Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Canola'

The extraction of oil from fixed beds of Canola seed ( Brassica napus and Brassica campestris ) was studied using carbon dioxide at temperatures and pressures ranging from 25 to 90°C and 10-36 MPa respectively. The highest oil solubility in the CO₂ (11 mg/g CO₂) was observed at 36 MPa and 55°C. The equilibrium oil concentration in the CO₂ phase, was found to be independent of the oil concentration in the seed phase. The extracts were found to be essentially free from phosphorus (<7ppm) and their fatty acid content did not change significantly as the extraction progressed. The total amount of oil recovered from the seeds by CO₂ extraction depended upon the seed pre-treatment. For commercially flaked seed, this amount was comparable to that recoverable by conventional hexane extraction. The CO₂ extraction of simple triglycerides at 36 MPa and 55°C was investigated. The solubilities of tripalmitolein, triolein, and trieicosenoin were 20 mg/g CO₂, 10 mg/g CO₂, and 4 mg/g CO₂ respectively. The composition of CO₂ extracts of an equimolar mixture of the above triglycerides was also studied. It was found that the concentration of each triglyceride in the extract was equal to the product of its mole-fraction in the mixture and its solubility in the CO₂. Equations governing the mass transfer from the Canola seed to the CO₂ solvent were developed. A transient one-dimensional mathematical model based on these equations was used to obtain concentration profiles of oil in both the solvent and seed phases, and to determine the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The calculated concentrations and extraction rates were in good agreement with experimental results. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient for the initial constant rate period was found to be proportional to the 0.54 power of interstitial velocity.
Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Graduate

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The influence of chemical seed treatments on the germination, seedling survival and yield of canola (cv. Varola 44) was investigated in a series of incubation studies, glasshouse experiments, as well as field trials in the canola producing areas in the Western Cape Province. Incubation experiments were conducted to compare germination and seedling growth of untreated (control) seed with that of seed treated at different application rates (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 times the recommended) of Cruiser® and SA-combination (which consists of Thiulin® at 0.5g a.i.; Apron® at 0.0815 g a.i.; Gaucho® at 0.6125 g a.i. and Rovral® at 0.9975 g a.i.). The results indicated that seed treatment (all rates of SA-combination and highest rate of Cruiser) delayed germination and seedling growth, especially if the seed was subjected to the Accelerated Ageing Test. Glasshouse studies with pasteurised soil at different water contents, seed sources (storage periods) and planting depths confirmed the phytotoxic effects of the chemical seed treatments in the absence of soil borne pathogens. From the results it became clear that extreme water conditions (very wet or dry) increased the suppressing effect on germination and seedling growth, but that no phytotoxic reactions occurred in moist (favourable soil water conditions) soil, regardless of application rate of the chemicals used, planting depth and seed source. In a second glasshouse experiment conducted in moist soil (kept at 50% of field water capacity to prevent any toxic effects) from seven different localities that were naturally infested with pathogens, both chemicals proved to be effective where soil borne pathogens (Rhizocfonia so/ani and Pythium spp.) occurred. No clear trend could however be found due to either chemical or application rates used. Finally, field trials were conducted to study the effect of chemical seed treatments on the plant populations and yield of canola planted in different row widths (17 and 34 cm) and seeding rates (3, 5 and 7 kq.ha'). Results showed that treated seeds produced more plants.rn" and yielded more than untreated seeds at Roodebloem Experimental Farm, while the highest seeding rate produced significantly more plants.rn" (Roodebloem and Langgewens Experimental Farms), but not significantly higher yields than the lowest seeding rate at the same locality. Although row width did not have an effect on plant population, yield (Roodebloem 2003) was significantly less at the wider (34 cm) rows. As in earlier experiments, no consistent differences between the two chemicals used were found. These results clearly illustrated both the negative (in the absence of pathogens) and positive (where soil borne pathogens do occur) effects that chemical seed treatments may have on the germination, seedling growth and even yield of canola under local environmental and soil conditions. Because no significant differences were found between the chemicals used, both chemicals should be regarded as efficient. More research, especially under field conditions and with more cultivars, is needed before the registration of a chemical for seed treatment could be considered.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van chemiese saadbehandeling op die ontkieming, saailing oorlewing en opbrengs van canola (cv. Varola 44) is ondersoek in 'n reeks inkubasie studies, glashuis eksperimente en veldproewe in die canolaproduserende gebiede in die Wes Kaap Provinsie. Inkubasie eksperimente is uitgevoer om die ontkieming en saailing groei van onbehandelde (kontrole) saad te vergelyk met dié van saad wat behandel is teen verskillende dosisse (0.5, 1.0 en 2.0 keer die aanbevole) van Cruiser® en SA-kombinasie (wat bestaan uit Thiulin® teen 0.5g a.i.; Apron® teen 0.0815 g a.i.; Gaucho® teen 0.6125 g a.i. en Rovral® teen 0.9975 g a.i.). Die resultate het aangedui dat saadbehandeling (vir alle dosisse van SAkombinasie en die hoogste dosis van Cruiser) ontkieming en saailing groei vertraag, veral wanneer die saad onderwerp was aan die Versnelde Verouderings Toets. Glashuis studies met gepasteuriseerde grond by verskillende waterinhoude, saad bronne (stoor periodes) en plantdieptes, het die fitotoksiese effekte van die chemiese saadbehandelings bevestig in die afwesigheid van grondgedraagde patogene. Vanuit die resultate het dit duidelik geword dat ekstreme water toestande (baie nat of droog) die onderdrukkende effek op ontkieming en saailinggroei verhoog het, maar dat geen fitotoksiese reaksies plaasgevind het in klam (gunstige grondwater toestande) grond nie, ongeag die dosisse of chemikalieë gebruik, plantdiepte en saad bron. In 'n tweede glashuis eksperiment uitgevoer in klam grond (gehou by 50% van veldwaterkapasiteit om toksiese effekte te voorkom) van sewe lokaliteite wat natuurlik besmet was met patogene, was beide chemikalië effektief waar grondgedraagde patogene (Rhizoctonia so/ani en Pythium spp.) voorgekom het. Geen duidelike tendens is egter waargeneem vir enige van die chemikalieë of dosisse nie. Laastens is veldproewe uitgevoer om die effek van chemiese saadbehandelings op plant populasies en opbrengs te bepaal van canola geplant in verskillende rywydtes (17 en 34 cm) en saaidigthede (3, 5 en 7 kg.ha-1). Resultate het aangedui dat behandelde saad meer plante.rn" produseer en 'n groter opbrengs lewer as onbehandelde saad by Roodebloem Eksperimentele Plaas, terwyl die hoogste saaidigtheid betekenisvol meer plante.m" (Roodebloem en Langgewens Eksperimentele Plase), maar nie betekenisvol hoër opbrengste gelewer het as die laagste saaidigtheid by dieselfde lokaliteit nie. AI het rywydte nie 'n effek op plant populasie gehad nie, was opbrengs (Roodebloem 2003) betekenisvol minder by die wyer (34 cm) rye. Soos in vroeëre eksperimente is geen konsekwente verskille tussen die twee chemikalieë gevind nie. Hierdie resultate illustreer duidelik beide negatiewe (in die afwesigheid van grondgedraagde patogene) en positiewe (in die aanwesigheid van grondgedraagde patogene) effekte wat chemiese saadbehandelings op ontkieming, saailing groei en selfs opbrengs van canola onder plaaslike omgewings en grondtoestande kan hê. Omdat geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen die chemikalieë gevind is nie, moet beide chemikalieë as doeltreffend aanvaar word. Meer navorsing, veralonder veldtoestande en met meer kultivars, is egter nodig voordat die registrasie van 'n chemiese middel vir saadbehandeling oorweeg kan word.

Winter canola (Brassica napus cv. Crystal) requires vernalization, exposure to chilling, to induce bolting and flowering. Since gibberellins (GAs) have been implicated in the regulation of stem elongation and reproductive development in numerous plants, the role of GAs in events induced by vernalization was investigated. Three classical approaches for studying GA physiology were taken. Plant growth regulators were applied and showed that: (i) GA application induced stem elongation but not flowering in nonvernalized plants and (ii) plant growth retardants that block GA biosynthesis prevented elongation and flowering in vernalized plants. Endogenous GAs were extracted from vernalized and nonvernalized shoot tips, chromatographically purified and quantified by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring. GA1,3,8,19 and 20 concentrations were higher in the vernalized shoots following vernalization. Feeds of [3H]GA20 to vernalized and nonvernalized plants demonstrated higher rates of [3H]GA1 formation after vernalization, suggesting increased metabolism to the biologically active form. Collectively, these studies indicate a regulatory role of GAs in the control of stem elongation in winter canola, but the role of GAs in flowering was less clear. Vernalization apparently induces stem elongation by increasing GA synthesis and particularly the biosynthesis of GA1.
xii, 138 leaves : ill., ports. ; 28 cm.

Small fragments of artificial polymers (microplastics, MPs) has been reported for multiple environmental matrices from our planet. The omnipresent existence of these microplastics even in remote polar areas have raised concern about their potential environmental impacts and created a need for effective and standardized analytical methods targeting their detection in environmental samples. So far, no methods have been developed for detecting microplastics in organic-rich soils. In this master thesis, I evaluate two analytical methods (both based on canola oil extractions) targeting microplastics in two contrasting soil matrices; one mineral rich (sandy mineral soil from a Podzol) and the other by organic matter (sample from a Histosol). I hypothesize that the detection of microplastic has a bias that depends on specific plastic particle properties (size, polymer type and morphology) as well as on the organic content of soil samples. My results show that the recovery of added plastics is strongly dependent on particle size and diminishes with decreasing microplastics length. This result was repeated by both extraction approaches.  Polymer shape and soil characteristics (organic matter content) affect MPs recovery if oil extractions are conducted without pre-treatment (oxidation) step. Here, fibers proved most difficult to detect and low recoveries suggested that the method was not applicable to organic rich samples. The addition of a pretreatment step including oxidation with sodium hypochlorite improved recoveries for organic rich samples and removed the effect of soil type and polymer shape. Hence, the use of a pretreatment is essential to extract MPs from organic-rich soils, but it also decreases the overall recovery for all type of studied polymers and mostly fibers. My study suggests that there is a substantial bias when detecting MPs in soils that is causing a general underestimation, especially for small, fibrous particles in organic rich soils.

Orientador: Jose Tadeu Jorge
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a obtenção de sementes de canola com menor redução de germinação, devido às injúrias térmicas, durante a secagem. Foi aplicado o método de acondicionamento hermético de sementes de canola em embalagens de alumínio imersas em banho-maria a 50, 60 e 70ºC para determinar o modelo matemático da redução de germinação (SIGMA) de acordo com as condições de umidade e temperatura de secagem. O modelo é baseado na dispersão de mortes de sementes acondicionadas a condições constantes de umidade e temperatura, durante determinado período de tempo. Os valores experimentais de SIGMA foram obtidos através dos resultados de germinação durante o acondicionamento hermético que validaram o modelo proposto, com elevado coeficiente de correlação. Esses valores de SIGMA foram inseridos em um programa de secagem disponível em linguagem FORTRAN, que fornece os valores estimados de germinação simulando-se a secagem sob condições conhecidas. Sementes de canola a 21% de umidade foram submetidas à secagem sob três temperaturas: 51, 61 e 67ºC para validar o modelo matemático de simulação, de acordo com as condições de umidade e temperatura dos grãos durante o processo de secagem. Temperaturas maiores resultaram em maiores perdas de germinação, principalmente a 61 e 67°C, sendo que a 51°C, a mudança da declividade não é tão visível. O modelo utilizado representa bem os dados experimentais e são compatíveis com os dados das referências bibliográficas. O modelo representou significativamente os experimentos de secagem processados a 61 e 67ºC, sendo que a 51ºC, a germinação experimental apresentou valores acima dos valores estimados, o que não inviabiliza a análise dos resultados. Este trabalho fornece subsídios para definir o período necessário para efetuar a secagem visando preservar a germinação das sementes
Abstract: The main objective of this research work is to study of the reduction of germination loss in canola seeds after drying. The experimental procedure based on hermetic storage was used to determine the mathematical model of the germination reduction (SIGMA) for the actual drying conditions. The procedure consists in storing canola seeds hermetically in aluminum pouches, and immersed in water-bath at temperatures of 50°C, 60°C and 70°C, for a range of time periods, and the germination were determined. These data were used to determinate the experimental values of SIGMA function resulted from the multiple regression, presenting high correlation coefficient, and the parameters of this model were applied for the model of equation for canola seeds. This model was included in an existing drying simulation program. Canola seeds, with 21% of moisture content, were dried at 51°C, 61°C and 67 ºC, to validate the mathematical model of simulation, as function of the drying conditions. Higher drying temperatures resulted in higher losses of viability, however, the germination losses were slight lower for 61°C and 67°C. For drying at 51°C, the slope of the canola seeds were not perceptible. The values of germination of canola seeds during drying at 51°C, were higher than estimated germination at the same conditions, however this is not bad, because the simulation presents lower output than the actual germination. Drying temperature of 61°C and 67°C presented high correlation between the experimental points and the drying model. This publication present results to define the time for the drying process to preserve the seed germination
Doutorado
Tecnologia Pós-Colheita
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Lipoxygenase was extracted from Canola seeds (Brassica napus cv, Westar) and partially purified by precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 20-50% of saturation. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 7.5 and its K$ sb{ rm m}$ value was 2.0 $ times$ 10$ sp{-4}$ M. The activity of the enzyme extract was considerably greater on linoleic acid than on its ester or on linolenic acid. The effect of cyanide on the enzyme activity was also investigated.
Further purification of the enzyme extract was performed by successive chromatography on ion-exchange and gel filtration, using FPLC system. Four lipoxygenase isozymes (I, IIA, IIB and III) were separated. The homogeneity of each isozyme was demonstrated by the presence of a single protein band on SDS-PAGE gel electophoresis. The molecular weights of isozymes I, IIA, IIB and III were, respectively, 72,000, 106,000, 78,000 and 62,000. The optimum pH for lipoxygenase activity was 6.5 for isozyme I and 6.0 for isozymes IIA, IIB and III.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is an increasing demand for canola (Brassica napus L.), an emerging oilseed crop in South Africa. Canola thrives in the Western Cape. However, yet low yields are still obtained within the production areas with poor and or variable responses to nitrogen applications. Crop nutrition and specifically the contribution of sulphur (S) to nitrogen (N) use and selection of nutrient efficient genotypes can be strategies of considerable significance in increasing yields. This study investigated growth, yield and quality responses of canola to different N (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1) and S (0, 15 and 30 kg S ha-1) fertilisation rates in field trials at different localities, during the 2009-2011 period. Responses to N and S under optimum growing conditions and responses of different cultivars were investigated in unison in glasshouse trials at the Department of Agronomy of the University of Stellenbosch. Locality and growing season (year) significantly affected nutrient content in plants at flowering (90 days after planting), dry mass production as well as yield and quality of canola in field trials at five different localities during the 2009-2011 period. Growth and yield were also affected by N application rate in both field and glasshouse trials. Sulphur applications did not have an effect on vegetative growth, but rather stimulated flower and pod production in glasshouse trials and resulted in higher grain yields in field trials. Response depends largely on rainfall and S content of the soil. Highest yields were, on average, obtained with application rates of 120 kg N and 30 kg S ha-1, while glasshouse trials showed that even higher rates may be considered under optimum growing conditions. High application rates of N and S also improved water use efficiency from approximately 4-5 kg grain yield to about 8-9 kg grain yield mm-1 of rain during the growing season. Agronomic efficiencies of applied N decreases with increasing N rates and values of about 8 kg grain yield increase per kg of N applied at N rates of 120 kg N ha-1 indicated that high N rates may improve profit margins of canola as long as the cost of N is not more than eight times the producers price of canola. Agronomic efficiencies of N applications are improved if 15 kg S ha-1 is applied complimented with high rainfall, but not with applications of 30 kg S ha-1. Improved agronomic efficiencies of S applications shown at higher N rates, confirmed the dependency of S responses to sufficient availability of nitrogen. Sulphur applications, in contrast to N, resulted in an increase in oil content of the grain in field trials. Yield responses of different cultivars to nitrogen fertilisation under glasshouse conditions differed, with better responses obtained within short and medium season cultivars, than with a late maturing (long season cultivar), in spite of a better vegetative (dry mass) response of the later maturing cultivar. These results may indicate differences in the growth habit of different cultivars, but more research in this regard is needed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Canola (Brassica napus L.), ‘n relatief nuwe oilsaadgewas wat goed aangepas is, word in ‘n toenemende mate in die produksiegebiede van die Weskaap verbou. Lae opbrengste en wisselvallige reaksies teenoor stikstofbemesting word egter verkry ten spyte van die gewas se hoë stikstofbehoefte en dit mag moontlik aan swaweltekorte toegeskryf word. In hierdie ondersoek is die groei-, opbrengs- en kwaliteitsreaksie van canola teenoor verskillende N (0, 30, 60, 90 en 120 kg N ha-1) en S (0, 15 en 30 kg S ha-1) bemestingspeile in droëland proewe op verskillende lokaliteite bestudeer gedurende die 2009-2011 groeiseisoene. Reaksies teenoor N en S onder optimale groeitoestande en vir verskillende cultivars is in glashuisproewe van die Departement Agronomie van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, uitgevoer. Die chemiese samestelling van die plante tydens blomstadium (90 dae na plant), asook droëmateriaal produksie, graanopbrengs en kwaliteit het betekenisvol verskil tussen die lokaliteite, maar lokaliteitsverskille is ook deur die seisoene beïnvloed. Die ontwikkeling, groei en graanopbrengs van die canola is ook beïnvloed deur die stikstofbemestingspeile in beide die veld en glashuisproewe. Swawelbemesting het nie die vegetatiewe groei van canola beïnvloed nie, maar het blom en peulproduksie in glashuisproewe en graanopbrengste in veldproewe verhoog. Die reaksie van canola teenoor die swawelbemesting is grootliks bepaal deur die swawelinhoud van die grond asook klimaatsfaktore soos reënval. In die algemeen is die hoogste canola opbrengste in veldproewe met toedienings van 120 kg N en 30 kg S ha-1 verkry, maar glashuisproewe het getoon dat hoër toedieningspeile nodig mag wees onder optimale groeitoestande soos in besproeiingsgebiede. Hoë toedieningspeile van N en S het veroorsaak dat die waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid toegeneem het van 4-5 kg graanopbrengs per mm reën tot sowat 8-9 kg graan opbrengs per mm reën. Agronomiese doeltreffendheid van toegediende stikstofbemesting het afgeneem met toenemende N peile, maar waardes van ongeveer 8 kg opbrengsverhoging per kilogram N toegedien met stikstofpeile van 120 kg ha-1, toon dat hoë N toedieningspeile mag steeds winsgrense verhoog mits die prys van een kilogram N nie meer is as agt maal die produsente prys van canola is nie. Agronomiese doeltreffendheid van stikstofbemesting is verhoog deur ook 15 kg S per hektaar toe te dien, maar nie deur die toediening van 30 kg S ha-1 nie. Die agronomiese doeltreffendheid van S toedienings het slegs by die gelyktydige toediening van hoë stikstoftoedienings toegeneem, wat die wisselwerking tussen N en S ten opsigte van graanopbrengs bevestig. In teenstelling met stikstof het swawel toedienings die olie-inhoud van canola in die veldproewe verhoog. In glashuisproewe is gevind dat kort en medium groeiseisoen cultivars, ten spyte van ‘n groter vegetatiewe reaksie van die lang groeiseisoen cultivars, groter opbrengsreaksies teenoor stikstof- en swawelbemesting toon. Meer navorsing word egter in hierdie verband benodig.

Biodiesel, a transesterified product of vegetable oil and animal fats, is considered as the most promising diesel fuel substitute because of its similar properties to petroleum-based diesel fuel. In this thesis, the miscibility of canola oil and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME or biodiesel) in methanol was determined. Results showed that FAME is miscible in pure methanol under a broad range of conditions. On the other hand, canola oil is not miscible in methanol under normal conditions. These findings led to the development of a two-phase membrane reactor to produce FAME from canola oil and methanol. The transesterification of canola oil was performed via both acid- or base-catalysis. The novel reactor enabled the separation of a FAME and methanol solution from canola oil/methanol/FAME mixtures. The two-phase membrane reactor was particularly useful in removing unreacted canola oil from the FAME product yielding high purity biodiesel. A kinetic study of the acid- and base-catalyzed transesterification of canola oil to FAME was carried out to investigate reaction rates under different temperatures and catalyst concentrations in the two-phase membrane reactor. Results showed that increases in temperature, acid concentration and feedstock (methanol/oil) flowrate significantly increased the conversion of oil to biodiesel. However, the base-catalyzed reaction resulted in the production of soaps and slight damage to the carbon membrane used in the reactor. The kinetics of the reaction were more sensitive to temperature at high acid concentration.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo foi o de estudar a introdução de grãos e sub-produtos (farelo ou torta) da canola em dietas para ovinos. Para a avaliação da digestibilidade foram utilizados 6 ovinos da raça Santa Inês machos não-castrados com idade entre 210 e 240 dias, peso corporal médio de 44,8 + 4,2 kg, adotando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. O delineamento foi em 2 Quadrados Latinos 3x3 e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para a avaliação do desempenho e características quantitativas da carcaça, foram confinados 24 borregos machos não-castrados, desmamados com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade, peso corporal médio de 15 + 3 kg, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As dietas foram compostas por 40% de feno de capim Tifton e 60% de concentrado composto por milho em grão, farelo de soja, canola em grão integral, farelo de canola, torta de canola e mistura mineral. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CT) entre os tratamentos experimentais, no ensaio de digestibilidade. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos CG, FC e TC para a digestibiidade da MS, MO, EE, PB, EB, FDN e CT. Durante o experimento de desempenho, observou-se que os tratamentos contendo canola em grão integral apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso (0,24 kg/animal/dia). A conversão alimentar (4,87 kg MS/kg ganho) foi similar entre os tratamentos. A utilização de grãos e subprodutos da canola na dieta de borregos terminados em confinamento não influenciou (P>0,05) as características quantitativas da carcaça. Em relação aos rendimentos dos cortes, não houve efeito dos tratamentos para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas...
The aim oh this work was to evaluate introduction of grains and by-products (meal or cake) of canola in sheep diets. For digestive evaluate, 6 Santa Inês sheep with initial age and weight of 210 and 240 days and 44.8 + 4.2 kg, adapted to the use of bag, for collect feces. Animals were distributed in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square and means were compared by Tukeyþs test with 5% significance level. For performance evaluating and carcass quantitative characteristics, 24 Santa Ines hogget with initial age and weight of 70 days and 15 + 3kg, according to a completely randomized design. Diets were composed for 40% of Tifton hay and 60% of concentrate based on corn grain, soybean meal, whole grain canola, canola meal, canola cake and mineral mixture. There were no differences for the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates (TC) among treatments, in digestibility trial. There were no differences for digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, CP, CE, NDF and TC among treatments. By the performance trial, it was found that diets with whole grain canola showed higher weight gains (0.24 kg/animal/day). Fed conversion (4.87 kg DM/kg gain) was similar among treatments. The use of whole grains and by-products of canola in the diet of lambs finished did not influence in the carcass quantitative characteristics. For the cuts dressing in relation to the CCW, no effect was observed for the analyzed variables among treatments. The evaluate of the non carcass components emphasized the representability of the skin weights (7.13%) in the percent determination. It was concluded that introduction of grains and by-products of canola allow satisfactory results, could be recommended in ration diet sheep formulations.

Previous research has shown that microsomal DGAT activity from cultures of Brassica napus was stimulated by human acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Genetic constructs were engineered to facilitate the expression of ASP or BSA in developing seeds to test the stimulatory effect of these proteins at the site of TAG formation. As well, genetic constructs were designed to produce a truncation of the BSA polypeptide in an attempt to localize the portion fo the macromolecule responsible for stimulation of DGAT activity. An oleosin promoter was used for seed specific expression and to express the polypeptides at a precisely cooridnated time when oil was accumulating in the developing seeds. Lipid analysis coordinated time when oil was accumlating in the developing seeds. Lipid analysis was performed on the seeds of transgenic plants designed to cytosolically express these mammalian proteins and the seeds of control plants. The first generation data revealed that the total lipid within the mature seeds of ASP and BSA plants was not significantly different from the total lipid of negative control plants using both gravimetric and low resolution-nuclear magnetic resonance methods of analysis. The seeds from ASP 8 and ASP 10 plants, however, did produce significantly more lipid on a per seed basis as compared to negative control plants. The levels of the fatty acid composition for total acyl lipids were measured in these first generation transgenic plants. ASP 3 had significantly lower levels of linoleic acid, ASP 14 had significantly lower levels of a-linolenic acid and BSA 11 had significantly higher levels of both of these fatty acids in comparison to negative control plants.
xix, 245 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

En el presente trabajo se determinó el periodo critico para la generación del rendimiento en el cultivo de Canola.
En el presente trabajo se identificó el periodo crítico del cultivo de canola con base en la reducción de la radiación incidente en diferentes momentos a lo largo del ciclo fenológico. Para lograr el objetivo se sembrarón dos cultivares primaverales de canola uno de ciclo corto y otro de ciclo intermedio que se sometierón a tratamientos de 10 días de sombreo (14 en total) durante el ciclo agrícola invierno 2015 y primavera 2016. Los tratamientos (combinación de cultivares y momentos de sombreo) se establecieron en un arreglo de parcelas divididas, en donde la parcela principal fue asignada a los cultivares, mientras que los momentos de sombreo fueron asignados a las subparcelas, estos últimos fuerón distribuidos en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 3 repeticiones. Los análisis estadísticos consistieron en análisis de varianza y cuando la prueba de F de los análisis de varianza resulto significativa, se procedió a realizar la prueba de medias utilizando para ello la diferencia mínima significativa honesta de la prueba de (Tukey) a un nivel de significancia del 5%. Las relaciones entre variables se analizarón mediante análisis de regresión y se ajustaron modelos lineales, bi-lineales, o sigmoideos (TBL curve, Jandel Scientific, AISN Software) según la variable. El periodo crítico para la generación del rendimiento y número de granos difirió entre genotipos y se ubicó durante el periodo comprendido después del inicio de la floración. El componente numérico del rendimiento más afectado por reducciones en los niveles de radiación incidente fue el número de granos. El número de granos por silicua y el número de silicuas explicaron en gran medida los cambios en el número de granos. Nuestros resultados permitirán orientar mejor las estrategias de mejoramiento genético y de manejo agronómico tendientes a incrementar el rendimiento potencial.

Orientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel
Banca: Alexandre Amstalden Moraes Sampaio
Banca: Antonio Ferriani Branco
Resumo: O objetivo foi o de estudar a introdução de grãos e sub-produtos (farelo ou torta) da canola em dietas para ovinos. Para a avaliação da digestibilidade foram utilizados 6 ovinos da raça Santa Inês machos não-castrados com idade entre 210 e 240 dias, peso corporal médio de 44,8 + 4,2 kg, adotando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. O delineamento foi em 2 Quadrados Latinos 3x3 e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para a avaliação do desempenho e características quantitativas da carcaça, foram confinados 24 borregos machos não-castrados, desmamados com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade, peso corporal médio de 15 + 3 kg, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As dietas foram compostas por 40% de feno de capim Tifton e 60% de concentrado composto por milho em grão, farelo de soja, canola em grão integral, farelo de canola, torta de canola e mistura mineral. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CT) entre os tratamentos experimentais, no ensaio de digestibilidade. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos CG, FC e TC para a digestibiidade da MS, MO, EE, PB, EB, FDN e CT. Durante o experimento de desempenho, observou-se que os tratamentos contendo canola em grão integral apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso (0,24 kg/animal/dia). A conversão alimentar (4,87 kg MS/kg ganho) foi similar entre os tratamentos. A utilização de grãos e subprodutos da canola na dieta de borregos terminados em confinamento não influenciou (P>0,05) as características quantitativas da carcaça. Em relação aos rendimentos dos cortes, não houve efeito dos tratamentos para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim oh this work was to evaluate introduction of grains and by-products (meal or cake) of canola in sheep diets. For digestive evaluate, 6 Santa Inês sheep with initial age and weight of 210 and 240 days and 44.8 + 4.2 kg, adapted to the use of bag, for collect feces. Animals were distributed in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square and means were compared by Tukeyþs test with 5% significance level. For performance evaluating and carcass quantitative characteristics, 24 Santa Ines hogget with initial age and weight of 70 days and 15 + 3kg, according to a completely randomized design. Diets were composed for 40% of Tifton hay and 60% of concentrate based on corn grain, soybean meal, whole grain canola, canola meal, canola cake and mineral mixture. There were no differences for the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrates (TC) among treatments, in digestibility trial. There were no differences for digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, CP, CE, NDF and TC among treatments. By the performance trial, it was found that diets with whole grain canola showed higher weight gains (0.24 kg/animal/day). Fed conversion (4.87 kg DM/kg gain) was similar among treatments. The use of whole grains and by-products of canola in the diet of lambs finished did not influence in the carcass quantitative characteristics. For the cuts dressing in relation to the CCW, no effect was observed for the analyzed variables among treatments. The evaluate of the non carcass components emphasized the representability of the skin weights (7.13%) in the percent determination. It was concluded that introduction of grains and by-products of canola allow satisfactory results, could be recommended in ration diet sheep formulations.
Mestre

Embora a expansão do cultivo da canola seja expressiva, no Sul do Brasil, poucos são os estudos envolvendo a fenologia e o crescimento das plantas, visando ampliar conhecimentos relativos à elaboração do rendimento de grãos, em resposta ao ambiente físico. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a fenologia e o crescimento da canola, visando ajustar parâmetros bioclimáticos e avaliar respostas da cultura às variações do ambiente físico. Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos em 2009, 2010 e 2011, com diferentes genótipos de canola semeados de abril a julho, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: datas dos principais estádios fenológicos, índice de área foliar, matéria seca de hastes, folhas, flores, síliquas e grãos, componentes e rendimento de grãos e parâmetros de interceptação de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA). A partir de dados meteorológicos, foram calculados balanços hídricos climatológicos e necessidade térmica da cultura (graus-dia), para cada ano e data de semeadura. A necessidade térmica variou durante o ciclo e subperíodos da cultura, em função de genótipos e datas de semeadura. A canola apresentou menor índice de área foliar quando semeada em abril e maio, porém, a longevidade do índice de área foliar foi maior do que em semeaduras de junho e julho. Hastes, flores e síliquas interceptaram a maior parte da radiação solar fotossinteticamente ativa após a ocorrência do máximo índice de área foliar. O coeficiente de extinção da cultura para RFA foi de 0,98. A eficiência de uso da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa variou de 1,9 a 2,8 g MJ-1, sendo mais elevada nos ambientes com baixos excessos hídricos, nos quais a cultura também expressou seus maiores rendimentos de grãos. O acúmulo de biomassa da parte aérea das plantas, ao longo do ciclo, não foi limitante à elaboração do rendimento de grãos. O híbrido Hyola 61 apresentou rendimento de grãos superior e mais estável, em diferentes ambientes, do que o Hyola 432. Semeaduras mais precoces, em abril e maio, apresentam maior potencial rendimento de grãos que as tardias, realizadas em junho e julho.
Although the expansion of rapeseed crops is expressive in Southern Brazil, there are few studies on phenology and growth of plants, aiming to amplify knowledge on the elaboration of the grain yield, in response to the physical environment. This study aimed to evaluate the phenology and growth of rapeseed plants, aiming to adjust bioclimatic parameters and to evaluate crop responses to variations in the physical environment. Field experiments were conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011, with different genotypes of rapeseeds sown from April to July, in a randomized complete blocks design. The following variables were evaluated: dates of the main phenological stages, leaf area index, dry matter of stems, leaves, flowers, seedpods and grains, grain yield and its components, and interception parameters of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). From daily meteorological data, climate water balances and thermal requirements of the crop (degree-days) were calculated, for each year and sowing date. The thermal requirements varied during the crop cycle and sub-periods for different genotypes and sowing dates. The lower leaf area index occurred when the crop was sown in April and May, but the longevity of the leaf area index was higher than in the latest sowing dates (June and July). Most of the incident photosynthetically active radiation was intercepted by stems, flowers and seedpods, after the occurrence of the maximum leaf area index. The extinction coefficient of the crop for RFA was 0.98. The use efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation ranged from 1.9 to 2.8 g MJ-1, being higher in environments with low water excesses, in which the crop also expressed the highest grain yields. The accumulation of aboveground biomass of plants, throughout the crop cycle, did not limit the grain yields. The hybrid Hyola 61 had higher and more stable grain yields than the Hyola 432, for different environments. The earliest sowing dates, in April and May, promoted the greatest grain yield, compared to the latest ones, held in June and July.

Thesis (MScAgric (Agronomy)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Soil salinity is a serious constrain to crop production in many countries. In the Western Cape canola production area, large variability in soil properties within the same field is a very common feature. Some of this variability may be ascribed to differences in salinity. These saline patches affected the germination and survival of cereal crops like wheat and may therefore also be a reason for the high variability and generally low canola yields obtained in this area. It will therefore be important to quantify the effect of such saline conditions on the germination and seedling establishment of canola in an effort to improve yields. In this study several experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in either Petri dishes in an incubator or pots in a temperature controlled glasshouse to determine the salinity response of canola. Results of the experiments done in Petri dishes, showed that the germination response of canola (Brassica napus L., cv. Tornado) to increasing levels of salinity is very similar to that of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv SST 88). Although canola germinated more rapidly than wheat at a temperature of 20 ºC, the final percentage germination for both crops decreased severely when NaCl induced salinity exceeded levels of an EC of 8 dS m-1, but less severe responses were obtained with NaCl/CaCl2 induced salinity. Under soil conditions an interaction between soil type and salinity level showed that the responses in sandy soil to an increase in salinity from 0 to 8 iv dS m-1 were less severe than in loamy soil and especially when salinity stress was induced by NaCl. Although cultivar Spektrum showed more tolerance to saline conditions during the germination and seedling stages in pot experiments when compared to other cultivars tested, these results will have to be confirmed in field trails where grain yield and quality can be measured.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Glufosinate ammonium is one of the most widely-applied broad-spectrum herbicides, controlling weeds in a huge variety of crops worldwide. Farmers rely on glufosinate ammonium because it ensures a high degree of crop safety, as it only affects the parts of the plant where it is applied. It is effective against a broad range of weeds, eliminating the need to apply several herbicides to control different weeds in a given crop. Its unique mode of action makes it ideal to be used in rotation with other herbicides to mitigate weed resistance. Despite these favourable attributes for weed control glufosinate ammonium has its shortcomings. Glufosinate ammonium is a post emergence herbicide and its efficacy is not exempt from the effect of environmental/climatic conditions and the growth stage of weeds. The possible effect of these factors on the performance of the herbicide was investigated in a glasshouse study using ryegrass (Lolium spp) as the test species. The investigation consisted of four experiments. The first two experiments investigated the effect of applying different doses of glufosinate ammonium to commercial ryegrass and weedy ryegrass seedlings at different growth stages in a glasshouse. The glufosinate ammonium dosage rates were 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 L ha-1. The findings of the studies showed that neither plant age nor herbicide rate affected the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium in a commercial cultivar or weedy type ryegrass. There were no statistically significant differences between the percentage mortality caused by any of the glufosinate ammonium dosage rates between 2.5 and 10 L ha-1 with the percentage control being higher than 90% at all dosage rates in both experiments. The objective of the third and fourth experiment was to determine the effect of temperature on the efficacy of ryegrass control by glufosinate ammonium. The temperatures for the third experiment were 10/15 0C (cool) and 15/20 0C (warm) night/day and for the fourth experiment 10/15 0C (cool) and 20/25 0C (warm) night/day. The glufosinate ammonium dosage rates applied were 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 L ha-1. Plants in the third experiment remained in the glasshouse throughout the study at a constant temperature regime. Under cool temperatures glufosinate ammonium controlled ryegrass plants, irrespective of the rate applied, with 100% control achieved at a dosage rate of 2.5 L ha-1. This was not the case under warm temperatures where 100% control was not even achieved at the 10 L ha-1 dosage rate. In the fourth experiment cool and warm temperature regimes were applied before and after spraying. The four temperature treatments applied were therefore cool (10/15 ºC), warm (20/25 ºC), cool/warm (where the plants were moved from the cool temperature to the warm one after spraying) and warm/cool (which was the opposite of cool/warm). The results observed from the fourth experiment followed the same trend as in experiment three. Ryegrass plants that were grown under warm temperature and moved to cool temperature after spraying were better controlled than under cool/warm temperatures. Dosage rates of 2.5 L ha-1 gave 95% control of ryegrass under cool temperatures whereas the same dosage rate only achieved about 55% control under warm temperatures. Glasshouse and field trials were conducted at Stellenbosch University experimental farm Welgevallen (33°56’S, 18°42’E) to investigate the effect of the additive ammonium sulphate (AMS) on the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium. The glasshouse trial consisted of four ryegrass populations (one commercial cultivar (Lolium multiflorum cv Agri Hilton) and three suspected resistant weedy types (Lolium spp.) The temperature of the glasshouse was 20/25 0C night/day. The four ryegrass populations were each subjected to an experiment using a 7 x 2 factorial design with seven dosage rates (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 and 7.5 L ha-1 of glufosinate ammonium) and two AMS treatments (with and without AMS) laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The AMS increased the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium on the commercial cultivar and resistant population 2 at certain critical dosage rates. The field trials were conducted in 2013 and 2014. The trials were arranged factorially in a randomised complete block design replicated four times. The treatment factors were two treatments (glufosinate ammonium alone and glufosinate ammonium plus AMS) and five glufosinate ammonium rates (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 L ha-1 of glufosinate ammonium). Ammonium sulphate (10 g) was diluted in 1 L of distilled water before mixing with glufosinate ammonium. The findings of the study revealed that AMS increased the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium under field conditions in 2013 but not in 2014. Experiments with the aim of determining the effect of propyzamide on the efficacy of four herbicides (atrazine, glufosinate ammonium, glyphosate and imazamox) was carried out in a glasshouse as well as in field studies. In the glasshouse study, ryegrass was used as a test species. The four herbicides and propyzamide were applied separately, followed by mixtures with propyzamide at the rates of 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1x (times the recommended rate) for each of the herbicides in the mixture. Results suggest that propyzamide negatively affected atrazine efficacy on ryegrass in the glasshouse but not the efficacy of any other herbicides. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of adding propyzamide to the four herbicides on the efficacy and residual action of the herbicides in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Field trials were conducted at Welgevallen, Roodebloem and Langgewens experimental farms. The experimental design was a randomised complete block with nine treatments replicated four times. Propyzamide increased the efficacy of atrazine in some of the field trials as well as the efficacy of imazamox in some trials but generally the results were variable and propyzamide also did not enhance the residual action of the herbicides in most of the trials
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Glufosinaat ammonium is een van die mees algemene breëspektrum nie-selektiewe onkruiddoders wat onkruide in ‘n groot verskeidenheid gewasse wêreldwyd beheer. Boere maak staat op glufosinaat ammonium omdat dit redelik veilig vir die gewas is as gevolg van die feit dat dit slegs die gedeelte van die plant waarmee dit in aanraking kom, affekteer. Dit is effektief teen ‘n wye verskeidenheid van onkruide wat dit onnodig maak om verskeie onkruiddoders te gebruik om verskillende onkruide in ‘n gewas te beheer. Die unieke meganisme van werking maak dit ideaal om in afwisseling met ander onkruiddoders te gebruik om onkruiddoderweerstand te bestuur. Ten spyte van al hierdie voordele het glufosinaat ammonium ook verskeie tekortkominge. Glufosinaat ammonium is ‘n na-opkoms onkruiddoder en sy effektiwiteit word beïnvloed deur omgewings- of klimaatstoestande en die groeistadia van onkruide. Die moontlike invloed van bogenoemde faktore op die effektiwiteit van glufosinaat ammonium is in ‘n glashuisstudie ondersoek waar raaigras (Lolium spp) as toetsspesie gebruik is. Die ondersoek het uit vier eksperimente bestaan. Die eerste twee eksperimente het die effek van verskillende toedieningsdosisse van glufosinaat ammonium op raaigrassaailinge van ‘n kommersiële kultivar asook ‘n onkruidbiotipe op verskillende groeistadia ondersoek. Die glufosinaat ammonium dosisse was 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 en 10 L ha-1. Die resultate het getoon dat nie die toedieningsdosis of die plantgroeistadium die effektiwiteit van glufosinaat ammonium op die kommersiële raaigras kultivar of die onkruid biotipe beïnvloed het nie. Daar was nie enige statisties betekenisvolle verskille tussen die persentasie mortaliteit veroorsaak deur enige van die glufosinaat ammonium dosisse tussen 2.5 en 10 L ha-1 nie en die persentasie beheer was hoër as 90% by alle toedieningsdosisse in beide populasies. Die derde en vierde eksperimente is gedoen om vas te stel of temperatuur ‘n rol speel in die effektiwiteit van glufosinaat ammonium op raaigras beheer. Die temperature vir die derde glashuisproef was gestel op 10/15 ºC (koel) en 15/20 ºC (warm) nag/dag temperature en vir die vierde glashuisproef was dit 10/15 ºC (koel) en 20/25 ºC (warm). Die glufosinaat ammonium toedieningsdosisse was 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 L ha-1. Die plante in die derde eksperiment het in die onderskeie glashuise by dieselfde temperatuur gebly deur die loop van die hele eksperiment. Onder koel toestande het glufosinaat ammonium die raaigrassaailinge 100% beheer selfs by die laagste toedieningsdosis van 2.5 L ha-1 en by alle dosisse bo dit. By warmer temperature egter, kon selfs die hoogste dosis van 10 L ha-1 nie 100% beheer behaal nie. Die vierde eksperiment was soortgelyk aan die derde eksperiment behalwe dat die koel en warmer temperature afgewissel is voor en na die plante bespuit is. Die vier temperatuurbehandelings was dus koel (10/15 ºC), warm (20/25 ºC), koel/warm (waar die plante na spuit van die koel na die warm glashuis verskuif was) en warm/koel (die teenoorgestelde van die koel/warm behandeling). Die resultate wat waargeneem is het dieselfde tendens getoon as die resultate van die derde eksperiment. Toedieningsdosisse van 2.5 L ha-1 het 95% beheer van raaigras wat onder koel toestande gegroei het getoon terwyl dieselfde dosis onder die warm toestande slegs 55% beheer behaal het. Glashuis- en veldproewe is uitgevoer op die Welgevallen proefplaas van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (33°56’S, 18°42’O) om die invloed van die byvoeging van ammoniumsulfaat (AMS) op die effektiwiteit van glufosinaat ammonium te ondersoek. In die glashuisproef was vier populasies raaigras (een kommersiële kultivar Lolium multiflorum cv Agri Hilton) en drie vermoedelik weerstandbiedende onkruidpopulasies (Lolium spp) gebruik. Die temperatuur van die glashuis was op 20/25 0C nag/dag ingestel. Die vier raaigras populasies was elk blootgestel aan ‘n faktoriaal gereëlde 7 x 2 eksperiment met sewe toedieningsdosisse (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 en 7.5 L ha-1 glufosinaat ammonium) en twee AMS behandelings (met en sonder AMS) wat in ‘n volledige ewekansige blokontwerp met drie herhalings uitgelê is. Die AMS het die effektiwiteit van glufosinaat ammonium slegs op die kommersiële kultivar en een van die vermoedelik weerstandbiedende populasies verhoog by ‘n sekere kritiese toedieningsdosis. Die veldproewe is in 2013 en 2014 uitgevoer. Die proewe is faktoriaal uitgelê in ‘n volledig ewekansige blokontwerp wat vier keer herhaal is. Die behandelingsfaktore was twee behandelings (glufosinaat ammonium met en sonder AMS) en vyf glufosinaat ammonium toedieningsdosisse (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, en 10 L ha-1 glufosinaat ammonium). Die AMS (10 g) is in 1 L gedistilleerde water opgelos voordat dit met die glufosinaat ammonium oplossing vermeng is. Die resultate het getoon dat die AMS die effektiwiteit van glufosinaat ammonium onder veldtoestande slegs in 2013 betekenisvol verbeter het maar nie in 2014 nie. Proewe met die doel om die effek van propisamied op die effektiwiteit van vier onkruiddoders (atrasien, glufosinaat ammonium, glifosaat en imasamoks) te bepaal is uitgevoer in die glashuis sowel as in die veld. In die glashuisstudie is die onkruiddoders op raaigras saailinge toegedien. Die vier onkruiddoders en propisamied is alleen toegedien en dan is elk van die vier onkruiddoders ook gemeng met propisamied teen die toedieningsdosisse van 0, 0.5, 0.75 en 1.0 keer die aanbevole dosis (x) van elk van die bestanddele van die mengsel. Die resultate dui aan dat propisamied die werking van atrasien op raaigras negatief beïnvloed het maar nie die werking van enige van die ander onkruiddoders nie. Veldeksperimente is uitgevoer om die effek van propisamied op die effektiwiteit en residuele aksie van die onkruiddoders onder veldtoestande in 2012, 2013 en 2014 te bepaal. Die veldproewe is uitgevoer op die Welgevallen, Langgewens en Roodebloem proefplase. Die proefontwerp was ‘n volledig ewekansige blokontwerp met nege behandelings wat vier keer herhaal is. Propisamied het die effektiwiteit van atrasien in sekere lokaliteite verbeter asook die van imasamoks in sekere proewe maar die resultate was oor die algemeen wisselvallig. Byvoeging van propisamied by die onkruiddoders het in die meeste gevalle nie die residuele werking daarvan verbeter nie.

Rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento vegetal (PGPR) podem estimular o crescimento da planta hospedeira através da produção de determinadas substâncias, supressão de organismos deletérios, disponibilidade e captura de nutrientes minerais, entre outras atividades. Essas bactérias têm sido objeto de estudos devido aos efeitos produzidos em importantes culturas comerciais. A canola é uma opção de planta para cobertura de solo, para rotação de culturas e para produção de óleo, tanto comestível quanto biodiesel. No entanto, estudos sobre a diversidade de micro-organismos associados com culturas de canola e seu potencial para promover o crescimento das plantas são escassos. Dois estudos foram conduzidos nesse trabalho com os seguintes objetivos: i) isolar e identificar bactérias cultiváveis associadas ao solo rizosférico e raízes de canola (Brassica napus) para verificar se possíveis mudanças nas comunidades microbianas estão associadas com os diferentes estágios de rotação de culturas e com as diferentes fases do crescimento da planta; ii) avaliar as habilidades de promoção de crescimento vegetal dos isolados bacterianos; iii) utilizar isolados selecionados em experimentos in vivo em casa de vegetação; iv) desenvolver um microarranjo para identificação de bactérias diazotróficas cultiváveis e conhecidas de diferentes ambientes. Os resultados obtidos pelo isolamento tradicional indicaram a presença de diferentes populações de PGPRs no solo rizosférico e no interior das raízes de canola nos diferentes estágios de rotação de cultura. Além disso, a estrutura da comunidade microbiana foi influenciada pela variação sazonal, como indicado pelos diferentes gêneros identificados nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da planta, havendo, também, uma correlação positiva entre a diversidade bacteriana e a quantidade de precipitação mensal. Agrobacterium, Burkholderia, Enterobacter e Pseudomonas foram os gêneros bacterianos predominantes entre todos os identificados. Muitas das bactérias isoladas foram capazes de produzir compostos indólicos e sideróforos, solubilizar fosfato e algumas também foram capazes de fixar nitrogênio. Alguns dos isolados promoveram o crescimento da planta em casa de vegetação. Com relação ao microarranjo para identificação de bactérias diazotróficas cultiváveis e conhecidas de diferentes ambientes, apesar de terem sido realizados apenas testes preliminares, acredita-se que o microarranjo apresente um bom potencial para atingir o seu objetivo. Esse facilitará a busca por bactérias com propriedades de promoção de crescimento vegetal para a produção de um inoculante para as culturas de canola do sul do Brasil.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can stimulate host plant growth through the production of plant-growth substances, suppression of deleterious organisms, availability and uptake of mineral nutrients and other activities. These bacteria have been the object of studies due to the effects produced in commercially important crops. Canola is an option for ground cover plant for crop rotation and the production of oil both as food and biodiesel. However, studies on the diversity of such microorganisms associated with canola crops and their potential to promote plant growth are scarce. Two studies were conducted in this work with the following objectives: i) isolate and identify culturable bacteria associated with rhizospheric soil and roots of canola (Brassica napus) to verify if possible changes in microbial communities were associated with different stages of crop rotation and the different stages of canola growth; ii) evaluate the PGP abilities of bacterial isolates iii) test some of the isolates for in vivo experiments in a greenhouse, iv) develop a microarray for identification of culturable diazotrophs in different environments. The results obtained by traditional isolation indicated the presence of a diverse population of PGPR in the rhizospheric soil and inside the roots of canola at different stages of crop rotation. Moreover, the microbial community structure was influenced by seasonal variation, as indicated by the different genera identified at different stages of canola development. There was also a relationship between bacterial diversity and monthly rainfall. Agrobacterium, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas were the prominent bacterial genera among all identified. Several of the isolated bacteria could produce indolic compounds and siderophores, to solubilize phosphate and some could also fix nitrogen. Some of the isolates were able to promote plant growth. Regarding the microarray, although only preliminary tests were performed, it was possible to show that the microarray has a good potential to achieve its goal. It will make easy the search for bacteria with properties of plant growth promotion for the production of an inoculant for canola cultivated in southern Brazil.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of pork fat for emulsion containing canola oil in Italian type sausage. Three treatments were developed, including: control (100% pork fat, no fat replacement), T1 (15% fat was replaced by emulsion) and T2 (30% of the fat emulsion was replaced by emulsion). The parameters of pH, water activity, instrumental color, TBA and weight loss of the salami and the quantification of lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus coagulase negative, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus coagulase positive were studied during the processing. After, the fermented sausages were stored for 90 days, being evaluated the same parameters analyzed during processing, with the exception of water activity and weight loss. Furthermore, were analyzed sensory properties, chemical composition and fatty acid profiles of salami. After 28 days of processing, it was found that the incorporation of the emulsion with canola oil did not affect the attributes of pH, water activity and color of the salami, but resulted in a greater amount of TBARS in T2. Higher moisture content and lower weight loss were observed in treatments with the presence of canola oil. On the other hand, during the 90 days of storage was observed that the addition of oil resulted in lower pH values in salami and changes in color of the products, when compared with control. Concerning the oxidative stability, the T1 had the lowest level among the treatments, with values of 1.87 mg MA / kg sample, while the T2 had TBARS values above 4.00 mg MA/kg and the control sample 2,83 mg MA /kg sample. The microbiological analysis performed during the processing and the storage periods showed that the presence of the canola oil did not affect the development of lactic bacteria, in contrast to Staphylococcus coagulase negative that were higher than control. The microbiological safety of the sausage was maintained independent of treatment, since the acidification by fermentation ensured the elimination of total coliforms and non-detection of fecal coliforms, Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus coagulase positive. There was also that the treatments with addition of canola oil pre-emulsified did not differ in the percentage of protein, but showed differences in fat content compared with control. Moreover, we observed the reduction in the composition of saturated fatty acids and an increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and changes in the ratio of polyunsaturated /saturated, which contribute to improve the nutritional profile of the salami. Furthermore, the incorporation of the canola oil emulsion did not alter the sensory properties of the products. Therefore, the substitution of pork fat by canola oil pre-emulsified is a viable alternative for diversification of products, and the substitution of 15% fat resulted in products with better nutritional quality and showed values similar to salami with incorporation of 30% of the canola oil emulsion.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial da gordura suína por emulsão contendo óleo de canola em salames tipo Italiano. Foram elaborados três tratamentos, entre eles: controle (100% de gordura suína), T1 (15% do toucinho foi substituído pela emulsão) e T2 (30% do toucinho foi substituído pela emulsão). Durante o período de processamento, foram avaliados os parâmetros de pH, atividade de água, cor, TBARS e quebra de peso das peças, além das quantificações de bactérias lácticas, Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, Salmonella sp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Após o término da fabricação, os embutidos fermentados foram armazenados durante 90 dias em temperatura ambiente, sendo analisados os mesmos parâmetros verificados durante o processamento, com exceção da atividade de água e perda de peso. Além disso, foram analisadas as propriedades sensoriais, a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos dos embutidos prontos. Ao final de 28 dias de processamento, verificou-se que a incorporação da emulsão não afetou os atributos de pH, atividade de água e cor dos embutidos, mas resultou em maior valor de TBARS no T2. Além disso, maior umidade e menor perda de peso foram verificadas nos tratamentos com a presença do óleo de canola. Por outro lado, durante os 90 dias de armazenamento, foi observado que a adição do óleo resultou em menores valores de pH nos salames e alterações nos parâmetros que avaliam a coloração dos produtos, quando comparados com o controle. Quanto a estabilidade oxidativa, o T1 apresentou o menor nível entre os tratamentos, com valores de 1,87 mg MA/Kg amostra, enquanto que o T2 teve valores de TBARS acima de 4,00 mg MA/kg amostra e o controle 2,83 mg MA/kg amostra. As análises microbiológicas realizadas durante o período de processamento e estocagem dos embutidos indicaram que a presença do óleo de canola não interferiu no desenvolvimento das bactérias lácticas, ao contrário do Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, que apresentou valor maior que o controle. A segurança microbiológica dos salames foi mantida, independente do tratamento, já que a acidificação do meio garantiu a eliminação dos coliformes totais e a não detecção de coliformes fecais, Salmonella sp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Verificou-se, também, que os tratamentos com adição de óleo de canola pré-emulsionado não diferiram estatisticamente na porcentagem de proteína, mas apresentaram diferença no teor de gordura, quando comparado com o controle. Foi observada a redução na composição de ácidos graxos saturados e a elevação dos ácidos poli-insaturados, além de alterações na razão de poli-insaturados/saturados, as quais contribuem para a melhoria do perfil nutricional dos embutidos. Além disso, a incorporação da emulsão com óleo de canola não alterou as propriedades sensoriais dos produtos. Dessa forma, a substituição de gordura suína por emulsão com óleo de canola em salame é uma alternativa viável para a diversificação de produtos, sendo que a substituição de 15% da gordura resultou em produtos com melhor qualidade e apresentou valores nutricionais semelhantes ao embutido elaborado com a incorporação de 30% de emulsão com óleo de canola.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Seeds of Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg. (canola) may transport pathogenic organisms that have the ability to affect seed quality and cause diseases at different stages of crop development. The objective of this study was to evaluate and identify the species of Alternaria spp. associated with seeds canola during the process of manufacture and storage and to evaluate the potential for transmission and pathogenicity. Experiments were conducted at the Plant Protection Department and Laboratory of Phytopathology, both in the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS. Hybrid seeds from Hyola 401, Hyola 61 and Hyola 60 were used. Field experiments utilized a randomized blocks design, while lab experiments were based on completely randomized design. Plants were evaluated after the onset of seed maturation, at harvest and during storage. During this period, assessments of physical, physiological and sanitary quality of seeds were performed. Through the transmission test was checked for the occurrence of Alternaria spp. causing symptoms of "damping- off" the seedlings. Six isolates of the pathogen were obtained, which were inoculated on seeds to check the pathogenicity. The morphological identification was made by visual observation of Alternaria and genetic identification using sequenced genomic region of Elongation Factor - 1α. The results showed that the physiological maturation of canola seed occurs 58 days after full bloom. Ripening increased the levels of contamination of Alternaria spp. seeds and decreased during storage. The species A. brassicicola, A. japonica and A. Alternaria, that affected the physiological quality of seeds and canola, were pathogenic causing necrosis on his lap and seedling damping-off.
Sementes de Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg. (canola) podem ser via de transporte de organismos fitopatogênicos que tem capacidade de afetar a qualidade fisiológica da semente e causar doenças em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar e identificar as espécies de Alternaria spp. associadas às sementes de canola durante o processo de produção e armazenamento e avaliar o seu potencial de transmissão e patogenicidade. Para tanto, os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária e no Laboratório de Fitopatologia, ambos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS. Foram utilizadas sementes dos híbridos Hyola 401, Hyola 61 e Hyola 60. Para os experimentos realizados a campo, o delineamento foi blocos ao acaso e para aqueles realizados no laboratório foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram realizadas observações durante o desenvolvimento das plantas, após o início da maturação das sementes, na colheita e durante o armazenamento, as quais envolveram avaliações da qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes. Através do teste de transmissão, foi verificada a ocorrência de Alternaria spp. causando sintomas de damping-off nas plântulas. Foram obtidos seis isolados do patógeno, sendo os mesmos inoculados nas sementes para comprovar a sua patogenicidade. Procedeu-se a caracterização morfológica pelo Manual de identificação de Alternaria e, para a identificação molecular, foi adotado o seqüenciamento da região genômica do Fator de Elongação-1α. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o ponto de maturidade fisiológica das sementes de canola ocorre aos 58 dias após a plena floração. Com o decorrer da maturação das sementes, ocorreu aumento dos índices de contaminação por Alternaria spp. nas sementes, os quais decresceram durante o armazenamento. As espécies A. brassicicola, A. japonica e A. alternata afetaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes e foram patogênicas à canola, causando necrose no colo e tombamento de plântulas.

Soy proteins have been utilized in many applications such as food ingredient, bio-based films and composites. The advantages of utilizing plant proteins as feedstocks for bio-based polymers are their biodegradability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. Because soy proteins are used in the food industry, and given that it their utilization is becoming controversial due to the bio-based material versus food debate, other protein sources should be investigated as replacement. Therefore, a thorough review of the literature about proteins source which are not commonly used for bio-based polymer applications was performed. Through this review, it was found that canola proteins have an amino acid profile similar to soy proteins. However, the presence of anti-nutritional compounds has limited their utilization in the food industry. In the light of this, the development of bio-based polymeric materials from canola proteins was targeted. More specifically, bio-based films and super-absorbent hydrogels were developed. Canola protein-based films were developed by solution casting. This method consists in solubilizing proteins in a solvent alongside with plasticizers and additives, if required. For this study, proteins were dissolved in water at pH 11 and glycerol was used as the main plasticizer. Stearic acid acted as co-plasticizer in some experiments. Moreover, in some experiments, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been used as protein denaturant in order to improve the physical properties of the films. The effects of the plasticizers and additive on the functional properties of the films were investigated. From the results, it was shown SDS was effective at improving the mechanical properties and water absorption of the films. The water absorption capacity was the most interesting result as these films could retain water up to 1115%. It is important to note that these films were not specifically design for high water absorption. Due to the water absorption results, canola proteins were investigated as raw material for the synthesis of superabsorbent hydrogels. These hydrogels were synthesized by solution based graft copolymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid monomers on canola protein backbones in the presence of a crosslinker (N,N'-methylenebis (acrylymide)) and initiators (sodium bisulfite and potassium persulfate). The effects of the crosslinker, initiator and neutralization degree of acrylic acid on the thermal and swelling properties of hydrogels were studied. These superabsorbent hydrogels achieved extraordinary water absorption in distilled water, reaching to 448 g/g of hydrogel in 48 hours. Canola protein-based hydrogels were highly sensitive to the saline and pH environment of the solutions.
Les protéines de soja ont été utilisées pour de nombreuses applications telles que ingrédient alimentaire, films bio-sourcés et composites. Les avantages de l'utilisation des protéines végétales comme matières premières pour les bio-polymères sont leur biodégradabilité, biocompatibilité et une faible toxicité. Parce que les protéines de soja sont utilisées dans l'industrie alimentaire, et étant donné que leur utilisation est controversée en raison de débats sur l'utilisation d'ingrédients destinés à la consommation pour la production de matériaux, d'autres sources de protéines doivent être étudiées comme remplacement. Par conséquent, une revue de la littérature sur les sources de protéines qui ne sont pas couramment utilisées pour la produciton de matériaux bio-sourcés a été réalisée. Grâce à cette revue de la littérature, il a été constaté que les protéines de canola ont un profil d'acides aminés similaire à celui des protéines de soja. Toutefois, la présence de composés antinutritionnels a limité leur utilisation dans l'industrie alimentaire. Dans ce contexte, le développement de matériaux polymères à base de protéines de canola a été ciblé. Plus précisément, les films bio-sourcés et les hydrogels super-absorbants ont été développés.Les films à base de protéines de canola ont été développés par voie humide. Cette méthode consiste à solubiliser les protéines dans un solvant. L'ajour de plastifiants et additifs est souvent essentiel. Pour cette étude, les protéines ont été dissoutes dans l'eau à pH 11. Le glycérol a été utilisé comme plastifiant principal. De l'acide stéarique a agi comme co-plastifiant dans certaines expériences. De plus, du dodécyl sulfate de sodium (SDS) a été utilisé comme dénaturant afin d'améliorer les propriétés physiques de certain films. L'effet des plastifiants et des additifs sur les propriétés physiques des films a été étudié. D'après les résultats, il a été démontré que le SDS a été efficace pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et l'absorption d'eau des films. La capacité d'absorption de l'eau a été le résultat le plus intéressant. Certain de ces films peuvent retenir l'eau jusqu'à 1115 %. En raison des résultats d'absorption eau, les protéines de canola ont été étudiées comme matière première pour la synthèse des hydrogels super absorbants. Ces hydrogels ont été synthétisés en solution par copolymérisation avec greffage d'acide acrylique sur les protéines de canola en présence d'un agent de réticulation (N, N'-méthylène bis (acrylymide)) et d'initiateurs (sodium bisulfite et potassium persulfate). Les effets du degré de réticulation, initiateur et degré de neutralisation de l'acide acrylique sur les propriétés physiques des hydrogels ont été étudiés. Ces hydrogels super absorbants on atteint une capacité d'absorption d'eau de 448 g/g d'hydrogel en 48 heures. Ces hydrogels ont démontrés une très grande sensibilité à l'environnement salin et au pH des solutions.

Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Donghai Wang
Currently, the majority of adhesives used for wood veneer, plywood, and composite applications are formaldehyde-based. Formaldehyde is derived from petroleum and natural gas, making it non-renewable and toxic. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted to develop bio-based adhesives to replace formaldehyde-based adhesives. Soy protein has shown great potential to partially replace formaldehyde adhesives, and canola protein has similar properties to soy protein. However, little research has been conducted on the feasibility of using canola protein for wood adhesive applications. The objective of this research was to study the adhesion performance of canola protein. Canola protein was modified with different chemical modifiers including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), calcium carbonate (CaCO[subscript]3), zinc sulfate (ZnSO[subscript]4), calcium chloride (CaCl[subscript]2), and 2-octen-1-ylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) as well as combined chemical modifications. The wet, dry, and soak shear strengths of the adhesive formulations were determined. Viscosity testing, differential scanning calorimetry, and TEM and SEM imaging were used to characterize protein properties. Chemical modification with SDS (1%, 3%, and 5%), CaCO[subscript]3 (1%, 3%, and 5%), ZnSO[subscript]4 (1%), and OSA (2%, 3.5%, and 5%) improved the dry and soak shear strengths compared to unmodified canola protein. Canola protein modified with 3.5% OSA had improved wet, dry, and soak shear strengths. Combined chemical modification of canola protein did not show significant improvement on shear strength. Thermal modification of canola protein adhesives showed a trend of increasing shear strength with increasing press temperature. The data suggests that with further research, canola protein has potential to be used as a commercial adhesive or as an additive to formaldehyde-based adhesives to make them more environmentally-friendly.

Esse trabalho utilizou sensores remotos, em escala local e regional, para caracterizar o padrão espectral da canola e propor metodologias de criação de máscaras de cultivo, através da classificação de imagens de satélite, e de geração de estimativas de variáveis biofísicas, a partir de índices de vegetação medidos ao longo do ciclo. As medições das variáveis biofísicas foram realizadas em parcelas experimentais, na Embrapa-Trigo no município de Coxilha, e em lavouras monitoradas nas mesorregiões Nordeste e Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, para as safras 2013 e 2014. As variáveis biofísicas medidas foram altura de plantas, matéria seca das folhas, da haste e das síliquas e, também, foi estimado o índice de área foliar. Os dados espectrais para as parcelas experimentais foram obtidos através de um espectrorradiômetro. Para as lavouras monitoradas, os dados espectrais foram obtidos dos produtos MCD43B4 e MOD09A1, medidos pelo sensor MODIS (satélites Terra/Aqua), e de imagens do sensor OLI (satélite Landsat 8). A partir destes foi realizada a caracterização espectral da canola ao longo do seu ciclo de desenvolvimento, gerando perfis completos e perfis das bandas espectrais. Os índices de vegetação foram utilizados para caracterizar o padrão espectral e para a criação de modelos de estimativas das variáveis biofísicas, os quais foram calculados usando as bandas espectrais simuladas. Os índices de vegetação foram utilizados para classificar as áreas cultivadas com canola para as mesorregiões Nordeste e Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul e, posteriormente, aplicados os modelos de estimativas de variáveis biofísicas. A caracterização do padrão espectral da canola foi consistente entre os dois anos avaliados e para todos os sensores, com variação temporal semelhante a outras culturas agrícolas, exceto pela redução nos índices de vegetação durante a floração da cultura. Os modelos de estimativa das variáveis biofísicas, apresentaram coeficientes de determinação elevados, com exceção das variáveis matéria seca das folhas e índice de área foliar. A classificação da área cultivada com canola, utilizando os produtos MODIS, apresentou resultados coerentes com o esperado de acordo com dados de série histórica, apresentados pela CONAB. As estimativas de variáveis biofísicas mostraram coerência com os obtidos pelas medições nas lavouras monitoradas. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo demonstram, portanto, o potencial da utilização de dados espectrais multisensor para o mapeamento de lavouras e realização de estimativas de variáveis biofísicas da cultura da canola.
This study used remote sensors, at local and regional levels, in order to characterize the spectral pattern of canola and propose methodologies to create crop masks, through satellite image classification, and generation of estimates of biophysical variables, from vegetation indices measured along the cycle. The measurements of biophysical variables were performed on experimental plots at Embrapa Trigo in Coxilha, and in crop sites monitored in the mesoregions Northeast and Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2013 and 2014. The biophysical variables measured were plant height, dry matter of the leaves, stem and pods and also, the leaf area index was estimated. The spectral data for the experimental plots were obtained using a spectroradiometer. For monitored crop fields, spectral data were obtained from the products MCD43B4 and MOD09A1, measured by MODIS (Terra / Aqua satellite) sensor, and images from the OLI sensor (Landsat 8). These data were used to perform the spectral characterization of canola along its development cycle, generating full spectral profiles and spectral bands profiles. The vegetation indices were used to characterize the spectral pattern and creating models to estimate the biophysical variables, which have been calculated using the simulated spectral bands. The vegetation indices were used to classify the areas planted with canola for the mesoregions Northeast and Northwest and then applied to the models for estimates of biophysical variables. The characterization of the canola's spectral pattern was consistent between the two years and for all sensors with temporal variation similar to other agricultural crops, except for the reduction in the vegetation indices during the flowering phase of culture. The biophysical variables estimation models showed high correlation coefficients, except for the variables dry matter of leaves and leaf area index. The canola classification using MODIS products, showed results consistent with the expected according to historical data series presented by CONAB. Estimates of biophysical variables were consistent with those obtained by measurements in the monitored fields. The results of this study show, therefore, the potential of using multi-sensor data for the spectral mapping of canola the estimation of biophysical variables.

The inheritance of root vigor and days to flowering were studied in the F2 populations derived from winter- and spring-type crosses and their reciprocal crosses. Root vigor was found to be controlled by three genes whereas, a single dominant gene was found to be responsible for days to flowering. Positive and significant correlation was found between seed yield and yield attributing traits, seed yield and root length, days to flowering and root length. Days to flowering was negatively correlated to seed yield. Linkage map was constructed with 262 SNP and 3 SSR markers. Two QTL for both root vigor and days to flowering were identified. One of the root vigor QTL was assigned on B. rapa chromosome A03 and B. oleracea C09, and two putative candidate genes, ASA1 and RLF were identified. Flowering time QTL was assigned on the A07 and C01, and a candidate gene, ATH1 was detected.
North Dakota State University (NDSU) Center of Excellence for Agbiotechnology
National institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)
Northern Canola Growers Association.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa, canola (Brassica napus L.) is produced under short day conditions during winter months. These conditions, together with high fertiliser application levels required to maximize grain yields, often result in tall growing bulky crops which are prone to lodging. This will especially be true if canola production is expanded to irrigated areas. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have successfully been used to reduce canola plant height and lodging under experimental conditions in Australia and are worldwide commercially used to reduce plant height and lodging in winter cereals such as wheat and barley. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of anti-lodging PGRs on the agronomic and quality characteristics of commercial canola cultivars under South African conditions. This study was conducted under field conditions at three research farms, as well as controlled glasshouse conditions at Welgevallen Research Farm, situated in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Foliar treatments consisted of a control (untreated) and four PGRs; CeCeCe® 750 (chlormequat chloride), Moddus® 250 EC (trinexapac-ethyl), Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl), and Kelpak®, applied either individually or in combination with wetting agent at budding stage (growth stage 3.1) of canola. Whilst glasshouse trials were conducted with spring canola cultivars “Hyola 555TT” and “43C80”, field trials were done with Hyola 555TT only. Monitoring and measuring various plant parameters during different growth stages of canola, the morphological and physiological impact of PGR-treatments on growth and development were determined. Though Primo MAXX® tends to reduce plant height in all trials; reductions were only significant during one of the glasshouse trials. Fortunately, compared to the control, none of the PGRs significantly reduced the leaf area, number of flowers or number of pods plant-1 during this study, while Primo MAXX® and Moddus® 250 EC tend to increase the grain yield under field conditions. This study indicates that PGRs can possibly be used to improve lodging resistance and yield of canola. Identifying the most effective PGRs on specific cultivars, the results of the study will contribute to the knowledge of using PGRs in canola to reduce lodging and improve grain yields in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika word canola (Brassica napus L) gedurende die wintermaande onder kort-dagtoestande verbou. Hierdie verbouingstoestande, tesame met verhoogde toediening van bemesting vir maksimum opbrengs, lei dikwels tot welige, hooggroeiende plantegroei, wat „n geneigdheid toon om om te val (lodge). Hierdie probleem vererger indien canola onder besproeiingstoestande gekweek sou word. Plantgroeireguleerders (PGRs) is reeds met sukses onder eksperimentele toestande in Australië gebruik om die planthoogte en dus omval (lodging) van canola te beperk. Plantgroeireguleerders word reeds kommersieel gebruik om planthoogte en omval van wintergraangewasse, soos koring en gars te verminder. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die effek van omval-teenwerkende PGRs op die agronomiese en kwaliteitseienskappe van kommersiële canola-kultivars onder Suid-Afrikaanse groeitoestande te bepaal. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer d.m.v. veldproewe op drie navorsingsplase, sowel as gekontrolleerde glashuisproewe te Welgevallen Navorsingsplaas, geleë in die Wes-Kaapprovinsie van Suid-Afrika. Blaartoedienings het bestaan uit „n kontrole (onbehandeld) en vier PGRs: CeCeCe® 750 (chlormequat chloride), Moddus® 250 EC (trinexapac-ethyl), Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl) en Kelpak®, wat afsonderlik of in kombinasie met benattingsmiddels toegedien is tydens die blomknopverskyningstadium (groeistadium 3.1) van canola. Die glashuisproewe is uitgevoer met lente-canolakultivars, nl. “Hyola 555TT” en “43C80”, terwyl veldproewe slegs uitgevoer is met Hyola 555TT. Verskeie plantparameters is gemonitor en gemeet gedurende die verskillende groeistadia van canola, waartydens en die morfologiese en fisiologiese impak van PGR-toedienings op die groei- en ontwikkeling van canola bepaal is. Alhoewel Primo MAXX® neig om die planthoogte in al die proewe te verkort, het dit planthoogte slegs beduidend verkort in een van die glashuisproewe. Geen van die PGRs het in vergelyking met die kontrole, die blaar-oppervlakte, aantal blomme of aantal peule plant-1 beduidend verminder gedurende die studie. Primo MAXX® en Moddus® 250 EC het inteendeel daartoe geneig om die saadopbrengs onder veldtoestande te verhoog. Hierdie studie toon dus dat PGRs moontlik gebruik kan word om omval te verminder en die opbrengs van canola te verhoog. Deur die mees doeltreffendste PGRs op spesifieke kultivars te identifiseer, kan die resultate van hierdie studie bydra tot die kennis van die gebruik van PGRs op canola, om omval te voorkom en saadopbrengs in Suid-Afrika te verhoog.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ABSTRACT ENGLISH: Canola is increasingly becoming an important economic field crop in South Africa, because it can be used to produce high quality cooking oil and margarine, animal feed, biofuel and in crop rotation systems to break the disease cycle and improve weed management. Effect of temperature on phenological responses with respect to required number of days, growing degree days, photothermal units to specific growth stages, growth rate, as well as vegetative and reproductive growth of canola were studied under controlled conditions. Seven canola cultivars selected from early and mid-maturing groups of canola cultivars, presently planted in the Western Cape canola production area, were grown in 3 litre plastic bags filled with a mixture of sand and compost at ratio of 1:1 and irrigated with fully balanced nutrient solution at EC=2.0 in two glasshouses at night/day temperature regimes of 10/15oC and 15/20oC. Number of days, growing degree days (GDD) and photothermal units (PTU) from planting to seedling emergence, first true leaf appearance, visible flower buds, first flower opening, seed ripening and seed physiological maturity were recorded. Plant heights were measured at 14 day intervals from 28 to 84 days after planting (DAP). Plants were sampled for leaf area (LA) and above ground dry mass (DM) at budding, flowering and seed physiological maturity. Plant growth rates (PGR) from planting to budding, from budding to flowering and from flowering to physiological maturity were calculated. Relative growth rates (RGR) and net assimilation rates (NAR) from budding to flowering and from flowering to physiological maturity were also calculated. Days after planting, GDD and PTU at budding, flowering and physiological maturity were correlated with leaf area, dry mass, number of pods plant-1 and pod dry mass plant-1 at budding, flowering and physiological maturity to determine whether there were relationships between the variables. The study showed that by increasing night/day temperature from 10/15⁰C to 15/20⁰C plant height, number of leaves plant-1 at budding stage, leaf area at budding , plant growth rate (PGR) from planting to budding stage and relative growth rate (RGR) from budding to flowering stage were increased. However, PGR from budding to physiological maturity, RGR from flowering to physiological maturity, net assimilation rate (NAR) from budding to flowering stage, leaf area at flowering and physiological maturity stages , as well as number of flower stems, number of pods plant-1, above ground total dry mass at flowering and physiological maturity stages were decreased. Pod dry mass at physiological maturity decreased by 22.24% to 40.35% for different cultivars which clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of canola cultivars to increasing night/day temperatures. By increasing the mean daily mean temperature from 12.5⁰C (10/15⁰C night/day) to 17.5⁰C (15/20 ⁰C night/day) the duration of the period from planting to seedling emergence as well as the vegetative and reproductive growth stages were decreased. With the exception of the vegetative growth stage, GDD and PTU requirements to reach specific growth stages increased with an increase in temperature. Plant growth parameters such as dry mass, leaf area, number of pods plant-1 and pod dry mass plant-1 at specific growth stages showed a positive correlation with the number of days needed to reach that growth stage, but not with GDD or PTU requirements. Although the responses of cultivars to increasing temperatures did differ for most parameters measured, responses did not always correlate with the maturity grouping of cultivars, suggesting that responses to temperature may to a large extent be determined by the genetic make-up (breeding company) of cultivars. These results indicate that number of days, GDD and PTU requirements to reach physiological maturity may be used to describe the cultivar maturity groupings, but because of the effect of temperature and day length, GDD and PTU should be more accurate.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Canola se waarde as ekonomies belangrike akkerbou-gewas in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope aantal jare skerp toegeneem, omdat dit gebruik kan word om hoë kwaliteit kook-olie en margariene asook bio-brandstowwe en dierevoere, te vervaardig. In wisselboustelsels kan dit gebruik word om die siekte-ketting te breek en onkruidbeheer te vergemaklik. In hierdie studie is die invloed van temperatuur op die fenologiese reaksies van canola in terme van die aantal dae, gewasgroeidae en fototermiese eenhede, benodig om spesifieke groeistadiums te bereik, asook die invloed op groeitempo, vegetatiewe- en reproduktiewe groei onder gekontroleerde toestande nagevors. Sewe canola cultivars vanuit die kort en mid-groeiseisoen volwassenheidsgroepe wat tans in die Weskaap verbou word is geplant in 3-liter plastiek houers gevul met „n 1:1 sand: kompos mengsel as groeimedium en besproei met „n volledig gebalanseerde voedingsoplossing met EC=2.0. Twee glashuise met nag/dag temperature van onderskeidelik 10/15oC en 15/20oC is vir hierdie doel gebruik. Die aantal dae, gewasgroeidae (GGD) en fototermiese eenhede (FTE) wat vanaf plant tot saailingverskyning; eerste volwasse blaarverskyning; eerste blomknop verskyning; eerste blom; saad verkleuring en fisiologies volwasse stadiums vereis word, is bepaal. Plant lengte is gemeet met 14-daagse tussenposes vanaf 28 tot 84 dae na plant. Plante is gemonster is tydens die eerste blomknopverskyning asook blom- en fisiologies volwasse stadiums om blaaroppervlakte (BO) en droëmassa (DM) te bepaal. Plant groeitempos (PGT) vanaf plant tot blomknopverskyning; blomknopverskyning tot blom en vanaf blom tot fisiologiese volwasse stadium is bereken. Relatiewe groeitempos (RGT) en netto-assimilasietempos (NAT), is bereken vanaf blomknopverskyning tot blom en vanaf blom tot fisiologiese volwasse stadium. Die aantal dae vanaf plant, asook GGD en FTE benodig om blomknopstadium, blomverskyning en fisiologies volwasse stadiums te bereik, is gekorreleer met BO en DM plant-1 asook die aantal peule en peulmassa plant-1 tydens genoemde groeistadia om moontlike verwantskappe te bepaal. Die studie het getoon dat deur die nag/dag temperatuur te verhoog vanaf 10/15⁰C tot 15/20⁰C, plant lengte, aantal blare en BO plant-1 tydens blomknopverskyning, asook PGT vanaf plant tot blomknopverskyning en RGT van blomknopverskyning tot blomstadium, toeneem. Daarteenoor het PGT van blomknopverskyning tot fisiologies volwassenheid, RGT van blom tot fisiologies volwassenheid, asook NAT van blomknopverskyning tot blomstadium en BO tydens blom en fisiologies volwasse stadium, afgeneem. Reproduktiewe ontwikkeling soos gemeet aan die aantal bloeistele, peule plant-1 en peulmassa plant-1 is ook benadeel deur genoemde verhoging in temperatuur. Die afname in peulmassa het gewissel tussen 22.24% en 40.35% vir verskilende cultivars en is „n duidelike aanduiding van die verskillende canola cultivars se gevoeligheid teenoor toenemende nag/dag temperature. Die toename in gemiddelde nag/dag temperatuur vanaf 12.5⁰C (10/15⁰C) tot 17.5⁰C (15/20 ⁰C) het die aantal dae vanaf plant tot saailing verskyning asook die vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe groei fases verkort. Met die uitsondering van die vegetatiewe groei fase, het die GGD and FTE vereistes om spesifieke groeistadiums te bereik toegeneem met „n toename in temperatuur. Plant komponente soos DM, BO, aantal peule plant-1 en peulmassa plant-1 tydens spesifieke groeistadia het „n positiewe verwantskap getoon met die aantal dae wat benodig is om spesifieke groeistadiums te bereik, maar sodanige verwantskap is nie bevestig met GGD en FTE vereistes. Hoewel die reaksie van verskillende cultivars teenoor „n toename in temperatuur vir die meeste gemete plantkomponente verskil het, het die reaksie nie altyd verband gehou met die volwassenheidsgroepering van die cultivars. Dit wil dus voorkom asof die reaksie teenoor temperatuur tot „n groot mate ook verband hou met die genetiese samestelling van die cultivar soos bepaal deur die telingsmaatskappy. Hierdie resultate toon dat die aantal dae, GGD en FTE wat vereis word om fisiologiese volwassenheid te bereik gebruik kan word om die cultivar se volwassenheidsgroepering te beskryf maar dat GDD en FTE waarskynlik meer akuraat sal wees weens effek van temperatuur en daglengte op die ontwikkkeling van cultivars.

Orientador: Walter Esteves
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Mestrado
Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

In this study, canola oil has been selected for the test on a diesel engine and its suitability as an alternative fuel has been examined. To decrease the high viscosity of canola oil, the effect of temperature on viscosity has been researched. Then the fuel delivery system has been modified to heat canola oil before injecting the oil into the combustion chamber. Also, ethanol has been tested as an additive by blending with canola oil. An experimental setup has been installed according to standards to carry out tests. The set up has been controlled with a computer to take measurements more precisely and to perform experiment automatically. Experimental investigations have been conducted on a four cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Full load-variable speed tests have been conducted to evaluate engine performance parameters. In addition 13 mode ESC test cycle has been performed to determine the exhaust emissions. Engine performance and emissions characteristics of canola oil and canola-ethanol blend containing 30% ethanol have been compared with those of baseline diesel fuel. Experimental results show that engine performance decreased for canola oil. Addition of ethanol into canola oil has been noticed to improve performance a little with respect to pure canola oil. Although, maximum performance has been obtained with diesel fuel, minimum specifics energy cost is obtained with canola oil. It has been observed that hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decrease with canola oil, blending ethanol with canola oil increase HC emissions and maximum values are read for diesel fuel. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions have been observed to be the highest for canola oil but blending ethanol has a decreasing effect on CO emissions. As for particulate matter (PM), use of canola oil has been seen to be more pollutant than diesel but adding ethanol in canola reduces PM emissions significantly.

The threats to ecosystems and the future delivery of ecosystem services are to a large extentassociated with risks and uncertainty. Integrating these concepts into the analysis on ecosystemservices is thus an important aspect when building sound theoretical frameworks as well aspractical guidelines.We use a standard framework from financial economics that incorporates risk to analyse howfarmers may opt for different strategies for how pollination may affect their harvest. Undercertain assumptions, this framework highlights the inherit trade-offs in the output and risk ofpollination, as well as showing that farmers may opt for different strategies depending on theirrisk preference.Our conclusion from this study is that, although proper data on pollination is lacking, theframework used in combining risk management and ecosystem services does highlight crucialaspects of ecosystem management and may be used as an argument for using precautionary-typemanagement.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic and ecophysiological responses of canola cultivars grown under water excess in the soil, determining which crop stages are more sensitive, the length time of water excess tolerated and the tolerant cultivars. Four experiments were installed, two field and two in the greenhouse. Field experiments were conducted in two crop years (2014 and 2015), in Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, in a randomized block design, with split plot design, in a factorial 2 x 3, with factors drainage (with drain and no drain) and canola cultivars (Hyola 433, Hyola 411 and Hyola 61), with four replications. Were quantified plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, thermal time length of the development subperiods, leaf conductance, photosynthetic ratio and grain yield components. The experiments in greenhouse were conducted in Santa Maria and São Vicente do Sul, in 2015, in a factorial completely randomized design 4 x 5 in Santa Maria and with an additional treatment 5 x 4 + 1 in São Vicente do Sul, whose factors were phenological stages and time length with soil water excess (0, 24, 48, 96 and 192 h), with 3 replications. Were quantified the index of emergency velocity, emergency rate and yield components. The water excess in the soil causes morphological, phenological, physiological and productive changes in the canola crop. In the sowing-emergence subperiod, the soil water excess for a long time reduces the plant population. After the crop emergence, the rosette formation and onset of anthesis are the most critical stages to the canola crop. The plant population and the number of siliques per plant are the variables that most influence the productivity of canola grain in areas with water surplus. The use of drains is effective for the establishment and development of the canola in areas or periods with water excess. The length time that the canola crop supports water excess without reducing grain yield depends on the phenological stage, however, 24 h of water excess can reduce emergency velocity index, number of siliquas per plant, dry mass of shoots and grain yield. Productivity is most affected when the water excess occurs in the rosette formation and in onset of anthesis. There is a decreasing relationship between the increase in water surplus period and grain yield of the canola crop. The Hyola 411 and Hyola 433 cultivars may be promising for cultivation in areas with water excess. The Hyola 61 cultivar has productive potential, however, seems to be more sensitive to water excess in the soil.
Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar as respostas agronômicas e ecofisiológicas de cultivares de canola submetidas ao excesso hídrico no solo, determinando-se quais os estádios de maior sensibilidade da cultura, o período de tempo com excesso hídrico tolerado e cultivares mais tolerantes. Quatro experimentos foram instalados, dois a campo e dois em casa de vegetação. Os experimentos de campo foram realizados em dois anos agrícolas, 2014 e 2015, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, sendo os fatores, dreno (com dreno e sem dreno) e cultivares de canola (Hyola 433, Hyola 411 e Hyola 61), com quatro repetições. Determinou-se altura de plantas, número de folhas, área foliar, duração dos subperíodos de desenvolvimento, condutância foliar, taxa fotossintética e componentes de rendimento de grãos. O experimento de casa de vegetação foi conduzido no ano de 2015, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 em Santa Maria, RS, e fatorial com tratamento adicional 5 x 4 + 1 em São Vicente do Sul, RS, sendo os fatores estádios fenológicos e 0, 24, 48, 96 e 192 h de excesso hídrico contínuo, com 3 repetições. Determinou-se o índice de velocidade de emergência, porcentagem de emergência e componentes de rendimento. O excesso hídrico no solo causa alterações morfológicas, fenológicas, ecofisiológicas e produtivas na cultura da canola. No subperíodo semeadura-emergência, o excesso hídrico no solo por períodos prolongados resulta na redução da população de plantas. Após a emergência das plantas, os estádios de formação de roseta e início da antese são os mais críticos para a cultura da canola. A população de plantas e o número de síliquas por planta são as variáveis que mais influenciam a produtividade de grãos da canola em locais com excesso hídrico. O uso de drenos é eficiente para permitir o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento da canola em condições de excesso hídrico. O tempo em que a canola suporta o excesso hídrico sem comprometer a produtividade de grãos depende do estádio fenológico, porém, 24 h de excesso hídrico são capazes de reduzir a velocidade de emergência, o número de síliquas por planta, a massa seca da parte aérea e a produtividade de grãos. A produtividade de grãos é mais prejudicada quando o excesso hídrico ocorre na formação de roseta e no início da antese. Existe uma relação decrescente entre o aumento no período de excesso hídrico e a produtividade de grãos na cultura da canola. As cultivares Hyola 411 e Hyola 433 podem ser promissoras para cultivo em locais com excesso hídrico. A cultivar Hyola 61 tem potencial produtivo, porém, parece ser mais sensível ao excesso hídrico no solo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Eight Texel x Polwarth crossbred wethers (31.1±3.8 kg BW), four with duodenal cannulae were used in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design to evaluate effects of canola meal (44.4% CP, 29.5% NDF and 3.2% EE; DM basis) on intake, whole-tract digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. The basal diet consisted of ad libitum access to sudangrass (10% refusals). Treatments were sudangrass only (control), or supplemented with 5, 10, or 15 g/kg BW of concentrate, offered twice daily at 0800 and 1700h. Concentrate was 90% canola meal and 10% finely ground corn. Wethers were adapted to diets for 10 d followed by a 5-d collection period. Forage DMI decreased linearly (P<0.001) as supplement intake increased, and was 26.1% lower in supplemented animals in relation to the control group. Total DMI, which included forage and supplement, increased 30.6% and digestible OM intake increased 41% with supplementation. Supplementation did not affect DM and OM digestibility, while depressed NDF digestibility and improves N digestibility. Microbial protein synthesis and microbial efficiency were not affected by supplementation. Nitrogen retention was markedly higher in supplemented animals (236% higher), and was due mainly to the higher duodenal flow of amino acids. Supplementation with canola meal improves total nutrient supply, however, exerted a negative effect on forage intake and fiber digestibility in wethers.
Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de farelo de canola na dieta de ovinos e seus efeitos sobre o consumo de volumoso, digestibilidade, síntese protéica microbiana ruminal e retenção de nitrogênio. Oito ovinos machos cruzados Texel x Polwarth (31,1±3,8 kg PV), quatro destes implantados com cânula duodenal foram utilizados em um delineamento quadrado Latino 4x4 duplo com períodos de 15 dias, sendo 10 dias adaptação e cindo dias coleta de dados. A dieta experimental basal foi composta de capim Sudão (ad libitum, 10% de sobras) e os tratamentos foram: capim Sudão (controle), ou suplementado com 5, 10 ou 15 g/kg PV de concentrado, ofertados duas vezes ao dia às 08:00 e 17:00h. O concentrado foi 90% farelo de canola e 10% de milho moído. O consumo de MS da forragem decresceu linearmente (P<0,001) com o aumento no consumo de suplemento e foi em média 26,1% menor em relação ao grupo controle. O consumo total de MS que inclui forragem e suplemento aumentou 30,6% e o consumo de MOD aumentou 41% nos animais suplementados. Não houve efeito da suplementação sobre a digestibilidade da MS e da MO, todavia, houve redução na digestibilidade da FDN e aumento na digestibilidade do N. A síntese e a eficiência de síntese protéica microbiana ruminal não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pela adição do suplemento à dieta. A retenção de N foi substancialmente maior(P<0,001) nos animais recebendo o farelo de canola (236%), e foi devida principalmente à maior oferta de aminoácidos. A suplementação aumentou a oferta total de nutrientes e a retenção de nitrogênio em ovinos, todavia, exerceu um efeito negativo sobre o consumo de forragem e a digestibilidade da fibra.

Optimization of the culture conditions for the biomass production of the alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was investigated in relation to chlorophyllase activity. To obtain the highest total chlorophyllase activity, the biomass of P. tricornutum was harvested after a period of 7 days of incubation during which the incubation temperature was maintained at 18°C for 18 h during the day and 10°C for 6 h during the night. During culture incubation, illumination was provided by fluorescent lamps projecting an incident intensity of 330 mumol/m2.s and the pH of the culture was maintained at 8.4, adjusted by a stream flow of CO 2. The hydrolytic activity of a partially purified chlorophyllase extract, obtained from the fresh biomass of P. tricornutum, was investigated in an aqueous/miscible organic solvent system containing refined bleached deodorized (RBD) canola oil, and chlorophyll or pheophytin as substrate. The effect of a wide range of oil contents, chlorophyll and pheophytin concentrations, acetone concentrations, incubation temperatures and agitation speeds on the enzyme activity was studied. The optimum reaction conditions for chlorophyllase biocatalysis were determined to consist of 20% oil, 10% acetone and a 200 rpm agitation speed with optimum temperatures and substrate concentrations of 35°C and 12.6 muM for chlorophyll, and 30°C and 9.3 muM for pheophytin. The presence of RBD canola oil showed an inhibitory effect on chlorophyllase activity whereas acetone acted as an activator at low concentrations and an inhibitor at higher ones. Moreover, chlorophyllase showed a limited affinity towards pheophytin as substrate compared to that obtained for chlorophyll. Selected samples of crude commercial canola oil were analyzed for their green pigment content using high-performance liquid chromatography and chlorophyllase biocatalysis was investigated on eight varieties of crude commercial canola oil. The chlorophyllase activity was lower in th