei kan veroorsaak. Uit die resultate van die studie is dit duidelik dat intense waterspanning en ‘n pH (KCl) laer as 4.5 ‘n belangrike rol in die beperking van wortelgroei speel. Aangesien die meeste van die grondsoorte in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong Distrik, veral al die subgronde, suur is, is dit ‘n faktor wat in oorweging geneem moet word voor aanplantings. Die kombinasie van gunstige edafiese toestande, soos ‘n subgrond met ‘n pH hoër as 5.0, ‘n lig tot medium tekstuur en matige waterspanning, sal dus aanleiding gee tot ‘n toename in die groei van dun wortels. Die effek van lowerbestuur op wortelgroei kan egter nie buite rekening gelaat word nie weens die belangrikheid daarvan in die variasie van koolhidraataanvraag deur kompeterende vraagpunte. Hierdie studie toon dat, indien sêkondere lootverwydering tydens ertjiekorrelgrootte toegepas is, dit aanleiding gee tot ‘n toename in die dun wortels (0.5 tot 2.0 mm). Die sêkondere blaaroppervlakte verteenwoordig minstens dieselfde blaaroppervlakte as die primêre blaaroppervlakte in al die wingerde wat ondersoek is, wat dui op die belangrikheid van sêkondere lote in die totale blaaroppervlakte van die wingerd en die potensiële belangrikheid daarvan in terme van mikroklimaat en blaaroppervlakte wat vir fotosintese beskikbaar is. Studies van wortelgroei moet lowerargitektuur in ag neem.
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Henning, Jason Gregory. "Modeling Forest Canopy Distribution from Ground-Based Laser Scanner Data." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28431.
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A commercially available, tripod mounted, ground-based laser scanner was used to assess forest canopies and measure individual tree parameters. The instrument is comparable to scanning airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) technology but gathers data at higher resolution over a more limited scale. The raw data consist of a series of range measurements to visible surfaces taken at known angles relative to the scanner. Data were translated into three dimensional (3D) point clouds with points corresponding to surfaces visible from the scanner vantage point. A 20 m x 40 m permanent plot located in upland deciduous forest at Coweeta, NC was assessed with 41 and 45 scans gathered during periods of leaf-on and leaf-off, respectively. Data management and summary needs were addressed, focusing on the development of registration methods to align point clouds collected from multiple vantage points and minimize the volume of the plot canopy occluded from the scanner's view. Automated algorithms were developed to extract points representing tree bole surfaces, bole centers and ground surfaces. The extracted points served as the control surfaces necessary for registration. Occlusion was minimized by combining aligned point clouds captured from multiple vantage points with 0.1% and 0.34% of the volume scanned being occluded from view under leaf-off and leaf-on conditions, respectively. The point cloud data were summarized to estimate individual tree parameters including diameter at breast height (dbh), upper stem diameters, branch heights and XY positions of trees on the plot. Estimated tree positions were, on average, within 0.4 m of tree positions measured independently on the plot. Canopy height models, digital terrain models and 3D maps of the density of canopy surfaces were created using aligned point cloud data. Finally spatially explicit models of the horizontal and vertical distribution of plant area index (PAI) and leaf area index (LAI) were generated as examples of useful data summaries that cannot be practically collected using existing methods.Ph. D.
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Gaulton, Rachel. "Remote sensing for continuous cover forestry : quantifying spatial structure and canopy gap distribution." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3419.
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The conversion of UK even-aged conifer plantations to continuous cover forestry (CCF), a form of forest management that maintains forest cover over time and avoids clear-cutting, requires more frequent and spatially explicit monitoring of forest structure than traditional systems. Key aims of CCF management are to increase the spatial heterogeneity of forest stands and to make increased use of natural regeneration, but judging success in meeting these objectives and allowing an adaptive approach to management requires information on spatial structure at a within-stand scale. Airborne remote sensing provides an alternative approach to field survey and has potential to meet these monitoring needs over large areas. An integral part of CCF is the creation of canopy gaps, allowing regeneration by increasing understorey light levels. This study examined the use of airborne lidar and passive optical data for the identification and characterisation of canopy gaps within UK Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations. The potential for using the distribution of canopy and gaps within a stand to quantify spatial heterogeneity and allow the detection of changes in spatial structure, between stands and over time, was assessed. Detailed field surveys of six study plots, located in three UK spruce plantations, allowed assessment of the accuracy of gap delineation from remotely sensed data. Airborne data (multispectral, hyperspectral and lidar) were acquired for all sites. A novel approach to the delineation of gaps from lidar data was developed, delineating gaps directly from the lidar point cloud, avoiding the interpolation errors (and associated under-estimation of gap area) resulting from conversion to a canopy height model. This method resulted in improved accuracy of delineation compared to past techniques (overall accuracy of 78% compared to field gap delineations), especially when applied to lidar data collected at relatively low point densities. However, lidar data can be costly to acquire and provides little information about the presence of natural regeneration or other understorey vegetation within gaps. For these reasons, the potential of passive optical (and in particular, hyperspectral) data for gap delineation was also considered. The use of spectral indices, based on shortwave infrared reflectance or hyperspectral characteristics of the red- edge and chlorophyll absorption well, were shown to enhance the discrimination of canopy and gap and reduce the influence of illumination conditions. An average overall accuracy of 71% was obtained using hyperspectral characteristics for gap delineation, suggesting the use of optical data compares reasonably to results from lidar. Methods based on shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance were shown to be sensitive to within gap vegetation type, with SWIR reflectance being lower in the presence of natural regeneration. Potential for using optical data to classify within gap vegetation type was also demonstrated. Methods of quantifying spatial structure through the use of indices describing variations in gap size, shape and distribution were found to allow the detection of structural differences between stands and changes over time. Gap distribution based indices were also found to be strongly related to alternative methods based on relative tree positions, suggesting significant potential for consistent monitoring of structural changes during conversion of plantations to CCF. Remotely sensed delineations of canopy gap distribution may also allow spatially explicit modelling of understorey light conditions and potential for regeneration, providing further information to aid the effective management of CCF forests.
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Pauthenet, Martin. "Macroscopic model and numerical simulation of elastic canopy flows." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0072/document.
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On étudie l'écoulement turbulent d'un fluide sur une canopée, que l'on modélise comme un milieu poreux déformable. Ce milieu poreux est en fait composé d'un tapis de fibres susceptibles de se courber sous la charge hydrodynamique du fluide, et ainsi de créer un couplage fluide-structure à l'échelle d'une hauteur de fibre (honami). L'objectif de la thèse est de développer un modèle macroscopique de cette interaction fluide-structure, afin d'en réaliser des simulations numériques. Une approche numérique de simulation aux grandes échelles est donc mise en place pour capturer les grandes structures de l'écoulement et leur couplage avec les déformations du milieu poreux. Pour cela nous dérivons les équations régissant la grande échelle, au point de vue du fluide ainsi que de la phase solide. À cause du caractère non-local de la phase solide, une approche hybride est proposée. La phase fluide est décrite d'un point de vue Eulerien, tandis que la description de la dynamique de la phase solide nécessite une représentation Lagrangienne. L'interface entre le fluide et le milieu poreux est traitée de manière continue. Cette approche de l'interface fluide/poreux est justifiée par un développement théorique sous forme de bilan de masse et de quantité de mouvement à l'interface. Ce modèle hybride est implémenté dans un solveur écrit en C$++$, à partir d'un solveur fluide disponible dans la librairie CFD \openfoam. Un préalable nécessaire à la réalisation d'un tel modèle macroscopique est la connaissance des phénomènes de la petite échelle en vue de les modéliser. Deux axes sont explorés concernant cet aspect. Le premier consiste à étudier les effets de l'inertie sur la perte de charge en milieu poreux. Un paramètre géométrique est proposé pour caractériser la sensibilité d'une microstructure poreuse à l'inertie de l'écoulement du fluide dans ses pores. L'efficacité de ce paramètre géométrique est validée sur une diversité de microstructures et le caractère général du paramètre est démontré. Une loi asymptotique est ensuite proposée pour modéliser les effets de l'inertie sur la perte de charge, et comprendre comment celle-ci évolue en fonction de la nature de la microstructure du milieu poreux. Le deuxième axe d'étude de la petite échelle consiste à étudier l'effet de l’interaction fluide-structure à l'échelle du pore sur la perte de charge au niveau macroscopique. Comme les cas présentent de grands déplacements de la phase solide, une approche par frontières immergées est proposée. Ainsi deux méthodes numériques sont employées pour appliquer la condition de non-glissement à l'interface fluid/solide: l'une par interface diffuse, l'autre par reconstitution de l'interface. Cela permet une validation croisée des résultats et d'atteindre des temps de calcul acceptables tout en maîtrisant la précision des résultats numériques. Cette étude permet de montrer que l'interaction fluide-structure à l'échelle du pore a un effet considérable sur la perte de charge effective au niveau macroscopique. Des questions fondamentales sont ensuite abordées, telles que la taille d'un élément représentatif ou la forme des équations de transport dans un milieu poreux soupleWe study the turbulent flow of a fluid over a canopy, that we model as a deformable porous medium. This porous medium is more precisely a carpet of fibres that bend under the hydrodynamic load, hence initiating a fluid-structure coupling at the scale of a fibre's height (honami). The objective of the thesis is to develop a macroscopic model of this fluid-structure interaction in order to perform numerical simulations of this process. The volume averaging method is implemented to describe the large scales of the flow and their interaction with the deformable porous medium. An hybrid approach is followed due to the non-local nature of the solid phase; While the large scales of the flow are described within an Eulerian frame by applying the method of volume averaging, a Lagrangian approach is proposed to describe the ensemble of fibres. The interface between the free-flow and the porous medium is handle with a One-Domain- Approach, which we justify with the theoretical development of a mass- and momentum- balance at the fluid/porous interface. This hybrid model is then implemented in a parallel code written in C$++$, based on a fluid- solver available from the \openfoam CFD toolbox. Some preliminary results show the ability of this approach to simulate a honami within a reasonable computational cost. Prior to implementing a macroscopic model, insight into the small-scale is required. Two specific aspects of the small-scale are therefore studied in details; The first development deals with the inertial deviation from Darcy's law. A geometrical parameter is proposed to describe the effect of inertia on Darcy's law, depending on the shape of the microstructure of the porous medium. This topological parameter is shown to efficiently characterize inertia effects on a diversity of tested microstructures. An asymptotic filtration law is then derived from the closure problem arising from the volume averaging method, proposing a new framework to understand the relationship between the effect of inertia on the macroscopic fluid-solid force and the topology of the microstructure of the porous medium. A second research axis is then investigated. As we deal with a deformable porous medium, we study the effect of the pore-scale fluid-structure interaction on the filtration law as the flow within the pores is unsteady, inducing time-dependent fluidstresses on the solid- phase. For that purpose, we implement pore-scale numerical simulations of unsteady flows within deformable pores, focusing for this preliminary study on a model porous medium. Owing to the large displacements of the solid phase, an immersed boundary approach is implemented. Two different numerical methods are compared to apply the no-slip condition at the fluid-solid interface: a diffuse interface approach and a sharp interface approach. The objective is to find the proper method to afford acceptable computational time and a good reliability of the results. The comparison allows a cross-validation of the numerical results, as the two methods compare well for our cases. This numerical campaign shows that the pore-scale deformation has a significant impact on the pressure drop at the macroscopic scale. Some fundamental issues are then discussed, such as the size of a representative computational domain or the form of macroscopic equations to describe the momentum transport within a soft deformable porous medium
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Wiechers, Dirk [Verfasser]. "Influence of canopy structure on light interception and productivity of greenhouse cucumber / Dirk Wiechers." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2011. http://d-nb.info/1019567597/34.
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Soenen, Scott, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Remote sensing of montane forest structure and biomass : a canopy relectance model inversion approach." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/281.
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The multiple-forward-mode (MFM) inversion procedure is a set of methods for indirect canopy relectance model inversion using look-up tables (LUT). This thesis refines the MFM technique with regard to: 1) model parameterization for the MFM canopy reflectance model executions and 2) methods for limiting or describing multiple solutions. Forest stand structure estimates from the inversion were evaluated using 40 field validation sites in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Estimates of horizontal and vertical crown radius were within 0.5m and 0.9m RMSE for both conifer and deciduous species. Density estimates were within 590 stems/ha RMSE for conifer and 310 stems/ha RMSE for deciduous. The most effective inversion method used a variable spectral domain with constrained, fine increment LUTs. A biomass estimation method was also developed using empirical relationships with crown area. Biomass density estimates using the MFM method were similar to estimates produced using other multispectral analysis methods (RMSE=50t/ha).xvi, 156 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 29 cm.
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Bidin, Kawi. "Spatio-temporal variability in rainfall and wet-canopy evaporation within a small catchment recovering from selective tropical forestry." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369023.
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Smith, Marielle N., and Marielle N. Smith. "Responses of Tropical Forest Canopy Structure and Function to Seasonal and Interannual Variations in Climate." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623027.
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Understanding how structure and function change across environmental gradients is a fundamental goal of ecology, with important applications in a changing world. In this dissertation, I explore how environmental variations in temperature and precipitation affect three-dimensional canopy structure, and how this, in turn, affects forest function. Characterising how climatic variations affect forest structure and function is particularly important in tropical forests, which are globally important carbon stores that have already shown vulnerability to climate change. The future of tropical forest carbon stocks is highly uncertain, with plant physiological responses representing the largest source of model uncertainties. As such, my dissertation research comprises empirical investigations into how tropical forests will respond to high temperatures and drought. Firstly, I examine tropical forest response to high temperature by conducting a comparison of natural forest sites and a tropical forest mesocosm using eddy-covariance data. I present evidence that high temperature declines in tropical forest photosynthesis are not due to direct temperature effects (i.e., that cause damage to the photosynthetic machinery), but instead are predominantly due to indirect temperature effects that result from concurrent increases in vapour pressure deficit (VPD). While both mechanisms reduce photosynthesis, the impact of increased VPD under future climate may be partly mitigated by enhanced water-use efficiency associated with rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, suggesting that tropical forests may have opportunities for resilience in the face of global warming. The second part of my dissertation research examines how tropical forest canopy structure responds to seasonal dry periods and anomalous droughts on seasonal and interannual timescales, using data from ground-based LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). I show that total leaf area index (LAI) does not represent the seasonality of forest structure, since the upper and lower canopy levels exhibit divergent seasonal responses. The seasonal pattern of upper canopy LAI shows good agreement with the seasonal pattern of enhanced vegetation index (EVI) measured from satellites, suggesting that satellites are not capturing the response of the lower canopy. These results indicate that smaller trees are responding to seasonal water limitations and larger trees to light availability. I found that the response of canopy structure to anomalous (El Niño-induced) drought was similar to seasonal dry periods, but that the trends in LAI and vertical canopy structure were amplified. In particular, I document a delayed loss of LAI from the upper canopy following extreme drought, which supports the idea that while smaller trees may be more responsive to shorter, less severe dry periods, larger trees are more susceptible to prolonged or more severe droughts. Finally, I combine a long-term ground-based LiDAR dataset with tree inventory data in order to identify the mechanisms (i.e., changes in leaf area and/or woody biomass) of structural changes caused by droughts. I present evidence that loss of lower canopy LAI following an El Niño-induced drought was due to the mortality of small trees, not loss of leaf area, while an increase in LAI in the upper canopy predominantly resulted from plastic leaf area changes. If small trees are susceptible to drought-induced mortality and the incidence of droughts increases, this could prevent the recovery of tropical forests from drought-induced disturbances.
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Brantley, Steven. "CONSEQUENCES OF SHRUB ENCROACHMENT: LINKING CHANGES IN CANOPY STRUCTURE TO SHIFTS IN THE RESOURCE ENVIRONMENT." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1686.
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Shrub expansion in herbaceous ecosystems is emerging as an important ecological response to global change, especially in mesic systems where increases in canopy biomass are greatest. Two consequences of woody encroachment are increases in belowground resources, such as carbon and nitrogen, and reductions in above-ground resources such as light, which affect diversity, community trajectory, and ecosystem function. My objective was to determine how expansion of the nitrogen-fixing shrub Morella cerifera affected the resource environment across a chronosequence of shrub expansion on a Virginia barrier island. I quantified changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling, canopy structure and understory light associated with M. cerifera expansion. Litterfall in shrub thickets exceeded litterfall for other woody communities in the same region, and due to high N concentration, resulted in a return of as much as 169 kg N ha-1 yr-1 to the soil, 70% of which was from symbiotic N fixation. Litter and soil C and N pools were 3-10 times higher in shrub thickets than in adjacent grasslands. Understory light in shrub thickets decreased to as low as 0.5% of above-canopy light. Sunflecks in shrub thickets were shorter, smaller and less intense than sunflecks in forest understories. However, relative to other shrub species such as Elaeagnus umbellata, M. cerifera was less efficient at intercepting light. Although M. cerifera had the highest leaf area index (LAI) of five shrub species studied, M. cerifera was relatively inefficient at light attenuation due to low levels of branching, steep leaf angles and a relatively shallow canopy. The shift from grassland to shrub thicket on barrier islands, and in other mesic systems, results in a significant change in canopy structure that alters understory resource availability and greatly alters ecosystem function and trajectory.
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Scheuermann, Cynthia M. "Forest Stand Structure and Primary Production in relation to Ecosystem Development, Disturbance, and Canopy Composition." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4653.
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Temperate forests are complex ecosystems that sequester carbon (C) in biomass. C storage is related to ecosystem-scale forest structure, changing over succession, disturbance, and with community composition. We quantified ecosystem biological and physical structure in two forest chronosequences varying in disturbance intensity, and three late successional functional types to examine how multiple structural expressions relate to ecosystem C cycling. We quantified C cycling as wood net primary production (NPP), ecosystem structure as Simpson’s Index, and physical structure as leaf quantity (LAI) and arrangement (rugosity), examining how wood NPP-structure relates to light distribution and use-efficiency. Relationships between structural attributes of biodiversity, LAI, and rugosity differed. Development of rugosity was conserved regardless of disturbance and composition, suggesting optimization of vegetation arrangement over succession. LAI and rugosity showed significant positive productivity trends over succession, particularly within deciduous broadleaf forests, suggesting these measures of structure contain complementary, not redundant, information related to C cycling.
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Stark, Scott C. "On the Mechanistic Connection of Forest Canopy Structure with Productivity and Demography in the Amazon." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265347.
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Canopy structure has long been thought to influence the productivity and ecological dynamics of tropical forests by altering the availability of light to leaves. Theories and methods that can connect detailed quantitative observations of canopy structure with forest dynamics, however, have been lacking. There is urgent need to resolve this uncertainty because human-caused climate change may alter canopy structure and function in the Amazon. This work addresses this problem by, first, developing methods based on LiDAR remote sensing of fine-scale structural variation to predict the spatial structure of leaf area and light in forest canopies of the central Amazon (Appendices B&C). I show that LiDAR-based leaf area and light estimates can be used to predict the productivity of tree size groups and one-hectare forest plots--as well as differences between 2 sites separated by 500km (App. B). Sites also differed in canopy structure and the distribution of tree frequencies over size (size or diameter distribution). A model based on tree architecture, however, was able to connect observed differences in canopy architecture with size distributions to predict plot and site differences (App. D). This model showed that tree architecture is plastic in different light environments. While plasticity may increase light absorption, the smallest size groups appeared light limited. Absorption over size groups in one site, but not the other, agreed with the hypothesis of energetic equivalence across size structure. Ultimately, the performance of individual trees of different sizes in different canopy environments links forest demography with canopy structure and ecosystem function--I present a study aimed at improving tests of individual level theories for the role of light dependence in tree growth (App. A). Together, this work quantitatively connects canopy structure with forest carbon dynamics and demographic structure and further develops LiDAR as premier tool for studying forest ecological dynamics. Assessing variation in biomass growth and demographic structure over tropical landscapes with remote sensing will improve understanding of ecosystem function and the role of the Amazon in global Carbon dynamics.
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Addessi, Andrew David. "Urban Impacts to Forest Productivity, Soil Quality, and Canopy Structure in Forest Park, Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3881.
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Land use practices and exposure to low impact disturbances associated with an urban environment can alter forest structure and function. Past and ongoing research in Forest Park, a large urban forest in Portland, Oregon, suggests that mature mixed Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga meziesii)-hardwood stands in the more urban end of the park lack a shade-tolerant conifer understory composed of the late successional conifer tree species, such western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red-cedar (Thuja plicata). 5-year plot remeasurement data that characterizes productivity and mortality patterns did not show a strong relationship to urban proximity. Plot productivity was generally consistent with values taken from studies of other similarly aged (~100 years old) Douglas-fir /Western Hemlock stands. Mortality was highest in rural plots, and was driven by large windthrow events to canopy trees. Soil organic matter, soil pH, and depth of organic horizon indicated a legacy of soil impact in urban areas most impacted by past intensive logging. The urban mature plot had higher mean soil pH at site (5.87, se: ±0.06) compared to a rural mature, and old growth reference sites located within the park. Although surface organic and A layer soil horizon depth was thinnest at the urban mature site, soil organic matter was not found to be significantly different across sites. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data showed that old-growth plots and plots in the middle section of the park had the highest degree of canopy structure as measured by Rumple and standard deviation of point elevation. Measures of stand height showed OG plots and urban plots to have the tallest trees. Rural plots showed a high degree of variability in all LiDAR metrics, showing a wider range of stand height and complexity than urban and middle plots.
These results suggest that past land-use and urban proximity affect plot level productivity, soil quality, and above-ground canopy structure in Forest Park. These results clarify how the lack of late-successional tree species might be most linked to differing histories of intensive logging activity within the park. Reduced old-growth legacy features (remnant seed trees, coarse woody debris) in plots with a clear history of aggressive clear-cuts has led to a reduction in regeneration of western hemlock and western red-cedar in the understory.
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Kim, Do-Soon. "Modelling herbicide and nitrogen effects on crop-weed competition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302155.
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Fotis, Alexander T. "Exploring canopy structure and function as a potential mechanism of sustained carbon sequestration in aging forests." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503231521023889.
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Brown, Peter Leonard. "Stand structure, canopy architecture and thinning response in mature Queensland maple (Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell.) plantations /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16432.pdf.
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Landenberger, Cedric Edwin. "Mixed-mesophytic forest understory communities and edge effect the role of canopy gaps in edge composition and structure /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1198.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 173 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-169).
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Considine, Cody Douglas. "Fire History and Current Stand Structure Analysis of a Midwestern Black Oak Sand Savanna." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/91.
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Management and restoration of black oak dominated sand savannas often rely on historic vegetative descriptions (settler accounts, surveyor notes, aerial photographs). It is commonly assumed that fire alone maintains savanna structure and composition, however little information is known about the specific fire frequency needed to maintain these systems. The objective of this study was to quantify and correlate characteristics of stand structure with fire history of the Kankakee Sands savannas in northeastern Illinois. Fire history chronologies were determined through dendrochronological methods from 289 dated fire scars identified on 58 black oak (Quercus velutina) trees located throughout four wooded sites. Tree and woody structure was characterized in 30 circular plots (0.04 hectares) in three sites and 26 circular plots in one site that were placed at 25-meter intervals along randomly established permanent line transects in the summer of 2007. The structure analysis consisted of the development of tree age-size relationships among presently dominant and suppressed trees in relation to fire history. Variations in tree and woody structure were strongly related to fire dynamics among the four study sites. Specifically, components such as tree density (n = 114; r = 0.46; P < 0.0001), basal area (n = 114; r = 0.35; P < 0.0001), and total woody stem density (n = 114; r = 0.42; P < 0.0001) all increased as a function of fire-free interval. In addition, sites with shorter fire-free intervals were associated with a higher percentage of hollow tree boles (n = 104 r = -0.31 P < 0.0015) and visible fire scar wounds (n = 104 r = -0.43334 P < 0.0001). While the results of this study suggest fire had a significant role in structuring these four wooded sites, the data also indicated other historic disturbances coupled with individual site characteristics may be integral components in structuring these dynamic systems. For instance, fire-free intervals less than two years maintained conditions of openness, as was referenced to 1939 historic aerial photographs, but eliminated potential future canopy trees. Under these conditions, a dramatic shift in community structure toward prairie vegetation is likely, as no smaller trees were present to assume canopy dominance. Fire-free intervals greater than two years were associated with transition to closed canopy forests. Therefore, management considerations pertaining to fire with the addition of other historic disturbances, including grazing and or selective cutting, are proposed to balance historic canopy openness and promote regeneration of characteristic savanna species.
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Riley, Alyssa J. "Effects of riparian woody vegetation encroachment on prairie stream structure and function with emphasis on whole-stream metabolism." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8545.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Biology
Walter K. Dodds
Much of the North American tallgrass prairie ecosystem has been converted to cropland or urbanized. One threat to the remaining prairie ecosystems, and the streams within, is woody vegetation encroachment. Stream productivity, measured as metabolism, is a fundamental process comprised of gross primary production (GPP) and (CR) community respiration. Understanding GPP and CR is important because these processes are vital to ecosystem function and can be impacted by a change in canopy cover. First, I investigated improvements in existing methods for estimating whole-stream metabolism as estimated from diel patterns of oxygen (O2). I compared measured and modeled O2 and aeration (a physical parameter required for measurement of metabolism) rates to determine if direct measurement of aeration is necessary and the importance of temperature correction of metabolism. Modeling was moderately successful in determining aeration rates, and temperature correction of GPP and CR substantially improved model fits. Second, effects of woody vegetation encroachment on prairie stream function were investigated. Stream metabolism was measured for four years in duplicate reaches with varying canopy cover (closed canopy, naturally open canopy, and vegetation removal reaches). The removal reaches had closed canopy for the first two years and open canopy for the last two years. Canopy cover increased CR rates and had minimal effects on GPP. Third, the same experiment was used to determine the effects of woody vegetation encroachment on prairie stream ecosystem structure and food web interactions. Chlorophyll a and filamentous algal biomass were greater in naturally open and vegetation removal reaches, although the effects were stronger on filamentous algal biomass. As canopy cover decreased, the filamentous algal biomass to chlorophyll ratio increased, indicating a shift in algal community structure. Stable isotope analysis indicated some shift in pathways of nitrogen and carbon flux into the food web related to degree of canopy cover, but overlap in the signature of food sources made distinct food sources difficult to identify. The data indicate that riparian encroachment can influence ecosystem structure and function in prairie streams and restoration to remove woody riparian cover may restore some ecosystem features of naturally open canopy streams.
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Brodhead, Katherine May. "The influence of riparian-canopy structure and coverage on the breeding distribution of the southwestern willow flycatcher." Thesis, Connect to this title online Connect to this title online (alternative address), 2005. http://www.montana.edu/etd/available/brodhead%5F0805.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 10, 2006). Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Richard J. Aspinall. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-105).
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Desabrais, Kenneth J. "Velocity field measurements in the near wake of a parachute canopy." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0426102-134658.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: parachute shedding characteristics; near wake evolution; parachute inflation; canopy breathing; velocity field measurements. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-131).
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Pedroso, Gabriel Baracat. "Forage accumulation and nutritive value, canopy structure and grazing losses on Mulato II brachiariagrass under continuous and rotational stocking." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-10102018-135506/.
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Regardless of studies demonstrating that continuous and rotational stocking can promote equivalent animal productivities, rotational stocking is still commonly associated with the idea of intensification of production systems. Moreover, studies evaluating agronomic responses of plants to stocking methods are scarce. The objectives of the present study were to explain the effects of three stocking methods (continuous stocking - CS, lenient rotational stocking - LRS, and severe rotational stocking - SRS), combined by factorial combinations with two mean canopy heights (20 and 30 cm), on forage accumulation (FA) and nutritive value, canopy structure, and grazing losses (GL) of Mulato II brachiariagrass during the 2016/2017 summer rainy season in Piracicaba, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Stocking methods were imposed by height variations around the two mean canopy heights: 10% (mimicked continuous stocking), 25% (lenient rotational stocking), and 40% (severe rotational stocking), applied using a mob stocking protocol. Forage neutral detergent fiber concentration (NDF), stem proportion in the forage mass (FM) and leaf area index (LAI) under continuous stocking and at pre-grazing under rotational stocking were affected by the mean canopy height × stocking method interaction. Forage in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) and crude protein (CP) concentrations under continuous stocking and at pre-grazing under rotational stocking were affected by mean canopy height and stocking method. Leaf and dead material proportions in the FM under continuous stocking and at pre-grazing under rotational stocking were only affected by stocking method. Forage accumulation (8363 ± 1578 kg DM ha-1) and GL (5305 ± 585 kg DM ha-1) did not differ between treatments. For the 20-cm mean canopy height, CS, despite presenting the least LAI (3.3) and the greatest stem proportion in the FM (30%), promoted the least forage NDF concentration (531 g kg-1 DM). For the 30-cm mean canopy height, CS promoted the least forage NDF concentration (535 g kg-1 DM), SRS presented the greatest LAI (8.9), and LRS presented the least stem proportion in the FM (31%). Continuous stocking, despite presenting the least leaf proportion (32 %) and the greatest dead material proportion (35 %) in the FM, promoted the greatest forage IVDOM (609 g kg-1 DM) and CP (150 g kg-1 DM) concentrations. Severe rotational stocking, despite presenting the least dead material proportion (24 %) and the greatest leaf proportion (46%) in the FM, promoted the least forage IVDOM concentration (549 g kg-1 DM). Lenient rotational stocking, presented intermediate leaf (42 %) and dead material (29 %) proportions in the FM, and did not differ from the other stocking methods on forage IVDOM concentration (574 g kg-1 DM). In general, as mean canopy height decreased, LAI (from 6.6 to 4.8), dead material proportion in the FM (from 33 to 28 %) and forage NDF concentration (from 570 to 545 g kg-1 DM) declined, while forage IVDOM (from 554 to 600 g kg-1 DM) and CP (from 128 to 146 g kg-1 DM) concentrations increased.Apesar de estudos demonstrarem que métodos de lotação contínua e rotativa podem promover níveis de produtividade animal equivalentes, a lotação rotativa permanece comumente associada à ideia de intensificação de sistemas de produção. Além disso, estudos agronômicos de respostas de plantas forrageiras aos métodos de lotação são escassos. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram explicar os efeitos de três métodos de lotação (lotação contínua - LC, lotação rotativa leniente - LRL e lotação rotativa severa - LRS) combinadas em arranjo fatorial com duas alturas médias de dossel (20 e 30 cm), sobre o acúmulo e valor nutritivo da forragem, estrutura de dossel e perdas de forragem por pastejo (PP) em pastos de capim Mulato II durante o verão agrostológico de 2016/2017 em Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos cazualisados, com três repetições. Os métodos de lotação foram impostos por variações de 10% (lotação contínua mimetizada), 25% (lotação rotativa leniente) e 40% (lotação rotativa severa) em torno das duas alturas médias de dossel, aplicadas com o protocolo experimental do tipo \"mob stocking\". A concentração de fibra em detergente neutro da forragem (FDN), a proporção de colmos na massa de forragem (MF) e o índice de área foliar (IAF) do dossel sob lotação contínua e em pré-pastejo sob lotação rotativa foram afetados pela interação altura média de dossel × método de lotação. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) e a concentração de proteína bruta (PB) da forragem sob lotação contínua e em pré-pastejo sob lotação rotativa foram afetados por altura média de dossel e por método de lotação. As proporções de folhas e material morto na MF sob lotação contínua e em pré-pastejo sob lotação rotativa foram afetadas apenas por método de lotação. Acúmulo de forragem (8363 ± 1578 kg MS ha-1) e PP (5305 ± 585 kg MS ha-1) não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Para a altura média de dossel de 20 cm, LC promoveu a menor concentração de FDN da forragem (531g kg-1 MS), apesar de apresentar os menores valores de IAF (3,3) e a maior proporção de colmos na MF (30 %). Para a altura média de dossel de 30 cm, LC promoveu a menor concentração de FDN da forragem (535 g kg-1 MS), LRS apresentou o maior valor de IAF (8,9) e LRL apresentou a menor proporção de colmos na MF (31 %). Lotação contínua, apesar de apresentar a menor proporção de folhas (32 %) e a maior proporção de material morto (35 %) na MF, promoveu a maior DIVMO (609 g kg-1 MS) e a maior concentração de PB (150 g kg-1 MS) da forragem. Lotação rotativa severa, apesar de apresentar a menor proporção de material morto (24 %) e a maior proporção de folhas (46%) na MF, promoveu a menor DIVMO da forragem (549 g kg-1 MS). Lotação rotativa leniente apresentou proporções intermediárias de folhas (42 %) e material morto (29%) na MF, e não diferiu dos demais métodos de lotação quanto à DIVMO da forragem (574 g kg-1 MS). Em geral, conforme a altura média de dossel diminuiu, os valores de IAF (de 6,6 para 4,8), proporção de colmos na MF (de 33 para 28 %) e concentração de FDN da forragem (de 570 para 545 g kg-1 MS) diminuíram, enquanto DIVMO (de 554 para 600 g kg-1 MS) e concentração de PB (de 128 para 146 g kg-1 MS) da forragem aumentaram.
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Alexander, M. Ross, and M. Ross Alexander. "Determining the Role of Stand Structure in Shaping Climate-Growth Relationships in Eastern Temperate Forests of the US." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624527.
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Forests play an integral role in regulating the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere. These ecosystems only cover for about 30% of the land surface, forests account for almost half of the annual carbon uptake. The amount of carbon sequestered by forest ecosystems is largely dependent upon favorable climate conditions that promote increases in growth. Under the lowest emissions scenario, the United States is projected to undergo an almost 2˚C increase in temperature by the end of the century and it is important that we assess the contemporary climate-growth relationships of multiple forest types to better evaluate the stability and persistence of this vital carbon sink. Tree rings have been used to assess forest response to macroclimate conditions, but often the trees sampled for these analyses are only the most dominant individuals in the forest. This excludes individuals found in the understory of complex forest systems, such as those in the temperate forests of the eastern United States, and climate-growth relationships calculated from only dominant individuals may not be representative of the entire stand. Recent studies have shown that structural complexity of the forest canopy can significantly alter the microclimate conditions at which understory trees grow. Altered growth responses of the understory trees could increase the resilience of complex forest systems to the changes in temperature that are expected by the end of the century.
Here, I apply dendrochronology methods to quantify climate-growth relationships of canopy strata in temperate forests of the eastern United States. Many different forest types are found in this region and have been the focus of numerous species-specific studies on climate growth relationships. However, the integrated response of co-occurring species within canopy units is not often investigated, despite measures of productivity being an integration of ecosystem processes. I present research that investigates the differential climate sensitivities of canopy strata, and I present a means to more accurately represent biomass estimates calculated from tree-ring data.
The first study quantifies the climate sensitivities of different canopy strata from five temperate forests in the eastern US. We used a generalized additive model (GAM) to assess the influence that growing season mean temperature, growing season precipitation, and tree size have on dominant (uppermost), intermediate, and understory (lowermost) canopy strata. We found that differential climate sensitivities do exist between canopy strata, causing each canopy class to respond to extreme climate conditions in a different manner. For example, during the hottest and wettest years dominant and intermediate trees show slight increases in growth, whereas understory trees show significant decreases in growth. These results suggest that the climate and competitive environments created within stratified canopy layers may provide an added degree of ecosystem stability in the face of changing climate conditions.
The second study assesses the spatial coherence of climate-growth relationships between canopy layers from the eastern temperate forest region. We collected increment cores from sites in Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Massachusetts, and Maine and we found that site groupings were relatively consistent between canopy layers. Dominant and intermediate trees showed a strong correlation with temperature that also coincides with the forest types and species distributions that are observed across the region. However, understory trees show stronger relationships with precipitation. Sites from the northeast US and Michigan displayed muted climate relationships, likely due to having both coniferous and hardwood species present. The midwest sites, composed of mostly hardwood species, showed relatively strong, negative temperature relationships in the dominant and intermediate canopy layers, but understory trees displayed strong positive relationships with temperature. These results suggest that although macroclimate conditions influence species distributions and affect the dominant trees, understory trees are likely responding to microclimate conditions. This also suggests that regions with increased functional diversity and complex canopy structure may be better buffered against changing climate conditions.
Finally, we identify four main sources of uncertainty in estimating aboveground biomass from tree-ring data. Tree rings are being used more frequently to estimate the annual uptake of biomass by forested ecosystems. However, these calculations require several steps and assumptions that affect the overall accuracy of the biomass estimates. The error range around tree-ring estimates of aboveground biomass is seldom reported. We illustrate how increment upscaling, allometric, stand density, and mortality uncertainties can affect biomass estimates from a well-studied site in the Valles Caldera in northern New Mexico. We found that dominant sources of uncertainty change depending upon whether cumulative or incremental biomass is calculated. At the cumulative level, choice of allometric equation and tree mortality estimates dominate the uncertainty, whereas inter-annual variability in the tree-ring record dominates incremental biomass estimates. Despite the calculations that are required to translate linear ring-width measurements into biomass quantities, the underlying climate-growth relationships recorded within the tree rings are not significantly altered. Tree-rings provide a means for non-destructively quantifying the aboveground biomass in a forest and reporting the accompanying uncertainties will facilitate more accurate comparisons between disparate forest types.
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Battaglia, Michael Anthony. "The Influence of Overstory Structure on Understory Light Availability in a Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Forest." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35411.
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Understory light environments are inherently heterogeneous and therefore difficult to characterize. Numerous methods to measure understory light have been assessed in closed-canopied forests; however, the reliability of these methods has not been addressed for open-canopied forests. Therefore, the first objective of this study, presented in Chapter 3, was to test the accuracy and precision of various light measurement techniques at different time scales and sky conditions. The methods assessed performed differently depending on the sky condition and time of year when the sample was taken. To estimate annual photosynthetic photon flux density transmittance (annual %PPFD), the use of a 10-minute average of PPFD measured on an overcast day (%PPFDovercast) was effective, but accuracy decreased with decreasing solar altitude (ie season change). Hemispherical photographs used to estimate weighted canopy openness and gap fraction were effective methods, but gap light index (GLI) also derived from hemispherical photographs performed better. Accuracy of daily %PPFD estimates using %PPFDovercast, weighted canopy openness, and gap fraction were strongly affected by solar altitude and sky condition. Gap light index was very effective in estimating daily %PPFD for all sky conditions and time periods. The second objective of this study, presented in Chapter 4, was to characterize the relationship between canopy structure and spatial distribution of light by using three replicates of one uncut treatment and three harvest treatments: single tree, small gap (0.1 ha), and large gap (0.2 ha). Each harvest retained similar residual basal area but with different spatial patterns of the residuals, ranging from uniformly dispersed (single tree) to different degrees of aggregation (small and large gap). Average stand level light availability increased 12-22% when the same residual basal area of trees was distributed in clusters versus a uniform distribution. The variation of light availability increased as stands became more aggregated and larger amounts of the variation was explained by the spatial pattern of the canopy structure. Spatial autocorrelation range was twice as large in the small gap harvest then the other harvest treatments. It is suggested that seedling growth response to these differences in spatial patterns of light may differ between the different harvests.Master of Science
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Bohlman, Stephanie Ann. "The relationship between canopy structure, light dynamics and deciduousness in a seasonal tropical forest in Panama : a multiple scale study using remote sensing and allometry /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5509.
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Bastos, Alex Souza. "ANALYSIS OF SIGNAL INTERRUPTION PROBABILITY FOR GNSS UTILIZATION IN FOREST CONDITIONS." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180519.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第17902号
農博第2025号
新制||農||1017(附属図書館)
学位論文||H25||N4798(農学部図書室)
30722
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 德地 直子, 教授 吉岡 崇仁, 准教授 長谷川 尚史
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Ostrom, Bradford J. Loewenstein Edward F. "Effect of forest structure on the understory light environment and growth potential of oak seedlings in a closed canopy riparian forest." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/OSTROM_BRADFORD_23.pdf.
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Hansen, Christopher Felix. "Lidar Remote Sensing Of Forest Canopy Structure: An Assessment Of The Accuracy Of Lidar And Its Relationship To Higher Trophic Levels." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/356.
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Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data can provide detailed information about three-dimensional forest horizontal and vertical structure that is important to forest productivity and wildlife habitat. Indeed, LiDAR data have been shown to provide accurate estimates to forest structural parameters and measures of higher trophic levels (e.g., avian abundance and diversity). However, links between forest structure and tree function have not been evaluated using LiDAR. This study was designed and scaled to assess the relationship of LiDAR to multiple aspects of forest structure and higher trophic levels (arthropod and bird populations), which included the ground-based collection of percent crown and understory closure, as well as arthropod and avian abundance and diversity data. Additional plot-based measures were added to assess the relationship of LiDAR to forest health and productivity. High-resolution discrete-return LiDAR data (flown summer of 2009) were acquired for the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in New Hampshire, USA. LiDAR data were classified into four canopy structural categories: 1) high crown and high understory closure, 2) high crown and low understory closure, 3) low crown and high understory closure, and 4) low crown and low understory closure. Nearby plots from each of the four LiDAR categories were grouped into "blocks" to assess the spatial consistency of data. Ground-based measures of forest canopy structure, site, stand and individual tree measures were collected on nine 50 m-plots from each LiDAR category (36 plots total), during summer of 2012. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationships between LiDAR and a suite of tree function measures. Our results show the novel ability of LiDAR to assess forest health and productivity at the stand and individual tree level. We found significant correspondence between LiDAR categories and our ground-based measures of tree function, including xylem increment growth, foliar nutrition, crown health, and stand mortality. Furthermore, we found consistent reductions in xylem increment growth, decreases in foliar nutrition and crown health, and increases in stand mortality related to high understory closure. This suggests that LiDAR measures can reflect competitive interactions, not just among overstory trees for light, but also interactions between overstory trees and understory vegetation for resources other than light (e.g., nutrients). High-resolution LiDAR data show promise in the assessment of forest health and productivity related to tree function.
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Goulamoussene, Youven. "Variabilité de la structure de la canopée en forêt tropicale humide : l’apport de la très haute résolution spatiale en Guyane Française." Thesis, Guyane, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016YANE0006/document.
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La Guyane française est une région située sur le Plateau des Guyanes en Amérique du sud. Elle présente à la fois une grande originalité en termes de biodiversité, un bon état de conservation et une forte contribution au stock de carbone Amazonien. Les connaissances sur l’évolution de la structure forestière de la Guyane française restent cependant insuffisantes pour offrir une gestion optimale à l’échelle du territoire. La disponibilité sans précédent de données de télédétection à très haute résolution spatiale telles que le LiDAR , sur de larges couvertures nous offre l'opportunité d’évaluer la ressource forestière de la Guyane Française. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse visent prioritairement à étudier la structure et les variations de la hauteur de canopée, les facteurs déterminant sa variabilité ainsi que les conséquences des activités d’exploitation forestière. Les données utilisées au cours de la thèse proviennent d’un LiDAR aéroporté et des données de terrains de l'Office National des Forêts (ONF). Ce manuscrit de thèse est divisé en trois grandes parties. La première partie introduit la problématique et fixe les objectifs de la thèse. La seconde partie prend la forme dite « sur article », c'est-à-dire que les différents chapitres qui la compose sont des articles scientifiques publiés ou en cours de publication, elle est composée de trois études. (i) Une étude concernant la détection des trouées et des déterminants environnementaux sur la distribution de tailles des trouées en forêt non exploitée : Comment caractériser la distribution de taille des trouées et est-ce qu’il y a des déterminants environnementaux qui influencent la distribution statistique de taille de trouées? Cet article à été soumis dans Biogeoscience. (ii) Une étude du contrôle de l'environnement sur la structure et les variations de la hauteur de canopée à différentes résolutions spatiales. Quelles échelles spatiales sont pertinentes pour analyser les déterminants environnementaux des variations de hauteur de la canopée en forêt tropicale à partir des données de télédétection ? Comment l’environnement peut aider, ou pas, à cartographier la hauteur de la canopée en forêt tropicale ? Cet article à été accepté pour publication dans Remote Sensing. (iii) Une troisième étude où nous avons quantifié les effets de l’exploitation à faible impact (EFI) sur la structure et la variation de la hauteur de canopée. Quelles sont les effets de l’exploitation forestière sur les variations de hauteur de canopée et sur la distribution de taille des trouées ? Cet article sera soumis pour publication dans une revue scientifique (Forest Ecology and Management). Dans la dernière partie, après une synthèse des principaux résultats, nous proposons des pistes de développementFrench Guiana is a region located on the Guiana Shield in South America. Is presents at the same time a high originality in biodiversity, a good state of conservation and a strong correlation to Amazonian carbon stocks. Knowledge on evolution of the forest structure of French Guiana is however still insufficient to bring an optimal management at territory scale. Availability as never seen before of remote sensing data at high spatial resolution such as LiDAR, on large coverage, offers the opportunity to assess the forest resource in French Guiana. The work done during this thesis aim mostly to study the structure and the variations of the canopy height, the factors determining its variability and the consequences of forest logging activities. The data used during this thesis come from an airborne LiDAR and field data from Office National des Forêts (ONF). This thesis manuscript is divided in three parts. The first part introduces the problem and sets the objectives of the thesis. The second part takes the so-called "article" form, that is, the different chapters that compose it are scientific articles published or in the course of publication, it is composed of three studies (I) A study on the gaps detection and environmental determinants on the gap sizes distribution in natural forest: How to characterize the gap size distribution and are there environmental determinants that influence the statistical distribution of gap size? This article has been submitted in Biogeoscience. (ii) A study of the control of the environment on the canopy height structure and variations at different spatial resolutions. Which spatial scales are relevant for analyzing the environmental determinants of canopy height changes in tropical forests from remote sensing data? How can the environment help or not map the height of the canopy in the rainforest? This article was accepted for publication in Remote Sensing. (iii) a third study where we quantified the effects of Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) on the structure and variation of canopy height. What are the effects of logging on canopy height variations and gap size distribution? This article will be submitted for publication in a Forest Ecology and Management journal. In the last part, after a synthesis of the main results, we propose a conclusion
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Gerard, France. "Remote sensing of tropical forests : the importance of shadow patters and multi-angle viewing in extracting canopy gap and forest structure information." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30389.
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This thesis examines principles surrounding the use of multi-angle remote sensing to exploit effects of canopy shadowing on tropical forest bi-directional reflectance and thus provide improved tropical forest structural variable estimates. Remote sensing provides an invaluable source of information on inaccessible tropical forests. To date, the extraction of reliable and replicable forest canopy information from remotely sensed data has proved difficult. Recently, sensors have been developed which are able to view the Earth's surface from multiple angles. This extra dimension in reflectance data is expected to improve the estimation of canopy variables by exploiting the functional relationships between forest structure and anisotropic reflectance. Shadow is an important scene component known to influence reflectance in the optical spectrum.
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Enriquez, Luis Villavicencio. "The role of canopy structure in leaf litter production, quality and decomposition in rustic and traditional coffee systems and forests in Mexico." Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510270.
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Griffith, Kereen. "Effects of Vegetation Structure and Canopy Exposure on Small-scale Variation in Atmospheric Deposition Inputs to a Mixed Conifer Forest in California." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500055/.
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Data on rates of atmospheric deposition is limited in many montane ecosystems, where high spatial variability in meteorological, topographic, and vegetation factors contributes to elevated atmospheric inputs and to the creation of deposition hotspots. Addressing the ecological consequences of increasing deposition in these areas will require a better understanding of surface controls influencing atmospheric deposition rates at both large and small-scales. The overarching objective of this thesis research was to understand the influence of vegetation structure and canopy exposure on small-scale patterns of atmospheric sulfate, nitrate, and chloride deposition inputs to a conifer forest in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Throughfall ion fluxes (i.e., ions delivered in water that pass from the forest canopy to the forest floor), bulk deposition (i.e., primarily wet deposition), and rainfall data were collected during the rainy period from October 2012 to May 2013. Throughfall SO42-, Cl-, and NO3- fluxes were measured beneath eight clusters of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees (three trees per cluster) differing in tree size (i.e., diameter at breast height; DBH) and canopy exposure. In each cluster, a throughfall collector was placed 1-meter from the bole of an individual tree, for a total of 24 individual collectors. The position of each throughfall collector was recorded with a Trimble® GPS. In addition, tree height, tree diameter, and leaf area index, were measured for all trees. LiDAR data were obtained from GeoEarthScope’s Northern California Airborne LiDAR project and used to model the elevation (DEM), canopy surface height (DSM), tree height (CHM), slope, and curvature of the canopy surface across the entire study area. Over the rainy season, total throughfall flux of SO42--S, a conservative tracer of total deposition (wet + dry + fog), to Douglas fir clusters ranged from 1.44 - 3.84 kg S ha-1 wet season-1, while dry and fog deposition ranged from 0.13 -2.37 kg S ha-1 wet season-1. Total deposition to exposed mature tree clusters was 1.7-2.7 times higher than other clusters. Patterns of total Cl- fluxes (17.10 – 54.14 kg Cl- ha-1 wet season-1) resembled patterns of total SO42--S inputs. Overall, net throughfall fluxes (throughfall – bulk deposition) to Douglas fir trees clusters were more variable than total throughfall fluxes. Net SO42--S and Cl- fluxes to individual collectors increased with tree DBH and the convexity of the canopy surface. Compared to SO42--S and Cl- in throughfall, total NO3--N fluxes (0.17 - 4.03 kg N ha-1 wet season-1) were low and appeared to vary with small-scale changes in elevation. Geospatial technologies and remote sensing tools, such as LiDAR, are promising in the study of relationships between atmospheric deposition and topography (including vegetation), and in scaling-up estimates of atmospheric deposition to larger spatial scales. Understanding small-scale surface controls on atmospheric deposition has implications for different areas of research within geography, including modeling the spread of emerging infectious disease and assessing the effects of nitrogen cycling on native and invasive plant species composition.
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Kenny, William T. "The Development and Application of the Hi-Resolution VOC Atmospheric Chemistry in Canopies Model." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1439131044.
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Ploton, Pierre. "Amélioration des estimations de biomasse en forêt tropicale : apport de la structure et de l’organisation spatiale des arbres de canopée." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0005.
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Les forêts tropicales séquestrent plus de la moitié du carbone forestier mondial et sont particulièrement menacées par les processus de déforestation et de dégradation, qui représentent la deuxième source d’émissions anthropogéniques de CO2. De fait, les forêts tropicales sont au centre de politiques climatiques internationales (i.e. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, REDD) visant à réduire ces émissions. L’initiative REDD repose sur notre capacité à cartographier les stocks de carbone forestier (dynamique spatiale) et à détecter la déforestation et la dégradation (dynamique temporelle) à large échelle spatiale (e.g. nationale, bassin forestier), avec exactitude et précision. Dans ce cadre, la télédétection apparait comme un outil crucial, mais les nombreuses sources d’erreur dans la chaîne de cartographie du carbone font des objectifs du REDD un challenge ambitieux. Dans cette thèse, nous avons évalué les erreurs associées aux estimations de carbone forestier (quantifié au travers de la biomasse épigée, AGB) (1) aux échelles de l’arbre et du peuplement en utilisant un modèle pantropical largement employé et (2) à l’échelle du paysage en utilisant une méthode de télédétection basée sur les caractéristiques texturales d’images optiques à très haute résolution spatiale. Notre objectif général était de mieux comprendre et de réduire l’erreur d’estimation de l’AGB à chaque échelle par une meilleure prise en compte de la structure, de la distribution et de l’organisation spatiale des arbres de canopée.Malgré l’importance des grands arbres dans la dynamique du carbone forestier, ils sont sous-représentés dans les jeux de données destructifs et soumis à un biais de sous-estimation dans le modèle d’AGB pantropical. Nous avons assemblé une base de données pantropicale et étudié l’influence de la forme de l’arbre sur le patron d’erreur du modèle. Nos résultats montrent que la source de biais du modèle est une augmentation de la masse de l’arbre dans la couronne chez les arbres de canopée. Un modèle d’AGB prenant ce phénomène en compte a été proposé. Nous avons aussi propagé le biais du modèle à l’échelle du peuplement et montré que l’interaction entre la structure du peuplement et l’erreur du modèle, qui est souvent négligée, peut en fait être substantielle. Une analyse des propriétés structurelles des couronnes a également été menée au regard des hypothèses de la Théorie Métabolique de l’Ecologie Des déviations ont été observées, notamment à la loi de Léonardo (i.e. principe de conservation des aires), qui, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, pourraient justifier la grande proportion de masse trouvée dans les couronnes des arbres de canopée.Une seconde partie de la thèse porte sur l’extrapolation des estimations d’AGB des parcelles de terrain via les caractéristiques de texture des canopées extraites par transformée de Fourier (i.e. méthode FOTO). Un obstacle majeur au développement d’une méthode d’estimation de l’AGB à large échelle basée sur la texture tient au fait que la relation texture – paramètres de structure du peuplement varie entre types de forêt et régions du monde. Nous avons investigué cette question en simulant des scènes de canopées virtuelles pour 279 parcelles de 1 ha établies dans des types de forêts tropicales contrastés. Nous montrons qu’en complémentant les indices de texture FOTO avec d’autres descripteurs structuraux, notamment sur l’ouverture de la canopée (via une analyse de lacunarité) et l’élancement des arbres (via un proxy bioclimatique), il devrait être possible de développer un cadre d’inversion stable de l’AGB à large échelle. Un premier cas d’étude empirique dans une mosaïque forestière du bassin du Congo a donné des résultats prometteurs.Globalement, ce travail met en évidence le besoin de mieux prendre en compte les patrons de variation de structure de l’arbre (e.g. ontogénétique) et de la forêt afin d’améliorer les modèles génériques d’AGBTropical forests store more than half of the world’s forest carbon and are particularly threatened by deforestation and degradation processes, which together represent the second largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Consequently, tropical forests are the focus of international climate policies (i.e. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, REDD) aiming at reducing forestrelated CO2 emissions. The REDD initiative lies on our ability to map forest carbon stocks (i.e. spatial dynamics) and to detect deforestation and degradations (i.e. temporal dynamics) at large spatial scales (e.g. national, forested basin), with accuracy and precision. Remote-sensing is as a key tool for this purpose, but numerous sources of error along the carbon mapping chain makes meeting REDD criteria an outstanding challenge. In the present thesis, we assessed carbon (quantified through aboveground biomass, AGB) estimation error at the tree- and plot-level using a widely used pantropical AGB model, and at the landscape-level using a remote sensing method based on canopy texture features from very high resolution (VHR) optical data. Our objective was to better understand and reduce AGB estimation error at each level using information on large canopy tree structure, distribution and spatial organization.Although large trees disproportionally contributed to forest carbon stock, they are under-represented in destructive datasets and subject to an under-estimation bias with the pantropical AGB model. We destructively sampled 77 very large tropical trees and assembled a large (pantropical) dataset to study how variation in tree form (through crown sizes and crown mass ratio) contributed to this error pattern. We showed that the source of bias in the pantropical model was a systematic increase in the proportion of tree mass allocated to the crown in canopy trees. An alternative AGB model accounting for this phenomenon was proposed. We also propagated the AGB model bias at the plot-level and showed that the interaction between forest structure and model bias, although often overlooked, might in fact be substantial. We further analyzed the structural properties of crown branching networks in light of the assumptions and predictions of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, which supports the power-form of the pantropical AGB model. Important deviations were observed, notably from Leonardo’s rule (i.e. the principle of area conservation), which, all else being equal, could support the higher proportion of mass in large tree crowns.A second part of the thesis dealt with the extrapolation of field-plot AGB via canopy texture features of VHR optical data. A major barrier for the development of a broad-scale forest carbon monitoring method based on canopy texture is that relationships between canopy texture and stand structure parameters (including AGB) vary among forest types and regions of the world. We investigated this discrepancy using a simulation approach: virtual canopy scenes were generated for 279 1-ha plots distributed on contrasted forest types across the tropics. We showed that complementing FOTO texture with additional descriptors of forest structure, notably on canopy openness (from a lacunarity analysis) and tree slenderness (from a bioclimatic proxy) allows developing a stable inversion frame for forest AGB at large scale. Although the approach we proposed requires further empirical validation, a first case study on a forests mosaic in the Congo basin gave promising results.Overall, this work increased our understanding of mechanisms behind AGB estimation errors at the tree-, plot- and landscape-level. It stresses the need to better account for variation patterns in tree structure (e.g. ontogenetic pattern of carbon allocation) and forest structural organization (across forest types, under different environmental conditions) to improve general AGB models, and in fine our ability to accurately map forest AGB at large scale
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Piayda, Arndt [Verfasser], Sabine [Gutachter] Attinger, and Christiane [Gutachter] Werner. "Canopy structure and the impact of drought on a Quercus suber L. woodland in Portugal / Arndt Gerald Piayda ; Gutachter: Sabine Attinger, Christiane Werner." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1177613360/34.
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Čech, Ondřej. "Vstupní část obchodního centra." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265314.
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Diploma thesis describes the design and assessment of roof structure that covers entrance of the shopping center. Structure has an irregular floor plan and roof height is 16.5 m. The material of the structure is steel S355. The construction is located in Hradec Kralove. Two options were processed that were designed and evaluated according to applicable standards. The work also includes the design of anchoring and selected joints.
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Chen, Tsu-Wei [Verfasser]. "Architectural and non-architectural effects of salinity on canopy structure, light interception and dry mass production on greenhouse cucumber and tomato / Tsu-Wei Chen." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080267271/34.
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Jung, Eunyoung [Verfasser], and Dennis [Akademischer Betreuer] Otieno. "Quantifying water use by temperate deciduous forests in South Korea: roles of species diversity, canopy structure, and complex terrain / Eunyoung Jung. Betreuer: Dennis Otieno." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1059352850/34.
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Purrenhage, Jennifer Lyn. "Importance of Habitat Structure for Pond-Breeding Amphibians in Multiple Life Stages." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1240957514.
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Danner, Martin [Verfasser], and Wolfram [Akademischer Betreuer] Mauser. "The EnMAP Managed Vegetation Scientific Processor : towards an automatic retrieval of canopy structure and leaf biochemical properties from hyperspectral images / Martin Danner ; Betreuer: Wolfram Mauser." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1203067364/34.
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Blanchard, Elodie. "Diversité structurale des forêts denses humides de la Province Nord de Nouvelle Calédonie : de l'arbre au paysage." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT116/document.
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Dans un contexte de changements globaux, il est primordial de mettre au point des pratiques de gestion durable des forêts tropicales assurant le maintien de services environnementaux clés (e.g., biodiversité, stockage de carbone) et la production de biens essentiels aux communautés locales. La mesure, la spatialisation et la compréhension des déterminismes de la structure des forêts tropicales est un challenge pour la gestion durable des ressources forestières. Les forêts denses humides (FDH) de Nouvelle-Calédonie, un point chaud de biodiversité localisé dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest, sont un modèle d'étude idéal pour comprendre les déterminants de la structure des FDH. En effet, les FDH néo-calédoniennes sont réparties le long d’une chaîne de montagne et sont ainsi soumises à de forts gradients environnementaux auxquels se superposent différents gradients de perturbations naturelles ou anthropiques. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont (i) de définir les caractéristiques structurales des FDH néo-calédoniennes, (ii) de cartographier les FDH et prédire leur structure à large échelle, et (iii) de quantifier l'influence de l’environnement et des dynamiques forestières sur la structure des FDH. Pour cela, 23 parcelles d’inventaire forestier de 100 m x 100 m ont été mise en place en Province Nord, entre 250 et 900 m d'altitude et 1500 et 3000 mm de précipitations annuelles. En plus de caractériser localement la structure des FDH, ces parcelles ont permis de calibrer un modèle prédictif basé sur l’analyse de la texture de la canopée, à l'aide la méthode FOTO (FOurier transform Textural Ordination), qui a été appliqué à huit images satellitaires à très haute résolution Pléiades (couvrant 1295 km2). Un tel modèle capable de lier texture et structure repose sur le postulat que la relation allométrique entre le DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) et l'aire de la couronne des arbres de canopée est stable. Nous avons également testé cette relation à échelle pantropicale. Nos résultats ont montré que les FDH néo-calédoniennes sont denses (1182 ± 233 tiges/ha), ont une aire basale élevée (44 ± 11 m2/ha), une canopée relativement basse (14 ± 3 m) et une biomasse aérienne caractéristique des forêts tropicales (299 ± 83 t/ha). Elles se distinguent également par une importante variabilité structurale. Cette variabilité est du même ordre que ce soit le long de gradients environnementaux ou de gradients de succession forestière. La méthode FOTO appliquée aux images Pléiades a permis de prédire et de spatialiser des paramètres structuraux clefs (tels que la densité de tiges et la biomasse aérienne des FDH) à partir de corrélations robustes avec les indices de texture de la canopée (R² ≥ 0,6; RMSE ≤ 20%). La structure des FDH est principalement dirigée par l'insolation potentielle et l'altitude à l'échelle des massifs montagneux, et par la pente et un indicateur topographique d'humidité à l'échelle du versant. Ces travaux permettront d'estimer les ressources forestières à l'échelle de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et de définir une nouvelle typologie des FDH sur le territoire intégrant leur variabilité structuraleIn the course of global change, new practices of sustainable management in tropical rainforests that maintain key environmental services (e.g., biodiversity, carbon sequestration) and produce goods on which local communities rely is needed. The measurement, spatialization and understanding of the drivers of rainforest structure at large scale is challenging for managing sustainably forest resources. Rainforests of New Caledonia, a biodiversity hotspot located in the South-West Pacific, are a well-suited study model to explore the drivers of rainforest structure. Indeed, New Caledonian rainforests are distributed along a mountain chain, which creates strong environmental gradients overlaid by a range of natural and anthropogenic disturbance gradients. The aims of this thesis are (i) to define some structural features of New Caledonian rainforests, (ii) to map rainforests and to predict their structure at large scale, and (iii) to quantify the influence of the environment and the forest dynamics on rainforest structure. To this end, 23 one hectare forest inventories were set up in the North Province of New Caledonia. In these plots, elevation ranged between 250 and 900 m and annual rainfall between 1500 and 3000 mm. In addition to characterize locally rainforest structure, these plots were used to calibrate a predictive model based on a textural analysis of the canopy, using the FOTO (FOurier transform Textural Ordination) method, which was applied to eight very high resolution images from a Pléiades satellite (covering 1295 km2). Such a model able to relate texture and structure is based on the hypothesis that the allometric relationship between the DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) and the crown size of a canopy tree is stable. We tested this hypothesis tropics-wide. Our results show that New Caledonian rainforests are dense (1182 ± 233 tree/ha), with a high basal area (44 ± 11 m2/ha), a relatively low canopy (14 ± 3 m) and an above-ground biomass typical of tropical rainforests (299 ± 83 t/ha). These forests are also characterized by a high structural variability. This variability has the same range when influenced by environmental gradients as when influenced by forest succession gradients. The FOTO method applied to Pléiades images allowed to predict and spatialize key structural parameters (like the stem density or the above-ground biomass of rainforests) from robust correlations with the textural indices of the canopy (R² ≥ 0,6; RMSE ≤ 20%). The structure of New Caledonian rainforest is mainly driven by the potential insolation and the elevation at the scale of mountain massifs, and by the slope and the topographic wetness at the scale of a mountainside. These findings will enable to estimate rainforest resources across the territory and to define a new typology of New Caledonian rainforests taking into account their structural variability