Journal articles: 'Cannabis-related problems'

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Copeland, Jan. "Cannabis‐related problems and their management." Drugs and Alcohol Today 5, no. 2 (August 2005): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17459265200500024.

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Strike, Carol J., Karen A. Urbanoski, and Brian R. Rush. "Who Seeks Treatment for Cannabis-related Problems?" Canadian Journal of Public Health 94, no. 5 (September 2003): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03403559.

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Adam, Christian, and Andreas Raschzok. "Cannabis policy and the uptake of treatment for cannabis-related problems." Drug and Alcohol Review 36, no. 2 (March 23, 2016): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dar.12401.

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Hernández-Serrano, Olga, Maria Eugènia Gras, Mariano Gacto, Alicia Brugarola, and Sílvia Font-Mayolas. "Family Climate and Intention to Use Cannabis as Predictors of Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Problems among Young University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 9308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179308.

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Determining the predictive variables associated with cannabis use and cannabis-related problems can ease the identification of young cannabis consumers who can benefit from prevention interventions. This study aimed: (1) to describe, among university students, the cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, intention to use cannabis and family climate based on the gender and the people the student lives with; (2) to explore whether the family climate and intention to use cannabis are predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. The sample was composed of 339 Spanish undergraduates (51.9% females) in a 17-to-25 age range (19.67 ± 1.53). The variables were assessed through a battery based on the ESPAD survey, cannabis abuse screening test, cannabis use intention questionnaire and family climate scale. More men than women had used cannabis in the precedent year and showed greater intention to use cannabis, whereas more women than men showed greater self-efficacy in not using cannabis. The family climate did not predict cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. However, subjective norms and self-efficacy were key predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, respectively. Different factors seemed to predict the use cannabis in the past year versus cannabis-related problems, and these differences may help inform the development and delivery of preventative efforts.

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Ecker, Anthony H., Ashley A. Richter, and Julia D. Buckner. "Cannabis-related impairment: The impacts of social anxiety and misconceptions of friends' cannabis-related problems." Addictive Behaviors 39, no. 12 (December 2014): 1746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.004.

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Ilgen, Mark, and Kipling Bohnert. "Sleep-related problems in adults receiving medical cannabis." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (February 2017): e93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.262.

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Copeland, Jan, L. Albertella, M. Norberg, and S. Rooke. "A smart phone application for cannabis-related problems." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (July 2014): e38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.124.

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Callaghan, Russell C., Marcos Sanches, and Stephen J. Kish. "Quantity and frequency of cannabis use in relation to cannabis-use disorder and cannabis-related problems." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 217 (December 2020): 108271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108271.

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Cerdá, Magdalena, Terrie E. Moffitt, Madeline H. Meier, HonaLee Harrington, Renate Houts, Sandhya Ramrakha, Sean Hogan, Richie Poulton, and Avshalom Caspi. "Persistent Cannabis Dependence and Alcohol Dependence Represent Risks for Midlife Economic and Social Problems." Clinical Psychological Science 4, no. 6 (July 8, 2016): 1028–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702616630958.

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With the increasing legalization of cannabis, understanding the consequences of cannabis use is particularly timely. We examined the association between cannabis use and dependence, prospectively assessed between ages 18 and 38, and economic and social problems at age 38. We studied participants in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, a cohort ( N = 1,037) followed from birth to age 38. Study members with regular cannabis use and persistent dependence experienced downward socioeconomic mobility, more financial difficulties, workplace problems, and relationship conflict in early midlife. Cannabis dependence was not linked to traffic-related convictions. Associations were not explained by socioeconomic adversity, childhood psychopathology, achievement orientation, or family structure; cannabis-related criminal convictions; early onset of cannabis dependence; or comorbid substance dependence. Cannabis dependence was associated with more financial difficulties than was alcohol dependence; no difference was found in risks for other economic or social problems. Cannabis dependence is not associated with fewer harmful economic and social problems than alcohol dependence.

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Murphy, Kathryn. "“Greening out” Treating cannabis-related problems in the ED." Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 15, no. 6 (2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000521808.84893.e7.

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van der Pol, Peggy, Nienke Liebregts, Ron de Graaf, Dirk J. Korf, Wim van den Brink, and Margriet van Laar. "Three-Year Course of Cannabis Dependence and Prediction of Persistence." European Addiction Research 21, no. 6 (2015): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000377625.

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Aims: To examine the course and the predictors of the persistence of cannabis dependence. Methods: Through cannabis outlets and chain referral, a prospective enriched community cohort of 207 young adults (aged 18-30) with DSM-IV cannabis dependence at baseline (T0) was formed and followed-up after 1.5 (T1) and 3 (T2) years. The presence of cannabis dependence, cannabis-related problems, functional impairment and treatment was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Predictors of persistence were lifetime cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms, cannabis use characteristics, distant vulnerability factors (e.g. childhood adversity, family history of psychological/substance use problems, impulsivity, mental disorders), and proximal stress factors (recent life events, social support). Results: Four groups were distinguished: persistent dependent (DDD: 28.0%), stable non-persistent (DNN: 40.6%), late non-persistent (DDN: 17.9%) and recurrent dependent (DND: 13.5%). At T2, persisters (DDD) reported significantly more (heavy) cannabis use and cannabis problems than non-persisters (DNN/DDN/DND). Treatment seeking for cannabis-related problems was rare, even among persisters (15.5%). The number (OR = 1.23 (1.03-1.48)) and type (‘role impairment' OR = 2.85 (1.11-7.31), ‘use despite problems' OR = 2.34 (1.15-4.76)) of lifetime cannabis abuse/dependence symptoms were the only independent predictors of persistence with a total explained variance of 8.8%. Conclusions: Persistence of cannabis dependence in the community is low, difficult to predict, and associated with a negative outcome. The substantial proportion of stable non-persisters suggests that screening and monitoring or low-threshold brief interventions may suffice for many non-treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent people. However, those with many lifetime abuse/dependence symptoms may benefit from more intensive interventions.

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Sartor, C. E., A. Agrawal, M. T. Lynskey, A. E. Duncan, J. D. Grant, E. C. Nelson, P. A. F. Madden, A. C. Heath, and K. K. Bucholz. "Cannabis or alcohol first? Differences by ethnicity and in risk for rapid progression to cannabis-related problems in women." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 4 (July 18, 2012): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001493.

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BackgroundInitiation of cannabis use typically follows alcohol use, but the reverse order does occur and is more common for African-Americans (AAs) than European-Americans (EAs). The aim of this study was to test for differences in the order of initiation of cannabis and alcohol use between AA and EA women and to determine whether order and ethnicity contribute independently to risk for rapid progression to cannabis-related problems.MethodData were drawn from structured psychiatric interviews of 4102 women (mean age = 21.6 years), 3787 from an all-female twin study and 315 from a high-risk family study; 18.1% self-identified as AA, 81.9% as EA. Ethnicity and order of initiation of cannabis and alcohol use were modeled as predictors of transition time from first use to onset of cannabis use disorder symptom(s) using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.ResultsAA women were nearly three times as likely as EA women to initiate cannabis use before alcohol use. Using cannabis before alcohol [hazard ratio (HR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.93] and AA ethnicity (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.13–2.24) were both associated with rapid progression from first use to cannabis symptom onset even after accounting for age at initiation and psychiatric risk factors.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that AA women are at greater risk for rapid development of cannabis-related problems than EA women and that this risk is even higher when cannabis use is initiated before alcohol use. Prevention programs should be tailored to the various patterns of cannabis use and relative contributions of risk factors to the development of cannabis-related problems in different ethnic groups.

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Walukevich-Dienst, Katherine, Clayton Neighbors, and Julia D. Buckner. "Online personalized feedback intervention for cannabis-using college students reduces cannabis-related problems among women." Addictive Behaviors 98 (November 2019): 106040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106040.

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Walden, Nicole, and Mitch Earleywine. "How high: Quantity as a predictor of cannabis-related problems." Harm Reduction Journal 5, no. 1 (2008): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-5-20.

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Meier, Madeline H. "Associations between butane hash oil use and cannabis-related problems." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 179 (October 2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.015.

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Buckner, Julia D., Anthony H. Ecker, Katherine Walukevich-Dienst, Elizabeth M. Lewis, Erika Pugh, and Cristina N. Abarno. "Brief Motivation-Based Interventions for Students Sanctioned for Violating Campus Cannabis Use Policies." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 35, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00026.

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College cannabis use continues to rise, yet few students voluntarily seek treatment for cannabis use, despite use-related problems. Thus, the campus judicial system may be one way to identify high-risk cannabis users and intervene with them. Despite research indicating that brief motivational interventions (BMIs) decrease risky alcohol use among students sanctioned for psychological services following campus alcohol policies violations, extant data do not support BMI for students who violate cannabis polices. Thus, the aims of this review paper are to (a) review the extant literature of BMI for cannabis use among sanctioned students, (b) discuss some unique issues concerning BMI for cannabis use, and (c) provide case examples of promising novel ways BMI may be used to address unique needs of these students. Given the wide range of cannabis use and related problems experienced by these students, personalized approaches to BMI-based interventions may improve outcomes for these students.

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Ghelani, Amar. "Cannabis Use Among Mental Health Professionals: A Qualitative Study of Cannabis-Related Risk Perceptions." Journal of Drug Issues 51, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220426211032558.

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Background: Perceptions of cannabis-related risk are changing, and many are viewing cannabis as harmless despite the biopsychosocial risks. Perceptions of risk have an impact on behavior as individuals who are less likely to view cannabis as risky are more likely to use it problematically. Purpose: This study examined how mental health professionals who use cannabis perceive the risks related to use. Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilized to understand how participants made sense of the harm related to personal and client use. Interviews were conducted with a sample of social workers, nurses, and psychotherapists who work with cannabis-consuming clients. Results: Participants reported cannabis use is related to anxiety, relational challenges, impaired driving, psychosis, cognitive impairment, educational/employment dysfunction, and addiction in some users. Conclusion: Assessing risk perceptions among cannabis users can reveal subtle psychosocial problems the user may be experiencing. Mental health workers may benefit from further education regarding cannabis-related physical health harm.

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Buckner, Julia D., Anthony H. Ecker, and Kimberlye E. Dean. "Solitary cannabis use frequency mediates the relationship between social anxiety and cannabis use and related problems." American Journal on Addictions 25, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12339.

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Caldeira, Kimberly M., Amelia M. Arria, Kevin E. O'Grady, Kathryn B. Vincent, and Eric D. Wish. "The occurrence of cannabis use disorders and other cannabis-related problems among first-year college students." Addictive Behaviors 33, no. 3 (March 2008): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.001.

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Hammer, Torild, and Hilde Pape. "Alcohol-Related Problems in Young People: How are Such Problems Linked to Gender, Drinking Levels, and Cannabis Use?" Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 4 (October 1997): 713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700403.

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This paper focuses on problems related to drinking, including interpersonal aggression, accidents and injuries, trouble with the police, and problems at school or work. The data stem from a representative, longitudinal survey of Norwegian youth aged 19 to 22 years at the first assessment and 25 to 28 at the last. Men reported more problems due to drinking, in both alcohol consumption and general problem proneness, than women. Furthermore, early age at first intoxication seemed to be a male-specific predictor of negative consequences of drinking. Cannabis users reported more alcohol-related problems than others. There was a substantial reduction in problems attributed to drinking between late adolescence and early adulthood, implying that little individual stability in such problems was found. Even so, multivariate analyses showed that alcohol-related problems before ages 19 to 22 were the most powerful predictor of similar problems 6 years later. Registered criminality, cannabis use, and low self-esteem also had a predictive power, but only for men.

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Dean, Kimberlye E., Anthony H. Ecker, and Julia D. Buckner. "Anxiety sensitivity and cannabis use-related problems: The impact of race." American Journal on Addictions 26, no. 3 (March 11, 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12511.

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Rush, Brian, and Karen Urbanoski. "Estimating the Demand for Treatment for Cannabis-related Problems in Canada." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 5, no. 3 (April 4, 2007): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9061-0.

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Prince, Mark A., Tiffany Jenzer, Whitney Brown, Eleftherios M. Hetelekides, Rachel A. Mumm, and R. Lorraine Collins. "Examining cannabis protective behavioral strategy use using multiple methods." Drugs and Alcohol Today 19, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-10-2018-0061.

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Purpose Cannabis use among young adults is increasing, despite being associated with several negative consequences. Protective behavioral strategies (PBSs) are a potential mechanism of behavior change for reducing substance use, yet PBS use for cannabis is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to further define and measure the PBS construct for cannabis. Design/methodology/approach A community sample of cannabis users (n=54) participated in eight focus groups discussing the use of PBSs. Participants completed surveys regarding demographics, cannabis use habits and cannabis problems. The authors also administered an existing measure of cannabis PBS and asked them to generate new or unique protective strategies that they had used or had heard of others using. Findings Thematic analysis of qualitative focus group data provided information about cannabis users’ reasons for regulating cannabis use (e.g. health or legal problems, interpersonal) as well as strategies to moderate cannabis use or attenuate their risk for experiencing adverse consequences (e.g. distraction, existential/spiritual strategies). Analyses of quantitative survey data revealed that use of PBSs was negatively correlated with cannabis outcomes. Perceived helpfulness of strategies was an important predictor of decreased cannabis use and adverse consequences. Research limitations/implications Findings expand the understanding of the definition and measurement of strategies for regulating cannabis use and reducing related risk of experiencing adverse consequences. Originality/value This is the first study to examine cannabis-related PBS using both qualitative and quantitative methods, which provide insights into the definition of PBS and for future refinements of PBS measurement.

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Foster, Dawn W., Emily R. Jeffries, Michael J. Zvolensky, and Julia D. Buckner. "The Interactive Influence of Cannabis-Related Negative Expectancies and Coping Motives on Cannabis Use Behavior and Problems." Substance Use & Misuse 51, no. 11 (June 29, 2016): 1504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1188947.

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Buckner, Julia D., Katherine A. Walukevich, and Elizabeth M. Lewis. "Cannabis use motives on weekends versus weekdays: Direct and indirect relations with cannabis use and related problems." Addictive Behaviors 88 (January 2019): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.012.

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Zeisser, C., K. Thompson, T. Stockwell, C. Duff, C. Chow, K. Vallance, A. Ivsins, W. Michelow, D. Marsh, and P. Lucas. "A ‘standard joint’? The role of quantity in predicting cannabis-related problems." Addiction Research & Theory 20, no. 1 (June 23, 2011): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2011.569101.

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Piontek, Daniela, Ludwig Kraus, and Danica Klempova. "Short scales to assess cannabis-related problems: a review of psychometric properties." Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 3, no. 1 (2008): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1747-597x-3-25.

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Gonzalez, Raul, Randi M. Schuster, Robin M. Mermelstein, and Kathleen R. Diviak. "The role of decision-making in cannabis-related problems among young adults." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 154 (September 2015): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.046.

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Single, Alanna, and Matthew T. Keough. "Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood." Alcohol and Alcoholism 56, no. 1 (November 5, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa112.

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Abstract Aims Emerging adulthood (i.e. ages 18–25) is a developmental phase associated with frequent alcohol and cannabis use, placing this population at risk for substance use problems. Depression and anxiety (i.e. emotional psychopathology) are also prevalent during this phase, and some emerging adults use substances to cope with these negative emotions. Mindfulness—a multifaceted construct—involves being present in a nonjudgmental and nonreactive way. Certain mindfulness facets are particularly relevant in buffering against substance use. A recent longitudinal study [Single A, Bilevicius E, Johnson EA. et al. (2019) Specific facets of trait mindfulness reduce risk for alcohol and drug use among first-year undergraduate students. Mindfulness 10:1269–1279] showed that specific mindfulness facets (i.e. acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience and nonreactivity to inner experience) predicted decreased alcohol and drug use in undergraduates. These pathways were explained by low levels of emotional psychopathology. Methods This study expanded this recent work by using a three time-point longitudinal design and by including measures of both alcohol and cannabis use and related problems. Using MTurk, participants (N = 299) completed online measures of trait mindfulness, depression, anxiety, alcohol and cannabis use and related problems at three time-points, each 2 weeks apart. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Results The acting with awareness and nonjudging of inner experience facets predicted fewer alcohol problems, but not alcohol use, and this effect was mediated by low levels of emotional psychopathology. These results were not supported for cannabis use and problems. Conclusion This study demonstrates that there may be differences in the pathways from trait mindfulness to alcohol and cannabis use during emerging adulthood.

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Coomber, Ross, Michael Oliver, and Craig Morris. "Using Cannabis Therapeutically in the UK: A Qualitative Analysis." Journal of Drug Issues 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 325–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300204.

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Thirty-three therapeutic cannabis users in England were interviewed about their experiences using an illegal drug for therapeutic purposes. Interviews were semi-structured, and responses highly qualitative. Particular issues included how and why cannabis was used therapeutically; what problems its illegality posed in terms of access, cost, reliability of supply, and quality of the product; the perceived beneficial effects of its use; and unwanted effects (problems in relation to family, friends, partners, the criminal justice system, and the health care system). The study did not seek to prove or disprove the efficacy of cannabis used as a therapeutic agent merely to report the experiences of those who use it in that way. It was found that users perceived cannabis to be highly effective in treating their symptoms, to complement existing medication, and to produce fewer unwanted effects. Smoking was the preferred method of administration, permitting greater control over dose and administration. Problems related to prescribed medication motivated many to use cannabis therapeutically. Few problems were experienced with friends, family, partners, and the criminal justice or health care systems, although other concerns about cannabis's illegality were reported. Although most were relatively unconcerned about the risk involved and were determined to continue use, many resented that they felt they were being forced to break the law. Problems relating to access to the drug (in an illegal context) and managing its administration were reported. A brief discussion of the continued prohibition of cannabis for this group is undertaken, and a harm reduction approach is suggested.

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Kairouz, Sylvia, Louise Nadeau, and Géraldine Lo Siou. "Area Variations in the Prevalence of Substance Use and Gambling Behaviours and Problems in Quebec: A Multilevel Analysis." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 10 (August 1, 2005): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370505001004.

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Objectives: This study aimed to examine whether variations among regions in Quebec existed after we controlled for individual characteristics in the prevalence of 1) alcohol, cannabis, and gambling behaviours and 2) substance-related disorders and pathological gambling. Methods: Using data derived from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2), we nested 5332 respondents from the province of Quebec within 374 regions equivalent to census subdivisions (CSDs). Outcome variables included 1) drinking status (past 12 months), alcohol consumption (last week), and 12-month diagnosis of alcohol dependence; 2) cannabis use (past 12 months and lifetime) and diagnosis of illicit drug dependence; and 3) gambling status, severity of gambling problems, and number of reported gambling activities (past 12 months). Multilevel regression models with individuals (Level 1) nested in regions (CSDs, Level 2) assessed the variations among regions in the prevalence of various outcomes and disorders when individual characteristics were controlled for. Results: Variance component models revealed that all alcohol-related variables, the prevalence of cannabis use (12 months), and problem gambling did not vary among areas. Gambling rates and the average number of reported gambling activities varied among areas, even when individual-level variables were accounted for in the models, whereas for lifetime cannabis use, variations among areas became nonsignificant. Conclusion: Intervention programs may need to address the environment as a relevant determinant of health-related behaviours and lifestyles.

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Urbanoski, Karen A., Carol J. Strike, and Brian R. Rush. "Individuals Seeking Treatment for Cannabis-Related Problems in Ontario: Demographic and Treatment Profile." European Addiction Research 11, no. 3 (2005): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000085546.

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Ecker, Anthony H., and Julia D. Buckner. "Cannabis-Related Problems and Social Anxiety: The Mediational Role of Post-Event Processing." Substance Use & Misuse 53, no. 1 (August 16, 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1322984.

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Frewen, Amie R., and Jan Copeland. "Are Australian Treatment Agencies Equipped to Deal With Rising Numbers of Presentations for Cannabis Issues?" Journal of Tropical Psychology 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jtp.1.1.27.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate drug and alcohol work-force issues related to the treatment of cannabis use and related problems in Australia. Method: A postal or online questionnaire of randomly selected drug and alcohol clinicians (n = 179) across Australia. Results: A total of 53 clinicians (30%) completed surveys. Results indicated that staff in metropolitan services tended to have higher qualifications than rural and regional agencies. Access to ongoing training and clinical supervision could be improved, with approximately one third of staff having not received training in the last five years, and nearly one in five agencies not offering regular clinical supervision. Preferred options for the further development of cannabis treatments included support for medications and specific cannabis outpatient clinics. Discussion: To adequately assist with the consequences of cannabis use frontline workers need to be adequately supported to deliver evidenced based interventions.

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Buckner, Julia D., Michael J. Zvolensky, Michael S. Businelle, and Matthew W. Gallagher. "Direct and indirect effects of false safety behaviors on cannabis use and related problems." American Journal on Addictions 27, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12659.

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Thompson, Kara, Maria Holley, Clea Sturgess, and Bonnie Leadbeater. "Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis: Longitudinal Associations with Mental Health Outcomes in Young Adulthood." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073652.

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Increases in cannabis use among young people has heightened concern about the potential interactive health effects of cannabis with other drugs. We examined the longitudinal association between concurrent and simultaneous (SAM) co-use of alcohol and cannabis in young adulthood on mental health symptoms, substance use behaviors, and substance-related harms two years later. Data were drawn from Time 5 (T5; n = 464; 46% male) and 6 (T6; n = 478; 45% male) of the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey. At T5, 42% of participants used alcohol-only, 13% used concurrently, 41% used SAM, 1% were cannabis only users, and 3% abstained from cannabis and alcohol. Boys were more likely to use SAM. Higher T5 SAM use frequency was associated with heavier use of substances, more substance-related harms, and symptoms of psychosis and externalizing problems at T6. T5 Concurrent use was associated with conduct symptoms, illicit drug use, and alcohol use disorders at T6 relative to alcohol-only use. Cannabis is commonly used with alcohol and the findings suggest that any co-use (concurrent or simultaneous) may be problematic in young adulthood. Public health messages need to explicitly inform consumers about the possible consequences of using both alcohol and marijuana and the addictive pharmacological impact of using them together.

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Schlag, Anne K., Chandni Hindocha, Rayyan Zafar, David J. Nutt, and H. Valerie Curran. "Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 7 (February 17, 2021): 773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393.

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Cannabis has been legalised for medical use in an ever-increasing number of countries. A growing body of scientific evidence supports the use of medical cannabis for a range of therapeutic indications. In parallel with these developments, concerns have been expressed by many prescribers that increased use will lead to patients developing cannabis use disorder. Cannabis use disorder has been widely studied in recreational users, and these findings have often been projected onto patients using medical cannabis. However, studies exploring medical cannabis dependence are scarce and the appropriate methodology to measure this construct is uncertain. This article provides a narrative review of the current research to discern if, how and to what extent, concerns about problems of dependence in recreational cannabis users apply to prescribed medical users. We focus on the main issues related to medical cannabis and dependence, including the importance of dose, potency, cannabinoid content, pharmacokinetics and route of administration, frequency of use, as well as set and setting. Medical and recreational cannabis use differs in significant ways, highlighting the challenges of extrapolating findings from the recreational cannabis literature. There are many questions about the potential for medical cannabis use to lead to dependence. It is therefore imperative to address these questions in order to be able to minimise harms of medical cannabis use. We draw out seven recommendations for increasing the safety of medical cannabis prescribing. We hope that the present review contributes to answering some of the key questions surrounding medical cannabis dependence.

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Manning, Kara, Andrew H. Rogers, Jafar Bakhshaie, Julianna B. D. Hogan, Julia D. Buckner, Joseph W. Ditre, and Michael J. Zvolensky. "The association between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting cannabis: The explanatory role of pain-related affective distress." Addictive Behaviors 85 (October 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.009.

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Smith, Jacqueline M., Joel Mader, Andrew C. H. Szeto, Amelia M. Arria, Ken C. Winters, and T. Chris R. Wilkes. "Cannabis Use for Medicinal Purposes among Canadian University Students." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 5 (January 2, 2019): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718818420.

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Objective: The study sought to describe a Canadian sample of university students’ medicinal use of cannabis, including prevalence of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and replacement of traditional treatments with cannabis. Method: A random sample of 4000 university students was asked to complete a cross-sectional web-based survey. The survey was completed by 2212 (average age 23.2 years, SD = 5.2 years), representing a 55.3% response rate. To be eligible, students had to be enrolled in a class on campus and were 18 years or older. Result: Half (52%) of respondents used cannabis at least once in their lifetime, with ∼11% reporting medicinal cannabis use. Recreational motives to use cannabis were common among medicinal users (85%), several (38%) replaced traditional medication with cannabis, and more than a third received authorization by a health care provider. Of the medicinal users, 13.6% met the criteria for CUD. Common ailments for medicinal cannabis use were anxiety, sleep problems, depression, and pain. When mental health–related categories are combined, 78.2% of medicinal users used for at least 1 mental health condition. Conclusions: Medicinal cannabis use occurs among university students. None of the ailments listed by medicinal users meet the Canadian Family Physicians prescribing guidelines, and most are not among those viewed by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine as having strong evidence for therapeutic value. The results raise concerns for health care providers who are authorizing or counselling patients’ considering medicinal cannabis.

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Perales, José C., Antonio Maldonado, Eva M. López-Quirantes, and Francisca López-Torrecillas. "Association patterns of cannabis abuse and dependence with risk of problematic non-substance-related dysregulated and addictive behaviors." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e0255872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255872.

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Co-occurrence of drug misuse with other dysregulated behaviors is common. This study was aimed at exploring the associations between the risk of presenting a clinically relevant condition involving non-substance-related addictive or dysregulated behaviors (as measured by the MultiCAGE CAD-4 screening), and cannabis abuse/dependence (CAST/SDS) scores, and the role of gender therein. Participants were recruited using stratified probabilistic sampling at the University of Granada. Mann-Whitney’s U tests were used to compare male and female students in SDS and CAST scores. Associations between gender and MultiCAGE scores were estimated using the γ ordinal correlation index, and tested with χ2. For each MultiCAGE dimension, a Poisson-family mixed-effects model was built with either SDS or CAST as the main input variable, while controlling for nicotine and alcohol dependence, and relevant sociodemographic variables. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were computed for SDS/CAST effects, and the significance threshold was family-wise Bonferroni-corrected. Gender differences were significant for cannabis dependence/abuse and all MultiCAGE scores for non-substance-related conditions, with males showing higher risk scores for excessive gambling, excessive internet use, excessive video gaming, and hypersexuality, and females presenting higher scores in dysregulated eating and compulsive buying. Cannabis dependence and abuse were significantly associated with a higher risk of problematic video gaming. These associations were mostly driven by males. Importantly, although risk of problematic video gaming was specifically associated with cannabis abuse/dependence, there was only a weak non-significant association between problematic video gaming and alcohol use scores. Risk of alcohol use problems, in turn, was strongly associated with all other non-substance-related problems (problematic gambling, excessive Internet use, dysregulated eating, compulsive buying, and hypersexuality). These differential associations can cast light on the etiological similarities and dissimilarities between problematic substance use and putative addictive behaviors not involving drugs.

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Cranford, James A., J. Todd Arnedt, Deirdre A. Conroy, Kipling M. Bohnert, Carrie Bourque, Frederic C. Blow, and Mark Ilgen. "Prevalence and correlates of sleep-related problems in adults receiving medical cannabis for chronic pain." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 180 (November 2017): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.017.

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Subbaraman, Meenakshi S., Jane Metrik, Deidre Patterson, and Robert L. Stout. "Cannabis use during alcohol treatment is associated with alcohol-related problems one-year post-treatment." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 193 (December 2018): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.020.

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Thanki, Danica, Antónia Domingo-Salvany, Gregorio Barrio Anta, Amparo Sánchez Mañez, Noelia Llorens Aleixandre, Josep Maria Suelves, Begoña Brime Beteta, and Julián Vicente. "The Choice of Screening Instrument Matters: The Case of Problematic Cannabis Use Screening in Spanish Population of Adolescents." ISRN Addiction 2013 (December 4, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/723131.

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The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of problem cannabis use screening instruments administration within wide school surveys, their psychometric properties, overlaps, and relationships with other variables. Students from 7 Spanish regions, aged 14–18, who attended secondary schools were sampled by two-stage cluster sampling (net sample 14,589). Standardized, anonymous questionnaire including DSM-IV cannabis abuse criteria, Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST), and Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) was self-completed with paper and pencil in the selected classrooms. Data was analysed using classical psychometric theory, bivariate tests, and multinomial logistic regression analysis. Not responding to instruments’ items (10.5–12.3%) was associated with reporting less frequent cannabis use. The instruments overlapped partially, with 16.1% of positives being positive on all three. SDS was more likely to identify younger users with lower frequency of use who thought habitual cannabis use posed a considerable problem. CAST positivity was associated with frequent cannabis use and related problems. It is feasible to use short psychometric scales in wide school surveys, but one must carefully choose the screening instrument, as different instruments identify different groups of users. These may correspond to different types of problematic cannabis use; however, measurement bias seems to play a role too.

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Wolfe, Dianna, Kimberly Corace, Danielle Rice, Andra Smith, Salmaan Kanji, David Conn, Melanie Willows, et al. "Effects of medical and non-medical cannabis use in older adults: protocol for a scoping review." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e034301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034301.

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IntroductionWith its legalisation and regulation in Canada in 2018, the proportion of Canadians reporting cannabis use in 2019 increased substantially over the previous year, with half of new users being aged 45+ years. While use in older adults has been low historically, as those born in the 1950s and 1960s continue to age, this demographic will progressively have more liberal attitudes, prior cannabis exposure and higher use rates. However, older adults experience slower metabolism, increased likelihood of polypharmacy, cognitive decline and chronic physical/mental health problems. There is a need to enhance knowledge of the effects of cannabis use in older adults. The following question will be addressed using a scoping review approach: what evidence exists regarding beneficial and harmful effects of medical and non-medical cannabis use in adults >50 years of age? Given that beneficial and harmful effects of cannabis may be mediated by patient-level (eg, age, sex and race) and cannabis-related factors (eg, natural vs synthetic, consumption method), subgroup effects related to these and additional factors will be explored.Methods and analysisMethods for scoping reviews outlined by Arksey & O’Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute will be used. A librarian designed a systematic search of the literature from database inception to June 2019. Using the OVID platform, Ovid MEDLINE will be searched, including Epub Ahead of Print and In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Embase Classic+Embase, and PsycINFO for reviews, randomised trials, non-randomised trials and observational studies of cannabis use. The Cochrane Library on Wiley will also be searched. Eligibility criteria will be older adult participants, currently using cannabis (medical or non-medical), with studies required to report a cannabis-related health outcome to be eligible. Two reviewers will screen citations and full texts, with support from artificial intelligence. Two reviewers will chart data. Tables/graphics will be used to map evidence and identify evidence gaps.Ethics and disseminationThis research will enhance awareness of existing evidence addressing the health effects of medical and non-medical cannabis use in older adults. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and a stakeholder meeting.Trial registration numberDOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/5JTAQ.

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Parro Torres, C., D. Hernández Huerta, E. Ochoa Mangado, A. Madoz Gúrpide, and A. M. Moreno Zamora. "Legal problems and substance use among HIV-infected patients." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.386.

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IntroductionThere are many studies of HIV-infected patients where have found higher prevalence of substance use disorders than in general population. Moreover some factors, like presence of legal problems, substance abuse and HIV are also frequently related with poorer clinical results.Objectives/aimsThe aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between substance consumption and presence of legal problems among HIV-infected patients.MethodsOur study is a cross-sectional case-control survey. Cases were defined as HIV-infected patients who referred presence of legal problems in a sociodemographic questionnaire. Controls were defined as HIV-infected patients who denied presence of legal problems. Both groups were interrogated about illegal substance use (cocaine, heroin, cannabis, stimulants or benzodiazepines) and alcohol problematic use during previous year. Logistic regression was employed as statistical analysis. Results were adjusted for age, gender and race.ResultsOur sample was compound by 63 patients: 44 controls and 19 cases. A statistical signification was found between illegal substance use variable and presence of legal problems (P = 0.003) but not with alcohol problematic use. The condition of illegal substance use during previous year increased the risk to have legal problems 5.353 times. Another important result was found in gender, the condition of male increased the risk to have legal problems 2.32 times than female condition.ConclusionsIn our sample, substance use (cocaine, heroin, cannabis, stimulants or benzodiazepines) during previous year was related to have more legal problems. Gender, specifically male condition, also was linked with more risk to have legal problems.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Subbaraman, Meenakshi S., and William C. Kerr. "Alcohol Use and Risk of Related Problems Among Cannabis Users Is Lower Among Those With Medical Cannabis Recommendations, Though Not Due To Health." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 79, no. 6 (November 2018): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.935.

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Hoch, Eva, Ulrich W. Preuss, Marica Ferri, and Roland Simon. "Digital Interventions for Problematic Cannabis Users in Non-Clinical Settings: Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." European Addiction Research 22, no. 5 (2016): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445716.

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Background: Existing cannabis treatment programs reach only a very limited proportion of people with cannabis-related problems. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of digital interventions applied outside the health care system in reducing problematic cannabis use. Methods: We systematically searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2015), PubMed (2009-2015), Medline (2009-2015), Google Scholar (2015) and article reference lists for potentially eligible studies. Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of internet- or computer-based interventions were assessed. Study effects were estimated by calculating effect sizes (ESs) using Cohen's d and Hedges' g bias-corrected ES. The primary outcome assessed was self-reported cannabis use, measured by a questionnaire. Results: Fifty-two studies were identified. Four studies (including 1,928 participants) met inclusion criteria. They combined brief motivational interventions and cognitive behavioral therapy delivered online. All studies were of good quality. The pooled mean difference (Δ = 4.07) and overall ES (0.11) give evidence of small effects at 3-month follow-up in favor of digital interventions. Conclusions: Digital interventions can help to successfully reduce problematic cannabis use outside clinical settings. They have some potential to overcome treatment barriers and increase accessibility for at-risk cannabis users.

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Earleywine, Mitch, Luna F. Ueno, Maha N. Mian, and Brianna R. Altman. "Cannabis-induced oceanic boundlessness." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881121997099.

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Background: Despite tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)’s reputation for creating dramatic effects at high doses, empirical work rarely addresses cannabis’s impact on subjective responses common to the tryptamine psychedelics. We focused on these effects because they have preceded and covaried with the therapeutic impact of psilocybin in previous work. Aims: The current study examined if self-reported responses to cannabis products might parallel those found in clinical trials of psilocybin administration. We also investigated if measures of demographics and cannabis use might correlate with these responses. Methods: Participants reported the subjective effect of their highest THC experience using 27 items that assess oceanic boundlessness, a correlate of mystical experiences. They also answered infrequency items and questions on demographics and cannabis consumption. Results: In an effort to address concerns about replication, we divided respondents who passed infrequency items into two random samples. Self-reported “breakthrough” experiences were significantly greater than zero but significantly lower than those reported in randomized clinical trials of psilocybin (17–19% vs. 59%). Total scores covaried with perceived dosages of THC, but only in one sample. Heavier users of cannabis reported lower scores. Conclusions: Self-report data suggest that high doses of cannabis can create subjective effects comparable to those identified in trials of psilocybin that precede relief from cancer-related distress, treatment-resistant depression, alcohol problems, and cigarette dependence. Given the disparate mechanisms of action, comparing THC-induced to psilocybin-induced effects might improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying subjective experiences. This work might also support the development of a cannabis-assisted psychotherapy comparable to psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy.

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Rogosch, Fred A., Assaf Oshri, and Dante Cicchetti. "From child maltreatment to adolescent cannabis abuse and dependence: A developmental cascade model." Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000520.

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AbstractA developmental cascade model tested associations among child maltreatment, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social competence, and cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms in a longitudinal cohort (N= 415). Nested structural equation models evaluated continuity and cross-domain influences among broad multi-informant constructs across four developmental periods: age 7 to 9, 10 to 12, 13 to 15, and 15 to 18. Results indicated significant paths from child maltreatment to early externalizing and internalizing problems and social competence, as well as to cannabis abuse and dependence (CAD) symptoms in adolescence. Youth CAD symptoms were primarily related directly to child maltreatment and externalizing problems. Childhood internalizing symptoms contributed to later childhood decreases in social competence, which predicted increases in late adolescent externalizing problems. Using a developmental psychopathology framework, results are discussed in relation to cascade and transactional effects and the interplay between problem behaviors during childhood and development of CAD symptoms during early and late adolescence.

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Ecker, Anthony H., Kimberlye E. Dean, Julia D. Buckner, and Dawn W. Foster. "Perceived injunctive norms and cannabis-related problems: The interactive influence of parental injunctive norms and race." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 18, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1333477.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cannabis-related problems'

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