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1
Liu, Chang, Yantai Gan, and Lee Poppy. "Evaluation of on-farm crop management decisions on canola productivity." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 1 (January 2014): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-121.
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Liu, C., Gan, Y. and Poppy, L. 2014. Evaluation of on-farm crop management decisions on canola productivity. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 131–139. This study determined key factors affecting canola productivity in western Canada and evaluated the differences among soil-climatic zones in canola crops responding to the key agronomic factors. A total of 68 canola farm fields were randomly selected in western Canada, and multiple correspondence analysis, coupled with multivariate predictive model with partial least squares projection and regressions, was used to analyze the data set. Canola produced in Alberta averaged 2500 kg ha−1, and was 23% greater than canola produced in southern Saskatchewan, 10% greater than canola produced in northern Saskatchewan, and 59% greater than canola produced in Manitoba. Canola produced on chem-fallow averaged 2557 kg ha−1, and was 17% greater than canola grown on cereal stubble, or 43% greater than canola grown on pea/lentil, corn stubble. Canola grown on canola stubble produced 54% of the seed yield as canola grown on cereal stubble, or 46% of the seed yield as canola grown on chem-fallow. Shallow and earlier seeding with narrow row spacing increased canola seed yields consistently. Canola receiving K fertilizer increased seed yield by an average of 25% compared with those receiving no K fertilizer. Straight combine resulted in 500 kg ha−1 or 24% more seed yield than conventional swath-combine method. Those key factors may serve as the first-hand information in the development of sound guidelines for less experienced canola producers in western Canada.
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Harker, K. N., J. T. O’Donovan, T. K. Turkington, R. E. Blackshaw, N. Z. Lupwayi, E. G. Smith, E. N. Johnson, et al. "Canola rotation frequency impacts canola yield and associated pest species." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-289.
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Harker, K. N., O’Donovan, J. T., Turkington, T. K., Blackshaw, R. E., Lupwayi, N. Z., Smith, E. G., Johnson, E. N., Gan, Y., Kutcher, H. R., Dosdall, L. M. and Peng, G. 2015. Canola rotation frequency impacts canola yield and associated pest species. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 9–20. Canola (Brassica napus L.) production has been steadily increasing in western Canada. Here we determine the effect of canola rotation frequency on canola seed yield, quality and associated pest species. From 2008 to 2013, direct-seeded experiments involving continuous canola and all rotation phases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola or field pea (Pisum sativum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and canola were conducted at five western Canada locations. Fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides were applied as required for optimal production of all crops. Canola rotation frequency did not influence canola oil or protein concentration or the level of major (composition>1%) seed oil fatty acids. High canola yields were associated with sites that experienced cooler temperatures with adequate and relatively uniform precipitation events. For each annual increase in the number of crops between canola, canola yield increased from 0.20 to 0.36 Mg ha−1. Although total weed density was not strongly associated with canola yield, decreased blackleg disease and root maggot damage were associated with greater canola yields as rotational diversity increased. Long-term sustainable canola production will increase with cropping system diversity.
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Smith, E. G., H. R. Kutcher, S. A. Brandt, D. Ulrich, S. S. Malhi, and A. M. Johnston. "The profitability of short-duration canola and pea rotations in western Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 5 (September 2013): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-021.
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Smith, E. G., Kutcher, H. R., Brandt, S. A., Ulrich, D., Malhi, S. S. and Johnston, A. M. 2013. The profitability of short-duration canola and pea rotations in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 933–940. A long-term field study of canola and pea interval in rotations was used to determine the most profitable canola production systems. The duration between canola crops has been declining with most canola grown more often than the recommended once every 4 yr. Producers could be reducing their long-term profitability if the short-duration canola rotation results in increased disease and lower yield. A field study was conducted from 1998 to 2007 at Scott and from 1999 to 2006 at Melfort in Saskatchewan, Canada, to examine the long-term impact of shorter-duration canola and pea rotations. Canola and pea were grown continuously, or in rotations with wheat or flax for 2, 3, or 4 yr. Two canola types were used, one was a blackleg-susceptible conventional cultivar and the other a blackleg-resistant hybrid. The returns above variable costs for the production systems were determined over the last 4 yr of the study, the period of time when rotation impacts should be most evident in this study. The continuous canola and pea rotations were the least profitable rotations. Blackleg-susceptible canola had higher return when in rotations of 3 or 4 yr, compared with continuous or 2 yr. Blackleg-resistant hybrid canola had statistically similar returns for 2, 3 and 4-yr rotations, which were superior to continuous canola. Even with increased blackleg disease incidence and severity after several years of a short-duration canola rotation, the short-duration canola rotation was more profitable when growing the disease-resistant hybrid. With high canola prices, the returns from the short-duration canola rotations were as high, or higher, than rotations with more years between canola crops. The canola industry must recognize that producers have an economic incentive to use short-duration canola rotations and new systems (disease resistance and rotations) need to be developed within this context.
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Smyth, S. J., M. Gusta, K. Belcher, P. W. B. Phillips, and D. Castle. "Changes in Herbicide Use after Adoption of HR Canola in Western Canada." Weed Technology 25, no. 3 (September 2011): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00164.1.
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This article examines the changes in herbicide use in relation to canola production in Western Canada, comparing 1995 and 2006. The commercialization and widespread adoption of herbicide-resistant (HR) canola has changed weed management practices in Western Canada. Before the introduction of HR canola, weeds were controlled by herbicides and tillage as the leading herbicides at that time required tillage to allow for soil incorporation of the herbicide. Much of the tillage associated with HR canola production has been eliminated as 64% of producers are now using zero or minimum tillage as their preferred form of crop and soil management. Additionally, there have been significant changes regarding the use and application of herbicides for weed control in canola. This research shows that when comparing canola production in 1995 and 2006, the environmental impact of herbicides applied to canola decreased 53%, producer exposure to chemicals decreased 56%, and quantity of active ingredient applied decreased 1.3 million kg. The cumulative environmental impact was reduced almost 50% with the use of HR herbicides. If HR canola had not been developed and Canadian canola farmers continued to use previous production technologies, the amount of active ingredient applied to control weeds in 2007 would have been 60% above what was actually applied.
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Haile, Teketel A., Robert H. Gulden, and Steven J. Shirtliffe. "On-farm seed loss does not differ between windrowed and direct-harvested canola." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 4 (May 2014): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-344.
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Haile, T. A., Gulden, R. H. and Shirtliffe, S. J. 2014. On-farm seed loss does not differ between windrowed and direct-harvested canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 785–789. Seed loss in canola (Brassica napus) leads to considerable loss of revenue and dispersal of seeds into the soil seedbank. The resulting volunteer canola can create weed problems in subsequent crops and result in further yield loss. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare canola seed loss and seedbank addition from windrowing and direct-harvesting operations on commercial farms in western Canada. A total of 16 direct-harvested and 19 windrowed canola fields were surveyed in central and southern Saskatchewan during 2010, 2011 and 2012. Shattered seeds from these fields were sampled within 3 wk after harvest of the crop using a vacuum cleaner. There were no differences in seed yield, loss or seedbank addition of canola between windrowing and direct-harvesting operations. There was a difference in 1000-seed weight between the harvest methods and seeds of the direct-harvested canola were larger in size. This may suggest that direct-harvesting can be considered as a viable option to harvest canola in western Canada.
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Mierau, Allyson, Moria E. Kurtenbach, Eric N. Johnson, Robert H. Gulden, Jessica D. Weber, William E. May, and Christian J. Willenborg. "Herbicide programs for control of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus) in glyphosate-resistant soybean." Weed Technology 34, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.2.
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AbstractGlyphosate-resistant (GR) canola is a widely grown crop across western Canada and has quickly become a prolific volunteer weed. Glyphosate-resistant soybean is rapidly gaining acreage in western Canada. Thus, there is a need to evaluate herbicide options to manage volunteer GR canola in GR soybean crops. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the efficacy of various PRE and POST herbicides applied sequentially to volunteer GR canola and to evaluate soybean injury caused by these herbicides. Trials were conducted across Saskatchewan and Manitoba in 2014 and 2015. All treatments provided a range of suppression (>70%) to control (>80%) of volunteer canola. All treatments with the exception of the glyphosate-treated control reduced aboveground canola biomass by an average of 96%. As well, canola seed contamination was reduced from 36% to less than 5% when a PRE and POST herbicide were both used. Moreover, all combinations of herbicides used had excellent crop safety (<10%). All PRE and POST herbicide combinations provided better control of volunteer canola compared with the glyphosate-only control, but tribenuron followed by bentazon and tribenuron followed by imazamox plus bentazon provided solutions that were low cost, currently available (registered in western Canada), and had the potential to minimize development of herbicide resistance in other weeds.
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O'Donovan, John T., Arvind K. Sharma, Ken J. Kirkland, and E. Ann De St. Remy. "Volunteer Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Interference in Canola (Brassica campestrisandB. napus)." Weed Science 36, no. 6 (November 1988): 734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075743.
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The yield potential and the effect on yield loss of canola of different densities of volunteer barley were investigated at three locations in western Canada. Field studies were conducted from 1982 to 1986. Rectangular hyperbolic models based on data pooled over years, locations, and canola cultivars, and incorporating different densities of volunteer barley and canola accurately portrayed field responses in most instances. Results indicated that volunteer barley severely reduced canola yield. However, financial losses due to reduced canola yield were partly offset by the volunteer barley crop.
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N. Harker, K., J. T. O'Donovan, T. K. Turkington, R. E. Blackshaw, N. Z. Lupwayi, E. G. Smith, H. Klein-Gebbinck, et al. "High-yield no-till canola production on the Canadian prairies." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 2 (March 2012): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-125.
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Harker, K. N., O'Donovan, J. T., Turkington, T. K., Blackshaw, R. E., Lupwayi, N. Z., Smith, E. G., Klein-Gebbinck, H., Dosdall, L. M., Hall, L. M., Willenborg, C. J., Kutcher, H. R., Malhi, S. S., Vera, C. L., Gan, Y., Lafond, G. P., May, W. E., Grant, C. A. and McLaren, D. L. 2012. High-yield no-till canola production on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 221–233. Relatively high prices and increasing demand for canola (Brassica napus L.) have prompted growers to produce more canola on more cropland. Here we determine if canola seed yield and oil concentration can be increased over current levels with high levels of crop inputs. From 2008 to 2010, direct-seeded experiments involving two seeding rates (75 vs. 150 seeds m−2), two nitrogen rates (100 vs. 150% of soil test recommendation), and the presence or absence of polymer-coated nitrogen or fungicides, were conducted at eight western Canada locations in canola-wheat-canola or continuous canola rotations. Herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers other than nitrogen were applied as required for optimal canola production. Increasing recommended nitrogen rates by 50% increased canola yields by up to 0.25 Mg ha−1. High (150 seeds m−2) versus lower (75 seeds m−2) seeding rates increased canola yields by 0.07 to 0.16 Mg ha−1. Fungicide treatment or polymer-coated nitrogen blended with uncoated urea increased canola yields by 0.10 Mg ha−1 in 2010, but not in 2008. The highest canola input combination treatment following wheat (3.50 Mg ha−1) yielded substantially more than the same high input treatment following canola (3.22 Mg ha−1). Average site yields were influenced by site conditions such as soil organic matter, days to maturity, and temperature, but these site and environmental predictors did not alter treatment rankings. Using higher than the soil test recommended rate of nitrogen or planting 150 versus 75 seeds m−2 increased canola yields consistently across western Canada. Canola oil concentration varied among canola cultivars, but was consistently low when N rates were high (150% of recommended). Higher than normal seeding rates led to high canola seed oil concentration in some cases, but the effect was inconsistent.
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Zhang, Xuehua, and W. G. Dilantha Fernando. "Insights into fighting against blackleg disease of Brassica napus in Canada." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 1 (2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16401.
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Blackleg disease, caused by the ascomycete fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, is a devastating disease of canola (Brassica napus) in Australia, Canada and Europe. Although cultural strategies such as crop rotation, fungicide application, and tillage are adopted to control the disease, the most promising disease control strategy is the utilisation of resistant canola varieties. However, field populations of L. maculans display a high evolutionary potential and are able to overcome major resistance genes within a few years, making disease control relying on resistant varieties challenging. In the early 1990s, blackleg resistance gene Rlm3 was introduced into Canadian canola varieties and provided good resistance against the fungal populations until the early 2000s, when moderate to severe blackleg outbreaks were observed in some areas across western Canada. However, the breakdown of Rlm3 resistance was not reported until recently, based on studies on R genes present in Canadian canola varieties and the avirulence allele frequency in L. maculans populations in western Canada. The fact that Rlm3 was overcome by the evolution of fungal populations demands canola breeding programs in Canada to be prepared to develop canola varieties with diversified and efficient R genes. In addition, frequent monitoring of fungal populations can provide up-to-date guidance for proper resistance genes deployment. This literature review provides insights into the outbreaks and management of blackleg disease in Canada.
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Page, Eric R., Sydney Meloche, Meghan Moran, Brian Caldbeck, and Véronique Barthet. "Effect of seeding date on winter canola (Brassica napus L.) yield and oil quality in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 101, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2020-0220.
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Winter canola or winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is not commonly grown in Canada. While winter oilseed rape is the dominant growth form in Europe, Canadian canola production is dominated by spring types in western Canada. Research conducted in the 1980s indicated that the environmental conditions in southern Ontario are well suited to the production of winter canola. Since then, however, interest in the crop has ebbed, and little to no research has been conducted on the agronomic issues that potentially limit its adoption in the province. The objective of this research was to identify an optimal seeding date for winter canola in southern Ontario. Three winter canola hybrids were evaluated across five seeding dates, ranging from early September to late October. The results established the first two weeks of September as the optimal seeding period for winter canola in southern Ontario. Seeding winter canola during this period, such that greater than 600 growing degree days could be accumulated before the first fall frost, not only reduced winterkill to approximately 20%, but also maximized yield potential and ensured optimal oil quality. Winter canola showed great potential for production in southern Ontario, and its addition to current crop rotations would diversify and enhance crop production practices in this portion of the province.
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Harker, K. N., J. T. O'Donovan, T. K. Turkington, R. E. Blackshaw, N. Z. Lupwayi, E. G. Smith, L. M. Dosdall, et al. "Canola cultivar mixtures and rotations do not mitigate the negative impacts of continuous canola." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 6 (November 2015): 1085–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2015-126.
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Harker, K. N., O'Donovan, J. T., Turkington, T. K., Blackshaw, R. E., Lupwayi, N. Z., Smith, E. G., Dosdall, L. M., Hall, L. M., Kutcher, H. R., Willenborg, C. J., Peng, G., Irvine, R. B. and Mohr, R. 2015. Canola cultivar mixtures and rotations do not mitigate the negative impacts of continuous canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1085–1099. High-frequency canola (Brassica napus L.) rotations increase canola production risks. From 2008 to 2013, direct-seeded experiments involving several variations of continuous canola were compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotated with canola at five western Canada locations. Continuous canola rotations involved sequences of different herbicide-resistant canola and two-cultivar mixtures of herbicide-resistant canola from different sources in the same year. Fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides were applied as required for optimal production of all crops. Rotating herbicide-resistant canola types over years or mixing two cultivars of the same herbicide-resistant type provided no pest management, yield or seed quality advantages compared with planting the same herbicide-resistant cultivar type each year. In 2013, weed biomass was lower in canola preceded by other crops than most continuous canola treatments. Compared with continuous canola, when 1 or 2 yr of wheat or field pea and wheat were inserted into 3-yr rotation cycles, 2010 root maggot damage was reduced 6% and 2013 blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not.] incidence and severity were reduced 53 and 54%, respectively. Furthermore, yields were 22% higher when canola was grown only once in 3 yr compared with continuous canola and the wheat–canola–canola rotation. The most important mitigation strategy to ensure long-term sustainable canola production is to rotate canola with other crops.
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Harker, K. N., M. D. Hartman, B. D. Tidemann, J. T. O’Donovan, T. K. Turkington, N. Z. Lupwayi, E. G. Smith, and R. M. Mohr. "Attempts to rescue yield loss in continuous canola with agronomic inputs." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0337.
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Recent canola acreage and production in western Canada have reached record high levels. Field experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 on land previously seeded to continuous canola for 6 yr at three Canadian Prairie sites. We determined that more intensive seed inputs, fertilizer, fungicide, tillage, or chaff removal could increase continuous canola yields compared with a “standard practice” (SP) treatment or match yields compared with canola in rotation. Recommended or 50% higher fertility levels alone or in combination with a higher seeding rate, tillage, chaff removal, or additional fungicide were applied to the same plots in three successive years to determine effects after 1, 2, and 3 yr of treatment imposition. In continuous canola, blackleg incidence and severity were both reduced by fungicide treatment. In rotations where canola was preceded by wheat, blackleg incidence and severity were much lower than in continuous canola. None of the treatments improved continuous canola yields compared with SP after a single year of treatment imposition. In subsequent years, canola yield increases compared with SP usually occurred as a result of additional fertilizer, seed, or fungicide. In the final year, canola yield loss due to continuous canola was largely rescued by additional seed and fertilizer. Without additional inputs, and when preceded by a different crop, canola yields averaged 11% greater than the average of all continuous canola treatments. High fertility regimes generally reduced oil content and increased protein content relative to standard fertility in continuous canola or relative to canola preceded by wheat.
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DAUN, J. K. "Quality of genetically modified (GM) and conventional varieties of canola (spring oilseed rape) grown in western Canada, 1996–2001." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 3 (June 2004): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004393.
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The success of GM herbicide tolerant canola is demonstrated by its acceptance by the farm community in Canada. There have been continuing comments, however, including some from major customers, suggesting that GM canola has lower quality than conventional canola. Data drawn from both the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Co-operative Test data from 1998–2001 and from the Canadian Grain Commission's harvest surveys of canola from 1996–2001 were used to compare the quality of GM and conventional canola registered and grown. Weed seed contamination of harvest survey samples decreased significantly as the herbicide tolerant lines increased in production. While variety registration data suggested GM and conventional lines had no differences in oil content, data from harvest surveys suggested that GM lines tended to have slightly higher oil contents. Protein and oil contents remain inversely related with no differences in the inverse relationship due to GM. While registration requires that all lines have less than 12 micromoles per gram of glucosinolates, data from harvest surveys show GM lines to have significantly less glucosinolates than conventional lines, possibly due to decreased contamination with cruciferous weeds. A comparison of glucosinolate contents between non-GM herbicide tolerant canola and conventional non-herbicide tolerant canola showed similar differences. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll content, erucic acid levels or saturated fatty acids but harvest survey data showed GM lines were slightly more unsaturated than conventional lines. It would seem safe to conclude that differences in quality between GM and conventional canola are due to the functioning of the GM trait – herbicide tolerance – that allows the GM canola to perform to its potential in the field.
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Harker, K. N., J. T. O’Donovan, E. G. Smith, E. N. Johnson, G. Peng, C. J. Willenborg, R. H. Gulden, R. Mohr, K. S. Gill, and L. A. Grenkow. "Seed size and seeding rate effects on canola emergence, development, yield and seed weight." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-222.
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Harker, K. N., O’Donovan, J. T., Smith, E. G., Johnson, E. N., Peng, G., Willenborg, C. J., Gulden, R. H., Mohr, R., Gill, K. S. and Grenkow, L. A. 2015. Seed size and seeding rate effects on canola emergence, development, yield and seed weight. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1–8. Canola (Brassica napus L.) is the most common dicotyledonous crop in Canada. Here we determine the effect of canola seed size and seeding rate on canola emergence, development, yield and seed weight. In 2013, direct-seeded experiments were conducted at nine western Canada locations. Four canola seed sizes (1000-seed weights ranging from 3.96 to 5.7 g) and one un-sized treatment (4.4 g average) were seeded at two rates (75 and 150 seeds m−2). Higher seeding rates led to higher canola emergence and stubble density at harvest. Higher seeding rates also increased early crop biomass, 1000-seed weights and seed oil content and reduced days to start of flowering and days to crop maturity. Seed size effects on canola emergence, yield or seed quality were not significant. Increasing seed size had a positive linear association with early canola biomass and 1000-seed weights, whereas, both days to flowering and days to the end of flowering had a negative linear association with seed size. Greater biomass from large seeds increases crop competition with weeds and also hastens flowering, shortens the flowering period and reduces the risk that canola will be exposed to high temperatures that can negatively impact flowering and pod development.
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Hornitzky, M., and A. Ghalayini. "Honey produced from genetically modified canola (Brassica napus) nectar will not need to be labelled as a GM food under current Australian guidelines." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 8 (2006): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04205.
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Food or ingredients labelled as genetically modified (GM) contain either new genetic material or protein as a result of genetic modification. In Australia, a 1% threshold, below which labelling is not required, exists for the unintended presence of GM material in non-GM foods. The canola pollen content by dry weight in a range of canola honey samples from diverse geographical areas in Australia was determined to be 0.2 ± 0.12%, well below the 1% threshold. Two GM canola honey samples sourced from Canada contained 0.19 and 0.24% of canola pollen. This work indicates honey derived from GM canola crops will not need to be labelled as a GM food.
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Hwang, S. F., H. U. Ahmed, Q. Zhou, H. Fu, G. D. Turnbull, R. Fredua-Agyeman, S. E. Strelkov, B. D. Gossen, and G. Peng. "Influence of resistant cultivars and crop intervals on clubroot of canola." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 862–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0018.
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Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an important constraint on canola (Brassica napus) production in Canada. Rotations of clubroot-resistant (CR) canola cultivars in various sequences and planting intervals between canola with non-host crops and fallow periods were evaluated to determine their effects on clubroot severity and P. brassicae resting spore populations under field and micro-plot conditions. Under micro-plot conditions, the rotation sequences including CR canola, continuous fallow, and the non-host barley reduced gall weight by 63%–100% and clubroot severity by 34%–100% compared with continuous planting of susceptible canola. No visible clubroot symptoms developed following continuous fallow or the non-host crop. Under field conditions, clubroot severity was very high (78% disease index) in the continuous susceptible canola sequence. Most of the CR canola rotation sequences significantly reduced clubroot severity by 12%–23%, but continuous fallow, continuous barley, and alternating the CR canola cultivars ‘45H29’ or ‘73-47’ with ‘TC72429-10’ reduced clubroot severity by 32%–36%. A comparison of intervals between canola crops and four cropping sequences (continuous susceptible canola, alternating canola with barley or pea, a 2-yr non-host interval between canola crops, and a 3-yr non-host interval between canola crops) was conducted over 5 yr. A 2- or 3-yr non-host interval improved plant height, plant biomass, and seed yield, and reduced gall mass, P. brassicae propagules in the soil, and clubroot severity. A significant yield increase of more than 3600% was observed in a 3-yr non-host interval.
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Harker, K. Neil, John T. O'Donovan, Robert E. Blackshaw, Eric N. Johnson, Frederick A. Holm, and George W. Clayton. "Environmental Effects on the Relative Competitive Ability of Canola and Small-Grain Cereals in a Direct-Seeded System." Weed Science 59, no. 3 (September 2011): 404–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00121.1.
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Growing crops that exhibit a high level of competition with weeds increases opportunities to practice integrated weed management and reduce herbicide inputs. The recent development and market dominance of hybrid canola cultivars provides an opportunity to reassess the relative competitive ability of canola cultivars with small-grain cereals. Direct-seeded (no-till) experiments were conducted at five western Canada locations from 2006 to 2008 to compare the competitive ability of canola cultivars vs. small-grain cereals. The relative competitive ability of the species and cultivars was determined by assessing monocot and dicot weed biomass at different times throughout the growing season as well as oat (simulated weed) seed production. Under most conditions, but especially under warm and relatively dry environments, barley cultivars had the greatest relative competitive ability. Rye and triticale were also highly competitive species under most environmental conditions. Canada Prairie Spring Red wheat and Canada Western Red Spring wheat cultivars usually were the least competitive cereal crops, but there were exceptions in some environments. Canola hybrids were more competitive than open-pollinated canola cultivars. More importantly, under cool, low growing degree day conditions, canola hybrids were as competitive as barley, especially with dicot weeds. Under most conditions, hybrid canola growers on the Canadian Prairies are well advised to avoid the additional selection pressure inherent with a second in-crop herbicide application. Combining competitive cultivars of any species with optimal agronomic practices that facilitate crop health will enhance cropping system sustainability and allow growers to extend the life of their valuable herbicide tools.
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Mason, P. G., O. Olfert, L. Sluchinski, R. M. Weiss, C. Boudreault, M. Grossrieder, and U. Kuhlmann. "Actual and potential distribution of an invasive canola pest, Meligethes viridescens (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), in Canada." Canadian Entomologist 135, no. 3 (June 2003): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n02-046.
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AbstractMeligethes viridescens (Fabricius), bronzed or rape blossom beetle, is a widespread and common pest of oilseed rape [Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae)] in the western Palaearctic subregion. The establishment of M. viridescens in eastern North America has raised concern that its presence is a potential risk to the Canadian canola industry, especially to the prairie ecozone of western Canada where up to 4 million ha of summer canola (B. napus and B. rapa) are grown annually. Study of museum specimens indicated that M. viridescens was first recorded in Nova Scotia in 1947. Field surveys indicated that, as of 2001, M. viridescens was established as far west as Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec. A CLIMEXTM model for M. viridescens in Europe was developed and validated with actual distribution records. In Canada the model predicted that once introduced, M. viridescens would readily survive in the canola-growing areas. The actual distribution of M. viridescens in eastern Canada matched the predicted distribution well. The westward dispersal to and establishment of M. viridescens in canola-growing areas of Ontario and western Canada, particularly southern Manitoba, appear to be inevitable. Establishment in these areas presents the risk of substantial production losses to canola producers.
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Harker, K. Neil, George W. Clayton, John T. O'Donovan, Robert E. Blackshaw, and F. Craig Stevenson. "Herbicide Timing and Rate Effects on Weed Management in Three Herbicide-Resistant Canola Systems." Weed Technology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-188r1.
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Herbicide-resistant canola dominates the canola market in Canada. A multiyear field experiment was conducted at three locations to investigate the effect of time of weed removal (two-, four-, or six-leaf canola) and herbicide rate (50 or 100% recommended) in three herbicide-resistant canola systems. Weeds were controlled in glufosinate-resistant canola (GLU) with glufosinate, in glyphosate-resistant canola (GLY) with glyphosate, and in imidazolinone-resistant canola (IMI) with a 50:50 mixture of imazamox and imazethapyr. Canola yields were similar among the three canola cultivar–herbicide systems. Yields were not influenced by 50 vs. 100% herbicide rates. Timing of weed removal had the greatest effect on canola yield, with weed removal at the four-leaf stage giving the highest yields in most cases. Percent dockage was often greater for GLU and IMI than for GLY. In comparison with the other treatments, dockage levels doubled for GLU after application at 50% herbicide rates. The consistency of monocot weed control was usually greater for GLY than for GLU or IMI systems. However, weed biomass data revealed no differences in dicot weed control consistency between IMI and GLY systems. Greater dockage and weed biomass variability after weed removal at the six-leaf stage or after low herbicide rates suggests higher weed seed production, which could constrain the adoption of integrated weed management practices in subsequent years.
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Neil Harker, K. "Survey of yield losses due to weeds in central Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-102.
Full textAbstract:
Weedy and weed-free yields were determined in fields of barley, canola, and peas in Lacombe County, Alberta, Canada from 1995 to 1997. Yield losses were most frequent and severe in peas, and least frequent and less severe in barley. Yield losses due to weed competition were not detectable at 33, 60, and 73% of the pea, canola, and barley sites, respectively. Key words: Competition, interference, barley, canola, peas
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Cathcart, R. Jason, A. Keith Topinka, Prem Kharbanda, Ralph Lange, Rong-Cai Yang, and Linda M. Hall. "Rotation length, canola variety and herbicide resistance system affect weed populations and yield." Weed Science 54, no. 4 (August 2006): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-041r1.1.
Full textAbstract:
A 4-year study was initiated in 1997 to provide canola producers with information on the consequences of various rotational intervals with the use of new disease and herbicide-resistant canola varieties. The study was conducted at three locations in Alberta, Canada (Ellerslie, Strathmore, and Warburg). At each location, four canola rotations were established: continuous canola, and canola seeded in 1 of 2, 3, or 4 years. Canola varieties included the conventional varieties ‘AC Excel’ and ‘Quantum’, the glyphosate-resistant variety ‘Quest’, imidazolinone-resistant ‘45A71’, and a glufosinate-resistant hybrid, ‘Invigor 2153’. In the fourth year of the study, when canola was grown in all treatments, weed densities, weed species diversity, and evenness were determined preseeding and before and after in-crop herbicide application. Canola yield was greatest in the northern ecoregions of the Boreal Transition (Warburg) and Aspen Parkland (Ellerslie), and lowest in the Moist Mixed Grassland ecoregion (Strathmore). Weed populations increased and population diversity decreased and became less even where rotations were less diverse; in continuous canola and in the 1-in-4–year rotation. As expected, weed densities increased in poorly competitive, conventional canola varieties compared to herbicide-resistant varieties sprayed with their broader-spectrum herbicides. Where weed densities were high, variety/herbicide system became a critical factor affecting crop yield. Under these conditions, the herbicide-resistant varieties ‘Quest’ and ‘Invigor 2153’ typically outyielded the conventional varieties of ‘AC Excel’ and ‘Quantum’. Canola yield was highest when grown in a 1-in-3– or a 1-in-4–year rotation, although the 1-in-3–year rotation generally had lower weed densities, and allowed high-value canola to be grown more frequently in rotation.
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Soon, Y. K., H. W. Klein-Gebbinck, and M. A. Arshad. "Residue management and crop sequence effects on the yield and brown girdling root rot of canola." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-058.
Full textAbstract:
Brown girdling root rot (BGRR) is a serious and widespread disease of canola (Brassica rapa L.) in the Peace River region of northwestern Canada. There is no chemical control treatment for the pathogen, and farmers have observed that the disease is more severe when canola follows red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) or clover (Trifolium spp.) compared to summer fallow. A field study was conducted to determine how crop sequences following red fescue termination can be combined with residue and tillage management to reduce BGRR infection and increase canola yield. The five treatments consisted of rotations of: continuous canola (CCC) and oat (Avena sativa L.)-oat-canola (OOC), both managed using reduced tillage (RT), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-wheat-canola (WWC), managed using RT, conventional tillage (CT) or no-till (NT). Canola yield followed the trend: OOC (RT) = WWC(RT) > WWC(CT) > CCC(RT) = WWC(NT). BGRR infection increased with tillage intensity: WWC(CT) > CCC(RT) = WWC(RT) = OOC(RT) > WWC(NT), and was reduced when canola followed two cereal break crops. Yield was highest when canola was preceded by a cereal crop and lowest without a break crop. The low yield with NT was attributed to poor crop emergence from a hard seed bed with unbroken turf and to competition from re-emerged fescue in the third year after fescue breaking. This study demonstrated that the cropping sequence and tillage system used influenced canola yield to a greater extent than did BGRR infection. Key words: Brown girdling root rot, canola, crop sequence, red fescue termination, tillage
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Clayton, G. W., K. N. Harker, J. T. O’Donovan, R. E. Blackshaw, L. M. Dosdall, F. C. Stevenson, and T. Ferguson. "Fall and spring seeding date effects on herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-149.
Full textAbstract:
More flexible and effective weed control with herbicide-tolerant B. napus canola allows for additional seeding management options, such as fall (dormant) and early spring (ES) seeding. Field experiments were conducted at Lacombe and Beaverlodge (1999–2001), Didsbury (1999–2000), and Lethbridge (2000–2001), Alberta, Canada, primarily to evaluate the effect of fall (late October-November), ES (late April-early May), and normal spring (NS) (ca. mid-May) seeding dates on glufosinate-, glyphosate-, and imidazolinone-tolerant canola development and yield. Fall seeding resulted in 46% lower plant density and nearly double the dockage than spring seeding. ES-seeded canola had 19% higher seed yield and 2.1% higher oil content than fall-seeded canola. ES seeding significantly increased yield compared to fall-seeded canola for 8 of 10 site -years or compared to NS seeding for 4 of 10 site-years; ES-seeded canola equalled the yield of NS-seeded canola for 6 of 10 site-years. Yield response to seeding date did not differ among herbicide-tolerant cultivars. Seeding date did not influence root maggot damage. Seeding canola as soon as possible in spring increases the likelihood of optimizing canola yield and quality compared to fall seeding and traditional spring seeding dates. Key words: Dormant seeding, seeding management, root maggot, herbicide-resistant crops, yield components, operational diversity
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Upadhyay, B. M., E. G. Smith, G. W. Clayton, K. N. Harker, J. T. O’Donovan, and R. E. Blackshaw. "Economic evaluation of seeding decisions in hybrid and open-pollinated herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-135.
Full textAbstract:
Herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus) is widely cultivated in western Canada. Data from a multi-year field experiment conducted at three locations in Alberta were used to investigate the effect of canola cultivar, time of seeding, polymer seed coating (PSC) on profitability and the net return risk. Cultivars included hybrid and open pollinated. Time of seeding was early and late fall, and early and normal spring. The hybrid canola generally had higher mean net return than the open-pollinated cultivar. The probability of thin canola stand was higher for fall dormant seeding compared with spring seeding. The use of PSC for early fall dormant seeding reduced the likelihood of thin canola stand, which translated into risk-efficient decision. However, PSC use for late fall seeding had mixed results. Early and normal spring seeding was generally risk-efficient at all locations. In exceptional cases, net returns from late fall dormant seeding (with or without PSC) were similar to that of spring seeding. Re-seeding of fall seeded canola in the spring could be beneficial, if the plant density was below 20 plant m-2. Seeding decisions were robust across a wide range of canola prices, based on the probability of negative net returns. Key words: Canola, fall seeding, net returns, polymer seed coat, re-seeding, risk
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Gill, Kabal S. "Crop rotations compared with continuous canola and wheat for crop production and fertilizer use over 6 yr." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 1139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0292.
Full textAbstract:
Local economic, logistic, soil, and weather conditions have made appropriate rotations vary from one area to another. Seed yield and fertilizer use in rotations were compared with continuous cropping for 6 yr in the southeast Peace region of Alberta, Canada. Canola (C) (Brassica napus L.), wheat (W) (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (P) (Pisum sativum L.), barley (B) (Hordeum vulgare L.), and flax (F) (Linum usitatissimum L.) were grown in 12 treatments [i.e., continuous canola (CC) and wheat (WW) and rotations of W–C, P–W–W, C–W–W, C–C–W, P–C–W, C–P–W, W–B–C, B–W–C, F–W–C, and F–C–W]. Canola yield increased with 1 or 2 yr breaks from canola. Within rotations, there was a trend to lower canola yield on canola stubble compared with other crop stubbles. Wheat yield was generally lower in WW than in rotations. Among rotations, wheat yield tended to be greater on pea stubble compared with canola, wheat, barley, and flax stubbles. Averaged over 2010–2015, the canola yield benefit from rotations was 0.632 Mg ha−1 (19.4%) over CC and the wheat yield benefit from rotations was 0.313 Mg ha−1 (7.2%) over WW. Nitrogen saving was observed when pea was included in rotation.
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Harker, K. N., J. T. O'Donovan, R. E. Blackshaw, E. N. Johnson, G. P. Lafond, and W. E. May. "Seeding depth and seeding speed effects on no-till canola emergence, maturity, yield and seed quality." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 4 (July 2012): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-189.
Full textAbstract:
Harker, K. N., O'Donovan, J. T., Blackshaw, R. E., Johnson, E. N., Lafond, G. P. and May, W. E. 2012. Seeding depth and seeding speed effects on no-till canola emergence, maturity, yield and seed quality. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 795–802. Canola seed costs are substantial, but only a relatively small proportion of planted seeds actually emerge as seedlings. Direct-seeded (no-till) experiments were conducted from 2008 to 2010 at four western Canada locations [Lacombe AB (2007–2010), Lethbridge AB, Indian Head SK, and Scott SK] to determine the influence of cultivar (hybrid vs. open-pollinated), seeding speed (6.4 vs. 11.2 k h−1), and seeding depth (1 vs. 4 cm) on the emergence, maturity, yield, and seed quality of glyphosate-resistant canola. Canola emergence density was positively associated with precipitation levels surrounding the time of seeding; other site and environmental predictors such as soil temperature, soil texture, soil organic matter, latitude and longitude did not consistently influence canola emergence density. The agronomic performance of hybrid canola, including seed yield and quality, was usually superior to open-pollinated canola, but there was no difference in emergence density between the two cultivars. However, the hybrid cultivar emerged 1 d earlier, grew faster and covered the ground more quickly than the open-pollinated cultivar; important results from a crop-weed competition standpoint. Although seeding depth did not influence average canola yield, it often had a major impact on canola emergence density. Under moist conditions, average canola emergence improved from 37 to 62% as seeding depth decreased from 4 to 1 cm, respectively. Seeding at a depth of 1 vs. 4 cm also decreased days to emergence, increased canola ground cover, decreased days to flowering and days to maturity and tended to decrease green seed levels. Relatively high canola emergence rates can reduce the need for additional herbicide applications, herbicide input costs and selection pressure for herbicide resistance. Relatively high canola stand densities can improve the ability of canola to successfully tolerate and accommodate biotic and abiotic stress.
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Kiniry, J. R., J. R. Williams, D. J. Major, R. C. Izaurralde, P. W. Gassman, M. Morrison, R. Bergentine, and R. P. Zentner. "EPIC model parameters for cereal, oilseed, and forage crops in the northern Great Plains region." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-114.
Full textAbstract:
The EPIC computer simulation model has potential for assessing agricultural management scenarios in the northern Great Plains region of the United States and western Canada. The objectives of this study were to develop parameters for economically important crop and forage species grown in these regions and to determine whether EPIC could use these parameters to reasonably simulate yields. Parameters for leaf-area development, temperature responses, biomass growth and partitioning, and nutrient concentrations were derived from data in the literature for spring canola, wheat, barley, maize and six forage species. Because of the growing importance of canola in Canada and the United States, much emphasis was placed on deriving its parameters. With these inputs, EPIC reasonably simulated forage and crop yields in six locations and canola yields in four locations. The model should provide reasonable simulations for a wide range of applications throughout these regions. Key words: simulation modeling, canola, agricultural management
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Falk, K. C. "ACS-C12 summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09104.
Full textAbstract:
CS-C12 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality, two-parent population-synthetic (Syn1) cultivar adapted to the short-season growing areas of western Canada. On average, it yielded 17% more than the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RRC) checks over 3 yr of testing and has high seed oil content.Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description.
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Mason, P. G., J. D. Pinto, Z. L. Long, and J. L. Harris. "FIRST RECORD OF TRICHOGRAMMA INYOENSE (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) ATTACKING THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 1 (February 1998): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130105-1.
Full textAbstract:
The bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, is a major pest of canola in western Canada. In 1994, 1995, and 1996 more than 670 000, 650 000, and 250 000 ha of canola were sprayed for bertha armyworm, respectively (Anonymous 1994, 1995, 1996). Despite the current trend towards increased acreage of canola production in western Canada, canola acreages declined markedly in 1996 from that planted in 1995 (Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Statistical Facts 1996) in part because of the perception by farmers of the impact of bertha armyworm outbreaks in 1994 and 1995. Much research has been carried out in western Canada on the bertha armyworm with the aim of developing an integrated pest management program which includes the understanding of its biological control agents. Turnock (1984) reported that the native parasitoid complex of larval M. configurata consists of five species of Hymenoptera and 10 species of Diptera. Only two of these, namely Banchus flavescens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Athrycia cinerea (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae), have large negative impacts on its populations (Wylie and Bucher 1977).
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Yantai, Gan, K. Neil Harker, H. Randy Kutcher, Robert H. Gulden, Byron Irvine, William E. May, and John T. O'Donovan. "Canola seed yield and phenological responses to plant density." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0093.
Full textAbstract:
Optimal plant density is required to improve plant phenological traits and maximize seed yield in field crops. In this study, we determined the effect of plant density on duration of flowering, post-flowering phase, and seed yield of canola in diverse environments. The field study was conducted at 16 site-years across the major canola growing area of western Canada from 2010 to 2012. The cultivar InVigor® 5440, a glufosinate-resistant hybrid, was grown at five plant densities (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 plants m−2) in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Canola seed yield had a linear relationship with plant density at 8 of the 16 site-years, a quadratic relationship at 4 site-years, and there was no correlation between the two variables in the remaining 4 site-years. At site-years with low to medium productivity, canola seed yield increased by 10.2 to 14.7 kg ha−1 for every additional plant per square metre. Averaged across the 16 diverse environments, canola plants spent an average of 22% of their life cycle flowering and another 27% of the time filling seed post-flowering. Canola seed yield had a negative association with duration of flowering and a positive association with the days post-flowering but was not associated with number of days to maturity. The post-flowering period was 12.7, 14.7, and 12.6 d (or 55, 68, and 58%) longer in high-yield experiments than in low-yield experiments in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. We conclude that optimization of plant density for canola seed yield varies with environment and that a longer post-flowering period is critical for increasing canola yield in western Canada.
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Newkirk, R. W., H. L. Classen, T. A. Scott, and M. J. Edney. "The digestibility and content of amino acids in toasted and non-toasted canola meals." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a02-028.
Full textAbstract:
A study was conducted to determine the level and digestibilities of amino acids and the level of glucosinolates in toasted and non-toasted canola meal samples produced in commercial crushing plants in western Canada. A total of 26 non-toasted and 31 toasted canola meals samples were analyzed for apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities using broiler chickens between 21 and 28 d of age. Commercially toasted canola meal contained 5.6 g 16 g-1 N (range 5.3–5.9) of Lys with a digestibility ranging from 65.5 to 85.7% (mean = 78.0%). Non-toasted canola meal contained 6.0 g 16 g-1 N (range 5.7–6.3) Lys with digestibility values ranging from 87 to 92% (mean = 89.7%). Toasted canola meal had an average total digestible amino acid content (not including Tyr and Trp) of 69.6 g 16 g-1 N (range 56.6–75.6) while non-toasted canola meal had 77.6 g 16 g-1 N (range 73.1–82.0). The levels of aliphatic glucosinolates in the toasted (6.16 μmol g-1 meal, range 1.2–12.5) and non-toasted meals (10.5 μmol g-1 meal, range 7.8–15.1) were low and likely of nonutritional consequence. In conclusion, non-toasted canola meal contains higher levels of digestible amino acids than conventional toasted canola meal and therefore consideration should be given to modifying commercial systems to produce a non-toasted meal. Key words: Canola meal, toasting, amino acid, digestibility, glucosinolates
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Clayton, G. W., K. N. Harker, J. T. O’Donovan, R. E. Blackshaw, L. Dosdall, F. C. Stevenson, E. N. Johnson, and T. Ferguson. "Polymer seed coating of early- and late-fall-seeded herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-185.
Full textAbstract:
Polymer seed coatings offer an opportunity to fall seed Brassica napus earlier in October, thus avoiding difficult seeding conditions (wet/frozen soils) common in late October or early November. A multi-year field experiment was conducted at four locations in Alberta, Canada, to investigate the effect of early (mid-October) and late fall (late October-early November) canola seeding with and without a germination-inhibiting polymer seed coat. Yield and yield components were determined in glufosinate (hybrid and open-pollinated), glyphosate (open-pollinated), and imidazolinone (open-pollinated) herbicidetolerant canola cultivars. Early-seeded canola without the polymer coat had a reduced plant density of 58% compared to late-fall-seeded canola. Application of the polymer coat on early-seeded canola increased plant density by 80% compared to uncoated seed. Seed yield and dockage were not affected by seeding date when a polymer seed coating was used. Without the polymer seed coat, canola yield was reduced 42% and dockage increased 6% when seeding occurred in early vs. late fall. Increased pod production from early-fall-seeded uncoated canola compared to other seeding dates could only partially compensate for canola yield. Cultivar interactions generally were not agronomically important. The use of polymer seed coatings with all these herbicide-tolerant cultivars will allow producers to seed earlier in fall, rather than waiting for cooler soil conditions in late fall. Key words: Canola (Brassica napus L.), dormant seeding, polymer seed coating
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Irvine, R. B., G. P. Lafond, W. May, H. R. Kutcher, G. W. Clayton, K. N. Harker, T. K. Turkington, and B. L. Beres. "Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 2 (March 2013): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-198.
Full textAbstract:
Irvine, B. R., Lafond, G. P., May, W., Kutcher, H. R., Clayton, G. W., Harker, K. N., Turkington, T. K. and Beres, B. L. 2013. Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 261–270. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has yet to reach its full potential in the Canadian prairies. Alternative stubble types are needed to help overcome the challenge of timely planting of winter wheat in late-maturing canola (Brassica napus L.) fields. A study was conducted in the prairie provinces of Canada to determine ideal stubble types for winter wheat and select spring cereals grown in the Black soil zone. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola, pea (Pisum sativum L.), barley grain or silage (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) stubbles were established at four locations in western Canada. A new study area was established at each location for 3 yr. In the year following establishment, winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, barley, and oats were grown on each stubble type at each study area. Winter wheat and spring cereal crops often yielded best and had greater grain protein concentration on barley silage, pea, and canola stubbles relative to other stubble types. The yield and grain protein concentration of spring cereals was best when grown on pea stubble. Winter wheat production attributes varied most among site by crop combinations, and further investigation indicated the source of this variability may be from winter wheat plantings on canola and pea stubble. Among the optimal stubbles, less variable results were observed when winter wheat was grown on barley silage stubble, suggesting proper crop residue management would reduce the variability observed in canola and pea stubble. Our results suggest stubble alternatives to canola are available for winter wheat plantings in western Canada.
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Woods, D. L. "AC Sunshine summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-080.
Full textAbstract:
AC Sunshine summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality cultivar that is well adapted to the short and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. It has higher oil and protein content than Tobin. Key words: Rape, canola, Brassica rapa, cultivar description
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Scarth, R., P. B. E. McVetty, and S. R. Rimmer. "Allons low linolenic acid summer rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-093.
Full textAbstract:
Allons (Brassica napus L.) is a low linolenic acid canola cultivar which produces seed oil with an average linolenic acid content of 2.5%. The low linolenic oil has a shorter hydrogenation time and greater stability than standard canola oil. Allons is higher yielding and contains higher seed oil and lower meal protein than the low linolenic cultivar Stellar. Allons is adapted to the long season B. napus canola growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Rape (summer), low linolenic, cultivar description
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Scarth, R., S. R. Rimmer, and P. B. E. McVetty. "Apollo low linolenic summer rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-037.
Full textAbstract:
Apollo is a low-linolenic acid canola cultivar which produces seed oil with an average linolenic acid content of 1.7%. The low-linolenic oil has a shorter hydrogenation time and greater stability than standard canola oil. Apollo has a significant yield advantage over the low-linolenic cultivar Stellar with higher seed oil and lower seed protein content than Stellar. Apollo is adapted to the southern B. napus canola growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Rape (summer), low linolenic, cultivar description
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Gulden, Robert H., Steven J. Shirtliffe, and A. Gordon Thomas. "Secondary seed dormancy prolongs persistence of volunteer canola in western Canada." Weed Science 51, no. 6 (December 2003): 904–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/p2002-170.
Full textAbstract:
In western Canada, little is known about the seedbank ecology of volunteer canola. Therefore, integrated recommendations for the management of this weed are limited. In this study, we investigated the seedbank persistence and seedling recruitment of two spring canola genotype groups with different secondary seed dormancy potentials under contrasting tillage systems. The study was conducted at two locations with different soils in the Mixed Moist Grassland ecoregion of Saskatchewan. A single cohort seedbank was established in 1999 and was followed for 3 yr in successive wheat crops. In a separate laboratory study, the six canola genotypes examined were classified as those with high and those with medium potentials for the development of secondary seed dormancy (HD and MD, respectively). After one, two, and three winters, maximum persistence of 44, 1.4, and 0.2% of the original seedbank was observed among the treatments, respectively. In 2001, HD canola genotypes tended to exhibit 6- to 12-fold greater persistence than MD canola genotypes, indicating lower seedbank mortality in HD canola. Seedling recruitment of HD canola also was higher than MD canola when differences were observed between these genotype groups. Therefore, long-term seedbank persistence of canola can be reduced by growing genotypes with low inherent potential for the development of secondary seed dormancy. The proportion of persisting seeds tended to be higher under conventional tillage than under zero tillage because of lower seedbank mortality, but no clear distinction in seedbank persistence in terms of absolute time could be made between these two tillage systems. Volunteer canola seedling recruitment followed the pattern of a typical summer-annual weed, where seedling emergence was observed only during May and June.
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Beckie, H. J., K. N. Harker, L. M. Hall, S. I. Warwick, A. Légère, P. H. Sikkema, G. W. Clayton, et al. "A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-193.
Full textAbstract:
This review examines some agronomic, economic, and environmental impacts of herbicide-resistant (HR) canola, soybean, corn, and wheat in Canada after 10 yr of growing HR cultivars. The rapid adoption of HR canola and soybean suggests a net economic benefit to farmers. HR crops often have improved weed management, greater yields or economic returns, and similar or reduced environmental impact compared with their non-HR crop counterparts. There are no marked changes in volunteer weed problems associated with these crops, except in zero-tillage systems when glyphosate is used alone to control canola volunteers. Although gene flow from glyphosate-HR canola to wild populations of bird’s rape (Brassica rapa L.) in eastern Canada has been measured, enrichment of hybrid plants in such populations should only occur when and where herbicide selection pressure is applied. Weed shifts as a consequence of HR canola have been documented, but a reduction in weed species diversity has not been demonstrated. However, reliance on HR crops in rotations using the same mode-of-action herbicide and/or multiple in-crop herbicide applications over time can result in intense selection pressure for weed resistance and consequently, greater herbicide use in the future to control HR weed biotypes. History has repeatedly shown that cropping system diversity is the pillar of sustainable agriculture; stewardship of HR crops must adhere to this fundamental principle. Key words: Canola, Brassica napus, corn, Zea mays, soybean, Glycine max, wheat, Triticum aestivum, gene flow, herbicide resistance, transgenic crop, volunteer crop
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Darwent, A. L., K. J. Kirkland, L. Townley-Smith, K. N. Harker, and A. J. Cessna. "Effect of preharvest applications of glyphosate on the drying, yield and quality of canola." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-063.
Full textAbstract:
Potential use of preharvest applications of glyphosate in canola (Brassica rapa L.) in western Canada both as a harvest aid and to control weeds prompted this study. Experiments were conducted from 1988 to 1990 at four locations in the region to document the effectiveness of preharvest applications of glyphosate to enhance canola seed and foliage drydown and to measure the effect of such applications on seed yield and quality. Glyphosate was applied in early August to early September at rates of 0.45, 0.90 and 1.70 kg acid equivalent ha−1 to canola with seed moisture contents ranging from 79 to 12%. Seed and foliage moisture drydown were not enhanced by glyphosate treatment. Glyphosate treatments generally had little or no effect on canola seed yields, seed weight, seed germination, green seed content or oil content except when applied when the pods were green and when seed moisture contents were high. Seed/pod moisture was not a reliable indicator of stage of canola development and thus, should not be used alone as an indicator of when preharvest applications of glyphosate can be applied to canola without decreasing seed yield and quality. Key words: Glyphosate, canola, Brassica rapa L., preharvest application, desiccation, seed quality
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ESKIN, N. A. M., and B. E. McDONALD. "Canola Oil." Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 3 (September 1991): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.1991.tb01048.x.
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Young, Jay A. "Canola Oil." Journal of Chemical Education 80, no. 5 (May 2003): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed080p481.
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Gunstone, Frank D. "Rapeseed/canola." Lipid Technology 19, no. 5 (May 2007): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lite.200600035.
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Oliveira, A., and P. Yu. "PSXIII-12 Exploring nutritional differences of canola seeds and bio-processing co-products (meals, pellets) from different processing plants/companies in Canada and China for dairy cattle." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.819.
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Abstract Canola was created as a low erucic acid and low glucosinolate seed, to produce high quality oil for human consumption and meal for use in livestock feed. China is an important user of Canadian canola products (seeds, oil, and meal). The extraction of the oil from the seed produces a co-product called canola meal. This meal is rich in protein and is used as a protein source in animal diets. However, differences in the characteristics of the seeds, or processing methods during oil extraction may affect the quality of this co-product. Plus, the synthesis of tissues and milk is related to the amino acids available to the animal for absorption in the small intestine. This study aimed to determine if there are significant differences in the intestinal digestibility (in vitro) of CP and DM between canola seeds and meals from different companies in Canada and to determine if there are significant differences between them in Canada and China. The three-step procedure was applied on residues from a 12-hour rumen incubation in fistulated dairy cows to estimate the intestinal digestibility of CP and DM. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) for TDDM (Total digestible dry matter) and IDP (intestinal digestibility of protein) of the meals between countries. The samples from China had higher TDDM (83.76% versus 81.53%, P = 0.018), while Canada’s had higher IDP (68.51% versus 65.28%, P = 0.016). No significant differences were observed within countries. Based on the material analyzed during this study, it is safe to affirm that there are no significant differences in the digestibility of DM and CP between Canada and China. It was concluded that the quality of the canola seeds or meals produced in both Canada and China were similar when used in dairy rations. Key words: canola seeds and bio-processing co-products (meals, pellets), nutritional differences, dairy cows
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Smith, Elwin G., H. H. Janzen, and Nathaniel K. Newlands. "Energy balances of biodiesel production from soybean and canola in Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06067.
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Biodiesel is currently produced in Canada mostly from recycled oils and animal fats. If biodiesel is to supply 5% of diesel usage, a government objective, first-time vegetable, likely from canola and soybean, oil will also be required to provide adequate feedstocks. In this review, we estimate the life cycle energy balances for biodiesel produced from soybean and canola oil under Canadian conditions. The three broad areas of energy inputs were crop production, oil extraction, and transesterification of the vegetable oil into biodiesel. Per unit seed yield, farm production energy inputs for canola were about three times higher than for soybean, mostly because of higher nitrogen fertilizer requirements for canola. Energy required for processing and oil extraction, per unit oil, was higher for soybean. Energy allocation for co-products was allocated using a system expansion approach. Protein meal was assigned about 12% of the energy expended for canola to grow the crop and extract the oil, and about 37% for soybean. Glycerine produced during the transesterification process was allocated energy on a weight basis (11.4%). The ratio of biodiesel energy produced per energy input ranged from 2.08 t o 2.41. The energy ratio was similar for soybean and canola:soybean required less energy inputs, but also produced less oil than canola, for a given weight of seed. Key words: Biodiesel, energy, life cycle analysis, soybean, canola
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Woods, D. L., and K. C. Falk. "AC Sungold summer turnip rape." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-107.
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AC Sungold summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is an open-pollinated canola-quality cultivar adapted to the short season growing areas of western Canada. It combines a higher oil and protein content than the check varieties with a good level of resistance to white rust. Key words: Summer turnip rape, canola, Brassica rapa, cultivar description
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Dosdall, L. M., R. M. Weiss, O. Olfert, and H. A. Cárcamo. "Temporal and geographical distribution patterns of cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in canola." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 3 (June 2002): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134403-3.
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AbstractThe cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), was discovered infesting canola [Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae)] in southern Alberta in 1995, and by 1999 its populations had reached outbreak densities. The weevil has dispersed rapidly through cropland in the southern prairies, prompting this study to assess its potential for establishment in Canada's primary region of canola production in the Moist Mixed Grassland and Aspen Parkland ecoregions. In this study, both short- (24 h) and long-term (4 years) distribution patterns of cabbage seedpod weevil were examined, and these data were combined with previously published ecological findings and meteorological data in CLIMEX™ software to predict regions of western Canada where economically important infestations are likely to occur. Adult temporal distributions over 24 h on canola in bud and flower remained restricted primarily to the inflorescence rather than on stems and leaves regardless of time of day. Surveys conducted in commercial canola fields from 1997 to 2000 recorded rapid dispersal of the species to the north and east from the region of southern Alberta where it was initially found. Dispersal occurred at a rate of approximately 55 km/year, and in 2000 C. obstrictus populations were found in Saskatchewan for the first time. The CLIMEX™ model predicts that the distribution of C. obstrictus will eventually encompass the entire region of canola production in western Canada.
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NOREEN, Sibgha, Shakeela NOOR, Shakeel AHMAD, Fehmeeda BIBI, and Mirza HASANUZZAMAN. "Quantifying Some Physiological and Productivity Indices of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Crop under an Arid Environment." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4419993.
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Canola (Brassica napus L.) crop ranks third after soybean and palm among oilseed crops for production of vegetable oil and meal for human and livestock, respectively around the globe. The cultivars of canola crop vary greatly in their yield potential in response to eco-edaphic factors under different production environments. Therefore, research studies were undertaken to evaluate eight cultivars of canola crop ‘Shiralee’, ‘Dunkled’, ‘Bulbul-98’, ‘Ac-Excel’, ‘Cyclone’, ‘Rainbow’, ‘DGL’ and ‘Faisal Canola’ for quantifying some physiological and productivity indices under normal growing conditions. The results showed that various cultivars of canola differed significantly amongst themselves with respect to biological yield, chlorophyll content, protein content, nutrient composition and components of seed yield. Among the cultivars, cvs. ‘Bulbal-98’ and ‘Rainbow’ produced maximum biological yield and seed yield, respectively, Furthermore, maximum yield harvested from cv. ‘Rainbow’ was associated with higher total seed weight plant-1, while cv. ‘Faisal Canola’ maintained higher chlorophyll content than other ones. Cultivar ‘Dunkled’ contained higher K+ nutrient by 21.13 mg g-1 in leaf tissues compared to minimum (9.73 mg g-1) in ‘DGL’ cultivar. The higher amount of Na+ content (12.16 mg g-1) was determined in cv. ‘AC Excel’. Cultivar ‘Rainbow’ maintained higher photosystem (II) activity and had greater partitioning ability of photo-assimilates in the seed tissues. Of various chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transport performance index could be used as a selection criterion for breeding of canola cultivars.
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Lawson, Arvel N., Rene C. Van Acker, and Lyle F. Friesen. "Emergence timing of volunteer canola in spring wheat fields in Manitoba." Weed Science 54, no. 5 (October 2006): 873–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-169.i.1.
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Observational studies of weed emergence provide essential data for the creation and testing of predictive emergence models, with data ideally being collected from a wide range of sites representing a range of environments under which the seedlings of a given species emerge. The spring emergence of genetically engineered glyphosate-resistant volunteer canola was monitored in 20 farmers' commercial wheat fields over 2 yr, 2003 and 2004, in the southwestern region of Manitoba, Canada. Three different tillage systems, low-disturbance direct-seeded, high-disturbance direct-seeded, and conventionally tilled fields, were represented in this sample. Tillage system did not significantly influence the emergence periodicity of volunteer canola, but did influence total densities observed. Total volunteer canola densities in the surveyed fields were variable and ranged from 6 to 2,015 seedlings m−2. Conventionally tilled fields had the lowest densities of volunteer canola seedlings, and high-disturbance direct-seeded fields (no autumn tillage) had the highest densities. Volunteer canola is a relatively early spring emerging plant species requiring minimal accumulated growing degree days for emergence (calculated using a base temperature of 5 C). Emergence curves were steep, with a short window of volunteer canola emergence either prior to or within a spring-seeded wheat crop. To determine what proportion of autumn-broadcast canola seed (simulated harvest losses) would recruit the following spring and the influence of fall or spring tillage on this recruitment, a small plot experiment also was conducted at three sites. The following spring the percentage of canola seedlings that emerged ranged from 1.3 to 9.4% of the seed broadcast, depending upon the tillage treatment. The effect of tillage treatment on canola densities in the small plot experiment was similar to the field survey results.
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Gusta, L. V., E. N. Johnson, N. T. Nesbitt, and K. J. Kirkland. "Effect of seeding date on canola seed quality and seed vigour." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-100.
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Seedling vigour is a key critical component to produce well-established canola (Brassica napus) seedlings under less than ideal conditions in western Canada. Our objective was to determine if seed lots from late October (fall) or early spring (April) seeding dates improve seed vigour relative to mid-May (May) seeding dates. We compared seed size, seed maturity, germination percentage, and seedling emergence under controlled-environment conditions from six seed lots obtained from fall-sown (1997, 1998), April-sown (1998, 1999) and May-sown canola (1998, 1999) cv. Quest. On average, 80% of fall-derived seed for both years was larger than 1.7 mm compared to only 32% for May-derived canola seed. April-derived seed was intermediate. Fall and April derived seed were considered 40% mature compared to 16% for May-derived seed. In germination tests at 8°C, May derived seed germinated and emerged slower with a lower total germination percentage compared to falland April-derived seed lots. Priming reduced differences in emergence between the seed lots. Field studies at Scott, SK, sown in the fall of 1999 and 2000, and in early May of 2000 demonstrated that seed derived from fall- and April-sown canola produced higher plant densities, higher biomass at bolting, and higher seed yield than seed derived from May-sown canola. Yield was 10 to 45% less from seed derived from May-sown canola than seed derived from fall- and April-sown canola. This study established the impact of seeding date on seed quality and vigour, which in turn affected emergence, seedling vigour and yield. Also, seed vigour slowly declined within 1 yr, primarily with seed derived from the May-sown canola. Key words: Canola, Brassica napus, vigour (seed), seeding (fall), emergence, yield (quality)
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O'Donovan, John T., K. Neil Harker, George W. Clayton, and Robert E. Blackshaw. "Comparison of a Glyphosate-Resistant Canola (Brassica napusL.) System with Traditional Herbicide Regimes." Weed Technology 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-092r.1.
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Herbicide-resistant cultivars account for over 90% of the canola grown in western Canada and cultivars resistant to glyphosate dominate the market. Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Alberta to compare the glyphosate system with more traditional herbicide regimes. Glyphosate applied before seeding in spring resulted in better weed control, lower dockage, and higher canola yield and net return than 2,4-D applied in the fall. Glyphosate applied once (two- to four-leaf canola) or twice (two- to four-leaf followed by five- to six-leaf canola) in-crop provided similar weed control, dockage, and canola yield as ethalfluralin applied PRE in the fall followed by an in-crop mixture of sethoxydim, ethametsulfuron, and clopyralid; and superior weed control and canola yield and lower dockage than ethalfluralin alone or an in-crop mixture of sethoxydim and ethametsulfuron. The in-crop glyphosate applications resulted in higher net revenues than the other treatments. There was little or no advantage to applying glyphosate twice compared with once in-crop. The amount of active ingredient entering the environment varied with the herbicide regime but was lower with the glyphosate system than with most of the traditional regimes, especially when glyphosate was applied only once in-crop.