Journal articles: 'Cannabis use disorder'

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Duncan, Cameron, Kendra Butler, and Laurielyn Loa. "Cannabis use disorder." Nurse Practitioner 46, no. 3 (March 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000733712.67456.43.

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Hasin, Deborah, and Claire Walsh. "Cannabis Use, Cannabis Use Disorder, and Comorbid Psychiatric Illness: A Narrative Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010015.

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Background: The landscape of attitudes, legal status and patterns of use of cannabis is rapidly changing in the United States and elsewhere. Therefore, the primary aim of this narrative review is to provide a concise overview of the literature on the comorbidity of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) with other substance use and psychiatric disorders, and to use this information to accurately guide future directions for the field. Methods: A literature review of PubMed was conducted for studies relating to cannabis use, CUD, and a co-occurring psychiatric disorder. To provide an overview of representative data, the literature review focused on national-level, population-based work from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) surveys. Considering rapidly changing cannabis laws, recent (past five-year) studies were addressed. Results: A strong body of literature shows associations between cannabis use and CUD with other drug use, psychosis, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. The strongest evidence of a potential causal relationship exists between cannabis use and psychotic disorders. While some evidence shows potential directionality between cannabis use and mood and anxiety disorders, results are inconsistent. Studies have established higher rates of CUD among those with personality disorders, but little about the specifics of this relationship is understood. Conclusions: Although the general population in the United States increasingly perceives cannabis to be a harmless substance, empirical evidence shows that cannabis use is associated both with CUD and comorbid psychiatric illness. However, there is mixed evidence regarding the role of cannabis in the etiology, course, and prognosis of a co-occurring disorder across all categories of psychiatric disorders. Future research should expand on the existing body of literature with representative, longitudinal data, in order to better understand the acute and long-term effects of cannabis on comorbid psychiatric illness.

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Reula, L. Montes, A. Portilla Fernández, and H. Saiz García. "Aspects of the psychological consequences of cannabis use." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.563.

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Cannabis is seen among general population as an “anti-depressive drug”. Many papers have been published in the field of investigation about the relationship between cannabis use and affective disorders. We pretend to find the aspect of the psychological consequences of cannabis use.MethodsUsing Pubmed and PsychInfo, we conducted a narrative review of the literature on cannabis and psychiatric comorbidity using the keywords cannabis, psychosis, mood, depression, mania, bipolar, and anxiety.ResultsThere is substantial evidence of an association between cannabis use and psychosis. A few reports suggest an association with bipolar disorder while the association with depression and anxiety disorders is mixed.ConclusionsThe present review confirms earlier findings of an association between cannabis use and a lower age at onset. Data shows that cannabis use, beginning in the adolescence and with a frequency higher than once a week, correlates with the development in adult age of affective symptoms and/or disorder, mainly in bipolar disorder, with a moderate relation with Depressive spectrum. Even more, some authors hypothesize that cannabis may play a role in the development of the disorder, that to say, affective disorder would not appear in the absence of cannabis use. The current findings suggest that recent cannabis use is associated with a more severe course of illness in the early phase of BD I.Recent cannabis use was also associated with more lifetime suicide attempts.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Singh, Shweta, Divya Taneja, Renu Mittal, and Subhash Kaushik. "Cannabis Use Disorder: A Review." Advancements in Homeopathic Research 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ahr.2022.7.4.1.

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Background: Cannabis use is rising and becoming a trending drug among youth. The drug is used in different forms, leading to intoxication, acute and long-term consequences. About 2.8% of Indians aged 10-75 years are current users of any cannabis product. Withdrawal from the drug use requires medical intervention and counselling. Objectives: To identify existing evidence in homoeopathy on drug deaddiction and cannabis use disorder and to update the physicians on diagnosis, risk behaviours, treatment and investigations associated with cannabis use disorder. Methods: A review of existing literature was conducted through internet sources and the CCRH headquarters library using keywords i.e. substance use, substance abuse, marijuana, cannabis abuse, drug abuse, cannabis use disorder etc. Data from studies reporting drug abuse to identify the type of drug use and homoeopathic treatment response in the withdrawal and long-term management and treatment of drug dependents was tabulated. Results: Although some studies have been conducted on drug withdrawal, no studies have been conducted on cannabis use disorder. More case studies and research on treatment of cannabis use disorder using Homoeopathy are needed. Interpretation: Physicians need to update themselves on diagnosis, risk behaviours, treatment and investigations to counter the condition and contribute to generating evidence-based literature on the homoeopathic approach for treating cannabis use disorder.

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Schermitzler, Brandon S., Thomas J. Preston, and Richard J. Macatee. "Risk for Cannabis Use Disorder in People Who Use Cannabis to Cope with Internalizing Disorders: Implications for Policy and Practice." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10, no. 2 (October 2023): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23727322231195273.

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The prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is increasing in the United States, likely related to increasing cultural and legal acceptance of cannabis. While most cannabis users will not develop a CUD, certain behaviors may increase risk. For example, smoking to cope with anxiety or depressive disorders is associated with higher rates of cannabis use. Users who smoke to cope with these internalizing disorders (anxiety, depression) increase the addictive potential of cannabis. Systems that potentially maintain problematic use in people with internalizing disorders include the reward processing and the stress responsivity systems. Both exhibit neurobiological changes after chronic heavy cannabis use and are affected across internalizing disorders. The shared importance of these systems may warrant several recommendations for policy and practice. Some reexamine cannabis-related policy, invest in local communities, and improve cannabis education.

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Copeland, Jan, Nicole Clement, and Wendy Swift. "Cannabis use, harms and the management of cannabis use disorder." Neuropsychiatry 4, no. 1 (February 2014): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/npy.13.90.

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Samso, B., A. López Fariña, C. González Navarro, L. Morado San Segundo, A. Bilbao Idarraga, U. López Puentes, R. F. Lopez Brokate, et al. "Cannabis use in different mental disorders: a descriptive study in a psychiatric hospital." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S334—S335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.733.

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IntroductionIn the last decade, the prevalence of THC use is increasing among adolescents and adults. There is also strong evidence to suggest that cannabis use is associated with psychiatric comorbidities. The strongest evidence is found between cannabis use and psychotic disorder. However, the literature shows that those who have used cannabis in the past or for a large part of their lives are at higher risk of mood disorders, anxiety, personality disorder or other drug use than those who do not use cannabis in a harmful way.ObjectivesTo provide an overview of the association between cannabis use and the different mental pathologies presented by the patients admitted during the study period. To describe the prevalence of THC use in the study according to the mental pathology presented by the patient.MethodsA retrospective observational descriptive study was developed for 3 months, of all patients admitted to the acute unit of the psychiatric hospital. No exclusion criteria were included.ResultsDuring the period of study 172 patients were admitted to the hospital, classified according to the main diagnosis we have: 49 patients suffer from schizophrenia, 26 bipolar affective disorder, 20 with depressive disorder, 20 with personality disorder, 19 with substance use disorder, 18 with other unspecified disorders and 20 patients with no known previous diagnosis. The prevalence of THC use in the study sample according to diagnosis, would be schizophrenia 16%, Bipolar affective disorder 19%, Depressive disorder 5%, Personality disorder 45%, Substance use disorder 21%, Unspecified disorders 11% and patients with no known previous diagnosis 10%.ConclusionsThe results obtained in the study in terms of THC use are in agreement with those obtained in the literature. In our study, we observed that cannabis use is associated with psychotic disorders as well as with mood, personality and substance abuse disorders. Given that the frequency of use has increased and there is a strong association with different comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, guidance on modifications in medication strategies might be necessary.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Mustapha, S. Ben, W. Homri, L. Jouini, and R. Labbane. "Bipolar disorder and co-occurring cannabis use disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.522.

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AimsAssess the prevalence of cannabis use disorders (CUD) in patients with bipolar disorder, describe the demographic and clinical profile socio bipolar patients with comorbid addictive and assess the implications of this comorbidity on prognosis and evolution of bipolar disorder.MethodsA case-control study, 100 euthymic patients treated for bipolar disorder, recruited in the department of psychiatry C of Razi hospital. Two groups were individualized by the presence or not of cannabis use disorders comorbidity. The two groups were compared for sociodemographic, clinical, therapeutic and historical characteristics.ResultsThe prevalence of CUD was 27.53% (n = 19) in our sample. Comparing bipolar patients according to the presence or absence of CUD, we found the following results with patients with CUD comorbidity: younger, mostly male, a disturbed family dynamic, low educational level, poor socio-economic conditions, more time abroad history, more suicide attempts in history, more criminal record, more psychiatric family history, an earlier onset of the disease, a longer duration of undiagnosed bipolar disorder, more personality disorder, more frequent presence of a triggering factor for bipolar disorder, more psychotic features during mood episodes, more need of antipsychotic long-term treatment.ConclusionsThe frequency of CUD in BD is higher than the prevalence in the general population and CUD is a factor in the evolution and prognosis of bipolar disorder and promotes the development of mood disorders in predisposed patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Ringen, P. A., A. Vaskinn, K. Sundet, J. A. Engh, H. Jónsdóttir, C. Simonsen, S. Friis, S. Opjordsmoen, I. Melle, and O. A. Andreassen. "Opposite relationships between cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 8 (November 6, 2009): 1337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991620.

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BackgroundCannabis use is associated with altered neurocognitive functioning in severe mental disorders, but data are still inconclusive and there are no studies of bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cannabis use and neurocognition in bipolar disorder compared with schizophrenia in a naturalistic setting.MethodA total of 133 patients with bipolar disorder and 140 patients with schizophrenia underwent neuropsychological assessments and clinical characterization including measures of substance use. Relationships between cannabis users and neurocognitive function were explored in the two diagnostic groups. Possible interactions between diagnosis and cannabis use were investigated, and findings were controlled for possible confounders.ResultsIn bipolar disorder subjects, cannabis use was associated with better neurocognitive function, but the opposite was the case for the schizophrenia subjects. There was a statistically significant interaction effect of diagnosis and cannabis use on focused attention (p=0.019), executive functioning (verbal fluency – set shifting) (p=0.009), logical memory-learning (p=0.007) and on logical memory-recall (p=0.004). These differences in neurocognitive function could not be explained by putative confounders.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that cannabis use may be related to improved neurocognition in bipolar disorder and compromised neurocognition in schizophrenia. The results need to be replicated in independent samples, and may suggest different underlying disease mechanisms in the two disorders.

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Bicket, Mark C., and Emma E. McGinty. "Cannabis Use Disorder and Surgery." Anesthesiology 132, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003135.

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Simpson, Annabelle K., and Viktoriya Magid. "Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescence." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 25, no. 3 (July 2016): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.003.

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Winters, Ken C., Joel Mader, Alan J. Budney, Catherine Stanger, Ashley A. Knapp, and Denise D. Walker. "Interventions for cannabis use disorder." Current Opinion in Psychology 38 (April 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.11.002.

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Hashemi, Daniel, and Kevin Gray. "Cannabis Use Disorder in Adolescents." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 46, no. 4 (December 2023): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.013.

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Gunn, Rachel L., Elizabeth R. Aston, Alexander W. Sokolovsky, Helene R. White, and Kristina M. Jackson. "Complex cannabis use patterns: Associations with cannabis consequences and cannabis use disorder symptomatology." Addictive Behaviors 105 (June 2020): 106329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106329.

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Maloney-Hall, Bridget, Sarah C. Wallingford, Sarah Konefal, and Matthew M. Young. "Psychotic disorder and cannabis use: Canadian hospitalization trends, 2006–2015." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 40, no. 5/6 (June 2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.40.5/6.06.

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Introduction Given the recent and impending changes to the legal status of nonmedical cannabis use in Canada, understanding the effects of cannabis use on the health care system is important for evaluating the impact of policy change. The aim of this study was to examine pre-legalization trends in hospitalizations for mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabis, according to demographics factors and clinical conditions. Methods We assessed the total number of inpatient hospitalizations for psychiatric conditions with a primary diagnosis of a mental or behavioural disorder due to cannabis use (ICD-10-CA code F12) from the Hospital Mental Health Database for ten years spanning 2006 to 2015, inclusive. We included hospitalizations from all provinces and territories except Quebec. Rates (per 100 000 persons) and relative proportions of hospitalizations by clinical condition, age group, sex and year are reported. Results Between 2006 and 2015, the rate of cannabis-related hospitalizations in Canada doubled. Of special note, however, is that hospitalizations during this time period for those with the clinical condition code "mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cannabinoids, psychotic disorder" (F12.5) tripled, accounting for almost half (48%) of all cannabis-related hospitalizations in 2015. Conclusion Further research is required to investigate the reasons for the increase in hospitalizations for cannabis-related psychotic disorder. The introduction of high-potency cannabinoid products and synthetic cannabinoids into the illicit market are considered as possible factors.

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Bayazit, Huseyin, Erdinc Cicek, Salih Selek, Nurten Aksoy, I. Fatih Karababa, Hasan Kandemir, and Sultan Basmaci Kandemir. "Increased S100B Levels in Cannabis Use Disorder." European Addiction Research 22, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442046.

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Background: It has been determined that cannabis has adverse effects on brain tissue, and that increased S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) blood levels are markers of neuronal damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the S100B levels in cannabis use disorder. Method: Thirty-two patients with cannabis use disorder and 31 matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Appropriate blood samples were taken from the enrolled subjects, and the serum S100B protein levels were measured with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the quantification of the protein. Findings: We found significantly increased S100B protein levels in patients with cannabis use disorder. The mean serum concentration of S100B was 0.081 ± 0.018 μg/l in patients with cannabis use disorder, and 0.069 ± 0.018 μg/l in the control group (p = 0.008). Interpretation: Our data suggest that elevated S100B protein levels might indicate neuronal damage in the brains of people with cannabis use disorder.

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Olfa, B., S. Rim, O. Reehab, A. Syrine, Z. Abdelmajid, C. Farah, M. Rim, F. Ines, and M. Jawaher. "Impulsivity and cannabis use disorder among tunisian sample." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1367.

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IntroductionIn the past few years, there has been a considerable amount of evidence that cannabis use can cause structural and functional brain abnormalities.Structural imaging studies of cannabis users have revealed reduced prefrontal cortex volumes and white matter damage that may be involved with impulsivity. Objectives: To Determine the level of dependence on cannabis among cannabis users consulting the detoxification center of Sfax, Tunisia To assess in addition the impact of cannabis on impulsivity and motor control.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study that was conducted over a period of 13 months between September 15, 2020 and October 1, 2021 among cannabis users consulting the detoxification center of Sfax, Tunisia.A short form of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (the BIS-15) and a Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) were used to assess impulsivity and to determine cannabis abuse. Results: Thirty Eight cannabis users agreed to participate in this study. The distribution of CAST scores showed that 36 users (94.7%) had problematic cannabis use at the time of the study. The mean BIS 15 score was 38.2. In our sample, The level of impulsivity was highest in people with a high level of cannabis dependence. A higher level of impulsivity was found in younger subjects. However, a greater level of impulsivity was found in subjects with a lower socio-economic level. Concerning employment status, unemployment was significantly correlated with a higher level of impulsivity.ConclusionsImpulsivity is often associated with a variety of problematic behaviors such as aggressive behavior, smoking, drug abuse, pathological gambling or compulsive buying.A higher frequency of cannabis use and earlier age of onset use have been shown to be associated with the highest rates of impulsivity.Therefore, cannabis addiction represents a real public health problem, both because of the serious complications and heavy repercussions that it causes.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Olasore, Holiness SA, Akinniyi A. Osuntoki, Olubunmi A. Magbagbeola, Abdur-Rasheed B. Awesu, and Anthony A. Olashore. "Association of Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1) 40 bp 3′ UTR VNTR Polymorphism (rs28363170) and Cannabis Use Disorder." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 17 (January 2023): 117822182311636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11782218231163696.

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Introduction: Cannabis remains the most widely used illicit drug among Nigerians, often associated with psychiatric disorders. Since genetic predisposition has been implicated in substance use disorders, we, therefore, aimed at finding out the relationship between dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) polymorphism and cannabis use disorder. Methods: We recruited 104 patients from a tertiary psychiatric facility in Lagos, Nigeria, who were diagnosed with cannabis use disorder according to ICD-10 and 96 non-smokers as a comparative group. The smokers were screened with Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT), and cannabis dependence was assessed with the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS). Genotyping was carried out for the 40 bp 3′ UTR VNTR of the DAT1 (rs28363170). Results: The frequencies of 9R/9R, 9R/10R, 10R/10R among non-smokers and smokers were 14 (14.3%), 25 (26.2%), 57 (59.5%) and 17 (16.3%), 54 (51.9%), 33 (31.7%) respectively. The genotype distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) only in the smokers’ population (χ² = 1.896, P = .166). Individuals with the 10R allele were almost twice as likely as the 9R carriers to smoke cannabis (OR = 1.915, 95% CI: 1.225-2.995). However, this polymorphism was not associated with the quantity of cannabis smoked, age at onset of smoking, CUDIT, and SDS scores. Conclusion: The DAT VNTR polymorphism was associated with cannabis smoking but not cannabis use disorder.

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Dmochowska, Joanna, Eryk Mikos, Karol Kanon, Sara Moqbil, and Martyna Wasyluk. "Current State of Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorder." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 8 (August 2, 2022): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.026.

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Cannabis remains the most commonly used illicit psychoactive drug and contains substances that affect the brain and body. A range of acute and chronic health problems associated with cannabis use has been identified.Cannabis use disorder is defined as the continued use of cannabis despite clinically significant impairment. It is estimated that 1 in 10 people who use marijuana will become addicted. CUD is a problematic pattern of cannabis use that causes clinically significant impairment. There is not an available medication to successfully treat CUD, but psychotherapeutic models hold promise. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related problems.The legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD. Since this approach has not yet been validated for CUD, the improvement of psychosocial treatments with pharmacological therapies should be further explored in future clinical research.

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Jmii, G., M. Zghal, F. Ghali, M. Mezghenni, L. Jouini, L. Robbana, F. Ellouze, and F. Mrad. "Bipolar Disorder and Cannabis." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S118—S119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1908.

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IntroductionPeople with bipolar disorder frequently struggle with substance abuse and dependence. Typically, cannabis is the most commonly abused drug in individuals with bipolar disorder. Some investigators have implied that cannabis may actually be mood stabilizing in patients with bipolar disorder. However, the relationships between cannabis use and bipolar disorders are complex and remain incompletely described.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of addiction to cannabis in bipolar patients type I and determine the consequences of cannabis on the expression of bipolar illness and prognosis.MethodsThis is a comparative cross-sectional study which included patients followed in the psychiatry department of the G Razi hospital for bipolar disorder type I and for substance dependence according to DSM IV diagnostic criteria. Hetero-questionnaire on sociodemographic variables, clinical and treatment.ResultsThe average age was 41 years. The average hospital stay was 9.18 days. 33.33% of patients were monitored regularly. Most patients were single and worked as a day labourer. Cannabis was the most consumed substance. Cannabis use was prior to the expression of psychiatric illness in 55% of cases. The average number of hospitalisation in patients with a cannabis addiction was significantly greater than that observed in the non-addicted group. Similarly, the average number of suicide attempts among patients with cannabis addiction was significantly higher than the group without cannabis addiction.ConclusionsAggressive drug abuse treatment immediately after a first psychiatric hospitalisation might decrease rates of recurrence and new cases of cannabis use disorder in the course of bipolar disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Hamilton, Ian, and Mark Monaghan. "Trends in cannabis use, is cannabis use disorder a valid diagnosis?" International Journal of Drug Policy 69 (July 2019): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.009.

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Masroor, Anum, Rikinkumar S. Patel, Narmada N. Bhimanadham, Sanjeetha Raveendran, Naveed Ahmad, Uwandu Queeneth, Amaya Pankaj, and Zeeshan Mansuri. "Conduct Disorder-Related Hospitalization and Substance Use Disorders in American Teens." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9070073.

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Objective: Our study aimed to compare the demographic characteristics of conduct disorder (CD) inpatients versus other psychiatric inpatients in children and adolescents, and assess the association between conduct disorder patients and the spectrum of substance use disorders (SUD). Methods: We included 800,614 psychiatric adolescent (12–18 years) inpatients, and this included 8885 inpatients (1.1%) primarily for conduct disorder in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2010–2014). ICD-9 codes were used to detect SUD, and a logistic regression model was used to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) for SUD in conduct disorder inpatients. Results: A higher proportion of conduct disorder inpatients were of 12–15 years of age (62.6%), male (64.4%), and White (45.7%). The lower median household income was correlated with a higher prevalence of conduct disorder (36.4%). Among SUD, cannabis use (23.7%) was most prevalent in conduct disorder inpatients followed by tobacco and alcohol use (10.1% each). Conduct disorder inpatients have 1.7-fold higher odds (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–1.82) for alcohol use and 1.4-fold higher odds (95% CI 1.31–1.49) for cannabis use compared to the non-conduct disorder inpatients. Cannabis use was seen significantly in adolescents (49.1%, 12–15 years), male (75.6%), and African Americans (45.6%). Conclusion: Conduct disorder inpatients have a higher risk of comorbid SUD compared to other psychiatric illnesses. The most common substance to be abused is cannabis followed by tobacco and alcohol. Varying pattern of substance use was seen by demographics and these predictors may help the clinicians for early diagnosis and treatment to improve overall health-related quality of life.

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Nielsen, Trine Tollerup, Daniel Levey, G. Bragi Walters, Jakob Grove, Emma Johnson, Thorgeir Thorgeirsson, Million Veteran Program (MVP), et al. "27. GENOME-WIDE CROSS-DISORDER ANALYSES OF ADHD AND CANNABIS USE DISORDER AND CANNABIS USE." European Neuropsychopharmacology 63 (October 2022): e59-e60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.07.117.

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Osuch, Elizabeth, Evelyn Vingilis, Erin Ross, Christeen Forster, and Carolyn Summerhurst. "Cannabis use, addiction risk and functional impairment in youth seeking treatment for primary mood or anxiety concerns." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0067.

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Abstract Cannabis use is common in youth and there is evidence that the co-occurrence of cannabis use (and other substance use) with mental illnesses predicts poorer outcomes, including suicide. The main purposes of this study were to: (i) identify rates of cannabis use and substance use disorder risk, and (ii) predictors for cannabis use among youth seeking help for mood and/or anxiety concerns in a sample population prescreened to exclude primary substance use disorders; and (iii) to determine if there was an association between cannabis use and functional impairment in this sample. We investigated substance use risk as well as hypothesized predictors of cannabis use and functional impairment including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, trait coping style, age of onset of several risk behaviors, current use of common addictive substances, level of functional impairment, and current psychiatric symptom severity. Results showed that approximately half of the participants were at moderate to high risk for a substance use disorder, and just over 4% appeared to have a primary substance use disorder. They also suggested an association between cannabis use and gender (male), age of first cannabis use, recent cigarette use, and functional impairment. Independently, functional impairment was predicted by inattentive coping style, depression severity, and total cannabis use score. These results confirm a high risk for addictive disorders and an association between cannabis use and functional impairment in this sample. These results support the need for substance use treatment programs to optimize care wherever youth with primary mood and/or anxiety concerns are seen.

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Fatima, Hudaisa, Allyn C. Howlett, and Christopher T. Whitlow. "Reward, Control & Decision-Making in Cannabis Use Disorder: Insights from Functional MRI." British Journal of Radiology 92, no. 1101 (September 2019): 20190165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190165.

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The recreational consumption of cannabis has increased significantly across the world with an estimated 180 million people currently using. In the United States, 4.1 million are currently diagnosed with cannabis use disorder. Cannabis dependence and abuse was combined into a single entity as a behavioral disorder with a problematic pattern of cannabis use and termed cannabis use disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Chronic use of cannabis has been linked with region-specific effects across the brain mediating reward processing, cognitive control and decision-making that are central to understanding addictive behaviors. This review presents a snapshot of the current literature assessing the effects of chronic cannabis use on human brain function via functional MRI. Studies employing various paradigms and contrasting cognitive activation amongst cannabis users and non-users were incorporated. The effects of trans-del-ta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in marijuana and other preparations of cannabis are mediated by the endocannabinoid system, which is also briefly introduced. Much variation exists in the current literature regarding the functional changes associated with chronic cannabis use. One possible explanation for this variation is the heterogeneity in study designs, with little implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria when selecting chronic users, distinct time points of participant assessment, differing cognitive paradigms and imaging protocols. As such, there is an urgent requirement for future investigations that further characterize functional changes associated with chronic cannabis use.

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Selamoglu, Ayla, Christelle Langley, Rebecca Crean, George Savulich, Francesca Cormack, Barbara J. Sahakian, and Barbara Mason. "Neuropsychological performance in young adults with cannabis use disorder." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211050548.

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Background and Aims: Cannabis is a commonly used recreational drug in young adults. The worldwide prevalence in 18- to 25-year-olds is approximately 35%. Significant differences in cognitive performance have been reported previously for groups of cannabis users. However, the groups are often heterogeneous in terms of cannabis use. Here, we study daily cannabis users with a confirmed diagnosis of cannabis use disorder (CUD) to examine cognitive performance on measures of memory, executive function and risky decision-making. Methods: Forty young adult daily cannabis users with diagnosed CUD and 20 healthy controls matched for sex and premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ) were included. The neuropsychological battery implemented was designed to measure multiple modes of memory (visual, episodic and working memory), risky decision-making and other domains of executive function using subtests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Results: Our results showed that young adult daily cannabis users with CUD perform significantly poorer on tasks of visual and episodic memory compared with healthy controls. In addition, executive functioning was associated with the age of onset. Conclusions: Further research is required to determine whether worse performance in cognition results in cannabis use or is a consequence of cannabis use. Chronic heavy cannabis use during a critical period of brain development may have a particularly negative impact on cognition. Research into the persistence of cognitive differences and how they relate to functional outcomes such as academic/career performance is required.

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Olasore, H. S. A., A. A. Osuntoki, and O. A. Magbagbeola. "Association of Plasma Dopamine and Norepinephrine Levels and Cannabis Use among Male Cannabis Smokers." University of Lagos Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 7, no. 1-2 (2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52968/23688609.

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Background: Many studies have employed both direct and indirect methods of measuring the brain dopaminergic activity in relation to drug dependence, internet addiction and other disorders in which dopamine signalling has been implicated. However, only a few scientific reports have found a relationship between plasma dopamine and/or norepinephrine levels and addiction. Objective: The present work was aimed at determining the association between plasma dopamine level and consumption of cannabis as the most widely used illicit drug in the world. Methods: One hundred and six participants with cannabis use disorder based on International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10) were recruited for the study. Screening for current cannabis use disorder was done using Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT). Cannabis dependence was assessed using the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS). Venous blood samples were taken from the subjects to assay for the plasma dopamine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: There was a high correlation between plasma dopamine and SDS scores with plasma dopamine accounting for more than 31% of the variance in SDS scores. However, the relationship between plasma dopamine and current cannabis use disorder was not strong as it accounts for just more than 9% of the variance in CUDIT scores. There was a relationship found between plasma norepinephrine and SDS scores. Plasma norepinephrine only accounts for about 5% of the variance in SDS score while there was virtually no association between plasma norepinephrine and CUDIT scores. Conclusion: Higher plasma dopamine level was found to be significantly associated with cannabis use and dependence as measured by SDS but less associated with current cannabis use disorder as measured by CUDIT.

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Copeland, Jan, and Wendy Swift. "Cannabis use disorder: Epidemiology and management." International Review of Psychiatry 21, no. 2 (January 2009): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540260902782745.

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Melis, Miriam, Roberto Frau, Peter W. Kalivas, Sade Spencer, Vivian Chioma, Erica Zamberletti, Tiziana Rubino, and Daniela Parolaro. "New vistas on cannabis use disorder." Neuropharmacology 124 (September 2017): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.033.

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Mariani, John J., Martina Pavlicova, C. Jean Choi, Cale Basaraba, Kenneth M. Carpenter, Amy L. Mahony, Daniel J. Brooks, et al. "Quetiapine treatment for cannabis use disorder." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 218 (January 2021): 108366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108366.

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Gracie, Kathryn, and Robert J. Hancox. "Cannabis use disorder and the lungs." Addiction 116, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.15075.

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Gillespie, Nathan A., Steven H. Aggen, Michael C. Neale, Gun Peggy Knudsen, Robert F. Krueger, Susan C. South, Nikolai Czajkowski, et al. "Associations between personality disorders and cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: a population-based twin study." Addiction 113, no. 8 (April 13, 2018): 1488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14209.

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Hines, Lindsey A., Katherine I. Morley, Fruhling Rijsdijk, John Strang, Arpana Agrawal, Elliot C. Nelson, Dixie Statham, Nicholas G. Martin, and Michael T. Lynskey. "Overlap of heritable influences between cannabis use disorder, frequency of use and opportunity to use cannabis: trivariate twin modelling and implications for genetic design." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 16 (March 13, 2018): 2786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000478.

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AbstractBackgroundThe genetic component of Cannabis Use Disorder may overlap with influences acting more generally on early stages of cannabis use. This paper aims to determine the extent to which genetic influences on the development of cannabis abuse/dependence are correlated with those acting on the opportunity to use cannabis and frequency of use.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 3303 Australian twins, measuring age of onset of cannabis use opportunity, lifetime frequency of cannabis use, and lifetime DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence. A trivariate Cholesky decomposition estimated additive genetic (A), shared environment (C) and unique environment (E) contributions to the opportunity to use cannabis, the frequency of cannabis use, cannabis abuse/dependence, and the extent of overlap between genetic and environmental factors associated with each phenotype.ResultsVariance components estimates were A = 0.64 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.70] and E = 0.36 (95% CI 0.29–0.42) for age of opportunity to use cannabis, A = 0.74 (95% CI 0.66–0.80) and E = 0.26 (95% CI 0.20–0.34) for cannabis use frequency, and A = 0.78 (95% CI 0.65–0.88) and E = 0.22 (95% CI 0.12–0.35) for cannabis abuse/dependence. Opportunity shares 45% of genetic influences with the frequency of use, and only 17% of additive genetic influences are unique to abuse/dependence from those acting on opportunity and frequency.ConclusionsThere are significant genetic contributions to lifetime cannabis abuse/dependence, but a large proportion of this overlaps with influences acting on opportunity and frequency of use. Individuals without drug use opportunity are uninformative, and studies of drug use disorders must incorporate individual exposure to accurately identify aetiology.

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Hasin, Deborah S., Aaron L. Sarvet, Magdalena Cerdá, Katherine M. Keyes, Malka Stohl, Sandro Galea, and Melanie M. Wall. "US Adult Illicit Cannabis Use, Cannabis Use Disorder, and Medical Marijuana Laws." JAMA Psychiatry 74, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0724.

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Tapoi, Cristiana. "Distinguishing between cannabis-induced psychotic disorder and psychotic disorder with concurrent cannabis use: a diagnostic challenge." Romanian Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjpp.2020.2.2.

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Approximately one third of the patients presenting with a first episode psychosis have a history of cannabis use. Some of these patients meet criteria for cannabis induced psychotic disorder (CIPD), which is regarded as a disorder with better outcomes, compared to other psychotic disorders. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there are differences in clinical and demographic features between patients with CIPD and patients with first episode of primary psychotic disorder (PPD) with concurrent cannabis use (CU). A literature search in PubMed database for papers published in English was conducted. A number of 12 studies published between 2002 and 2019 were selected. Available data support the hypothesis that CIPD is a distinct clinical entity from PPD with CU. Differences were found in clinical presentation, as patients with CIPD tend to have a lower intensity of overall psychotic symptoms, a greater insight into psychosis, higher likelihood of visual hallucinations, depersonalization and derealization, and more intense manic symptoms and hostility than patients with PPD with CU, and in family history, as patients with CIPD are more likely to have a close relative that meets criteria for substance use disorder, but less likely to have a close relative diagnosed with psychotic disorder. However, a significant percentage (25-45%) of patients initially treated for CIPD will meet criteria for a chronic psychotic disorder in the following years and continuous cannabis use is associated with poor prognosis, independent of the initial diagnosis. In these conditions, early intervention is crucial and substance use treatment should be considered a priority in cannabis users that develop psychotic symptoms.

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Tullu, Mikiyas, Telake Azale, Dessie Abebaw, Haddis Solomon, and Yodit Habtamu. "Prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder and Associated Factors among Cannabis Young Adult Users at Shashemene Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2016." Psychiatry Journal 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6731341.

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Introduction. Cannabis users are at high risk of developing cannabis use disorder which is a problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. Objective. To assess the magnitude of cannabis use disorder and associated factors among young adults using cannabis at Shashemene Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Shashemene Town, from May to June 2016. Young adults aged 18–25 who use cannabis and are permanent residents of Shashemene were included in the study. Using single proportion formula, 423 participants were selected using exponential discriminative snow ball sampling. Result. This study revealed that the magnitude of cannabis use disorder was 42.2%. The most contributing factors that remained to be statistically significant with cannabis use disorder were common mental disorder (AOR = 2.125, 95% CI: 1.218, 3.708), current cigarette smoking (AOR = 6.118, 95% CI: 2.13, 17.575), and current use of shisha (AOR = 4.313, 95% CI: 2.427, 7.664). Conclusion. The magnitude of cannabis use disorder among young adults using cannabis was high.

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Martínez-Luna, N., L. Rodriguez-Cintas, C. Daigre, L. Grau-Lopez, R. F. Palma-Alvarez, A. Esojo, and C. Roncero. "Comparative study of psychiatric comorbidity differences in patients with ADHD and cocaine substance use disorders and patients ADHD and cannabis use disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.557.

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Substance Use Disorders (SUD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) are frequent conditions in out drug treatment centers. There are evidences about the high prevalence of ADHD in SUD patients (20%) compared with just ADHD in general population (1–7.3%). Both disorders and psychiatric comorbidity are important in the diagnosis proceeding. The objective of this study is search the difference in psychiatric comorbidity conditions between patients with ADHD and Cocaine SUD and ADHD and Cannabis SUD. ADHD was present in 158 patients of a total sample in which 46,8% used cocaine, 17.1% cannabis and 36.1% used both. Mood disorders were 26.8% in cocaine users, 21.7% in cannabis and 18.9% in both. Anxiety disorders were 20.3% in cocaine users, 37.5 in cannabis and 13% in both users. Primary psychotic disorders were 2.9% in cocaine users, none in cannabis and 11,1% in both drug users. Personality disorders by cluster were, Cluster A: 11.3% in cocaine group, 36% in cannabis group and 24.5 in cannabis and cocaine group. Cluster B: 33.8% in cocaine group, 44% in cannabis group and 51.9% in cannabis and cocaine group. Cluster C: 9.9% in cocaine group, 28% in cannabis group and 19.2% in cannabis and cocaine group. There could be common pathways of neuronal damage related to psychiatric comorbidity depending of used drug, the differences in comorbidity found in this study could explain a little part of it. It is important to manage SUD-ADHD and other psychiatric comorbidity in order to improve the outcomes of these patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Lee, Sanghyun, and Soon-Beom Hong. "Thalamocortical functional connectivity and cannabis use in men with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 28, 2022): e0278162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278162.

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Disruptions of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit has been implicated in both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder. Given the high prevalence of cannabis use among patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, we set out to investigate the relationship between the two in the thalamus. We analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from the Addiction Connectome Preprocessed Initiative Multimodal Treatment Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder database. Functional connectivity maps were extracted to compare thalamic connectivity among adults who had been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during childhood according to whether or not they used cannabis. The study participants included 18 cannabis users and 15 cannabis non-users with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Our results revealed that adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who used cannabis (n = 18) had significantly decreased functional connectivity between the thalamus and parietal regions, which was particularly prominent in the inferior parietal areas, in comparison with those who did not use cannabis (n = 15). Left thalamic functional connectivity with the inferior parietal and middle frontal areas and right thalamic functional connectivity with the inferior parietal and superior frontal areas were increased in non-users of cannabis with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared with a local normative comparison group (n = 7). In conclusion, adults with a childhood history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder who do not use cannabis often have relatively stronger thalamoparietal and thalamofrontal connectivity, which may help reduce the risk of cannabis use.

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Ringen, P. A., R. Nesvåg, S. Helle, T. V. Lagerberg, E. H. Lange, E. M. Løberg, I. Agartz, O. A. Andreassen, and I. Melle. "Premorbid cannabis use is associated with more symptoms and poorer functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorder." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 15 (August 18, 2016): 3127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716001999.

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BackgroundCannabis use disorder is associated with an earlier age at onset and a more severe outcome of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The role of cannabis use before the onset of illness (premorbid cannabis use) has not been fully investigated. We here examined how amount and type of premorbid cannabis use was associated with the later course of illness including current substance use, symptoms and level of functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorder.MethodWe used a naturalistic sample of patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia spectrum disorders with a comprehensive history of illness and substance use. Data on premorbid substance use was obtained from comprehensive self-report. The relationship to outcome was investigated using regression models that included current substance use and premorbid functioning.ResultsPre-schizophrenia cannabis use was significantly associated with more severe psychotic symptoms and impaired functioning. Higher levels of premorbid cannabis use were associated with higher levels of current psychotic symptoms. These associations were independent of current substance use and premorbid functioning. Early use of cannabis (age <17 years) was associated with earlier age at onset of psychosis, independently of potential confounders.ConclusionsPre-psychosis cannabis use affects illness outcome in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and is associated with lower age at onset of psychosis. These findings of independent negative effects of premorbid cannabis use in schizophrenia suggest that a limitation of the general use of cannabis may have beneficial health effects.

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Williams, Arthur Robin. "Cannabis as a Gateway Drug for Opioid Use Disorder." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 2 (2020): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520935338.

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Cannabis use in some individuals can meaningfully introduce de novo risk for the initiation of opioid use and development of opioid use disorder. These risks may be particularly high during adolescence when cannabis use may disrupt critical periods of neurodevelopment. Current research studying the combination of genetic and environmental factors involved in substance use disorders is poorly understood. More research is needed, particularly to identify which adolescents are most at risk and to develop effective interventions addressing contributing factors such as trauma and psychiatric comorbidity.

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Preuss, Ulrich W., Michie N. Hesselbrock, and Victor M. Hesselbrock. "A Prospective Comparison of Bipolar I and II Subjects with and without Comorbid Cannabis Use Disorders from the COGA Dataset." Brain Sciences 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13081130.

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Objective: The comorbidity of alcohol and substance use disorders among persons with bipolar disorder is elevated, as indicated by epidemiological and clinical studies. Following alcohol use, cannabis is the most frequently used and abused illicit substance among bipolar individuals, and such use may lead to comorbid cannabis use disorders (CUD). Previous research indicated that CUDs were related to a more severe course of bipolar disorder and higher rates of other comorbid alcohol and substance use disorders. Few studies, however, have conducted longitudinal research on this comorbidity. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of CUD on the course of bipolar I and II individuals during a 5-year follow-up. Methods: The characteristics of bipolar disorder, cannabis use disorders, and other alcohol and substance use disorders, as well as comorbid mental disorders, were assessed using a standardized semi-structured interview (SSAGA) at both baseline and the 5-year follow-up. N = 180 bipolar I and II patients were subdivided into groups of with and without comorbid cannabis use disorders (CUD). Results: Of the 77 bipolar I and 103 bipolar II patients, n = 65 (36.1%) had a comorbid diagnosis of any CUD (DSM-IV cannabis abuse or dependence). Comorbid bipolar patients with CUD had higher rates of other substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress disorders, more affective symptoms, and less psychosocial functioning at baseline and at 5-year follow-up. In contrast to previously reported findings, higher rates of anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder complications (e.g., mixed episodes, rapid cycling, and manic or hypomanic episodes) were not found. The effect of CUD on other substance use disorders was confirmed using moderation analyses. Conclusions: A 5-year prospective evaluation of bipolar patients with and without CUD confirmed previous investigations, suggesting that the risk of other substance use disorders is significantly increased in comorbid individuals. CUD has a moderation effect, while no effect was found for other mental disorders. Findings from this study and previous research may be due to the examination of different phenotypes (Cannabis use vs. CUD) and sample variation (family study vs. clinical and epidemiological populations).

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Sara, Grant E., Philip M. Burgess, Gin S. Malhi, Harvey A. Whiteford, and Wayne C. Hall. "Cannabis and stimulant disorders and readmission 2 years after first-episode psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 204, no. 6 (June 2014): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135145.

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BackgroundFew studies have examined the impact of stimulant use on outcome in early psychosis. Ceasing substance use may lead to positive outcomes in psychosis.AimsTo examine whether baseline cannabis or stimulant disorders and ongoing drug use predict readmission within 2 years of a first psychosis admission.MethodPredictors of readmission were examined with Cox regression in 7269 people aged 15–29 years with a first psychosis admission.ResultsBaseline cannabis and stimulant disorders did not predict readmission. A stimulant disorder diagnosis prior to index psychosis admission predicted readmission, but a prior cannabis disorder diagnosis did not. Ongoing problem drug use predicted readmission. The lowest rate of readmission occurred in people whose baseline drug problems were discontinued.ConclusionsPrior admissions with stimulant disorder may be a negative prognostic sign in first-episode psychosis. Drug use diagnoses at baseline may be a good prognostic sign if they are identified and controlled.

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Verplaetse, Terril L., Kelly E. Moore, Brian P. Pittman, Walter Roberts, Lindsay M. Oberleitner, Philip H. Smith, Kelly P. Cosgrove, and Sherry A. McKee. "Intersection of Stress and Gender in Association With Transitions in Past Year DSM-5 Substance Use Disorder Diagnoses in the United States." Chronic Stress 2 (January 2018): 247054701775263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547017752637.

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Background Stress contributes to the development and maintenance of substance use disorders, with some research suggesting that the impact of stress on substance use disorders is greater in women. However, this has yet to be evaluated in a national dataset, across major substances of abuse. Methods Using data from the newly available U.S. National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Wave 3; n = 36,309), we evaluated relationships among past year stressful life events (0 or 1 vs. 2+ events, range 0–16) and gender, and their association with transitions (new vs. absent cases; ongoing vs. remitted cases) in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition alcohol use disorder, tobacco use disorder, cannabis use disorder, and nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder diagnoses. Results Having two or more stressful life events in the past year increased the odds of having a new alcohol use disorder, tobacco use disorder, cannabis use disorder, and opioid use disorder (OR = 3.14, 2.15, 5.52, and 3.06, respectively) or ongoing alcohol use disorder, tobacco use disorder, and cannabis use disorder (OR = 2.39, 2.62, and 2.95, respectively) compared to zero or one stressful life event. A stress by gender interaction for new vs. absent alcohol use disorder demonstrated that having two or more stressful life events was associated with increased odds of new alcohol use disorder in men (OR = 2.51) and even greater odds of new alcohol use disorder in women (OR = 3.94). Conclusions Results highlight that stress is a robust factor in both men and women with new or ongoing substance use disorders, and that effective treatments for substance use should consider the role of stress in addiction etiology and maintenance. There was little evidence for gender differences in the role of stress on transitions in substance use disorders, except for the onset of alcohol use disorders. Given that rates of alcohol use disorders are increasing in women, the impact of stress needs to be considered.

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Rodas, Justyne D., Maryam Sorkhou, and Tony P. George. "Contingency Management for Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder in Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders: A Systematic Review." Brain Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010036.

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Amongst individuals with a mental health disorder, a comorbid diagnosis of cannabis use disorder (CUD) is associated with numerous adverse consequences, including more severe symptom profiles, poorer treatment response, and reduced psychosocial functioning. Contingency management (CM), a method to specifically reinforce target behavior attainment (e.g., substance use abstinence), may provide an effective intervention in treating cannabis use in patients with a dual diagnosis of CUD and a mental health disorder. A systematic search examining the effects of CM on cannabis use, clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes in patients with a mental health disorder on PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases up to November 2022 was performed. Six studies met inclusion criteria for our review. We found CM to be efficacious in producing cannabis use reductions and abstinence amongst individuals with a psychotic-spectrum or major depressive disorder. Additional longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes, other psychiatric populations, and longer follow-up periods are needed to evaluate the sustained effects of CM.

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Gómez Sánchez-Lafuente, C., R. Reina Gonzalez, A. De Severac Cano, E. Mateos Carrasco, F. Moreno De Lara, and I. Tilves Santiago. "Prevalence of substance use disorder among bipolar affective disorder." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S299—S300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1019.

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IntroductionHigh rates of substance abuse have been reported in the general population and users of mental health services. In our environment, relationship between substance abuse and manic phase has not been well characterized.AimsDetermining the prevalence of active substance abuse among patients admitted to acute mental health unit at Virgen de la Victoria Hospital at Malaga, diagnosed with mania or hipomanía.MethodsWe analysed urine and blood seeking for ethanol, cannabis and other 11 substances in 140 patients previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder prior to their admission at the Hospital for mania or hipomanía phase.ResultsThirty-seven percent of the patients were positive for drugs. Eighteen percent were positive for two or more drugs. Males had higher rates of abuse than females, except in MDMA and amphetamines. By subtypes, cannabis (37.2%) and ethanol (29.62%) were the most consumed drugs. In young age cohorts had higher rates of active substance abuse. Dual patients had longer average stays at hospital (2.6 days more) (Fig. 1).ConclusionsSubstance abuse is a major comorbidity in bipolar patients with manic phase. The active consumption of cannabis and ethanol especially emphasizes in men younger than 35 years.We believe priority should be given to recognition and multidisclipinary approach to substance use disorders in bipolar patients. Bipolar patients with comorbid substance abuse may have a more severe course, and may be a preventable factor of new relapses. This rate could increase healthcare costs and worse quality of life of these patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Hillmer, Alannah, Caroul Chawar, Amel Lamri, Jacqueline Hudson, Flavio Kapczinski, Luciano Minuzzi, David C. Marsh, Lehana Thabane, Andrew D. Paterson, and Zainab Samaan. "Genetics of cannabis use in opioid use disorder: A genome-wide association and polygenic risk score study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 26, 2023): e0289059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289059.

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Background Individuals with an Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) have increased rates of cannabis use in comparison to the general population. Research on the short- and long-term impacts of cannabis use in OUD patients has been inconclusive. A genetic component may contribute to cannabis cravings. Aims Identify genetic variants associated with cannabis use through Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) methods and investigate a Polygenic Risk Score (PRS). In addition, we aim to identify any sex differences in effect size for genetic variants reaching or nearing genome-wide significance in the GWAS. Methods The study outcomes of interest were: regular cannabis use (yes/no) (n = 2616), heaviness of cannabis use (n = 1293) and cannabis cravings (n = 836). Logistic and linear regressions were preformed, respectively, to test the association between genetic variants and each outcome, regular cannabis use and heaviness of cannabis use. GWAS summary statistics from a recent large meta-GWAS investigating cannabis use disorder were used to conduct PRS’s. Findings are limited to a European ancestry sample. Results No genome-wide significant associations were found. Rs1813412 (chromosome 17) for regular cannabis use and rs62378502 (chromosome 5) for heaviness of cannabis use were approaching genome-wide significance. Both these SNPs were nominally significant (p<0.05) within males and females, however sex did not modify the association. The PRS identified statistically significant association with cannabis cravings. The variance explained by all PRSs were less than 1.02x10-2. Conclusion This study provides promising results in understanding the genetic contribution to cannabis use in individuals living with OUD.

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Callaghan, Russell C., Marcos Sanches, and Stephen J. Kish. "Quantity and frequency of cannabis use in relation to cannabis-use disorder and cannabis-related problems." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 217 (December 2020): 108271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108271.

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García Carpintero, A., B. Rodado León, A. Bermejo Pastor, M. Jiménez Cabañas, and T. Ponte López. "Schizoaffective disorder induced by substance abuse: a case report." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2150.

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Introduction We present the case of a 33-year old man that suffer chronic cocaine and cannabis use since adolescence and at age of 25 develops depressive symptoms and later psychotic symptoms not congruent with mood state. He met criteria for schizoaffective disorder at that moment and was treated with antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs, improving symptomatology even without stopping completely substance use. Objectives To study the relationship between schizoaffective disorder and cannabis and cocaine use, including the neurobiological disturbance secondary to these drugs that can lead to the development of this disorder and the relevance of diagnosing it in context of active substance use. Methods We carried out a literature review of scientific papers in Medline data base. We used the following terms: “Schizoaffective disorder” “cocaine use” and “cannabis use”. We considered English and Spanish papers for the last 5 years. Results After 4 months of cocaine withdrawal and 1 month of cannabis withdrawal, the patient progressively improved depressive and positive psychotic symptoms. However, we reported the persistence of negative symptoms as psychomotor slowdown and cognitive and affective flattening. Conclusions The use of cocaine and cannabis is related to depressive and psychotic symptoms in intoxication and can also precipitate chronic psychotic and affective disorders. Induced schizoaffective disorder has not been widely described in literature. Our patient could be a case of schizoaffective induced disorder, but we should consider other pathogenic factors, differential diagnosis and clinical evolution in permanent withdrawal to confirm this diagnosis. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Chabrol, Henri, Aude Rey, Delphine Cassan, Marianne Julliot, Edith Carlin, and Rachel Rodgers. "Contributions of social influences and psychopathological factors to cannabis use and dependence in high-school students." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 2 (June 2005): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700008910.

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AbstractObjectives: To evaluate the relative contributions of peers cannabis use or non use, parental approval of such use, adolescents' own beliefs about use, self-esteem, and depressive and symptoms of borderline personality disorder, in the prediction of cannabis use and dependence.Method: Participants were 257 high-school students who completed questionnaires assessing cannabis use frequency, cannabis dependence, the number of peers using cannabis, the number of peers opposed to cannabis use, parental attitude toward cannabis use, participants' attitude toward use, self-esteem, depressive and borderline symptomatology. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict cannabis use, daily use and dependence.Results: The number of peers using cannabis, participants' approval of cannabis use, and the intensity of symptoms of borderline personality disorder were risk factors for use whereas the number of peers opposed to cannabis use was a protective factor. Parental attitudes toward use and participants' depressive symptomatology were not significant independent predictors of use. There were no significant predictors of probable cannabis dependence.Conclusion: To inform adolescents that a significant proportion of them disapprove of cannabis use may be an effective component of prevention of use. Symptoms of borderline personality disorder may account for the association between depression and cannabis use. The social influences and psychopathological factors evaluated in this study did not appear to play a major role in the development of cannabis dependence.

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Lapham, Gwen T., Theresa E. Matson, Jennifer F. Bobb, Casey Luce, Malia M. Oliver, Leah K. Hamilton, and Katharine A. Bradley. "Prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder and Reasons for Use Among Adults in a US State Where Recreational Cannabis Use Is Legal." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 8 (August 29, 2023): e2328934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28934.

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ImportanceMedical and nonmedical cannabis use and cannabis use disorders (CUD) have increased with increasing cannabis legalization. However, the prevalence of CUD among primary care patients who use cannabis for medical or nonmedical reasons is unknown for patients in states with legal recreational use.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and severity of CUD among patients who report medical use only, nonmedical use only, and both reasons for cannabis use in a state with legal recreational use.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional survey study took place at an integrated health system in Washington State. Among 108 950 adult patients who completed routine cannabis screening from March 2019 to September 2019, 5000 were selected for a confidential cannabis survey using stratified random sampling for frequency of past-year cannabis use and race and ethnicity. Among 1688 respondents, 1463 reporting past 30-day cannabis use were included in the study.ExposurePatient survey–reported reason for cannabis use in the past 30 days: medical use only, nonmedical use only, and both reasons.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPatient responses to the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module for CUD, corresponding to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition CUD severity (0-11 symptoms) were categorized as any CUD (≥2 symptoms) and moderate to severe CUD (≥4 symptoms). Adjusted analyses were weighted for survey stratification and nonresponse for primary care population estimates and compared prevalence of CUD across reasons for cannabis use.ResultsOf 1463 included primary care patients (weighted mean [SD] age, 47.4 [16.8] years; 748 [weighted proportion, 61.9%] female) who used cannabis, 42.4% (95% CI, 31.2%-54.3%) reported medical use only, 25.1% (95% CI, 17.8%-34.2%) nonmedical use only, and 32.5% (95% CI, 25.3%-40.8%) both reasons for use. The prevalence of CUD was 21.3% (95% CI, 15.4%-28.6%) and did not vary across groups. The prevalence of moderate to severe CUD was 6.5% (95% CI, 5.0%-8.6%) and differed across groups: 1.3% (95% CI, 0.0%-2.8%) for medical use, 7.2% (95% CI, 3.9%-10.4%) for nonmedical use, and 7.5% (95% CI, 5.7%-9.4%) for both reasons for use (P = .01).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of primary care patients in a state with legal recreational cannabis use, CUD was common among patients who used cannabis. Moderate to severe CUD was more prevalent among patients who reported any nonmedical use. These results underscore the importance of assessing patient cannabis use and CUD symptoms in medical settings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cannabis use disorder'

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