Journal articles on the topic 'Cannabis products'
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Fernandes, César Eduardo, José Eduardo Lutaif Dolci, Leonardo Sobral Navarro, Marcelo Allevato, Clóvis Francisco Constantino, Rodrigo Pastor Alves Pereira, Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder, Flávia Torino, and Wanderley Marques Bernardo. "Cannabis products: medical use." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 69, no. 3 (March 2023): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.2023d693.
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Ablin, J., P. A. Ste-Marie, M. Schäfer, W. Häuser, and M. A. Fitzcharles. "Medical use of cannabis products." Der Schmerz 30, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00482-015-0083-4.
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Atapattu, Sanka N., and Kevin R. D. Johnson. "Pesticide analysis in cannabis products." Journal of Chromatography A 1612 (February 2020): 460656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460656.
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Ličanin, Ifeta, and Amira Redžić. "Psycho-Social Characteristics of Cannabis Abusing Youth." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2005): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2005.3339.
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It is a well known fact that drug abuse is most common in early adolescence. The most popular substances among youth are cannabis products (made from Cannabis sativa L., Cannaba-ceae). The majority of heroin and cocaine addicts have started with marijuana. The aim of this study is to show some psycho-social characteristics of adolescents who abuse cannabis. Research conducted during the year 2001 was epidemiological and prospective. The study group included 600 adolescents of equal gender and age distribution. Q 2000 questionnaire was used, as a comprehensive tool for all aspects of adolescent life. The results show strong peer impact on one’s behavior. Youth who use cannabis had 2-3 friends of the same behavior, compared to others who had none. We found positive correlation between life stressful events and cannabis abuse. We also noticed tendency to delinquent behavior related to cannabis abuse (35%).
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Philips, Elisabeth, Simon Erridge, and Mikael H. Sodergren. "Cannabis-based medicinal products: a clinical guide." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 18, no. 4 (August 2, 2022): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2022.18.4.170.
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Cannabis sativa L has a long history as a medicinal plant, dating back more than two millennia. Preclinical studies using both pharmacological and genetic approaches have increased the understanding of this plant and its importance in providing therapeutic strategies for a variety of conditions. The cannabis plant comprises hundreds of different active compounds with potential therapeutic properties, with cannabinoids being the main class of active compounds. Recent drug development has produced cannabinoid-rich cannabis-based medicinal products, which were legalised in November 2018 in the UK. They are increasingly prescribed for conditions, including multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and chronic pain. This article aims to review the current literature on the therapeutic effects and applications of the two main cannabinoids found in cannabis-based medicinal products.
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Atkins, Patricia L. "Sample Processing and Preparation Considerations for Solid Cannabis Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0203.
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Abstract Background: The nascent cannabis industry is often challenged by a lack of guidance, unproven methodologies and conflicting legal challenges. The actual sampling and sample preparationof cannabis can be a difficult endeavor due the economic value, material complexity and heterogeneous nature of a plant based material. Objective: Examine the challenges of cannabis material sampling and sample processing as it relates toother similar materials. Method: In this paper, the complexity of sampling and samplepreparation are reviewed for use in the cannabis industry. The mechanisms for sample processing are examined and compared for the best preparation techniques for targeted analytes in cannabis analysis. Results: Cryogenic grinding is one of the best methods for sample processing for the preservation of volatile compounds. Conclusions: Proper sampling techniques and procedures, including the use of standards, ensure homogeneity and improve analysis accuracy. Highlights: Methods of sample processing and preparation for cannabis plant material were examined to ensure homogeneity, accuracy and reproducibility.
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Allem, Jon-Patrick, Patricia Escobedo, and Likhit Dharmapuri. "Cannabis Surveillance With Twitter Data: Emerging Topics and Social Bots." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 3 (March 2020): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305461.
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Objectives. To use publicly accessible data from people who post to Twitter to rapidly capture and describe the public’s recent experiences with cannabis. Methods. We obtained Twitter posts containing cannabis-related terms from May 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018. We used methods to distinguish between posts from social bots and nonbots. We used text classifiers to identify topics in posts (n = 60 861). Results. Prevalent topics of posts included using cannabis with mentions of cannabis initiation, processed cannabis products, and health and medical with posts suggesting that cannabis could help with cancer, sleep, pain, anxiety, depression, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Polysubstance use was a common topic with mentions of cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, LSD, meth, mushrooms, and Xanax along with cannabis. Social bots regularly made health claims about cannabis. Conclusions. Findings suggest that processed cannabis products, unsubstantiated health claims about cannabis products, and the co-use of cannabis with legal and illicit substances warrant considerations by public health researchers in the future.
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White, Alice E., Christine Van Tubbergen, Brianna Raymes, Alexandra Elyse Contreras, and Elaine J. Scallan Walter. "Cannabis-Infused Edible Products in Colorado: Food Safety and Public Health Implications." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 6 (June 2020): 790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305601.
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Cannabis-infused “edibles” are a popular means of cannabis use, and the variety of edible food products available to consumers continues to grow. Although there has been much discussion on dose standardization, childproof packaging, and the prevention of overconsumption, the important topic of food safety has received less attention. We discuss potential food safety hazards associated with cannabis-infused edible food products, drawing on examples from Colorado, and describe edible-associated foodborne illness outbreaks and other contamination events. It is important for public health agencies, particularly environmental health and enteric disease programs, to be familiar with the cannabis industry, including regulatory partners, signs and symptoms of cannabis ingestion, the scope of edible products sold and consumed, and the food safety risks unique to cannabis products.
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Evoy, Richard, and Laurel Kincl. "Evaluation of Pesticides Found in Oregon Cannabis from 2016 to 2017." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 7 (October 17, 2019): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz075.
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Abstract Pesticide use and worker exposures to pesticides in the US cannabis industry have not been studied due to cannabis being illegal at the federal level. Without knowing the types of pesticides being used in this industry, it is difficult to assess whether workers are being exposed to potentially dangerous pesticides. When recreational cannabis became legal in the state of Oregon in 2014, the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) published a list of recommended pesticides for use in the cannabis industry and developed the state's pesticide testing regulations for all cannabis products, medicinal and recreational. Using the state's pesticide testing data, the aim of this study was to investigate the types of pesticides being used in the Oregon cannabis industry and if they present a hazard to cannabis workers. Both recreational and medicinal cannabis samples contained high levels of residual pesticides and pesticides not legally allowed to be used on cannabis products. Medicinal cannabis products were found to have mean levels of residual pesticides that were 3–12 times higher than recreational products. Nine of the 50 pesticides identified were classified highly or extremely hazardous by the World Health Organization.
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De Briyne, Nancy, Danny Holmes, Ian Sandler, Enid Stiles, Dharati Szymanski, Sarah Moody, Stephan Neumann, and Arturo Anadón. "Cannabis, Cannabidiol Oils and Tetrahydrocannabinol—What Do Veterinarians Need to Know?" Animals 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030892.
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As cannabis-derived products have become more available, veterinarians are seeing more cases of toxicosis. In addition, animal owners are having an increasing interest in using these products for their pets. This review looks at the situation in Europe and North America, the different types of cannabis and cannabis-derived products with historical examples of use in animals, and the cannabis industry. The existing regulatory framework for use in humans and animals as medicines and/or supplements was examined. Finally, a review of the clinical indications for which medicinal cannabis is authorised, a discussion of toxicosis, and recommendations and warnings around medical cannabis use are presented.
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Sciacca, Claudia, Nunzio Cardullo, and Vera Muccilli. "2,3-Bis((E)-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-N1,N4-bis(4-methylbenzyl)succinamide." Molbank 2023, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): M1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/m1558.
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Lignans and neolignans are dimeric natural products with an extraordinary variety of structures and biological properties. Diphenylbutadienes are a subclass of lignans rarely found in nature with cannabisin G being the most representative example. This lignan, found in Cannabis sativa seed, has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity among other biological properties. Different methodologies have been reported for the synthesis of cannabis G to be employed in new biological studies. We report herein a green and concise procedure based on the use of Trametes versicolor laccase for the synthesis of a new diphenylbutadiene. The developed procedure may be employed for the synthesis of cannabisin G and other analogues.
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Steuart, Shelby. "State Variation in U.S. Medical Cannabis Limits, Restrictions, and Therapeutic Cannabis Dosing." Cannabis 6, no. 1 (February 7, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2023.01.001.
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Wide variation exists in the possession limits of cannabis products sold for medical use in the U.S. as well as the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of cannabis products. Prior work has found that legal limits on recreational cannabis sold per transaction may promote moderate use and diversion. This paper finds similar results for monthly medical cannabis limits. In the present analyses, state limits on medical cannabis were aggregated and converted into 30-day limits and 5 milligram (mg) THC doses. Grams of pure THC were calculated using plant weight limits and medical cannabis median THC potency aggregated from Colorado and Washington state medical cannabis retail sales data. Weight in pure THC was then broken down into 5 mg doses. Weight-based possession limits of cannabis for medical use varied widely across states (range: 1.5-762.05 grams pure THC per 30 days), with three states lacking a quantifiable weight limit (in which limits are not by weight but by physician’s recommendation). States generally do not impose limits on the potency of cannabis products, therefore small differences in weight limits can result in large differences in the amount of total THC allowed to be sold. Assuming a typical medical dose of 5 mg and the median THC potency of 21%, current laws allow for sales of 300 (Iowa) to 152,410 (Maine) doses per month. Current state statutes and methods of cannabis recommendation allow patients to increase therapeutic THC doses independently, and perhaps unknowingly. High THC content products combined with the higher purchase or possession limits allowed by medical cannabis laws may lead to an increased potential for overconsumption or diversion.
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Kuchynska, Iryna. "Analysis of Cannabis and its Products in the Context Forensic Science." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 34, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2024.06.
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Legalization of low-tetrahydrocannabinol-high-cannabidiol cannabis plants is gaining momentum due to growing demand for these products. In some countries, the testing of cannabis and products containing it is a legal requirement: cannabis is identified, the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabidiol and their precursor acids is assessed. Current research requires more sensitive and reliable analytical methods for accurate identification and quantification of cannabis components. This article purpose is to review the latest advances in the scientific literature on the isolation and analysis of cannabis and cannabis-containing products in the context of forensic science. Research methods included analysis of information on this topic using search engines, including Google, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Search requests took into account scientific, analytical and statistical reports in the field of forensic research. Since the forensic expert must be well-versed in modern trends in the analysis of prohibited substances and use the latest data from the analytical and forensic literature in his work, such information will help them choose research methods, taking into account the actual resources and equipment of forensic laboratories. According to the article purpose, advantages and disadvantages of existing methods of extraction and analysis of objects containing cannabis for identification, quantification, profiling and age estimation of cannabis are considered.
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Frink, Stephen, Olivera Marjanovic, Phoi Tran, Yun Wang, Weihong Guo, Noahie Encarnacion, Donelle Alcantara, Bahman Moezzi, and Gordon Vrdoljak. "Use of X-ray irradiation for inactivation of Aspergillus in cannabis flower." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): e0277649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277649.
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California cannabis regulations require testing for four pathogenic species of Aspergillus–A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. terreus in cannabis flower and cannabis inhalable products. These four pathogenic species of Aspergillus are important human pathogens and their presence in cannabis flower and cannabis products may pose a threat to human health. In this study, we examined the potential of X-ray irradiation for inactivation of cannabis flower contaminated with any of the four pathogenic species of Aspergillus. We determined that X-ray irradiation at a dose of 2.5 kGy is capable of rendering Aspergillus cells non-viable at low (102 spores/g dried flower), medium (103 spores/g dried flower) and high (104 spores/g dried flower) levels of inoculation. We also showed that X-ray treatment of cannabis flower did not significantly alter the cannabinoid or the terpene profiles of the flower samples. Therefore, X-ray irradiation may be a feasible method for Aspergillus decontamination of cannabis flower. More work is required to determine the consumer safety of irradiated cannabis flower and cannabis products.
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Troyer, James, and Kimberson Tanco. "Review of the Use of Medicinal Cannabis Products in Palliative Care." Cancers 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2024): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16071412.
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In this review, we discuss the potential role of cannabis and cannabinoids in the management of cancer-related symptoms. There is limited evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of cannabis-based products in treating cancer-related pain and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Regarding the role of cannabis-based products in the treatment of insomnia and mood disorders, most studies looked at these symptoms as secondary outcomes with mixed results. Cannabis-based products have adverse effects, ranging from neuropsychiatric to systemic effects to potential drug interactions.
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Wilcox, Joyce, Monika Pazdanska, Claire Milligan, Danny Chan, Susan J. MacDonald, and Carol Donnelly. "Analysis of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Cannabis and Cannabis Products by LC–Fluorescence Detection Using Cleanup with Either Multiantibody Immunoaffinity Columns or an Automated System with In-Line Reusable Immunoaffinity Cartridges." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 2 (March 2020): 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0176.
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Abstract Background: Evidence of fungal contamination of cannabis plants during drying has raised concerns of potential mycotoxin contamination of leaves and flowers and subsequent contamination of derived edible cannabis products. Methods are, therefore, needed for routine monitoring of cannabis to ensure consumer safety consistent with long-standing controls for mycotoxins such as aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) in foodstuffs. Objective: To generate preliminary validation data to demonstrate fitness-for-purpose of methods for aflatoxins and OTA in cannabis and cannabis products. Methods: Extraction of solid matrices with acetonitrile–water (75 + 25) and direct analysis of energy drinks after dilution. Extracts were either passed manually though an immunoaffinity column (IAC) containing antibodies to both aflatoxins and OTA or were analyzed sequentially using an automated system with in-line reusable immunoaffinity cartridges for aflatoxins or OTA. In both cases, analysis was by LC with fluorescence detection. Results: Recoveries were in the range of 76–120% with relative SDs from 0.8 to 6.6% for aflatoxins and OTA spiked into cannabis dried leaves and flowers, hemp tea, oils, capsules, cookies, chocolate brownies, and an energy drink. Conclusions: The methods described in this paper are suitable for the cleanup of sample extracts of cannabis and cannabis products. Highlights: Manual and automated methods with IAC cleanup have been shown to be suitable for routine control of aflatoxins and OTA in cannabis and cannabis products.
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AL Ubeed, Hebah Muhsien Sabiah, Ronald B. H. Wills, and Jayani Chandrapala. "Post-Harvest Operations to Generate High-Quality Medicinal Cannabis Products: A Systemic Review." Molecules 27, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051719.
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The traditional Cannabis plant as a medicinal crop has been explored for many thousands of years. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, optimising drying methods and producing high-quality medical products have been a hot topic in recent years. We systemically analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the drying methods implemented thus far to preserve the quality of bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Different drying techniques have been one of the focal points during the post-harvesting operations, as drying preserves these Cannabis products with increased shelf life. We followed or even highlighted the most popular methods used. Drying methods have advanced from traditional hot air and oven drying methods to microwave-assisted hot air drying or freeze-drying. In this review, traditional and modern drying technologies are reviewed. Each technology will have different pros and cons of its own. Moreover, this review outlines the quality of the Cannabis plant component harvested plays a major role in drying efficiency and preserving the chemical constituents. The emergence of medical Cannabis, and cannabinoid research requires optimal post-harvesting processes for different Cannabis strains. We proposed the most suitable method for drying medicinal Cannabis to produce consistent, reliable and potent medicinal Cannabis. In addition, drying temperature, rate of drying, mode and storage conditions after drying influenced the Cannabis component retention and quality.
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Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi. "‘Cannabis’ ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology." Drug Science, Policy and Law 6 (January 2020): 205032452094579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050324520945797.
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Objective Identify a coherent nomenclature for Cannabis sativa L. derived products and their analogues. Design Research undertaken in parallel to the three-year assessment of Cannabis derivatives by the World Health Organisation. The scope is limited to Cannabis products intended for human incorporation (internal and topical consumption). Primarily embedded in pharmacognosy, the study incorporates a wide range of scholarly and grey literature, folk knowledge, archives, pharmacopœias, international law, field pharmacy, clinical and herbal medicine data, under a philosophical scrutiny. Generic and Cannabis-specific nomenclatural frames are compared to determine the extent to which they coincide or conflict. Results All lexica reviewed use weak, ambiguous, or inconsistent terms. There is insufficient scientific basis for terms and concepts related to Cannabis at all levels. No sound classification exists: current models conflict by adopting idiosyncratic, partial, outdated, or utilitarian schemes to arrange the extraordinarily numerous and diverse derivatives of the C. sativa plant. In law and policy, no clear or unequivocal boundary between herbal and non-herbal drugs, nor natural and synthetic cannabinoids was found; current nomenclatures need updates. In science, the botanical Cannabis lexicon overlooks parthenocarpy, and wide disagreement remains as to the taxonomy and systematics of the plant; chemical research should address differences in kinds between synthetic cannabinoids; pharmacopœias include little information related to Cannabis, and disagree on broader classes of herbal medicines, virtually failing to embrace many known Cannabis medicines. Since existing products and compounds fail to be categorised in an evidence-based manner, confusions will likely increase as novel cannabinoid compounds, genetic and biotechnological modifications surge. Conclusions The lack of clarity is comprehensive: for patients, physicians, and regulators. This study proposes an update of terms at several levels. It points at gaps in morphological descriptions in botany and pharmacognosy and a need for a metaphysical address of cannabinoids. Methods of obtention are identified as a common criterion to distinguish products; the way forward suggests a mutually exclusive nomenclatural pattern based on the smallest common denominator of obtention methods. In the context of a swelling number of Cannabis products being consumed (be it via medical prescription, adult-use, ‘hemp’ foodstuff and cosmetics, or other purposes), this study can assist research, contribute to transparent labelling of products, consumer safety and awareness, pharmacovigilance, medical standards of care, and an update of prevention and harm reduction approaches. It can also better inform regulatory policies surrounding C. sativa, its derivatives, and other cannabinoid-containing products.
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Iftikhar, Amna, Umaima Zafar, Waqar Ahmed, Muhammad Asim Shabbir, Aysha Sameen, Amna Sahar, Zuhaib F. Bhat, Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski, Maciej Jarzębski, and Rana Muhammad Aadil. "Applications of Cannabis Sativa L. in Food and Its Therapeutic Potential: From a Prohibited Drug to a Nutritional Supplement." Molecules 26, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 7699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247699.
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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a herbaceous anemophilous plant that belongs to the Cannabinaceae family. The cannabis seed (hemp) has long been utilized as a food source and is commercially important as an edible oil source. In this review, the positive and negative health effects of cannabis, the relationship between cannabis and various diseases, and the use of cannabis in various food products have been discussed. In addition, the scientific literature on the potential use of cannabis and its derivatives as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and chronic degenerative diseases in animals and humans has been reviewed. Cannabis is being developed as a key ingredient in a variety of food items, including bakery, confectionery, beverages, dairy, fruits, vegetables, and meat. Hemp seeds are high in readily digestible proteins, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), insoluble fiber, carbs, and favorable omega-6 PUFA acid to omega-3 PUFA ratio and have high nutritional value. The antioxidants of cannabis, such as polyphenols, help with anxiety, oxidative stress, and the risk of chronic illnesses, including cancer, neurological disorders, digestive problems, and skin diseases. Cannabis has been shown to have negative health impacts on the respiratory system, driving, and psychomotor functions, and the reproductive system. Overall, the purpose of this research is to stimulate more in-depth research on cannabis’s adaptation in various foods and for the treatment of chronic illnesses.
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Koltai, Hinanit, Patrick Poulin, and Dvory Namdar. "Promoting cannabis products to pharmaceutical drugs." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 132 (April 2019): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.027.
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Crombie, Leslie. "Natural products of cannabis and khat." Pure and Applied Chemistry 58, no. 5 (January 1, 1986): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198658050693.
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Quinn, Debbie. "Cannabis-based products for medical use." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 15, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2019.15.1.19.
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Kitdumrongthum, Sarunya, and Dunyaporn Trachootham. "An Individuality of Response to Cannabinoids: Challenges in Safety and Efficacy of Cannabis Products." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062791.
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Since legalization, cannabis/marijuana has been gaining considerable attention as a functional ingredient in food. ∆-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids are key bioactive compounds with health benefits. The oral consumption of cannabis transports much less hazardous chemicals than smoking. Nevertheless, the response to cannabis is biphasically dose-dependent (hormesis; a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition) with wide individuality in responses. Thus, the exact same dose and preparation of cannabis may be beneficial for some but toxic to others. The purpose of this review is to highlight the concept of individual variations in response to cannabinoids, which leads to the challenge of establishing standard safe doses of cannabis products for the general population. The mechanisms of actions, acute and chronic toxicities, and factors affecting responses to cannabis products are updated. Based on the literature review, we found that the response to cannabis products depends on exposure factors (delivery route, duration, frequency, and interactions with food and drugs), individual factors (age, sex), and susceptibility factors (genetic polymorphisms of cannabinoid receptor gene, N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing enzymes, THC-metabolizing enzymes, and epigenetic regulations). Owing to the individuality of responses, the safest way to use cannabis-containing food products is to start low, go slow, and stay low.
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Ingram, Gillian, and Owen R. Pearson. "Cannabis and multiple sclerosis." Practical Neurology 19, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2018-002137.
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Patients with multiple sclerosis have long turned to complementary therapies to manage symptoms that licensed products can only partially control. Around half of patients with multiple sclerosis admit to previous or current cannabis use for medicinal purposes and would endorse legalisation. Despite many governments worldwide relaxing regulations around medicinal cannabis, there remain many unanswered questions as to how clinicians should prescribe or recommend products, and access to pharmaceutical-grade products remains highly restricted. Here we address what adult neurologists need to know about cannabis and its use in multiple sclerosis.
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Jadhav, Pramodkumar D., Youn Young Shim, Ock Jin Paek, Jung-Tae Jeon, Hyun-Je Park, Ilbum Park, Eui-Seong Park, Young Jun Kim, and Martin J. T. Reaney. "A Metabolomics and Big Data Approach to Cannabis Authenticity (Authentomics)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9 (May 3, 2023): 8202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098202.
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With the increasing accessibility of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., also known as marijuana and hemp), its products are being developed as extracts for both recreational and therapeutic use. This has led to increased scrutiny by regulatory bodies, who aim to understand and regulate the complex chemistry of these products to ensure their safety and efficacy. Regulators use targeted analyses to track the concentration of key bioactive metabolites and potentially harmful contaminants, such as metals and other impurities. However, the metabolic complexity of cannabis metabolic pathways requires a more comprehensive approach. A non-targeted metabolomic analysis of cannabis products is necessary to generate data that can be used to determine their authenticity and efficacy. An authentomics approach, which involves combining the non-targeted analysis of new samples with big data comparisons to authenticated historic datasets, provides a robust method for verifying the quality of cannabis products. To meet International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, it is necessary to implement the authentomics platform technology and build an integrated database of cannabis analytical results. This study is the first to review the topic of the authentomics of cannabis and its potential to meet ISO standards.
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Singh, Vinita, Ali J. Zarrabi, Kimberly A. Curseen, Roman Sniecinski, Justine W. Welsh, Anne M. McKenzie-Brown, Wendy Baer, and Theresa W. Gillespie. "Concerns of Patients With Cancer on Accessing Cannabis Products in a State With Restrictive Medical Marijuana Laws: A Survey Study." Journal of Oncology Practice 15, no. 10 (October 2019): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.19.00184.
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PURPOSE: Several states, particularly in the Southeast, have restrictive medical marijuana laws that permit qualified patients to use specific cannabis products. The majority of these states, however, do not provide avenues for accessing cannabis products such as in-state dispensaries. METHODS: We conducted a survey of patients registered for medical marijuana (low tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] oil cards) in an ambulatory palliative care practice in Georgia (one of the states with restrictive medical marijuana laws). RESULTS: We had a total of 101 responses. Among our sample of patients who use cannabis as part of a state-approved low THC oil program, 56% were male and 64% were older than age 50 years. Advanced cancer was the most common reason (76%) for granting the patients access to a low THC oil card. Although patients reported cannabis products as being extremely helpful for reducing pain, they expressed considerable concerns about the legality issues (64%) and ability to obtain THC (68%). Several respondents were using unapproved formulations of cannabis products. For 48% of the patients, their physician was the source of information regarding marijuana-related products. Furthermore, they believed that their health care providers and family members were supportive of their use of cannabis (62% and 79%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients on Georgia’s medical marijuana program are most concerned about the legality of the product and their ability to obtain marijuana-related products. Therefore, we recommend that states with medical marijuana laws should provide safe and reliable access to cannabis products for qualifying patients.
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Olson, Amanda Leigh, Stephen Yenzen Lai, Sanjay Shete, Kevin Harbison, Jennifer Scheid, Mika Jankowski, and Kimberson Cochien Tanco. "Utilization and dispensing patterns of medical cannabis products in a state with legalized medical cannabis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e18844-e18844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e18844.
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e18844 Background: The medical uses of cannabis-based products have been proposed to include treatment of pain, various neurological, gastrointestinal and psychological conditions. Cancer patients are some of the highest utilizers of medical cannabis-based products. To understand real world use and impact of cannabis-based products, we analyzed the database from 4 dispensaries of a cannabis company licensed in New York state. We aim to evaluate the dose, average THC/CBD ratios, association of various medical conditions to THC/CBD dose and cost of products to individuals receiving cannabis-based products. Methods: A retrospective analysis of anonymized data was conducted on 422,201 dispensed products from 32,845 unique individuals aged 18 years and older between 1/1/2016 and 12/31/2020. The database included patients age, gender, qualifying medical condition, type of product, medication directions and amount of product dispensed. Results: Median age was 53 years old and 52% were females. Cancer and non-cancer related pain (85%) were the most common medical condition and inhalation (57%) the most common route. Individuals received a median of 6 prescriptions with median cost of $50/product. Average THC:CBD ratios were 28:0.5mg/day and 12:0.25mg/dose. Highest average cost [mean (95% CI): $73 ($71-$75)] and average CBD/dose per product [mean (95% CI):5.89 (5.38-6.40)] were dispensed for neurological conditions. Highest average THC/dose [mean (95% CI): 14.25 (13.36-15.14)] were found as use as alternative products for those with substance use disorders. Table 1 shows the comparison of gender and route to medical condition. Conclusions: More females received medical cannabis prescriptions while males used more products. Pain was the most common reason for medical cannabis prescriptions. Neurological conditions demonstrated highest average cost and CBD/dose and prescriptions for substance use disorder demonstrated highest THC/dose for products dispensed. Products prescribed had more THC as compared to CBD and inhalation was preferred. As cancer patients increasingly utilize medical cannabis products in conjunction with tumor directed and symptom therapy it will be important to have randomized studies to help guide oncologists. [Table: see text]
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Osaghae, Ikponmwosa, Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi, Banda A. A. Khalifa, Rajesh Talluri, and Sanjay Shete. "Cannabis Use among Cancer Survivors: Use Pattern, Product Type, and Timing of Use." Cancers 15, no. 24 (December 13, 2023): 5822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245822.
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Despite growing interest in the use of cannabis for the treatment of cancer-related symptoms, there are limited studies that have assessed the use pattern, type, and mode of delivery of cannabis products used by cancer survivors. This study describes the current state of the use pattern, product type, and mode of delivery of cannabis used by cancer survivors. This was a cross-sectional study of cancer survivors from 41 U.S. states who received treatment at the largest NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center. The weighted prevalence of the use patterns, product types, and modes of delivery of cannabis used by cancer survivors was estimated. A total of 1886 cancer survivors were included in the study, with 915 (48% [95% CI: 45–51]) reporting ever using cannabis. Of survivors who had ever used cannabis, 36% (95% CI: 33–40) were current users. Among survivors who reported cannabis use after diagnosis, 40% used cannabis during and after cancer treatment, 35% used cannabis during treatment, and 25% used cannabis after completing their cancer treatment. Additionally, 48% of survivors reported an increase in cannabis use since cancer diagnosis. The commonest types of cannabis products used by cancer survivors were dry leaf cannabis (71%), cannabidiol (CBD) oil (46%), and cannabis candy (40%). Moreover, cancer survivors frequently used baked goods (32%), creams and gels (21%), and tinctures (18%). Furthermore, among ever users, the predominant mode of use was cannabis inhalation/smoking (69%) compared to eating/drinking (59%). More so, the common mode of inhalation/smoking of cannabis products were rolled cannabis cigarettes (79%), pipes (36%), water pipes (34%), vaporizers or vapes (14%), and e-cigarette devices (14%). A substantial number of cancer survivors use cannabis during cancer treatment, with increased use following cancer diagnosis. The forms and modes of delivery of cannabis varied among survivors, with most survivors inhaling or smoking cannabis. There is a need to educate healthcare providers (HCPs) and survivors on current evidence of cannabis use and strengthen cannabis regulatory frameworks to optimize benefits and minimize adverse events from cannabis use during cancer treatment.
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Winiger, Evan, Ming Ma, and Ashley Brooks-Russell. "Novel Methods of Cannabis Use and Lower Sleep Duration Among High School Students." Cannabis 5, no. 2 (July 11, 2022): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2022.02.006.
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Background. The general use of cannabis in adolescence is associated with various sleep deficits. While traditional smoking remains the most common form of cannabis consumption amongst adolescents, novel methods of administration are becoming more popular and available due to legalization. The association of these novel methods of use with sleep in adolescence has yet to be studied and research is needed to inform public health initiatives. Methods. High school (9th-12th grade) students from the Healthy Kids Colorado Survey with current cannabis use (n= 4,637) reported on numerous demographic variables, method of cannabis use (flower, edibles, dabs, and vaporizers) and average sleep duration on weeknights. Logistic regression assessed the relationship between novel methods of use (edibles, dabs, and vaporizers) and sleep duration in comparison to cannabis flower. Results. Use of any edible, dab, or vaporizer product in the past 30-days was associated with being male and current tobacco use. Reporting a novel method of use as the most common mode of cannabis use was associated with current tobacco use and higher mothers’ education. Students who used any novel method products in the past 30 days or reported these products as the usual mode of cannabis use, were more likely to sleep 7 hours or fewer a night. Conclusions. Novel methods of cannabis administration such as edibles, dabs, and vaporizers are associated with getting less sleep than recommended (7 or less hours), in comparison to those who smoked flower. Sleep outcomes should be a focus of study for novel cannabis products amongst high school adolescents.
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Lim, Carmen C. W., Gary C. K. Chan, Elle Wadsworth, Daniel Stjepanović, Vivian Chiu, Jack Y. C. Chung, Tianze Sun, et al. "Trends and Socio-Demographic Differences of Cannabis Vaping in the USA and Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 14394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114394.
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Given the rise in cannabis vaping, it is important to highlight the heterogeneity in vaping different cannabis product because of the potential differences in their health risks. This study aims to estimate the trends and socio-demographic correlates of the use of various cannabis vaping products across jurisdiction with different legal status. Data from the 2018 (n = 27,169) and 2019 (n = 47,747) waves of the International Cannabis Policy Study (ICPS) were used. Respondents aged 16–65 completed web-based surveys. In 2019, proportions of past year vaping of cannabis oil, dried flower and concentrates in the overall sample were highest in U.S. jurisdictions where cannabis was legalized for non-medical use (17.4%, 6.0%, 4.9%), followed by U.S. jurisdiction where non-medical cannabis use is illegal (13.7%, 5.8%, 2.9%), and lowest in Canada (8.1%, 4.4%, 2.1%). Vaping dried flower decreased from 2019 to 2018 in U.S. legal jurisdictions and Canada, while vaping cannabis oil and concentrates increased in all jurisdictions (p < 0.001). The odds of vaping all forms of products were higher among younger respondents (16–55 years), males, respondents with some college education, and persons with low-risk perceptions on daily cannabis vaping. In both ICPS surveys (2018 and 2019), cannabis oil was the most frequently vaped products, followed by dried flower, and concentrates. Detailed measures of product forms for cannabis vaping should be considered in future surveys.
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Goodman, Samantha, and David Hammond. "Noticing of cannabis health warning labels in Canada and the US." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 41, no. 7/8 (August 2021): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.41.7/8.01.
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Introduction Product labelling and health warnings are important components of regulatory frameworks for consumer products such as tobacco, alcohol and food. However, evidence in the cannabis domain is limited. This study aimed to examine the reach of mandated health warnings on cannabis products using a natural experimental design. Methods Data are from the online International Cannabis Policy Study 2018 and 2019 surveys. Respondents were men and women aged 16 to 65 years in Canada and US states with illegal and legal nonmedical cannabis (“illegal” and “legal” states, respectively) (n = 72 549). Regression models tested differences in noticing health warnings on cannabis packages pre- and post-legalization in Canada, with comparisons to US states, adjusting for cannabis use, cannabis source and sociodemographics. Results Respondents in Canada showed a greater increase in noticing warnings (+8.9%) in 2019 (14.7%) versus 2018 (5.8%) than respondents in US “illegal” states (+2.8%) and “legal” states (+3.2%). In 2019, consumers residing in jurisdictions with legal recreational cannabis who purchased from legal retail sources were more likely to report noticing warnings than consumers who obtained cannabis from illegal/unstated sources (Canada: 40.4% vs. 15.3%; US “legal” states: 35.3% vs. 17.0%). Regular cannabis consumers were more likely to notice warnings than less frequent consumers. Conclusion Mandating warning labels on cannabis products may increase exposure to messages communicating the health risks of cannabis, especially among frequent consumers and those who access the legal market.
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Lamçe, Nives, Aelita Mani, and Adriana Xhuveli. "Impact of Unethical Cannabis Marketing and Its Legal Status on Albanian Consumers." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 9, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n104.
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The purpose of this paper is to study how different marketing strategies regarding cannabis products can affect the buying behavior of consumers in a developing country like Albania, where cannabis cultivation, production, and marketing of its by-products are still prohibited. Primary data have been collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to a population residing mostly in Tirana, but also in Kosovo and the Republic of North Macedonia, made up of students as well as young and middle-aged professionals of different fields. This sample has been chosen to study if people from countries with a legalized cannabis market tend to be more affected by cannabis advertising and consequently to use more cannabis products, as well as the risk of a negative impact of massive advertising on abusive use of medical and recreational cannabis among different age-groups of the society, especially the most vulnerable ones. To evaluate the data, a regression analysis has been used, which showed that unethical marketing practices in advertising cannabis for recreational and medical purposes do affect considerably sales of these products among citizens. The findings are important to help compile the relevant legislation regarding the marketing of cannabis for these purposes, to adapt to the consequences of possible future legalization.
Received: 25 December 2021 / Accepted: 20 February 2022 / Published: 20 March 2022
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Vergne, Matthew J., Lindsey Reynolds, Alexus Brown, Grayson Pullias, and Anna Froemming. "A Review on the Impact of Cannabis in Society and the Analytical Methodologies for Cannabinoids." Psychoactives 2, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives2010003.
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The use of plant-based medicine dates back centuries, and cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is one such plant that has been used medicinally and illicitly. Although cannabis contains hundreds of cannabinoids and other natural products, its potential medicinal use was largely ignored by modern researchers due to the legal restrictions and heavy regulations introduced in the 1930s. As restrictions on cannabis access have eased since the 1990s there is renewed interest in the research of cannabinoids and the other components in the cannabis plant. The focus of this review article is an overview of cannabis and the analytical challenges in the quality control and biological analysis. The pharmacological effects of psychoactive cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and delta-8-trans- tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) is discussed, along with an abundant non-intoxicating cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD). The analytical methods for the quality control assays of cannabis products include gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to different detectors, including mass spectrometry. This review will highlight various analytical methods for the quality control of cannabis products and the quantitation of cannabinoids in biological matrices for forensics and toxicology.
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Argueta, Donovan A., Anupam Aich, Fjolla Muqolli, Hemanth Cherukury, Varun Sagi, Nicholas V. DiPatrizio, and Kalpna Gupta. "Considerations for Cannabis Use to Treat Pain in Sickle Cell Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 3902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123902.
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Pain in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a major comorbidity and unique with acute pain due to recurrent and episodic vaso-occlusive crises as well as chronic pain, which can span an individual’s entire life. Opioids are the mainstay treatment for pain in SCD. Due to recent health crises raised by adverse effects including deaths from opioid use, pain management in SCD is adversely affected. Cannabis and its products are most widely used for pain in multiple conditions and also by patients with SCD on their own. With the availability of “Medical Cannabis” and approval to use cannabis as medicine across majority of States in the United States as well as over-the-counter preparations, cannabis products are being used increasingly for SCD. The reliability of many of these products remains questionable, which poses a major health risk to the vulnerable individuals seeking pain relief. Therefore, this review provides up to date insights into available categories of cannabis-based treatment strategies, their mechanism of action and pre-clinical and clinical outcomes in SCD. It provides evidence for the benefits and risks of cannabis use in SCD and cautions about the unreliable and unvalidated products that may be adulterated with life-threatening non-cannabis compounds.
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Ouellette, Rachel R., Sophia Selino, and Grace Kong. "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and E-Liquid Modifications to Vape Cannabis Depicted in Online Videos." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 11 (November 2, 2023): e2341075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.41075.
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ImportanceElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) were created to vape nicotine e-liquids; however, social media demonstrates increased ENDS modifications to vape cannabis. Analysis of social media content helps with understanding ENDS modifications for cannabis use, overlapping markets for ENDS and cannabis, and the need for additional regulation.ObjectiveTo analyze online videos for use, modification, and marketing of ENDS to vape cannabis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this qualitative study, 10 searches were performed on YouTube on July 14, 2022, using different combinations of relevant search terms to identify videos depicting modifications to ENDS and e-liquids to vape cannabis. The first 40 videos from each search (400 videos total, 152 without duplicates) were extracted, of which 59 included depiction or discussion of cannabis vaping content. Content analysis of videos included iterative development of codes, consensus building across team members, and reliability checks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMetadata (ie, video length, number of likes, comments, and views) were extracted for included videos. Coding was performed for uploader type, modifications to ENDS and e-liquids, devices used, cannabis products vaped, age restriction, purchasing links, health claims, and discussion of warning messages and cannabis regulations.ResultsOf the 59 videos analyzed, 34 (58%) included tetrahydrocannabinol; 33 (56%), cannabidiol; and 8 (14%), both. A total of 21 videos (36%) were age-restricted, while 25 (42%) included purchasing links for cannabis products, 20 (34%) for ENDS, and 7 (12%) for nicotine e-liquids. Twenty-six videos (44%) made claims about health benefits of vaping cannabis. Forty-one videos (69%) demonstrated vaping manufacturer-made cannabis products (eg, cannabis concentrates) with no modifications needed. Eighteen videos (31%) depicted modifications to e-liquids or ENDS for cannabis use. The most frequent modification was mixing e-liquids with cannabis products to be compatible with ENDS. The most frequently reported reason for modifications was to vape cannabis in public by using the same devices used for nicotine.Conclusions and RelevanceThis qualitative study of online videos found high frequencies of statements about health benefits from vaping cannabis, frequent purchasing links, and inadequate age restrictions. Exposure to such content on social media platforms may increase risk of cannabis vaping among youth. Use of the same devices for multiple substances may also enable dual use and complicate the US Food and Drug Administration’s regulation of ENDS.
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Vujanovic, Vladimir, Darren R. Korber, Silva Vujanovic, Josko Vujanovic, and Suha Jabaji. "Scientific Prospects for Cannabis-Microbiome Research to Ensure Quality and Safety of Products." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020290.
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Cannabis legalization has occurred in several countries worldwide. Along with steadily growing research in Cannabis healthcare science, there is an increasing interest for scientific-based knowledge in plant microbiology and food science, with work connecting the plant microbiome and plant health to product quality across the value chain of cannabis. This review paper provides an overview of the state of knowledge and challenges in Cannabis science, and thereby identifies critical risk management and safety issues in order to capitalize on innovations while ensuring product quality control. It highlights scientific gap areas to steer future research, with an emphasis on plant-microbiome sciences committed to using cutting-edge technologies for more efficient Cannabis production and high-quality products intended for recreational, pharmaceutical, and medicinal use.
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Boehnke, Kevin F., Christopher L. Wu, and Daniel J. Clauw. "Thoughtfully Integrating Cannabis Products Into Chronic Pain Treatment." Anesthesia & Analgesia 138, no. 1 (December 15, 2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000005904.
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Cannabis products (CPs) and cannabis-based medicines (CBMs) are becoming increasingly available and are commonly used for pain management. The growing societal acceptance of cannabis and liberalization of cannabis laws allows patients to access CPs with minimal clinical oversight. While there is mechanistic plausibility that CPs and CBMs may be useful for pain management, the clinical trial literature is limited and does not refute or support the use of CBMs for pain management. Complicating matters, a large and growing body of observational literature shows that many people use CPs for pain management and in place of other medications. However, products and dosing regimens in existing trials are not generalizable to the current cannabis market, making it difficult to compare and reconcile these 2 bodies of literature. Given this complexity, clinicians need clear, pragmatic guidance on how to appropriately educate and work with patients who are using CBMs for pain management. In this review, we narratively synthesize the evidence to enable a clear view of current landscape and provide pragmatic advice for clinicians to use when working with patients. This advice revolves around 3 principles: (1) maintaining the therapeutic alliance; (2) harm reduction and benefit maximization; and (3) pragmatism, principles of patient-centered care, and use of best clinical judgment in the face of uncertainty. Despite the lack of certainty CPs and chronic pain management use, we believe that following these principles can make most of the clinical opportunity presented by discussions around CPs and also enhance the likelihood of clinical benefit from CPs.
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Woerdenbag, Herman J., Peter Olinga, Ellen A. Kok, Donald A. P. Brugman, Ulrike F. van Ark, Arwin S. Ramcharan, Paul W. Lebbink, et al. "Potential, Limitations and Risks of Cannabis-Derived Products in Cancer Treatment." Cancers 15, no. 7 (April 1, 2023): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15072119.
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The application of cannabis products in oncology receives interest, especially from patients. Despite the plethora of research data available, the added value in curative or palliative cancer care and the possible risks involved are insufficiently proven and therefore a matter of debate. We aim to give a recommendation on the position of cannabis products in clinical oncology by assessing recent literature. Various types of cannabis products, characteristics, quality and pharmacology are discussed. Standardisation is essential for reliable and reproducible quality. The oromucosal/sublingual route of administration is preferred over inhalation and drinking tea. Cannabinoids may inhibit efflux transporters and drug-metabolising enzymes, possibly inducing pharmacokinetic interactions with anticancer drugs being substrates for these proteins. This may enhance the cytostatic effect and/or drug-related adverse effects. Reversely, it may enable dose reduction. Similar interactions are likely with drugs used for symptom management treating pain, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Cannabis products are usually well tolerated and may improve the quality of life of patients with cancer (although not unambiguously proven). The combination with immunotherapy seems undesirable because of the immunosuppressive action of cannabinoids. Further clinical research is warranted to scientifically support (refraining from) using cannabis products in patients with cancer.
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Sharma, Pravesh, Doug B. Mathews, Quang Anh Nguyen, Gillian L. Rossmann, Christi A Patten, and Christopher J. Hammond. "Old Dog, New Tricks: A Review of Identifying and Addressing Youth Cannabis Vaping in the Pediatric Clinical Setting." Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 17 (January 2023): 117955652311622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11795565231162297.
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Cannabis vaping has emerged as a predominant mode of cannabis use among United States (US) adolescents and young adults (AYA) primarily due to the popularity of modifiable designs of vaping devices coupled with changes in cannabis policies and increased availability of cannabinoid products. New methods for cannabis vaping by e-liquid/oil vaping, dry plant vaping, and cannabis concentrate vaping (ie, dabbing) have had high uptake among American youth with unclear long-term health implications. Issues with contamination, mislabeling, and expansion of the vaped cannabis market to include not only delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) but also delta-9-THC analogs (eg, delta-8 and delta-10) sold as hemp-derived “legal highs” further complicated this healthcare space. Recent research suggests that cannabis/THC vaping carries distinct and overlapping risks when compared to cannabis smoking and may be associated with greater risk for acute lung injuries, seizures, and acute psychiatric symptoms. Primary care clinicians providing care for AYA are in an ideal position to identify cannabis misuse and intervene early to address cannabis vaping. To improve public health outcomes, a need exists for pediatric clinicians to be educated about different ways/methods that youth are vaping cannabinoid products and associated risks related to cannabinoid vaping. Further, pediatric clinicians need to be trained how to effectively screen for and discuss cannabis vaping with their youth patients. In the current article, we present a clinically focused review of cannabis vaping among young people with 3 main aims to: (1) identify and describe the cannabis vaping products commonly used by American youth; (2) review the health correlates of youth cannabis vaping; and (3) discuss clinical considerations related to identifying and treating youth who vape cannabis.
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Smith, Christiana J., Daniela Vergara, Brian Keegan, and Nick Jikomes. "The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): e0267498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267498.
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The legal status of Cannabis is changing, fueling an increasing diversity of Cannabis-derived products. Because Cannabis contains dozens of chemical compounds with potential psychoactive or medicinal effects, understanding this phytochemical diversity is crucial. The legal Cannabis industry heavily markets products to consumers based on widely used labeling systems purported to predict the effects of different “strains.” We analyzed the cannabinoid and terpene content of commercial Cannabis samples across six US states, finding distinct chemical phenotypes (chemotypes) which are reliably present. By comparing the observed phytochemical diversity to the commercial labels commonly attached to Cannabis-derived product samples, we show that commercial labels do not consistently align with the observed chemical diversity. However, certain labels do show a biased association with specific chemotypes. These results have implications for the classification of commercial Cannabis, design of animal and human research, and regulation of consumer marketing—areas which today are often divorced from the chemical reality of the Cannabis-derived material they wish to represent.
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Assanangkornchai, Sawitri, Darika Saingam, Kanittha Thaikla, and Muhammadfahmee Talek. "Views and practices on medical cannabis of unlicensed providers in Thailand: a qualitative study." F1000Research 11 (March 29, 2022): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110367.1.
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Background: Despite the legalization of cannabis use for medical purposes in Thailand in February 2019, illicit providers are still widespread and accessible. This study aimed to understand why people still chose to receive medical cannabis treatment or products from unlicensed or illegal providers. The practices of unlicensed or illegal providers in provision of medical cannabis products or treatment services were also examined. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted among medical cannabis providers and users, including 36 unlicensed and 7 licensed providers and 25 users in 2019-2021. Snowball sampling was used to recruit participants until saturation of data was achieved. Interviews included open-ended questions about the providers’ practices and attitudes towards medical cannabis. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and thematic analysis was performed. Results: Overall, six reasons were identified to answer why unlicensed/illicit providers were still popular, including: 1) easy accessibility; 2) familiarity with the unlicensed providers before the legal scheme became available; 3) favorable characters (kind, supportive, non-judgmental) of unlicensed providers; 4) affordable treatment fees; 5) trust in the quality of the medicines; and 6) lack of knowledge and negative attitudes towards cannabis from healthcare professionals. Most providers started their career as medical cannabis providers by using it themselves or with their relatives and being satisfied with the results. They used cannabis products to treat all diseases, including skin, eyes, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases and all kinds of cancers. Additionally, they believed that it was effective, with no or minimal adverse effects. Conclusions: This study suggests that some patients will continue receiving medical cannabis treatment and products from unlicensed or illegal providers. More attention should be paid on increasing the capacity of medical cannabis service systems within public health hospitals, and the certification of unlicensed providers, so as to integrate them into a regulated system.
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Mayer, Margaret E., Grace Kong, Jessica L. Barrington-Trimis, Rob McConnell, Adam M. Leventhal, and Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin. "Blunt and Non-Blunt Cannabis Use and Risk of Subsequent Combustible Tobacco Product Use Among Adolescents." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 8 (December 7, 2019): 1409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz225.
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Abstract Introduction Cannabis—including blunts (cannabis rolled in tobacco-containing cigar casing) —is commonly the first substance used among adolescents and may increase the likelihood of subsequent initiation of combustible tobacco products. Aims and Methods Data were pooled from two prospective studies of adolescents in California and Connecticut (total N = 4594). Logistic regression models assessed the association of baseline ever blunt use and ever non-blunt cannabis use (vs. never cannabis use) with subsequent initiation of any combustible tobacco-only product (ie, cigarettes, cigars, or cigarillos) by 1-year follow-up after adjustment for demographic characteristics and other tobacco product use at baseline. We also assessed whether estimates differed by prior e-cigarette or hookah use at baseline. Results Among never combustible tobacco-only product users (N = 2973), 221 (7.4%) had ever used a blunt and 114 (3.8%) had ever used only non-blunt cannabis at baseline. Blunt use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30 to 3.01) and non-blunt cannabis use (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.00) were independently associated with greater odds of combustible tobacco-only product initiation by follow-up. Among those who had not tried e-cigarettes or who had not tried hookah, blunt use and non-blunt cannabis use were associated with significantly increased odds of combustible tobacco product initiation; among those who had tried e-cigarettes or hookah, the association was not significant. Conclusions We found blunt and non-blunt cannabis use to be associated with subsequent combustible tobacco-only product initiation, particularly among adolescents who had not also tried other products containing nicotine. Implications Adolescent-focused tobacco prevention efforts should consider incorporating cannabis products, including blunts. More research is needed to understand how blunt use and cannabis use more broadly are associated with initiation of tobacco products.
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Assanangkornchai, Sawitri, Darika Saingam, Kanittha Thaikla, and Muhammadfahmee Talek. "Views and practices on medical cannabis of unlicensed providers in Thailand: a qualitative study." F1000Research 11 (October 27, 2023): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110367.2.
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Background: Despite the legalization of cannabis use for medical purposes in Thailand in February 2019, illicit providers are still widespread and accessible. This study aimed to understand why people still chose to receive medical cannabis treatment or products from unlicensed or illegal providers. The practices of unlicensed or illegal providers in provision of medical cannabis products or treatment services were also examined. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted among medical cannabis providers and users, including 36 unlicensed and 7 licensed providers and 25 users in 2019-2021. Snowball sampling was used to recruit participants until saturation of data was achieved. Interviews included open-ended questions about the providers’ practices and attitudes towards medical cannabis. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and thematic analysis was performed. Results: Overall, six reasons were identified to answer why unlicensed/illicit providers were still popular, including: 1) easy accessibility; 2) familiarity with the unlicensed providers before the legal scheme became available; 3) favorable characters (kind, supportive, non-judgmental) of unlicensed providers; 4) affordable treatment fees; 5) trust in the quality of the medicines; and 6) lack of knowledge and negative attitudes towards cannabis from healthcare professionals. Most providers started their career as medical cannabis providers by using it themselves or with their relatives and being satisfied with the results. They used cannabis products to treat all diseases, including skin, eyes, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases and all kinds of cancers. Additionally, they believed that it was effective, with no or minimal adverse effects. Conclusions: This study suggests that some patients will continue receiving medical cannabis treatment and products from unlicensed or illegal providers. More attention should be paid on increasing the capacity of medical cannabis service systems within public health hospitals, and the certification of unlicensed providers, so as to integrate them into a regulated system.
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Assanangkornchai, Sawitri, Darika Saingam, Kanittha Thaikla, and Muhammadfahmee Talek. "Views and practices on medical cannabis of unlicensed providers in Thailand: a qualitative study." F1000Research 11 (December 1, 2023): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110367.3.
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Background Despite the legalization of cannabis use for medical purposes in Thailand in February 2019, illicit providers are still widespread and accessible. This study aimed to understand why people still chose to receive medical cannabis treatment or products from unlicensed or illegal providers. The practices of unlicensed or illegal providers in provision of medical cannabis products or treatment services were also examined. Methods Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted among medical cannabis providers and users, including 36 unlicensed and 7 licensed providers and 25 users in 2019-2021. Snowball sampling was used to recruit participants until saturation of data was achieved. Interviews included open-ended questions about the providers’ practices and attitudes towards medical cannabis. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and thematic analysis was performed. Results Overall, six reasons were identified to answer why unlicensed/illicit providers were still popular, including: 1) easy accessibility; 2) familiarity with the unlicensed providers before the legal scheme became available; 3) favorable characters (kind, supportive, non-judgmental) of unlicensed providers; 4) affordable treatment fees; 5) trust in the quality of the medicines; and 6) lack of knowledge and negative attitudes towards cannabis from healthcare professionals. Most providers started their career as medical cannabis providers by using it themselves or with their relatives and being satisfied with the results. They used cannabis products to treat all diseases, including skin, eyes, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases and all kinds of cancers. Additionally, they believed that it was effective, with no or minimal adverse effects. Conclusions This study suggests that some patients will continue receiving medical cannabis treatment and products from unlicensed or illegal providers. More attention should be paid on increasing the capacity of medical cannabis service systems within public health hospitals, and the certification of unlicensed providers, so as to integrate them into a regulated system.
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Wang, Claire, Simon Erridge, and Mikael H. Sodergren. "Medical cannabis and fibromyalgia: a narrative review of current evidence." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 20, no. 3 (June 2, 2024): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2024.0028.
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Fibromyalgia is a common central sensitisation disorder, which is characterised by widespread chronic pain and the presence of other impairing somatic and psychological symptoms. As is the case for most causes of chronic pain, there is a need to develop novel therapies for fibromyalgia, because of the limited pharmaceutical options available. Cannabis-based medicinal products have a growing evidence base that demonstrates associated positive effects on chronic pain and other common symptoms or comorbidities reported by individuals with fibromyalgia. However, becasue there is a paucity of randomised controlled trials, cannabis-based medicinal products currently remain unlicensed for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Cannabis-based medicinal products may be prescribed by consultant clinicians in the UK at specialist centres, such as Curaleaf Clinic, if licensed therapies have failed to provide sufficient benefit. The aim of this narrative review is to assess the available evidence for cannabis-based medicinal products across core fibromyalgia symptoms and the safety of the products.
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Todorova, Tsvetelina V., Elizabeth John, Srishti Sareen, Vaishnavi Tandra, Jessica Daune Rich Davis, Nicholas A. DiLoreto, and Alva Bowen Weir. "Prevalence of recreational and medical cannabis products in Veterans and their interactions with cancer directed pharmacological treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): 3089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.3089.
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3089 Background: There is proliferation of literature about the medical uses of cannabis products in patients with malignancies. However, research is lacking as to how cannabis use is affecting the efficacy and toxicity of anti-neoplastic regimens It is known that cannabis is metabolized by the cytochrome p450 pathway, the same as many anti-neoplastic agents and thus there are concerns for potential interactions. Methods: We report an observational study to identify cannabis users in veterans receiving anti-neoplastic therapy in the Memphis VA health system, and to then analyzed for potential interactions between cannabis product and the antineoplastic agent/s they were receiving. Data was collected via voluntary surveys. We then reviewed their charts, recorded the anti- neoplastic medications they were receiving, and evaluated for potential interactions with cannabis, based on a literature review of potential interactions. Results: In this study, 132 veterans agreed to participate. 50 of them acknowledged recent use of cannabis products within the last 90 days. Thus, the prevalence of cannabis use amongst those who participated is 37.87%. Demographically, 10% of the cannabis users were female, and 90% were male, with the majority aged 60-65 (range 46-85). Predominantly, patients inhaled cannabis once daily (38%) as opposed to using a different formulation. The patients who admitted cannabis use were primarily on chemotherapy (42%), while 38% were on immunotherapy, 24% were on targeted therapy and 20% were on endocrine therapy. Some were on multiple drugs. Based on this data and a literature search for interactions, we found that a significant number of the patients in our Veteran’s oncology clinic have a potential increase in toxicity or decreased efficacy from their ant-neoplastic therapy due to CYP interactions with cannabis use. Conclusions: In this exploratory study, we discovered a notable prevalence of patients concurrently using cannabis products while on anti-neoplastic treatment. Given that many anti-neoplastic agents undergo metabolism via the CYP450 pathway, our data suggest that a moderate number of patients in our clinic risk less than optimal outcomes due to concurrent cannabis and anti-neoplastic therapy. To delve deeper, we intend to conduct a follow-up study, focusing on specific adverse effects, hospitalizations, and the subsequent need for 2nd and 3rd line treatments in patients using cannabis. A much larger multi-institutional study should be considered to provide statistically relevant data on true outcomes. [Table: see text]
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Duan, Zongshuan, Yan Wang, Katelyn F. Romm, Lisa Henriksen, Nina C. Schleicher, and Carla J. Berg. "State T21, Restrictions on Flavored E-Cigarette Products, and Non-Medical Cannabis Sales Legalization in Relation to Young Adult Reports of Vape Shop Age Verification and Product Offerings: A Multilevel Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215079.
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Vape shop practices related to age verification and product offerings (e.g., other tobacco, cannabis), which may affect young-adult tobacco/substance use, are likely impacted by state-level policies (i.e., Tobacco 21 [T21], flavored e-cigarette restrictions, non-medical cannabis legalization). Using data from young adults (18–34 years) in 6 US states representing variability in whether/when they implemented the aforementioned policies, this study focused on past 6-month e-cigarette users who visited vape shops (Wave 1 [W1]: September–December 2018, n = 1127; W2: September–December 2019, n = 702; W3: September–December 2020, n = 549). Multilevel modeling examined T21 in relation to participants’ reports of age verification at last vape shop visit (among those < 27), and flavor restrictions and cannabis legalization in relation to noticing other tobacco or cannabis products at last visit. At W1–W3, 69.7%, 78.7%, and 75.8% of participants < 27 reported age verification, and participants increasingly noticed other tobacco (W2: 36.9%; W3: 48.6%) and cannabis products (W1: 25.8%; W2: 41.3%; W3: 58.3%). State T21 was unrelated to age verification (aOR = 1.19, 95%CI = 0.80–1.79); flavored e-cigarette restrictions correlated with noticing other tobacco products (aOR = 1.96, 95%CI = 1.10–3.51); flavored e-cigarette restrictions (aOR = 2.26, 95%CI = 1.57–3.24) and cannabis legalization (aOR = 2.84, 95%CI = 1.78–4.51) correlated with noticing cannabis products. Regulatory efforts must be informed by ongoing surveillance of such policies and their impact.
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Raymond, Onyekachi, Mary Jane McCarthy, Jess Baker, and Helen Poulsen. "Medicinal Cannabis – The Green Fairy Phenomenon." Australian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 6 (2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch21001.
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Frustration at the restrictions to access prescribed cannabinoids in New Zealand has resulted in a black market of home-made cannabis-based products for medicinal use. These products are being made, and marketed illegally, by individuals calling themselves ‘Green Fairies’. The products take many forms and are being used to treat a range of illnesses and symptoms including pain, insomnia, anxiety, and seizures. Analytical extraction methods were developed to determine the cannabinoid content in a variety of matrices, principally those that are soluble in methanol and those that are soluble in hexane. An LC-MS/MS method was developed that detected THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, CBN, THCV, and CBC with lower detection limits around 0.001mg of cannabinoid per gram (mgg−1) of product. One hundred ‘Green Fairy’ samples have been analysed to determine the cannabinoid content, including 12 fully extracted cannabis oil (FECO) samples, 12 ethanolic tinctures, 6 vape juices, 39 oily liquids with olive oil, hemp seed oil, or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as a base, and 31 waxy solids made using coconut oil. Nine named cannabis plant cultivars purported to be used to make these products have also been analysed. The results of the analyses show that these Green Fairy products contain a wide range of cannabinoid concentrations and the claim that a product was high in CBD was often not correct. The proposed dose size was not specified for these products, but few would provide what is considered an effective dose when compared with the administration of commercially purified cannabinoid products available by prescription. For many products the manufacturer had specified which cannabis cultivar had been used but a comparison of cannabinoid ratios showed a lack of consistency within products said to be made from the same strain. Analysis of named cannabis cultivars available showed little variation in the relative amounts of THC and CBD.
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Tsvetkova, Dobrina, Lily Peykova, Lily Andonova-Dimitrova, and Ivanka Pencheva. "Regulation and control of the use of Cannabis and Cannabidiol in „novel foods”." Pharmacia 70, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 1385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e114938.
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Cannabis sativa L. is a medicinal plant from family Cannabaceae with many pharmacological activities. The recent appearance of a number of cannabis products in the pharmaceutical market has led to increased requirements for regulation and quality control. The control of Cannabis sativa L. is subject to the Psychotropic Substances Convention, which includes the addictive psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and to the Narcotic Drugs Convention, which includes the illicit products: herbal and liquid cannabis, resin, extracts and tinctures of flowering or fruiting tops containing THC. Approved by the FDA for use in chemotherapy are Marinol caps. (THC) and Cesamet caps., containing the synthetic THC-derivative Nabilon. There is no harmonized European Union legislation on the use of cannabis and Cannabidiol (CBD), which antagonizes the THC-psychotropic effect. Legitimate products include seeds, oil, extracts, and seed tinctures of the industrial cannabis chemotype, containing primarily Cannabidiol and less than 0.2% THC. Sativex oral spray (THC/CBD = 1:1) is approved for muscle spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Cannabidiol was not used as a food ingredient in the European Union before 15.05.1997 and is a „novel food” according to Regulation 2015/2283. Flour; protein powder and cannabis seed oil are not „novel foods”. Cannabidiol as Epidiolex is FDA approved for epilepsy forms Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet.
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Saenkham, Nuttapol, Zagon Bussabong, and Thippawan Saenkham. "The Development of a Web Application for Tracking Medical Cannabis Products." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (June 22, 2023): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1388.
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This research aims to develop a web application for tracking medical cannabis product information, designed and developed according to the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) process. The study was conducted in the province of Buriram, Thailand, and the sample group was selected through purposive sampling, consisting of 30 individuals from Play La Ploen Community Enterprise, representing cannabis cultivators and medical cannabis product processors. Data was collected through in-depth interviews to gather database design and system development requirements. The tools used for system development were PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap, Visual Studio Code, and XAMPP, with MySQL used as the database management system. The effectiveness of the information system was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire developed based on the PIECES framework. The research findings indicate that the medical cannabis product tracking system is functional, as users are able to scan the QR code on the packaging to obtain comprehensive and complete information about the product.