Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Canola biodiesel'

Biodiesel, a transesterified product of vegetable oil and animal fats, is considered as the most promising diesel fuel substitute because of its similar properties to petroleum-based diesel fuel. In this thesis, the miscibility of canola oil and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME or biodiesel) in methanol was determined. Results showed that FAME is miscible in pure methanol under a broad range of conditions. On the other hand, canola oil is not miscible in methanol under normal conditions. These findings led to the development of a two-phase membrane reactor to produce FAME from canola oil and methanol. The transesterification of canola oil was performed via both acid- or base-catalysis. The novel reactor enabled the separation of a FAME and methanol solution from canola oil/methanol/FAME mixtures. The two-phase membrane reactor was particularly useful in removing unreacted canola oil from the FAME product yielding high purity biodiesel. A kinetic study of the acid- and base-catalyzed transesterification of canola oil to FAME was carried out to investigate reaction rates under different temperatures and catalyst concentrations in the two-phase membrane reactor. Results showed that increases in temperature, acid concentration and feedstock (methanol/oil) flowrate significantly increased the conversion of oil to biodiesel. However, the base-catalyzed reaction resulted in the production of soaps and slight damage to the carbon membrane used in the reactor. The kinetics of the reaction were more sensitive to temperature at high acid concentration.

Numerous factors have pushed energy from biomass to the forefront of policy and industry discussions. Large harvests of traditional crops, low farm prices, dependence on foreign energy sources, and environmental problems have increased interest in renewable energy sources. Tools are needed to evaluate and compare different available feedstocks and to identify parameters and modifications for the production of renewable fuels such as biodiesel. The first paper examines the development of a biodiesel process model using commonly available spreadsheet software and process-engineering principles. The basis of the model is a continuous process with two stirred-tank reactors and sodium methoxide catalysis. The process is modeled as 27 units with 51 flows and 18 components. Mass flow rates and compositions of the process input and output streams are quantified using mass and component balances, energy balances, stoichiometric relations, and established process parameters. Oil composition and rate, methanol:triglyceride ratio, and expected transesterification of triglyceride are the user-specified inputs in the model. Based on commonly reported parameters (6: 1 methanol:triglyceride ratio and 98% transesterification) and a basis of 100 kg/h crude soybean oil, the model computes inputs of 13.8, 10.8, and 34.7 (in kg/h) for methanol, 10% sodium methoxide in methanol, and process water, respectively; and outputs of 93.5, 10.3, and 55.6 for soy biodiesel, glycerol, and waste stream, respectively. In the second paper, the mass flow rate data from the developed biodiesel process model are linked to cost data for evaluating the economic feasibility of biodiesel production in North Dakota with canola oil as the feedstock. Estimations of capital investment cost and total annual biodiesel product cost are conducted for two canola biodiesel production plants with 5 and 30 million gallons per year (MGY) capacities. These capacities were selected based on North Dakota and neighboring states' biodiesel demands, respectively. Capital investment cost analysis shows the presence of considerable economies of scale for the biodiesel production process for the two capacities. These cost calculations are based on the purchased equipment cost calculated from the equipment specifications. Total annual biodiesel product cost analysis shows that the major portion (>80%) of the total product cost is the raw material cost, similar to the analysis of previous economic feasibility studies. Cost benefits from the economies of scale are still present for the fixed charges, general expenses, and the manufacturing costs (other than the raw material costs) in the annual product cost calculations for the two production plant capacities. Finally, based on the gross profit evaluation for both plants, this study concludes that it is more worthwhile to invest in the 30 MGY production plant because of the greater cost returns from the economies of scale benefits. The results are more encouraging after the incorporation of the federal biodiesel tax incentive and favor the investment for biodiesel production in North Dakota.
North Dakota. Agricultural Experiment Station
USDA-CSREES (under Agreement No. 2003-34471-13523)

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Due to the increase in pollutant gases emission which are released in the atmosphere through the combustion of petroleum byproducts, much concern has risen about air quality and global warming caused by such gases, highlighting the need to find a substitute for fossil fuels. Biofuels produced from oilseeds are a functional example, which present some advantages such as not releasing sulphur during combustion, taking part in the carbon closed cycle and boosting agribusiness. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the physico-chemical properties of the rapeseed oil and biodiesel, produced from 3 (three) hybrids submitted to different levels of stress caused by environmental factors throughout the plant development. The sowing was established in the city of Tibagi – PR with the rapeseed hybrids 43, 61 and 571, sowed on 4 dates from April to May 2013 in 4 replications, totaling 46 plots. The data collected was submitted to variance analysis, employing the software SISVAR and the differences regarding averages were compared through the Tukey test (p≤0,05). Different sowing dates affected grain yield (kg ha-1), seed oil content (g kg-1) and oil per hectare yield (kg ha-1). The crop presented stable development at temperatures 10 and 20 °C, while temperatures below zero °C influenced the production negatively. The unsaturated fatty acid average obtained was 915 g kg-1, regarding hybrids and sowing dates, indicating good potential of this seed as raw material for biodiesel production.
Com o aumento da emissão de gases poluentes lançados na atmosfera pela combustão de derivados do petróleo, surgiram preocupações com a qualidade do ar e aquecimento global causados por estes gases, ressaltando a necessidade de encontrar um substituto para combustíveis fósseis. Os biocombustíveis produzidos a partir de oleaginosas são exemplos funcionais, que além de não emitirem enxofre na combustão, também fazem parte do clico fechado do carbono e movimentam o agronegócio. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as propriedades físico-químicas do óleo e biodiesel de canola, produzidos a partir de 3 (três) híbridos submetidos a diferentes níveis de stress durante o desenvolvimento da planta, causado por fatores ambientais. A semeadura ocorreu na cidade de Tibagi – PR com híbridos de canola Hyola 43, 61 e 571, semeados em 4 datas de abril a maio de 2013 com 4 repetições, totalizando 46 parcelas. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância, pelo software SISVAR e as diferenças entre médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). As diferentes datas de semeadura afetaram o rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1), o teor de óleo nas sementes (g kg-1) e o rendimento de óleo por hectare (kg ha-1). A cultura teve um desenvolvimento estável nas temperaturas entre 10 e 20 °C, sendo que temperaturas abaixo de zero °C exercem influência negativa na produção. A média dos ácidos graxos insaturados obtidos foi de 915 g kg-1, para híbridos e datas de semeadura indicando um bom potencial dessa cultura como matéria prima na produção de biodiesel.

Application of thermogravimetric analysis to the renewable energy sources is a novel study and it has been becoming attractive by the researchers in recent years. In this thesis, thermal and kinetic properties of biodiesel as new energy source, diesel and canola oil have been analyzed by using very popular thermogravimetric analysis methods which are
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG). The main aim of the study is to observe the combustion and pyrolysis behaviour of methanol route biodiesel and diesel blends at different blending rates. Additionally, combustion and pyrolysis behaviour of canola oil, the origin of biodiesel have been analysed to observe the transesterification reaction effect on biodiesel. Therefore, biodiesel, diesel, canola oil and blends of diesel and biodiesel at different percentages are exposed to isothermal heating under nitrogen and air atmosphere with a constant heating rate of 5, 10 and 15

A busca de fontes sustentáveis de combustíveis líquidos, com o intuito de substituir o petróleo por uma fonte renovável e reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa, destacaram e impulsionaram a produção e comercialização de biodiesel. Este biocombustível é uma fonte de energia renovável menos poluente e produzida a partir de diferentes matérias-primas. O Brasil possui promissor potencial como produtor destas matérias-primas, bem como do próprio biodiesel, pois possui políticas públicas favoráveis e detém a tecnologia necessária. No País, a produção e uso de biodiesel se sustenta em recente quadro institucional, a fim de desenvolver o suporte de conhecimentos, marco legal e introduzir este combustível na matriz energética brasileira. A diversificação de matérias-primas para produzir biodiesel está entre os principais objetivos dos programas instituídos. Todavia, no País, este biocombustível é produzido predominantemente com soja. Com o objetivo de entender os motivos da preeminência desta oleaginosa, buscou-se avaliar a competitividade, eficiência econômica e efeitos de políticas na produção de biodiesel pelas cadeias produtivas de soja, canola e girassol no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método da Matriz de Análise Política (MAP), o qual auxilia na análise e definição de políticas públicas, e na identificação de possíveis falhas de mercado que possam impactar os resultados econômicos das cadeias agroindustriais, do mesmo modo que avalia a competitividade e eficiência econômica destes sistemas de produção e comercialização. Os resultados indicaram a superioridade da produção de biodiesel a partir da cadeia da soja, pois esta apresenta maior competitividade e eficiência econômica. Por outro lado, foram quantificadas as distorções de políticas que desfavorecem a rentabilidade privada e social das três cadeias estudadas, como, por exemplo, o sistema de pagamento ao produtor rural baseado no peso de grãos, mesmo que os percentuais e preços do óleo sejam muito diferentes entre as matérias primas, afora as diferenças significativas nos padrões tecnológicos adotados nas lavouras.
The search for sustainable sources of liquid fuels, in order to replace oil with a renewable source and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, provided prominence to the biodiesel. This biofuel is a renewable source of clean energy and produced from different raw materials. Brazil has a promising potential as a producer of these raw materials as well as the biodiesel itself, because it has favorable public policies and has the necessary technology. In Brazil, the production and use of biodiesel is based on recent institutional framework in order to develop and introduce this fuel in the Brazilian energy matrix. The diversification of raw materials to produce biodiesel is among the main objectives of the programs established by the government. However, in Brazil, this biofuel is predominantly produced using soybeans. In order to understand the reasons for the predominance of this oilseed, we evaluated the competitiveness, economic efficiency and political effects in biodiesel production by productive chains of soybean, canola and sunflower in Rio Grande do Sul. For this, we used the method of the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), which assists in analyzing and defining public policies and identifying possible market failures that might impact on economic outcomes of agribusiness chains, just as assesses the competitiveness and efficiency of these systems. The results indicated the superiority of biodiesel production from soybean chain, as this presents greater competitiveness and economic efficiency. On the other hand, policy distortions were observed which disadvantage the private and social profitability of the three chains studied, such as the farmer’s payment system based on the seed weight, even if the percentage and oil prices differ substantially from the raw materials, besides the significant differences in technological standards adopted in crops.

O elevado custo das tradicionais matérias-primas e a sua limitada disponibilidade para a produção de biodiesel, dificultam a expansão da produção e o consumo desse biocombustível em varias partes do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. No Paraná existe a possibilidade de produzir oleaginosas de ciclo curto no periodo de entre-safra das culturas de verão e inverno nos locais onde se antecipam a semeadura do milho safrinha, e assim, complementando as matérias primas tradicionais para a produção de biodiesel. Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico e o crescimento de crambe e canola juncea em diferentes épocas de semeadura, focando a implantação dessa cultura entre os intervalos das safras de verão e inverno, as cultivares FMS Brilhante e Terola 25A85 foram avaliadas em três épocas de semeadura (15/05, 01/06 e 15/06/14), com dois tratamentos fitossanitários (com a aplicação do fungicida trifloxistrobina + protioconazol e testemunha, sem aplicação). Os parâmetros analisados para essas duas espécies oleaginosas foram altura de plantas, peso de mil sementes, produtividade de grãos, teor de óleo e produtividade de óleo. As épocas de semeadura tiveram influência apenas na altura de plantas para o crambe, e para a canola juncea houve efeito significativo para altura de plantas, produtividade de grãos e produtividade de óleo. A melhor época de semeadura para a canola juncea foi a primeira época de semeadura (15/05/14). A aplicação de fungicida proporcionou maior produtividade de grãos para o crambe e para a canola juncea, maior peso de mil sementes, produtividade de grãos e produtividade de óleo. Ambas as culturas não produziram de forma satisfatória, não sendo viáveis como terceira safra em Londrina-PR no ano de 2014 devido as condições climáticas, além da incidência de doença bacteriana no crambe. Em relação a avaliação do crescimento, conforme as semeaduras são tardias, menor é a duração do ciclo e a produção de biomassa.
The high cost of traditional feedstock and their limited availability for biodiesel production, prevent the expansion of production and consumption of biofuels in several parts of the world, including Brazil. In Paraná there is the possibility of producing oilseed crop with short cycle period between harvests of summer and winter crops in places where they anticipate the sowing of corn, and thus complementing the traditional feedstock for biodiesel production. In order to evaluate the agronomic performance and growth of crambe and juncea canola in different sowing dates, focusing on the implementation of this culture among the intervals of summer and winter seasons, the FMS Brilhante cultivars and Terola 25A85 were evaluated in three sowing dates (05/15, 06/01 e 06/15/14), with two phytosanitary treatments (with the application of the fungicide trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole and without fungicide). The parameters analysed for these two oilseeds were plant height, thousand seed weight, grain yield, oil content and oil yield. The sowing dates had had influence only on plant height for crambe and, for juncea canola a significant effect on plant height, grain yield and oil yield. The best sowing date for juncea canola was the first sowing date (15/05). The fungicide application gave higher grain yield for crambe and for juncea canola, higher thousand seed weight, grain yield and oil yield. Both cultures did not produce satisfactorily, not being viable as a third crop in Londrina in the year of 2014 due to climatic conditions, plus the incidence of bacterial disease in crambe. Regarding the evaluation of growth, as the seedlings are delayed, the lower the duration of the cycle and biomass production.

No presente trabalho foi realizada a polimerização de ácidos graxos epoxidados derivados dos biodieseis de soja e canola na presença do anidrido cis-1,2-ciclohexanodicarboxílico e trietilamina. Também é apresentado nesse estudo a síntese de nanopartículas magnéticas de Fe3O4 e CoFe2O4 a partir do método de coprecipitação. O objetivo deste estudo é o recobrimento de nanopartículas magnéticas com polímeros dos ácidos graxos epoxidados visando diminuir a aglomeração destas nanopartículas. Esse recobrimento foi evidenciado através do teste de solubilidade e da análise de infravermelho, onde observou-se bandas de estiramento Fe–O em 570 – 565 cm-1. Através da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foi observado o aumento do diâmetro das nanopartículas de 12,2 nm (Fe3O4) para 13,2, 13,6 e 14,6 após o recobrimento (PAO-Fe, PAGS-Fe e PAGCa-Fe). Através da difração de raios X foram encontrados valores de 11,4, 10,8, 9,9 e 11,1 nm para as nanopartículas de Fe3O4, PAO-Fe, PAGS-Fe e PAGCa-Fe, enquanto que para as nanopartículas de CoFe2O4, PAO-Co, PAGS-Co e PAGCa-Co esse valor foi de 10,8, 9,8, 10,1 e 10,4, respectivamente. As propriedades magnéticas foram caracterizadas através da magnetização em função do campo magnético e mostrou comportamento superparamagnetico para as nanopartículas de Fe3O4 e ferromagnetico para as nanopartículas de CoFe2O4. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho demonstram que a metodologia utilizada pode abrir um novo caminho para a pesquisa, uma vez que não foram encontradas informações sobre o recobrimento de nanopartículas de ferro ou cobalto com os polímeros obtidos através dos ácidos graxos dos biodieseis.
In this work the polymerization of epoxidized fatty acids, derived from soybean and canola biodiesel, were performed, in the presence of cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride and triethylamine. The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 are presented, which were obtained from the co-precipitation method. The aim of this study was to coat the synthesized nanoparticles with polymers obtained from epoxidized fatty acids in oreder to reduce the magnetic nanoparticles agglomeration. The nanoparticles coating was evidenced by solubility tests and infrared spectroscopy analysis, in which, the stretching band of Fe-O, at 570-565 cm-1, was observed. Transmission electron microscopy showed the increase in nanoparticles diameter, from 12.2 nm (Fe3O4), to 13.2, 13.6, and 14.6 nm, after their coating with PAO-Fe, PAGS-Fe, and PAGCa-Fe, respectively. The particle size calculated from X-ray diffractograms were 11.4, 10.8, 9.9 and 11.1 nm, for nanoparticles of Fe3O4, PAO-Fe, PAGS-Fe, and PAGCa-Fe, respectively. Whereas, the particles size of CoFe2O4, PAO-Co, PAGS-Co, and PAGCa-Co nanoparticles, were 10.8, 9.8, 10.1 and 10.4 nm, respectively. Magnetic properties were characterized using the Vibranting Sample Magnetometer and a superparamagnetic behavior in iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and ferromagnetic in cobalt nanoparticles (CoFe2O4) were observed. The results presented here demonstrated that the methodology can open a new field of investigation, once there is no reports on the coating of iron or cobalt nanoparticles with polymers obtained from the fatty acids of biodiesels.

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The biodiesel production generates large volumes of residues, which when improperly disposed have potential for environmental contamination. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the adding sawdust filtration untreated with a Oxisol and with an Paleudalf, producing an organic compound from the mixture of sawdust filtration with manure aiming to know the immediate potential and residual fertilizer of this organic compound in canola cultivated in these two soil types. Soil samples were placed in respirometric flasks and added 2; 4 and 8 t ha-1 sawdust filtration with and without addition of N, P and K recommended for the culture of canola. During 120 days we quantified C-CO2 production, the dynamics of these nutrients and the concentration of heavy metals. In pots in a greenhouse, the organic compound produced was mixed with these soils at planting or six months before. The doses were 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 t ha-1, with or without supplemental N, and we quantified the availability of nutrients in the soil, the accumulation of dry mass and nutrients in tissues of canola. The biodegradation of sawdust filtration in the soil was high but limited by K in Oxisol and by P in Paleudalf. The addition of this residue in both soils cause reduced availability of N, K in the Oxisol, but did not increase the levels of heavy metals. The organic compound produced presents characteristics that allow its use in agriculture and its addition to soils at the time of sowing or six months before increases the availability of N, P and K, and replaces total or partially the mineral fertilization of canola.
A produção do biodiesel gera grandes volumes de resíduos, que quando dispostos de maneira inadequada, possuem potencial de contaminação ambiental. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a disposição da serragem de filtração sem tratamento prévio em um Latossolo e em um Argissolo e produzir um composto orgânico, a partir da mistura da serragem de filtração com esterco bovino, visando conhecer o potencial fertilizante imediato e residual deste composto na canola, cultivada nestes dois tipos de solo. Amostras dos solos foram acondicionadas em frascos respirométricos e adicionadas de 2; 4 e 8 t ha-1 de serragem de filtração, com e sem adição de N, P e K recomendados para a cultura da canola. Durante 120 dias, foi quantificada a produção de C-CO2, a dinâmica destes nutrientes e a concentração de metais pesados. Em vasos em casa de vegetação, o composto orgânico produzido foi misturado a estes solos, no momento da semeadura ou seis meses antes. As doses avaliadas foram 0; 0,6; 1,2; 2,4; e 4,8 t ha-1, com ou sem complementação de N, e quantificou-se a disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, o acúmulo de massa seca e nutrientes nos tecidos da canola. A biodegradação da serragem de filtração foi moderada no solo, porém limitada pelo K no Latossolo e pelo P no Argissolo. A adição deste resíduo nos dois solos causa redução da disponibilidade de N e de K no Latossolo, mas não elevou os teores de metais pesados. O composto orgânico produzido apresenta características que permitem seu uso agrícola. A sua adição aos solos, no momento da semeadura ou seis meses antes, aumenta a disponibilidade de N, P e K, e substitui total ou parcialmente a adubação mineral da canola.

Increasing energy consumption in Australian transport sector, rapidly depleting amount of Australian oil reserves, and the environmental concerns that arise from the associated greenhouse gas emissions produced by the combustion of large amount of fossil fuels during transport activities have increased the interest in using renewable transport fuels, especially ethanol and biodiesel, as replacements for petrol and diesel fuels, respectively, in the transport sector.In Western Australia, there is a potential for replacing diesel fuel consumed in its transport sector by biodiesel produced from rapeseed (canola) grown as one of the break crops between cereal crops. Apart from the availability of raw material, sustainable biodiesel production from rapeseed needs to be analysed from, among other factors, its energy efficiency, which can be determined from the energy ratio of the overall biodiesel production process, defined as the ratio of energy output from biodiesel to the total primary energy consumed during rapeseed growing and processing into biodiesel.In this study, the energy ratio of biodiesel production from rapeseed in Western Australia is evaluated through an energy balance analysis, considering typical Western Australian rapeseed growing practices and rapeseed processing parameters. The energy ratio is then used to evaluate the land, water, and labour requirements of a large scale biodiesel production to analyse its feasibility as a replacement for fossil diesel fuel consumption in Western Australian transport sector. The energy ratio and feasibility of the biodiesel production process are then compared to those of ethanol production from mallee in Western Australia since both biofuels are produced as alternative transport fuels and an assessment is therefore needed to decide which fuel is more feasible to produce, considering the competition for limited resources, e.g. arable land, during their production.Without by-products utilisation, the energy ratio of biodiesel production from rapeseed is found to be less than 1, indicating a negative energy return. The most significant improvement to the energy ratio is achieved when all by-products are utilised, resulting in an energy ratio of 1.70.A feasibility analysis using the net energy approach with an energy ratio of 1.70 shows that the land and labour requirements of a large scale biodiesel production are the major constraints to its realisation as an alternative to diesel fuel in Western Australian transport sector. Replacement of a significant fraction of diesel fuel consumption in the transport sector would cause severe competition for arable land with production of other crops. The net biodiesel production rate is also lower than that required to maintain the current transport activities that are supported by diesel fuel produced by Western Australian energy sector.Feasibility analysis of large scale ethanol production shows, on the other hand, that there is potential to replace approximately 15% of the total petrol fuel consumption in Western Australian transport sector with ethanol produced from mallee grown in Western Australian wheatbelt to tackle dryland salinity problem. The net ethanol production rate would also be sufficient to maintain the current transport activities that are supported by petrol fuel produced by Western Australian energy sector. The feasibility of the large scale ethanol production is, however, dependent on the availability of sufficient water, and hence rainfall, to maintain a consistent mallee yield per hectare of agricultural area.The results of energy balance and feasibility analyses in this study imply that wide implementation of rapeseed-based biodiesel in Western Australia is unsustainable. Possible future implementation should be directed at smaller and more specific targets and should be supported by development of key strategies in both rapeseed growing and rapeseed processing stages aimed at increasing rapeseed yield and reducing main energy input contributors to improve the energy ratio and productivity of the whole production process. The results also show that ethanol production from mallee grown in Western Australian wheatbelt to tackle dryland salinity problem provides an option for a large scale biofuel production to play significant role in future energy security in Western Australian transport sector.

In oilseed extraction, alternative extraction media have been studied to replace the traditional solvent, hexane, due to health, safety, and environmental concerns. In this work, aqueous surfactant-assisted extraction was developed and scaled up for hexane-free canola oil extraction. An inexpensive commercial surfactant system was formulated and used as an extraction medium based on the dynamic interfacial tension value. The extraction conditions were evaluated to achieve the maximum oil recovery. The highest oil detachment efficiency was 80% in the absence of hexane at room temperature. The extracted oil had acceptable content of free fatty acids, water and phospholipids for use as a biodiesel feedstock. The biodiesel product passed the ASTM D6751 biodiesel standard for water content, kinematic viscosity, acid value and oxidative stability.

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O crescimento econômico ocorrido a partir do final do século XX teve como fonte motora o desenvolvimento tecnológico sustentado pelo consumo de energias não renováveis, ou seja, derivadas basicamente do petróleo, do carvão e do gás natural. Esse modelo chegou a um ponto de inflexão em função do aumento crescente dos preços do petróleo e as previsões de esgotamento dessa fonte de energia. Neste contexto, os países estão buscando, através de políticas públicas, promover novas fontes de energias renováveis para manter o crescimento de forma sustentável. E a utilização de biodiesel como combustível vem despontando com um potencial promissor em todo o mundo, sendo um mercado que cresce rapidamente, em virtude principalmente dos aspectos ambientais envolvidos. A referente pesquisa parte da escolha de matérias-primas para a produção de biodiesel, especialmente oriundos da canola, girassol, mamona e soja. Onde a soja se configurou como a principal matéria-prima. Contudo, dentro dos limites do estado do Rio Grande do
The economic growth which occurred from the end of the twentieth century had as a source driving the technological development sustained by the consumption of non-renewable energy, which is mainly derived from oil, coal and natural gas. This model has reached a point of inflection in the light of increasing oil prices and forecasts of depletion of energy source. On this context, countries are seeking by public politics to promote new sources of renewable energy, to maintain growth in a sustainable way. And the use of biodiesel fuel is coming with a potential promising in the world, with a market that is growing quickly, mainly because of the environmental involved aspects. This research concerns the choice of materials for the biodiesel production, especially coming from canola, sunflower, castor bean and soybean, in which this last one is configured as the main raw material. In addition, inside the limits of Rio Grande do Sul state, the agricultural zoning enabled the canola development, sunflower and cast

A utilização de antioxidantes sintéticos nas indústrias de biocombustíveis visando prolongar a vida útil destes materiais é comum, porém com a finalidade de se utilizar o maior número de matérias-primas renováveis na produção do biodiesel é que surgiu a ideia de se estudar a adição de produtos vegetais aos biodieseis, pois eles são ricos em compostos fenólicos (os principais responsáveis pela ação antioxidante). O trabalho foi executado em duas etapas, na qual a primeira consistiu em estudar, por meio da termogravimetria (TGA) a influência da adição das folhas de alecrim e da erva mate imersos nos biodieseis de canola e de girassol (ambos produzidos no laboratório) durante o período de 90 dias e na ausência de fatores pró-oxidantes. A segunda etapa consistiu na extração dos extratos vegetais das cascas de laranja, das folhas de alecrim e erva mate, por extração Soxhlet com a utilização do solvente orgânico diclorometano. Os extratos obtidos nesta etapa foram adicionados em diferentes proporções (1.000 mg/L e 2.000 mg/L) aos biodieseis de canola e girassol e expostos a duas diferentes condições. A condição I consistiu em expor os biodieseis aditivados ao ar atmosférico, luz e temperatura ambiente durante 60 dias e a condição II consistiu na exposição dos biodieseis ao aquecimento durante o mesmo período em uma estufa a 60°C. O estudo da influência dessas adições foi acompanhado por TGA e análise do índice de acidez. Ao final, constatou-se que as folhas de alecrim e erva mate diretamente adicionadas aos biodieseis e isolados de fatores pró-oxidação não apresentaram alterações significativas, uma vez que os biodieseis aditivados apresentaram valores de temperatura inicial de degradação (Ti) semelhantes. Por este motivo definiu-se outra etapa do trabalho, na qual os biodieseis aditivados foram expostos a fatores pró-oxidação, podendo-se dessa forma avaliar a eficiência das adições. Em paralelo, fez-se estudo semelhante com o produto sintético butil-hidroxitolueno (BHT), observando-se que nenhum dos extratos vegetais estudados superou sua ação antioxidante. Porém todos os extratos vegetais adicionados nos biodieseis apresentaram ação antioxidante no decorrer dos 60 dias, pois o B100 puro apresentou índice de acidez superior e Ti inferior ao das amostras aditivadas. As amostras aditivadas expostas à condição I apresentaram resultados próximos ao do B100 enquanto que na condição II foi possível observar a ação antioxidante dos extratos naturais e do produto sintético. Observou-se que dentre os biodieseis com extratos vegetais estudados, o B100 de canola com 2.000 mg/L do extrato de casca de laranja e o B100 de girassol com 2.000 mg/L do extrato de erva mate apresentaram melhor estabilidade termooxidativa.
The use of synthetic antioxidants at biofuel factories with the objective of extending the useful life of these fuels is common. However, it was bearing in mind the intent of using the greatest number of renewable resources in the production of biodiesel that the idea of studying the addition of plant products in biodiesel came up. This is because they are rich in phenolic compounds, which are responsible for the antioxidant activity. The study consisted of two stages. The first stage was to study, using thermogravimetry (TGA), the influence of rosemary leaves and yerba mate immersed in canola and sunflower biodiesel (both produced in labs) for a period of 90 days without any pro-oxidant factors. The second stage encompassed the extraction of plant extracts from orange peels, rosemary leaves, and yerba mate by Soxhlet extraction with the use of organic dichloromethane solvents. The extracts obtained at this point were added in different proportions (1,000 mg/L and 2,000 mg/L) in canola and sunflower biodiesel and exposed to two different conditions. The first condition was exposing the modified biodiesel to atmospheric air, light and room temperature during 60 days; the second condition consisted of exposing the biodiesel to heat during the same period in a greenhouse at 60 ºC. The influence of these additions and biodiesel exposures were tracked using TGA and acidity index analyses. At the end, it was clear that adding rosemary leaves and yerba mate directly into biodiesels and isolating them from pro-oxidant factors resulted in no significant contributions coming from these products since both the unmodified biodiesels and the modified biodiesels showed similar Ti values (initial degradation temperature). For this reason, it was necessary to start another work phase, where all biodiesels were exposed to pro-oxidant factors, making possible the analysis of the efficiency of the additions. No plant extract exceeded the antioxidant action of the BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), however they all showed antioxidant activity during the 60-day period since pure B100 showed higher acidity index levels and lower Ti levels compared to the modified samples. The biodiesels exposed to the first condition showed similar results in the pure B100 and the modified B100, unlike what happened with the samples exposed to heat. When the biodiesels were exposed to heat, the activity of the additives became clearer. It was possible to conclude that among the biodiesels with added plant extracts, the canola B100 added with 2,000 mg/L of orange peel extract and sunflower B100 added with 2,000 mg/L of yerba mate extract showed higher thermal-oxidative stability.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Eight Texel x Polwarth crossbred wethers (31.1±3.8 kg BW), four with duodenal cannulae were used in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design to evaluate effects of canola meal (44.4% CP, 29.5% NDF and 3.2% EE; DM basis) on intake, whole-tract digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. The basal diet consisted of ad libitum access to sudangrass (10% refusals). Treatments were sudangrass only (control), or supplemented with 5, 10, or 15 g/kg BW of concentrate, offered twice daily at 0800 and 1700h. Concentrate was 90% canola meal and 10% finely ground corn. Wethers were adapted to diets for 10 d followed by a 5-d collection period. Forage DMI decreased linearly (P<0.001) as supplement intake increased, and was 26.1% lower in supplemented animals in relation to the control group. Total DMI, which included forage and supplement, increased 30.6% and digestible OM intake increased 41% with supplementation. Supplementation did not affect DM and OM digestibility, while depressed NDF digestibility and improves N digestibility. Microbial protein synthesis and microbial efficiency were not affected by supplementation. Nitrogen retention was markedly higher in supplemented animals (236% higher), and was due mainly to the higher duodenal flow of amino acids. Supplementation with canola meal improves total nutrient supply, however, exerted a negative effect on forage intake and fiber digestibility in wethers.
Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de farelo de canola na dieta de ovinos e seus efeitos sobre o consumo de volumoso, digestibilidade, síntese protéica microbiana ruminal e retenção de nitrogênio. Oito ovinos machos cruzados Texel x Polwarth (31,1±3,8 kg PV), quatro destes implantados com cânula duodenal foram utilizados em um delineamento quadrado Latino 4x4 duplo com períodos de 15 dias, sendo 10 dias adaptação e cindo dias coleta de dados. A dieta experimental basal foi composta de capim Sudão (ad libitum, 10% de sobras) e os tratamentos foram: capim Sudão (controle), ou suplementado com 5, 10 ou 15 g/kg PV de concentrado, ofertados duas vezes ao dia às 08:00 e 17:00h. O concentrado foi 90% farelo de canola e 10% de milho moído. O consumo de MS da forragem decresceu linearmente (P<0,001) com o aumento no consumo de suplemento e foi em média 26,1% menor em relação ao grupo controle. O consumo total de MS que inclui forragem e suplemento aumentou 30,6% e o consumo de MOD aumentou 41% nos animais suplementados. Não houve efeito da suplementação sobre a digestibilidade da MS e da MO, todavia, houve redução na digestibilidade da FDN e aumento na digestibilidade do N. A síntese e a eficiência de síntese protéica microbiana ruminal não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pela adição do suplemento à dieta. A retenção de N foi substancialmente maior(P<0,001) nos animais recebendo o farelo de canola (236%), e foi devida principalmente à maior oferta de aminoácidos. A suplementação aumentou a oferta total de nutrientes e a retenção de nitrogênio em ovinos, todavia, exerceu um efeito negativo sobre o consumo de forragem e a digestibilidade da fibra.

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FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar o custo unitário, em litro por hectare, de produção de biodiesel no Rio Grande do Sul a partir das culturas de soja, de girassol e de canola, partindo do custo de produção agrícola até o custo por litro de biodiesel destas culturas. Para o custo de produção agrícola realizou-se uma comparação entre as estruturas de custos de diversas instituições, comparando suas quantidades para a determinação da proposta de estrutura de custos, e foi realizada a posterior precificação no mercado, com base nas quantidades definidas. O cálculo do custo por litro de biodiesel iniciou com o cálculo de extração do óleo vegetal através de dois processos, extração por solvente e por prensagem, encontrando uma distinção de valores em relação aos processos. Já para os custos de produção do biodiesel, foram considerados os custos calculados nesta pesquisa e além destes, os custos com insumos, mão-de-obra, depreciação e energia elétrica que foram calculados e cedidos pela AFUBRA para a realização deste estudo. Os resultados apontam para os valores de R$ 1,73 para o biodiesel de girassol e de R$ 1,59 para o biodiesel de soja pelo método de extração por solventes; e de R$ 1,64 para biodiesel de girassol e de R$ 1,72 para biodiesel de soja pelo método de extração por prensagem. Observa-se que em alguns momentos o biodiesel de girassol é mais vantajoso em relação ao biodiesel de soja e, em outros, o biodiesel de soja tem esta vantagem.
The objective of this study is determining the unitary cost, in liters per hectare, of biodiesel production in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, from soy, sunflower and canola cultures, since the cost of the agricultural production to the per liter cost of biodiesel of these cultures. To obtain the agricultural production costs we performed a comparison between the cost structures of several organizations, comparing their quantities to determine the cost structure proposal; and we performed the subsequent pricing in the market based on defined quantities. The estimation of biodiesel per liter costs started by calculating the vegetal oil extraction through two processes, extraction by solvent and extraction by pressing, finding the difference in values of both processes. For biodiesel production costs we considered those costs estimated in this research and also the expenses with raw materials, labor, depreciation and electric energy, which where estimated and granted by AFUBRA for the development of this study. The results show values of R$ 1.73 for sunflower biodiesel and R$ 1.59 for soy biodiesel by the solvent extraction method; and R$ 1.64 for sunflower biodiesel and R$ 1.72 for soy biodiesel by the extraction by pressing method. It is possible to observe that in some moments sunflower biodiesel is more advantageous in relation to soy biodiesel and, in others, soy biodiesel is more advantageous.

New technology may have negative, as well as positive, effects on a sociocultural system. Biodiesel is growing in popularity as a fuel alternative that addresses global warming and reduces dependency on petroleum. The biodiesel innovation fits well into the existing behavioral infrastructure of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. The introduction of this technology fuels two community-based biodiesel initiatives: the Corvallis Biodiesel Cooperative (CBC) and the OSU Biodiesel Initiative (OBI). However, the increasing demands for biodiesel increases the demand for vegetable oil. Canola is the most efficient oil producing crop suggested for the southern Willamette Valley of Oregon. Canola cropping fits into the behavioral infrastructure of local grass seed growers' tradition. However, canola cropping presents outcrossing risks to neighboring specialty seed and organic growers. This calls into question the resilience and sustainability of canola cropping. The decisions made about biodiesel production and oilseed cropping will impact the future environment, culture, political autonomy, and sustainability of this local community. The dominant values that serve this community will determine the resilience of culture and identity that is maintained or emerges in the face of social-ecological challenges and technological innovations. The research methodology includes interviews, participant observation, and informational media to triangulate data. These methods serve to inform an integrated framework of holistic, values analysis, social-ecological, and cultural materialism theoretical approaches. The holistic approach provides the behavioral components and the values analysis approach provides the mental components that are integrated into a cultural materialism framework. These components are evaluated by the social-ecological approach. Evaluation of the CBC and OBI suggests that values play a greater role in cultural materialism than previously believed. A new theoretical perspective emerges to explain resilience and causal effects. The social-ecological approach, illustrated by panarchy theory, is also integrated into the cultural materialism approach. The integration of the four theoretical approaches, and the emergence of a new theoretical perspective, provides a means to explain resilience and sustainability for the CBC and OBI. This integrated approach also examines three potential paths of resilience and sustainability for the grass seed, specialty seed, and organic growing traditions. Path A predicts long-term resilience and sustainability for grass seed growers and canola cropping, but collapse for the specialty seed and organic growing traditions. Path B predicts that a proposed regulated canola cropping compromise will only prolong the inevitable collapse of the specialty seed and organic growing traditions. Along both Paths A and B, diversity is lost from the sociocultural system as specialty seed and organic growing traditions decline. Canola cropping increases the potential for energy security, but food security is reduced. Path C suggests how to maintain the current sociocultural system of grass seed, specialty seed, and organic growing traditions and promote long-term resilience and sustainability.
Graduation date: 2006

While breeding for increased oil yield has generated new lines of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) for biodiesel production, emissions of N2O from fertilized canola fields threaten to undermine the climate change mitigation benefits of canola as a biodiesel alternative to conventional diesel. This study determined the response of N2O emissions to canola line and N treatment in a maritime setting (Truro, Nova Scotia). Tissue N uptake was measured to determine whether differences in N uptake between the lines could explain any observed effect of canola line. Nitrate Exposure (the summation of daily soil NO3- concentrations over a growing season, serving as an integrated measure of the exposure of soil biomass to nitrate over the growing season) was determined to investigate its potential as a predictor of N2O emissions. Four spring canola lines (‘Topaz’, ‘Sentry’, ‘Polo’, and 04C204, in order of increasing seed oil content) were paired with five N treatments (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kg N ha-1) in an incomplete two-factor factorial design over two growing seasons (2008 and 2009). N2O emissions were determined using a non-steady state vented chamber method. N2O emissions peaks closely followed increases in soil water content in both years, indicating that limited aerobicity was the trigger for N2O emissions events, and suggesting that denitrification was the predominant microbial process responsible for N2O emissions. The magnitude of average N2O emissions both years was considerably low when compared to other studies (0.55 and 0.56 kg N2O ha-1 in 2008 and 2009 respectively). Increasing N treatment resulted in significantly increased N2O emissions in 2008. Though the same trend was observed in 2009, it was not found to be significant. Differences in weed cover, soil C, soil N supplying capacity, and elevation between the sites may have contributed to the inability to detect an N2O emissions response to N treatment in 2009. Canola line had no effect on N2O emissions in either study year, though heavy competition by weeds significantly affected canola plant health and survival in 2009. Tissue N uptake increased with increasing N treatment, but did not change with choice of line, which is consistent with the observation of no N2O emissions response to line. Nitrate Exposure was found to be strongly correlated with N2O emissions in a linear relationship, supporting the conclusion that Nitrate Exposure can be a promising indicator of N2O emissions when they are limited by soil N. Finally, FluxPerOil, the ratio of N2O emissions per unit oil yield (kg N2O kg-1 oil) was found to decrease with decreased N treatment in 2008, though only very little, indicating a marginal abatement of N2O emissions at a significant cost of oil. FluxPerOil was unreliable in 2009 due to weeds compromising the line effect and therefore oil yield.

This study analyzes the sustainability of various energy sources including micro hydro power and biodiesel in the context of Nepal. The main focus is on the development of biodiesel fuels from non-edible oil resources including waste cooking oil, jatropha and soapnut oil feedstocks grown on the marginal lands of Nepal. Biodiesel fuel samples were prepared by acid and/or base catalyst transesterification. Both single stage and dual stage transesterification processes were employed depending on the free fatty acid content of the oil feedstock. The oil to biodiesel conversion rate and total yield were monitored. The quality of the biodiesel fuels including viscosity etc was confirmed by an external laboratory and all fuels met the ASTM fuel quality requirements. Canola, jatropha and soapnut biodiesel fuels were tested to determine some atomization properties - density, surface tension and viscosity - at elevated temperatures and pressures. The density of three biodiesel fuels and diesel were determined up to 523 K and 7 MPa using a capacitance type densitometer. The results showed a linear relationship with temperature and pressure over the measured range. The experimental data were well within the range of canola and other biodiesel fuels found in the literature. Kay’s mixing rule was used to predict the density of some biodiesel blends and the results were found to be in agreement with less than 5% error with the measured data. The surface tension was measured using a pendant drop apparatus for all three biodiesel and diesel fuels for temperatures and pressures up to 473K and 7 MPa. Results showed a linear relationship with temperature as well as with pressure. Temperature has a higher effect on surface tension than pressure. The viscosity of all three biodiesel and diesel fuels were measured using a torsional vibration viscometer up to 523 K and 7 MPa. Results showed that the viscosity-temperature relationship of all three biodiesel fuels tested followed a modified Andrade equation which was also applicable when temperature and pressure were both applied simultaneously. The measured and regressed kinematic and dynamic viscosities obtained were comparable with values in the literature.
This thesis is focused on sustainability analysis of alternative fuels in Nepal and presents the resullts of the tests on fuel and atomization characterisation of different biodiesel feedstocks including canola, jatropha, soapnut and waste cooking oil. A new model to evaluate sustainability of renewable alternatives energy resources has been developed and tested.

Biodiesel has achieved worldwide recognition for many years due to its renewability, lubricating property, and environmental benefits. The abstract represents a summary of all the chapters of the thesis. The research chapters are defined as research phases in the abstract. The thesis starts with an introduction followed by literature review. In the literature review, all the necessary data were collected reviewing the literature. Then an artificial neural network model (ANN) was built based on the published research data to capture the general trends or to make predictions. Both catalyst properties and reaction conditions were trended and predicted using the network model. The review study revealed that esterification and transesterification required catalysts with slightly different properties. In the first phase of the study, biodiesel production using 12-Tungstophosphric acid (TPA) supported on SBA-15 as a solid acid catalyst was studied. In this phase of the study, a large number of 0-35% TPA on SBA-15 catalysts were synthesized by impregnation method and the effects of various operating conditions such as–catalyst wt.% and methanol to oil molar ratio on the transesterification of model feedstock Triolein were studied. A 25% TPA loading was found to be the optimum. A 4.15 wt.% catalysts (based on Triolein) and 39:1 methanol to Triolein molar ratio was found to be the optimum reaction parameter combination, when the reaction temperature was kept fixed at 200C, stirring speed of 600 rpm and 10 h reaction time. The biodiesel yield obtained using this condition was 97.2%. In the second phase of the study, a 12-Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) was supported by using organic functional group (i.e. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)) and was incorporated into the SBA-15 structure. A 45 wt.% TPA incorporated SBA-15 produced an ester with biodiesel yield of 97.3 wt.%, when 3 wt.% catalyst (based on the green seed canola (GSC) oil) and 25.8:1 methanol GSC oil molar ratio were used at 2000C for reaction time of 6.2 h. In the third phase, process sustainability (i.e. process economics, process safety, energy efficiency, environmental impact assessment) studies were conducted based on the results obtained in phase three. Based on the study, it was concluded that heterogeneous acid catalyzed process had higher profitability as compared to the homogeneous acid catalyzed process. Additionally, it was obtained that heterogeneous acid catalyzed process was safe, more energy efficient and more environment friendly than homogenous process. In the fourth phase, the catalytic activity of Tungsten oxide (WO3) and TPA supported (by impregnation) on H-Y, H-β and H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts were tested for biodiesel production from Green Seed Canola (GSC) oil. In this phase of the study, TPA/H-Y and TPA/H- zeolite were proved to be effective catalysts for esterification and transesterification, respectively. A 55% TPA/H- showed balanced catalytic activity for both esterification and transesterification. It yielded 99.3 wt.% ester, when 3.3 wt.% catalyst (based on GSC oil) and 21.3:1 methanol to GSC oil molar ratio were used at 200C, reaction pressure of 4.14 MPa and reaction time of 6.5 h. Additionally, this catalyst (55% TPA/H-) was experimented for etherification of pure glycerol, and maximum conversion of glycerol (100%) was achieved in 5 h at 120C, 1 MPa, 1:5 molar ratio (glycerol: (tert-butanol) TBA), 2.5% (w/v) catalyst loading. Later, these conditions were used to produce glycerol ether successfully from the glycerol derived after transesterification of green seed canola oil. A mixture of GSC derived biodiesel, and glycerol ether was defined as biofuels. In the fifth phase, catalytic activity of H-Y supported TPA (using different impregnation methods) was studied in details further for esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) of GSC oil. From the optimization study, 97.2% FFA (present in the GSC oil) conversion was achieved using 13.3 wt.% catalyst, 26:1 methanol to FFA molar ratio at 120°C reaction temperature and 7.5 h of reaction time.In the sixth- and final phase, techno-economic and ecological impacts were compared between biodiesel and combined biofuel production processes based on the results obtained in phase four. Based on the study, it was concluded that, biodiesel production process had higher profitability as compared to that for combined biofuel production process. Additionally, biodiesel production process was more energy efficient than combined biofuel production process. However, combined biofuel production process was more environment-friendly as compared to that for biodiesel production process.

Increasing fuel prices, stricter government policies, and technological developments made it possible to seek for renewable alternatives, called biofuels, to petroleum fuel. Biodiesel, a biofuel that is produced from chemically mixing animal fat, vegetable oils, or recycled restaurant grease with alcohol and catalyst, is gaining popularity in recent years as a substitute for petroleum diesel. Ninety percent (90%) of U.S. biodiesel industry makes use of soybean oil as its feedstock. However, soybean oil alone cannot meet such a huge demand on biofuel production. Hence, it is important to identify and get more information about other feedstocks, specifically on its effects on the performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance and emissions of two diesel engines operating on different biodiesel fuels (i.e. canola oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, and chicken fat) and compare them to the performance and emissions when the engine is operated on soybean oil-based biodiesel and petroleum-based diesel. Results indicated that an engine operating on biodiesel generates a little less power and torque at any given speed than one running on diesel. Such power and torque loss were attributed to the biodiesel's lower energy content. The lower heating value (energy content) of biodiesel can be reflected in the specific fuel consumption, i.e., to generate the same power, more biodiesel is needed. The reduction in torque and power of less than 10% indicates that in some cases biodiesel has better combustion than diesel. Unfortunately, the high efficiency of combustion may give rise to increased combustion temperature which may lead to higher exhaust emissions. The gradual decrease in the total hydrocarbon and CO2 emissions, as blends were increased from B20 to B100, was also found to be an indication of better combustion using biodiesel fuels than petroleum diesel. However, NOx emissions were higher, predominantly at low speeds for most biodiesel and blends and therefore may require some additives or engine modifications/or adjustments to equalize the NOx emissions of diesel. Other emissions particularly SO2 were lower than standards require.