Journal articles: 'Cannabis – Physiological effect'

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Di Mola, Ida, Stefano Conti, Eugenio Cozzolino, Giuseppe Melchionna, Lucia Ottaiano, Antonino Testa, Leo Sabatino, Youssef Rouphael, and Mauro Mori. "Plant-Based Protein Hydrolysate Improves Salinity Tolerance in Hemp: Agronomical and Physiological Aspects." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020342.

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a multipurpose plant attracting increasing interest as a source for the production of natural fibers, paper, bio-building material and food. In this research we studied the agronomical performance of Cannabis sativa cv. Eletta Campana irrigated with saline water. Under those conditions, we tested the effect of protein hydrolysate (PH) biostimulant application in overcoming and/or balancing deleterious salinity effects. The results of the diverse treatments were also investigated at the physiological level, focusing on photosynthesis by means of a chlorophyll a fluorescence technique, which give an insight into the plant primary photochemical reactions. Four salinity levels of the irrigation solution (fresh water–EC0, and NaCl solutions at EC 2.0, 4.0 or 6.0 dS m−1, EC2, EC4 and EC6, respectively) were combined with 2 biostimulant treatments (untreated (control) or treated with a commercial legume-derived protein hydrolysate (LDPH)). The increasing salinity affected plant photochemistry resulting in lower plant growth and seed production, while the LDPH biostimulant showed a protective effect, which improved crop performance both in control and in salinity conditions. The LDPH treatment improved seeds yield (+38.6% on average of all treated plants respect to untreated plants), as well as residual biomass, relevant in fiber production.

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Mahdi, Onesimus, Mohamad T. H. Baharuldin, Nurul Huda M. Nor, Samaila M. Chiroma, Saravanan Jagadeesan, and Mohamad A. M. Moklas. "The Neuroprotective Properties, Functions, and Roles of Cannabis sativa in Selected Diseases Related to the Nervous System." Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 21, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871524921666210127110028.

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Background: Cannabis and its extracts are now being explored due to their huge health benefits. Although, the effect they elicit, whether on humans or rodents, may vary based on the age of the animal/subject and or the time in which the extract is administered. However, several debates exist concerning the various medical applications of these compounds. Nonetheless, their applicability as therapeutics should not be clouded based on their perceived negative biological actions. Methods: Articles from reliable databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Ovid were searched. Specific search methods were employed using multiple keywords: ‘‘Medicinal Cannabis; endocannabinoid system; cannabinoids receptors; cannabinoids and cognition; brain disorders; neurodegenerative diseases’’. For the inclusion/exclusion criteria, only relevant articles related to medicinal Cannabis and its various compounds were considered. Results: The current review highlights the role, effects, and involvement of Cannabis, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids in preventing selected neurodegenerative diseases and possible amelioration of cognitive impairments. Furthermore, it also focuses on Cannabis utilization in many disease conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease among others. Conclusion: In conclusion, the usage of Cannabis should be further explored as accumulating evidence suggests that it could be effective and somewhat safe, especially when adhered to the recommended dosage. Furthermore, in-depth studies should be conducted in order to unravel the specific mechanism underpinning the involvement of cannabinoids at the cellular level and their therapeutic applications.

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Furqan, Tiyyaba, Sidra Batool, Rabia Habib, Mamoona Shah, Huba Kalasz, Ferenc Darvas, Kamil Kuca, Eugenie Nepovimova, Sajida Batool, and Syed M. Nurulain. "Cannabis Constituents and Acetylcholinesterase Interaction: Molecular Docking, In Vitro Studies and Association with CNR1 rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050758.

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The study documented here was aimed to find the molecular interactions of some of the cannabinoid constituents of cannabis with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Molecular docking and LogP determination were performed to predict the AChE inhibitory effect and lipophilicity. AChE enzyme activity was measured in the blood of cannabis addicted human subjects. Further, genetic predisposition to cannabis addiction was investigated by association analysis of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602 using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. All the understudied cannabis constituents showed promising binding affinities with AChE and are lipophilic in nature. The AChE activity was observed to be indifferent in cannabis addicted and non-addicted healthy controls. There was no significant association with CNR1 SNP rs806368 and ACHE rs17228602. The study concludes that in silico prediction for individual biomolecules of cannabis is different from in vivo physiological action in human subjects when all are present together. However, for a deeper mechanistic insight into these interactions and association, multi-population studies are suggested. Further studies to explore the inhibitory potential of different cannabis constituents for intended AChE inhibitor-based drug are warranted.

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Bhattacharyya, S., C. Iyegbe, Z. Atakan, R. Martin-Santos, J. A. Crippa, X. Xu, S. Williams, et al. "Protein kinase B (AKT1) genotype mediates sensitivity to cannabis-induced impairments in psychomotor control." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 15 (April 29, 2014): 3315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000920.

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Background.What determines inter-individual variability to impairments in behavioural control that may underlie road-traffic accidents, and impulsive and violent behaviours occurring under the influence of cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug worldwide?Method.Employing a double-blind, repeated-measures design, we investigated the genetic and neural basis of variable sensitivity to cannabis-induced behavioural dyscontrol in healthy occasional cannabis users. Acute oral challenge with placebo or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, was combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging, while participants performed a response inhibition task that involved inhibiting a pre-potent motor response. They were genotyped for rs1130233 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the protein kinase B (AKT1) gene.Results.Errors of inhibition were significantly (p = 0.008) increased following administration of THC in carriers of the A allele, but not in G allele homozygotes of theAKT1rs1130233 SNP. The A allele carriers also displayed attenuation of left inferior frontal response with THC evident in the sample as a whole, while there was a modest enhancement of inferior frontal activation in the G homozygotes. There was a direct relationship (r = − 0.327,p = 0.045) between the behavioural effect of THC and its physiological effect in the inferior frontal gyrus, whereAKT1genotype modulated the effect of THC.Conclusions.These results require independent replication and show that differing vulnerability to acute psychomotor impairments induced by cannabis depends on variation in a gene that influences dopamine function, and is mediated through modulation of the effect of cannabis on the inferior frontal cortex, that is rich in dopaminergic innervation and critical for psychomotor control.

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Herrmann, Evan S., Edward J. Cone, John M. Mitchell, George E. Bigelow, Charles LoDico, Ron Flegel, and Ryan Vandrey. "Non-smoker exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke II: Effect of room ventilation on the physiological, subjective, and behavioral/cognitive effects." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 151 (June 2015): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.019.

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Durst, Ronen, Haim Danenberg, Ruth Gallily, Raphael Mechoulam, Keren Meir, Etty Grad, Ronen Beeri, Thea Pugatsch, Elizabet Tarsish, and Chaim Lotan. "Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 6 (December 2007): H3602—H3607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00098.2007.

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Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major, nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent with anti-inflammatory activity mediated by enhancing adenosine signaling. Inasmuch as adenosine receptors are promising pharmaceutical targets for ischemic heart diseases, we tested the effect of CBD on ischemic rat hearts. For the in vivo studies, the left anterior descending coronary artery was transiently ligated for 30 min, and the rats were treated for 7 days with CBD (5 mg/kg ip) or vehicle. Cardiac function was studied by echocardiography. Infarcts were examined morphometrically and histologically. For ex vivo evaluation, CBD was administered 24 and 1 h before the animals were killed, and hearts were harvested for physiological measurements. In vivo studies showed preservation of shortening fraction in CBD-treated animals: from 48 ± 8 to 39 ± 8% and from 44 ± 5 to 32 ± 9% in CBD-treated and control rats, respectively ( n = 14, P < 0.05). Infarct size was reduced by 66% in CBD-treated animals, despite nearly identical areas at risk (9.6 ± 3.9 and 28.2 ± 7.0% in CBD and controls, respectively, P < 0.001) and granulation tissue proportion as assessed qualitatively. Infarcts in CBD-treated animals were associated with reduced myocardial inflammation and reduced IL-6 levels (254 ± 22 and 2,812 ± 500 pg/ml in CBD and control rats, respectively, P < 0.01). In isolated hearts, no significant difference in infarct size, left ventricular developed pressures during ischemia and reperfusion, or coronary flow could be detected between CBD-treated and control hearts. Our study shows that CBD induces a substantial in vivo cardioprotective effect from ischemia that is not observed ex vivo. Inasmuch as CBD has previously been administered to humans without causing side effects, it may represent a promising novel treatment for myocardial ischemia.

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Almeida Castro, Luis Henrique, Geanlucas Mendes Monteiro, Ygor Thiago Cerqueira de Paula, Vanessa De Souza Ferraz, Flavia Soares Bezerra Okumoto Nery de Mello, Dayane Aparecida Moisés Caetano Bottini, Nelson Thiago Andrade Ferreira, et al. "Endocannabinoid system." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss9.2642.

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Among the drugs considered illicit in the West, the Cannabis sativa plant is the most consumed: around 4% of the adult population, 10% of these users are in a situation of dependence. However, the medicinal use of this herb dates back to the early days of the emergence of our own species: some anthropologists theorize that some of the genus Homo has progressed in the struggle for survival with other hominids precisely because of the advanced knowledge – kept to the proper proportions – it possessed of plants like Cannabis. Millennia later, science – even focusing intensely on the chemical characterization of its more than 530 bioactive components – was still not able to generate verifiable hypotheses in order to explain two of the most remarkable characteristics of the recreational use of this plant: because small chemical changes potentiated the effect of the drug up to 100 times and, mainly, because it would be virtually impossible for an individual to suffer a lethal overdose of the substance. To overcome this paradigm, some compounds derived from delta-ninetetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) - the main component of cannabis – were radioactively marked in an experimental study and, after their induction, it was discovered that they had tropism by brain membranes and that their binding was saturated and stereosleptic. Such evidence strongly suggested the existence of endogenous receptors for the drug and it was these findings that led to the discovery of the Endocanabinoid System (SEC): a physiological apparatus made up of endogenous receptors and binders, philogenetically conserved, responsible for several controls related to neuronal homeostasis.

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Bhattarai, Jack Hall, Surya P., and David J. Midmore. "Effect of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L) planting density on weed suppression, crop growth, physiological responses, and fibre yield in the subtropics." Renewable Bioresources 2, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7243/2052-6237-2-1.

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Rajšić, Ivana, Dragana Javorac, Simona Tatović, Aleksandra Repić, Danijela Đukić-Ćosić, Snežana Đorđević, Vera Lukić, and Zorica Bulat. "Effect of urine adulterants on commercial drug abuse screening test strip results." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3315.

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AbstractImmunochromatographic strips for urine drug screening tests (UDSTs) are common and very suitable for drug abuse monitoring, but are also highly susceptible to adulterants kept in the household, which can significantly alter test results. The aim of this study was to see how some of these common adulterants affect UDST results in practice and whether they can be detected by sample validity tests with pH and URIT 11G test strips. To this end we added household chemicals (acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, surfactants, and miscellaneous substances) to urine samples positive for amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), tetrahydrocannabinol, heroin, cocaine, or benzodiazepines (diazepam or alprazolam) and tested them with one-component immunochromatographic UDST strips. The UDST for cocaine resisted adulteration the most, while the cannabis test produced the most false negative results. The most potent adulterant that barely changed the physiological properties of urine specimens and therefore escaped adulteration detection was vinegar. Besides lemon juice, it produced the most false negative test results. In conclusion, some urine adulterants, such as vinegar, could pass urine specimen validity test and remain undetected by laboratory testing. Our findings raise concern about this issue of preventing urine tampering and call for better control at sampling, privacy concerns notwithstanding, and better sample validity tests.

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Müller-Vahl, Kirsten R. "Treatment of Tourette Syndrome with Cannabinoids." Behavioural Neurology 27, no. 1 (2013): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/294264.

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Cannabinoids have been used for hundred of years for medical purposes. To day, the cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the cannabis extract nabiximols are approved for the treatment of nausea, anorexia and spasticity, respectively. In Tourette syndrome (TS) several anecdotal reports provided evidence that marijuana might be effective not only in the suppression of tics, but also in the treatment of associated behavioural problems. At the present time there are only two controlled trials available investigating the effect of THC in the treatment of TS. Using both self and examiner rating scales, in both studies a significant tic reduction could be observed after treatment with THC compared to placebo, without causing significant adverse effects. Available data about the effect of THC on obsessive-compulsive symptoms are inconsistent. According to a recent Cochrane review on the efficacy of cannabinoids in TS, definite conclusions cannot be drawn, because longer trials including a larger number of patients are missing. Notwithstanding this appraisal, by many experts THC is recommended for the treatment of TS in adult patients, when first line treatments failed to improve the tics. In treatment resistant adult patients, therefore, treatment with THC should be taken into consideration.

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Duca, Ylenia, Antonio Aversa, Rosita Angela Condorelli, Aldo Eugenio Calogero, and Sandro La Vignera. "Substance Abuse and Male Hypogonadism." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050732.

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Progressive deterioration of male reproductive function is occurring in Western countries. Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles have been implicated in the decline of testosterone levels and sperm production observed in the last fifty years. Among unhealthy lifestyles, substance and drug abuse is a recognized cause of possible alterations of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Alcohol, opioids and anabolic-androgenic steroids are capable to reduce testosterone production in male interfering with testicular and/or hypothalamic-pituitary function. Other substances such as nicotine, cannabis, and amphetamines alter spermatogenesis inducing oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis in testicular tissue. Substance and drug abuse is a potentially reversible cause of hypogonadism, defined as the failure of the testis to produce physiological concentrations of testosterone and/or a normal number of spermatozoa. The identification of the abuse is important because the withdrawal of substance intake can reverse the clinical syndrome. This review summarizes the most important clinical and experimental evidence on the effect of substance abuse on testosterone and sperm production.

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Stramkale, Veneranda, Gederts Ievinsh, Māra Vikmane, Agnese Kirse, and Ieva Kroica. "EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST DOSES ON CANABIS SATIVA PHOTOSYNTHESIS-RELATED PARAMETERS, GROWTH AND YIELD." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 16, 2021): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol1.6582.

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Hemp, Cannabis sativa is certainly a multifunctional as well as a niche crop, due to great potential for innovative use of its different products. Aspects of hemp mineral nutrition are very important in the cultivation of these plants, in particular to make cultivation environmentally friendly by replacing synthetic fertilizers with organic ones. Among organic fertilizers, vermicompost has gained particular attention within the last decades. Explaining the role of vermicompost, this study evaluated the effects of different doses of this fertilizer on hemps in two separate field studies. In a small-scale field experiment, the effect of two doses of vermicompost and adequate concentrations of mineral elements fertilizers the growth, physiological condition, as well as yield of hemp was compared. The effect of increasing doses of vermicompost on the physiological condition and yield of hemp was analysed in a broader field experiment. The experiments were performed at the Viļāni Scientific Centre of the Agricultural Resources and Economics, in 2017 and 2018, using the Latvian hemp cultivar ‘Pūriņi’. For the experiments, certified vermicompost produced by ‘Eko Zeme’ (Latvia) was used, which was produced from composted cow manure by adding grass biomass. In field experiment, the positive effect of vermicompost on hemp growth was greater than the effect of equivalent mineral fertilizer concentrations. When using vermicompost in increasing doses, better hemp growth (40–60 %) was observed at 5 and 10 t ha-1, stem yield increased on average by 40 % due vermicompost, seed yield ranging from 1.00 t ha-1 in control plants, to 1.56 t ha-1 in 20 t ha-1 in plants treated with 20 t ha–1 vermicompost plants. The weight of 1000 seeds per plant in all variants (from 13.54 to 13.85 g) was relatively close to the indicated maximum level (14.59 g). A statistically significant increase in chlorophyll concentration in plant leaves was observed under the influence of vermicompost. The increase in the Performance Index of the chlorophyll a fluorescence measurement was only for plants in individual experimental variants; regardless of how significant the increase in stem and seed yield was due to the respective doses of vermicompost. In general, the results characterize the growth of hemp in local agroclimatic conditions and allow to expect a stable increase in yield under the influence of vermicompost.

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Ewing, Laura E., Mitchell R. McGill, Eric U. Yee, Charles M. Quick, Charles M. Skinner, Stefanie Kennon-McGill, Melissa Clemens, et al. "Paradoxical Patterns of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome-Like Liver Injury in Aged Female CD-1 Mice Triggered by Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract and Acetaminophen Co-Administration." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122256.

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The goal of this study was to investigate the potential for a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) to interact with the most common over-the-counter drug and the major known cause of drug-induced liver injury–acetaminophen (APAP)–in aged female CD-1 mice. Gavaging mice with 116 mg/kg of cannabidiol (CBD) [mouse equivalent dose (MED) of 10 mg/kg of CBD] in CRCE delivered with sesame oil for three consecutive days followed by intraperitoneally (i.p.) acetaminophen (APAP) administration (400 mg/kg) on day 4 resulted in overt toxicity with 37.5% mortality. No mortality was observed in mice treated with 290 mg/kg of CBD+APAP (MED of 25 mg/kg of CBD) or APAP alone. Following CRCE/APAP co-administration, microscopic examination revealed a sinusoidal obstruction syndrome-like liver injury–the severity of which correlated with the degree of alterations in physiological and clinical biochemistry end points. Mechanistically, glutathione depletion and oxidative stress were observed between the APAP-only and co-administration groups, but co-administration resulted in much greater activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Strikingly, these effects were not observed in mice gavaged with 290 mg/kg CBD in CRCE followed by APAP administration. These findings highlight the potential for CBD/drug interactions, and reveal an interesting paradoxical effect of CBD/APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

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Schwitzer, Thomas, Raymund Schwan, Karine Angioi-Duprez, Anne Giersch, and Vincent Laprevote. "The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2916732.

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Cannabisis one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects ofCannabisare mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: ∆9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing.

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Santos, Marina. "Cannabis Induced Vasospasm Complicated By Iatrogenic Coronary Artery Dissection." Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions 3, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/095.

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Cannabis is the most abused psychoactive drug in the world. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannibol, the main psychoactive compound in marijuana, acts via the endocannabinoid system to elicit various cardiovascular physiological effects, and has been associated with many adverse cardiovascular effects such as acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. It is important to consider cannabis use as a significant risk factor of myocardial infarction, particularly in individuals with no cardiac risk factors, as delay in management can result in fatal outcomes. Coronary angiography as the main exam to definitively diagnose or rule out coronary artery disease is usually safe, but complications also occur. Coronary dissection, despite rare, can be extremely difficult to manage and even be fatal. Iatrogenic causes of coronary dissection include catheter tip or guidewire trauma, vigorous contrast injection and angioplasty balloon overinflation. We present the case of a 41 years old Caucasian woman admitted to cardiology department after an episode of myocardial infarction due to cannabis induced vasospasm. However, the angiography was complicated by iatrogenic coronary artery dissection.

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Vieira-Coelho, M., J. Azevedo, and M. Esteves. "New Potential Molecular Targets for Cannabis Addition." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70703-5.

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Cannabis is considerer the most widely abused illicit drug in the world. The recent rising prevalence of cannabis use by young adults and increasing evidence of adverse health effects makes the search for new pharmacotherapy to reduce cannabis abuse extremely important. To date no medication has been approved for the treatment of cannabis addition.This study reviews recent results with potential interest for future pharmacological treatment of Cannabis dependence. Most of the relevant data obtained for treatment of cannabis dependence target the endocannabinoid or the central cholinergic systems, both involved and interact in brain systems implicated drug reinforcement. In laboratory animals blockade of cannabinoids CB1 receptors reverses central effects of cannabinoids. Rimonabant is a selective, orally active, cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist (inverse agonist) that has been shown in animals to modulate cannabinoid signaling in brain reward circuit. In humans, it has been shown that rimonabant, single or repeated oral doses blocked psychological and physiological effects of smoked marijuana (1). Although psychiatric adverse side affects like depression were reported with rimonabant, this compound was already been approved for treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Very recently, blockade of α7 nicotinic receptors was shown to reverse abuse-related behavioral and neurochemical effects of cannabinoids in rats (2).In conclusion, besides cannabinoid CB1 receptor, the homomeric α7 nicotinic receptors are novel molecular targets in the development of new drugs for treatment of cannabis addition.

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Ciampo, Luiz Antonio Del, and Ieda Regina Lopes Del Ciampo. "Cannabis “in utero”: the fetus as a compulsive consumer." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical invention 6, no. 09 (September 14, 2019): 4565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v6i9.01.

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Cannabis sativa, a plant known for millennia for its hallucinogenic and medicinal effects, contains widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide, with increasing numbers among adolescents and adults, including pregnant women. Due to its potential adverse effects on users, it is of fundamental importance to know and disseminate the harm caused to humans in order to reduce the consumption of this drug. This article presents a review of the physiological and pharmacological characteristics of psychoactive substances present in cannabis, their actions on the endocannabinoid system and the placenta. It also highlights the main clinical repercussions that can occur with the fetus and, in the long run, with children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy.

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Nascimento Menezes, Pedro Modesto, Emanuella Chiara Valença Pereira, Maria Eduarda Gomes da Cruz Silva, Bismarques Augusto Oliveira da Silva, Luiz Antonio Miranda de Souza Duarte Filho, Tarcísio Cícero de Lima Araújo, Kátia Simoni Bezerra Lima, Fabrício Souza Silva, and Larissa Araújo Rolim. "Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Treatment of Inflammation: A Patent Review." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 13, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666190618124345.

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Background:The inflammatory process is a physiological response to a vast number of harmful stimulus that takes place in order to restore homeostasis. Many drugs used in pharmacotherapy are effective to control inflammatory responses, however, there is a range of adverse effects attributed to steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In this sense, herbal medicine and derivatives have gained more attention because of their effectiveness and safety, showing the importance of medicinal plants, especially the Cannabis genus and the cannabinoid derivatives.Objective:The aim of this prospection was to identify data related to patents involving Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of inflammation.Method:To do so, a search for patents was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis and cannabinoids. Four specialized databases for patent research were consulted using the terms "cannabis", "cannabidiol", "cannabinoids" and "THC" associated with "inflammation".Results:A total of 370 patents were found, of which 17 patents met the inclusion criteria. Although reports show synergistic effects of the plant components, patents involving Cannabis and cannabinoids focus on isolated substances (CBD e THC).Conclusion:However, patents related to Cannabis and cannabinoids are promising for future use of the plant or its derivatives on the treatment of inflammation.

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Park, Frank, Praveen K. Potukuchi, Hamid Moradi, and Csaba P. Kovesdy. "Cannabinoids and the kidney: effects in health and disease." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 313, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): F1124—F1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00290.2017.

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Consumption of cannabis and various related products (cannabinoids) for both medicinal and recreational use is gaining popularity. Furthermore, regulatory changes are fostering a cultural shift toward increasing liberalization of cannabis use, thereby increasing the likelihood of even larger numbers of individuals being exposed in the future. The two different types of receptors (CB1 and CB2) that are activated by the pharmacologically active ingredients of cannabis are found in numerous tissues, including the kidneys. Experimental studies suggest that stimulation of these receptors using pharmacologic agents or their naturally occurring ligands could have both deleterious and beneficial effects on the kidneys, depending on receptor distribution, type of renal insult, or the timing of the activation during acute or chronic states of kidney injury. To date, the mechanisms by which the CB1 or CB2 receptors are involved in the pathology of these renal conditions remain to be fully described. Furthermore, a better understanding of the impact of exocannabinoids and endocannabinoids on the renal system may lead to the development of new drugs to treat kidney disease and its complications. Given the increasing public health relevance of cannabis exposure, it is clear that more research is necessary to clarify the various physiological and pathophysiological effects of cannabis and related analogs on the kidney. This will help limit the deleterious effects of these substances while promoting their potential beneficial impact on renal function in various types of kidney diseases.

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Maggirwar, Sanjay B., and Jag H. Khalsa. "The Link between Cannabis Use, Immune System, and Viral Infections." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061099.

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Cannabis continues to be the most used drug in the world today. Research shows that cannabis use is associated with a wide range of adverse health consequences that may involve almost every physiological and biochemical system including respiratory/pulmonary complications such as chronic cough and emphysema, impairment of immune function, and increased risk of acquiring or transmitting viral infections such as HIV, HCV, and others. The review of published research shows that cannabis use may impair immune function in many instances and thereby exerts an impact on viral infections including human immune deficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C infection (HCV), and human T-cell lymphotropic type I and II virus (HTLV-I/II). The need for more research is also highlighted in the areas of long-term effects of cannabis use on pulmonary/respiratory diseases, immune dysfunction and the risk of infection transmission, and the molecular/genetic basis of immune dysfunction in chronic cannabis users.

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Aggarwal, PhD, Sunil K., Gregory T. Carter, MD, MS, Mark D. Sullivan, MD, PhD, Craig ZumBrunnen, PhD, Richard Morrill, PhD, and Jonathan D. Mayer, PhD. "Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: Historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions." Journal of Opioid Management 5, no. 3 (January 29, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2009.0016.

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Cannabis (marijuana) has been used for medicinal purposes for millennia, said to be first noted by the Chinese in c. 2737 BCE. Medicinal cannabis arrived in the United States much later, burdened with a remarkably checkered, yet colorful, history. Despite early robust use, after the advent of opioids and aspirin, medicinal cannabis use faded. Cannabis was criminalized in the United States in 1937, against the advice of the American Medical Association submitted on record to Congress. The past few decades have seen renewed interest in medicinal cannabis, with the National Institutes of Health, the Institute of Medicine, and the American College of Physicians, all issuing statements of support for further research and development. The recently discovered endocannabinoid system has greatly increased our understanding of the actions of exogenous cannabis. Endocannabinoids appear to control pain, muscle tone, mood state, appetite, and inflammation, among other effects. Cannabis contains more than 100 different cannabinoids and has the capacity for analgesia through neuromodulation in ascending and descending pain pathways, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This article reviews the current and emerging research on the physiological mechanisms of cannabinoids and their applications in managing chronic pain, muscle spasticity, cachexia, and other debilitating problems.

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Martínez-Peña, Annia A., Genevieve A. Perono, Sarah Alexis Gritis, Reeti Sharma, Shamini Selvakumar, O’Llenecia S. Walker, Harmeet Gurm, Alison C. Holloway, and Sandeep Raha. "The Impact of Early Life Exposure to Cannabis: The Role of the Endocannabinoid System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168576.

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Cannabis use during pregnancy has continued to rise, particularly in developed countries, as a result of the trend towards legalization and lack of consistent, evidence-based knowledge on the matter. While there is conflicting data regarding whether cannabis use during pregnancy leads to adverse outcomes such as stillbirth, preterm birth, low birthweight, or increased admission to neonatal intensive care units, investigations into long-term effects on the offspring’s health are limited. Historically, studies have focused on the neurobehavioral effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on the offspring. The effects of cannabis on other physiological aspects of the developing fetus have received less attention. Importantly, our knowledge about cannabinoid signaling in the placenta is also limited. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is present at early stages of development and represents a potential target for exogenous cannabinoids in utero. The ECS is expressed in a broad range of tissues and influences a spectrum of cellular functions. The aim of this review is to explore the current evidence surrounding the effects of prenatal exposure to cannabinoids and the role of the ECS in the placenta and the developing fetus.

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Busardò, Francesco, Ana Pérez-Acevedo, Roberta Pacifici, Giulio Mannocchi, Massimo Gottardi, Esther Papaseit, Clara Pérez-Mañá, et al. "Disposition of Phytocannabinoids, Their Acidic Precursors and Their Metabolites in Biological Matrices of Healthy Individuals Treated with Vaporized Medical Cannabis." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14010059.

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Inhalation by vaporization is a useful application mode for medical cannabis. In this study, we present the disposition of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), their acidic precursors, and their metabolites in serum, oral fluid, and urine together with the acute pharmacological effects in 14 healthy individuals treated with vaporized medical cannabis. THC and CBD peaked firstly in serum and then in oral fluid, with higher concentrations in the first biological matrices and consequent higher area under the curve AUCs. Acidic precursors Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) showed a similar time course profile but lower concentrations due to the fact that vaporization partly decarboxylated these compounds. All THC and CBD metabolites showed a later onset with respect to the parent compounds in the absorption phase and a slower decrease to baseline. In agreement with serum kinetics, THC-COOH-GLUC and 7-COOH-CBD were the significantly most excreted THC and CBD metabolites. The administration of vaporized medical cannabis induced prototypical effects associated with the administration of cannabis or THC in humans, with a kinetic trend overlapping that of parent compounds and metabolites in serum. The pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids, their precursors, and their metabolites in biological fluids of individuals treated with vaporized medical cannabis preparations showed a high interindividual variability as in the case of oral medical cannabis decoction and oil. Inhaled medical cannabis was absorbed into the organism earlier than decoction and oil. Cannabinoids reached higher systemic concentrations, also due to the fact that the acid precursors decarboxylated to parent cannabinoids at high temperatures, and consequently, the physiological and subjective effects occurred earlier and resulted with higher intensity. No serious adverse effects were observed.

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Xia, Richard J., Thomas Chao, Divya Patel, and Gillinder Bedi. "Responses to social evaluative stress in regular cannabis smokers." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 7 (February 7, 2021): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120972337.

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Background: Aspects of the canonical stress response differ in stimulant, opioid, and alcohol users relative to controls, and dysregulated responses to stress may contribute to continued use of these drugs. Little prior research has focused on stress responses in regular cannabis smokers. We assessed responses to a standardized laboratory social stress assay (the Trier Social Stress Task; TSST) in regular cannabis smokers (CANs) compared with controls (CONs). Methods: Healthy, non-treatment-seeking adult CANs (⩾4×/week; smoking cannabis as usual) and demographically matched CONs completed the TSST. Outcome measures were subjective mood, heart rate, and salivary cortisol. Results: Nineteen CANs (1 female) and 20 CONs (2 female) participated; groups were matched on trauma exposure, sex, race, and age. CANs smoked cannabis 6.4 ± 1.1 days/week. Eight CANs and one CON smoked tobacco cigarettes daily. Overall, the TSST produced expected increases in anxiety, negative mood states, cortisol, and heart rate. CANs had blunted subjective response to stress relative to CONs, but they did not differ in physiological (cortisol and cardiovascular) stress responding. Conclusion: These results indicate that CANs have blunted mood responses to social stress, but normative physiological stress responding. Observed differences could be due to residual effects of cannabis, reluctance to endorse negative mood states, or to issues related to identifying (i.e., emotional identification) or feeling (i.e., interoception) stress-related affective states. Further research is warranted to characterize the mechanisms of these differences and assess implications for daily functioning and treatment outcomes.

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Coucke, Line, Enrico Massarini, Zachery Ostijn, Olof Beck, and Alain G. Verstraete. "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in exhaled breath and physiological effects following cannabis intake – A pilot study using illicit cannabis." Clinical Biochemistry 49, no. 13-14 (September 2016): 1072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.06.003.

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Broyd, Samantha J., Lisa-marie Greenwood, Rodney J. Croft, Anna Dalecki, Juanita Todd, Patricia T. Michie, Stuart J. Johnstone, and Nadia Solowij. "Chronic effects of cannabis on sensory gating." International Journal of Psychophysiology 89, no. 3 (September 2013): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.015.

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Workman, Craig D., Alexandra C. Fietsam, Jacob Sosnoff, and Thorsten Rudroff. "Increased Likelihood of Falling in Older Cannabis Users vs. Non-Users." Brain Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020134.

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Cannabis is one of the most common drugs in the United States and is the third most prevalent substance consumed by adults aged 50 years and older. Normal aging is associated with physiological changes that make older adults vulnerable to impaired function and geriatric conditions (e.g., falls, cognitive impairment). However, the impact of medical cannabis use on fall risk in older adults remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate if cannabis use in older adults influences fall risk, cognitive function, and motor function. It was hypothesized that older chronic cannabis users would perform worse than non-users on gait, balance, and cognitive tests. Sixteen older adults, split into cannabis Users and age- and sex-matched Non-Users groups (n = 8/group), participated in the study. The results indicate a higher fall risk, worse one leg standing balance performance, and slower gait speed in Users vs. Non-Users. No significant differences in cognitive function were found. Thus, chronic cannabis use was purported to exacerbate the poorer balance control and slower gait velocity associated with normal aging. Future mechanistic (e.g., neuroimaging) investigations of the short- and long-term effects of using a variety of cannabis products (e.g., THC/CBD ratios, routes of administration) on cognitive function, motor function, and fall incidence in older adults are suggested.

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ŁOŚ, ALEKSANDRA, MAŁGORZATA BIEŃKOWSKA, and ANETA STRACHECKA. "Honey bee as an alternative model invertebrate organism." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 10 (2025): 6140–2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6140.

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Insects perfectly fit the flagship principle of animal research – 3R: to reduce (the number of animals), to replace (animals with alternative models) and to refine (methods). Bees have the most important advantages of a model organism: they cause minimal ethical controversy, they have a small and fully known genome, and they permit the use of many experimental techniques. Bees have a fully functional DNMT toolkit. Therefore, they are used as models in biomedical/genetic research, e.g. in research on the development of cancer or in the diagnostics of mental and neuroleptic diseases in humans. The reversion of aging processes in bees offers hope for progress in gerontology research. The cellular mechanisms of learning and memory coding, as well as the indicators of biochemical immunity parameters, are similar or analogous to those in humans, so bees may become useful in monitoring changes in behavior and metabolism. Bees are very well suited for studies on the dose of the substance applied to determine the lethal dose or the effect of a formula on life expectancy. Honeybees have proven to be an effective tool for studying the effects of a long-term consumption of stimulants, as well as for observing behavioral changes and developing addictions at the individual and social levels, as well as for investigating the effects of continuously delivering the same dose of a substance. The genomic and physiological flexibility of bees in dividing tasks among workers in a colony makes it possible to create a Single- Cohort Colony (SCC) in which peers compared perform different tasks. Moreover behavioral methods (e.g. Proboscis Extension Reflex – PER, Sting Extension Reflex – SER, free flying target discrimination tasks or the cap pushing response) make it possible to analyse changes occurring in honeybee brains during learning and remembering. Algorithms of actions are created based on the behavior of a colony or individual, e.g. Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABCA). Honeybees are also model organisms for profiling the so-called intelligence of a swarm or collective intelligence. Additionally, they serve as models for guidance systems and aviation technologies. Bees have inspired important projects in robotics, such as B-droid, Robobee and The Green Brain Project. It has also been confirmed that the apian sense of smell can be used to detect explosive devices, such as TNT, or drugs (including heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis). This inconspicuous little insect can revolutionize the world of science and contribute to the solution of many scientific problems as a versatile model.

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Ezechukwu, Henry C., Cornelius A. Diya, Nirajan Shrestha, and Deanne H. Hryciw. "Role for endocannabinoids in early pregnancy: recent advances and the effects of cannabis use." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): E557—E561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00210.2020.

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The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is associated with several physiological processes, including reproduction. This system consists of the cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoid ligands, and enzymes that metabolize and degrade these fatty acids. Recent evidence shows that cannabinoid receptors are expressed in cells of the reproductive system, including endometrial stromal cells, ovaries, and sperm cells. Emerging and recent research suggests that the ECS may play a significant role in reproduction. The endocannabinoid ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are crucial for successful endometrium decidualization, placental development, and embryo implantation. Alteration in cannabinoid receptor expression or in endocannabinoid homeostasis by excessive intake of cannabis during pregnancy is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth. The use of medicinal cannabis is becoming more widespread in Western countries, especially in people of reproductive age. Cannabis contains phytocannabinoids, which modulate the ECS, and emerging evidence suggests that phytocannabinoids, through their action on cannabinoid receptors, may have a negative impact on fertility, pregnancy outcome, and fetal health. In this mini-review, we highlight the recent advances in the field, which explore the role of endocannabinoids in early pregnancy and the effects of excessive intake of phytocannabinoids in pregnancy outcomes.

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Alsherbiny, Muhammad, and Chun Li. "Medicinal Cannabis—Potential Drug Interactions." Medicines 6, no. 1 (December 23, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010003.

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The endocannabinoids system (ECS) has garnered considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target in various carcinomas and cancer-related conditions alongside neurodegenerative diseases. Cannabinoids are implemented in several physiological processes such as appetite stimulation, energy balance, pain modulation and the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). However, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics interactions could be perceived in drug combinations, so in this short review we tried to shed light on the potential drug interactions of medicinal cannabis. Hitherto, few data have been provided to the healthcare practitioners about the drug–drug interactions of cannabinoids with other prescription medications. In general, cannabinoids are usually well tolerated, but bidirectional effects may be expected with concomitant administered agents via affected membrane transporters (Glycoprotein p, breast cancer resistance proteins, and multidrug resistance proteins) and metabolizing enzymes (Cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases). Caution should be undertaken to closely monitor the responses of cannabis users with certain drugs to guard their safety, especially for the elderly and people with chronic diseases or kidney and liver conditions.

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Ladha, Karim S., Prabjit Ajrawat, Yi Yang, and Hance Clarke. "Understanding the Medical Chemistry of the Cannabis Plant is Critical to Guiding Real World Clinical Evidence." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 4042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184042.

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While cannabis has been consumed for thousands of years, the medical-legal landscape surrounding its use has dramatically evolved over the past decades. Patients are turning to cannabis as a therapeutic option for several medical conditions. Given the surge in interest over the past decades there exists a major gap in the literature with respect to understanding the products that are currently being consumed by patients. The current perspective highlights the lack of relevance within the current literature towards understanding the medical chemistry of the products being consumed. The cannabis industry must rigorously invest into understanding what people are consuming from a chemical composition standpoint. This will inform what compounds in addition to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol may be producing physiologic/therapeutic effects from plant based extracts. Only through real-world evidence and a formalized, granular data collection process within which we know the chemical inputs for patients already using or beginning to use medical cannabis, we can come closer to the ability to provide targeted clinical decision making and design future appropriate randomized controlled trials.

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Kaufmann, R. M., B. Kraft, R. Frey, C. Bker, S. Kasper, and H. G. Krens. "P.6.073 Subjective and physiological acute effects oforally administered cannabis extract in healthy females." European Neuropsychopharmacology 14 (October 2004): S388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(04)80577-7.

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Coucke, L., E. Massarini, Z. Ostijn, O. Beck, and A. Verstraete. "O29: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in exhaled breath related to physiological effects following cannabis smoking." Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 26, no. 2 (June 2014): S17—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-0078(14)70037-x.

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Schwope, D. M., W. M. Bosker, J. G. Ramaekers, D. A. Gorelick, and M. A. Huestis. "Psychomotor Performance, Subjective and Physiological Effects and Whole Blood 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations in Heavy, Chronic Cannabis Smokers Following Acute Smoked Cannabis." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 36, no. 6 (May 15, 2012): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks044.

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Samaan, John, Gerardo F. Ferrer, Boye Akinyemi, Patricia Junquera, Juan Oms, and Rhaisa Dumenigo. "Synthetic Cannabis Overdose and Withdrawal in a Young Adult: A Case Report, Commentary on Regulation, and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3640549.

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Introduction. Marijuana has been used for its psychotropic effects including enhanced relaxation and perceptual alterations. However, the use of synthetic marijuana (SM) leads to more frequent and drastic side effects than the typical use of regular marijuana, owing to the fact that SM has a shorter duration and an earlier peak of action. Despite all the potential adverse health effects associated with SM use, current health policies on SM are very limited. It is believed that the popularity of SM has increased, due to its easy accessibility in the US and lack of detection in typical urine drug screens for THC.Case Report. One case presented is of a young adult patient, with histories of recurrent synthetic cannabis and recreational cannabis use, who had developed drastic physiological and psychiatric symptoms, including the development of acute-onset psychosis.Conclusion/Discussion. This case, as many others nationwide, exemplifies the impact of synthetic cannabinoid use and abuse in adolescents. Side effects and adverse health consequences of synthetic cannabinoid use warrant stricter regulations and policies in order to decrease psychiatric hospital admissions and associated healthcare costs.

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Maļceva, Marija, Veneranda Stramkale, and Māra Vikmane. "Physiological Aspects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Impact on Latvian Origin Cannabis Sativa L ." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 5, 2015): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol2.986.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate nitrogen fertilizer impact on photosynthesis and yield of hemp, applying modern non-destructive methods. The main object of the investigation – hemp cultivar of Latvian origin ‘Pūriņi’. Laboratory and field experiments showed diverse effects of different nitrogen fertilizer doses on various parameters. Additional nitrogen fertilizer dose of 60 kg ha-1 is most effective as evaluated by chlorophyll content in hemp leaves and changes of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Nitrogen fertilizer negatively affected fiber content in hemp stems, therefore while cultivating hemp only for fiber production use of nitrogen fertilizer should be reduced. According to the seed mass results, additional nitrogen fertilizer doses should be applied following the climatic conditions. In the vegetation period guided with higher rainfall levels, 60 kg of additional nitrogen fertilizer per hectare can be considered as optimal amount. In current investigation hempseed oil composition was not negatively affected by nitrogen fertilizer. Also significant difference between seed yield of N60 and N100 variants has not been observed. To avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer usage, its negative impact on plant physiology and yield losses, we consider nitrogen fertilizer 60 kg ha-1 as additional fertilizer is optimal for hemp cultivar ‘Pūriņi’. yield.

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Manza, Peter, Kai Yuan, Ehsan Shokri-Kojori, Dardo Tomasi, and Nora D. Volkow. "Brain structural changes in cannabis dependence: association with MAGL." Molecular Psychiatry 25, no. 12 (November 6, 2019): 3256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0577-z.

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AbstractCannabis use is rising, yet there is poor understanding of biological processes that might link chronic cannabis use to brain structural abnormalities. To lend insight into this topic, we examined white matter microstructural integrity and gray matter cortical thickness/density differences between 89 individuals with cannabis dependence (CD) and 89 matched controls (64 males, 25 females in each group) from the Human Connectome Project. We tested whether cortical patterns for expression of genes relevant for cannabinoid signaling (from Allen Human Brain Atlas postmortem tissue) were associated with spatial patterns of cortical thickness/density differences in CD. CD had lower fractional anisotropy than controls in white matter bundles innervating posterior cingulate and parietal cortex, basal ganglia, and temporal cortex. The CD group also had significantly less gray matter thickness and density in precuneus, relative to controls. Sibling-pair analysis found support for causal and graded liability effects of cannabis on precuneus structure. Spatial patterns of gray matter differences in CD were significantly associated with regional differences in monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) expression in postmortem brain tissue, such that regions with higher MAGL expression (but not fatty-acid amide hydrolase or FAAH) were more vulnerable to cortical thinning. In sum, chronic cannabis use is associated with structural differences in white and gray matter, which was most prominent in precuneus and associated white matter tracts. Regions with high MAGL expression, and therefore with potentially physiologically restricted endogenous cannabinoid signaling, may be more vulnerable to the effects of chronic cannabis use on cortical thickness.

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Vaitheeswaran, M., S. Mohamed Ibrahim, and D. Sorna Lakshmi. "Effect ofVitex negundoon some physiological aspects in root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognitainfectedHibiscus cannabinus." Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries 3, no. 3 (2011): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0975-4261.3.3.036.

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Newmeyer, Matthew N., Madeleine J. Swortwood, Osama A. Abulseoud, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Subjective and physiological effects, and expired carbon monoxide concentrations in frequent and occasional cannabis smokers following smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 175 (June 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.003.

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Claire Cammaerts, Marie, and Roger Cammaerts. "Physiological and Ethological Effects of Sativex, A Cannabis-based Medicine, Examined on Ants as Models." Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asps.2020.04.0568.

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Maida, Nunzia La, Esther Papaseit, Lucia Martínez, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Lourdes Poyatos, Manuela Pellegrini, Simona Pichini, et al. "Acute Pharmacological Effects and Oral Fluid Biomarkers of the Synthetic Cannabinoid UR-144 and THC in Recreational Users." Biology 10, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10040257.

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Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are one of the most frequent classes of new psychoactive substances monitored by the EU Early Warning System and World Health Organization. UR-144 is a SC with a relative low affinity for the CB1 receptor with respect to that for the CB2 receptor. As with other cannabinoid receptor agonists, it has been monitored by the EU Early Warning System since 2012 for severe adverse effects on consumers. Since data for UR-144 human pharmacology are very limited, an observational study was carried out to evaluate its acute pharmacological effects following its administration using a cannabis joint as term of comparison. Disposition of UR-144 and delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) was investigated in oral fluid. Sixteen volunteers smoked a joint prepared with tobacco and 1 or 1.5 mg dose of UR-144 (n = 8) or cannabis flowering tops containing 10 or 20 mg THC (n = 8). Physiological variables including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and cutaneous temperature were measured. A set of Visual Analog Scales (VAS), the Addiction Research Centre Inventory (ARCI)-49-item short form version and the Evaluation of the Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential (VESSPA-SSE) were administered to evaluate subjective effects. Oral fluid was collected at baseline, 10, 20, 40 min and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after smoking, for UR-144 or THC concentration monitoring. Results showed significant statistical increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate after both UR-144 and cannabis smoking. Both substances produced an increase in VAS related to stimulant-like and high effects, but scores were significantly higher after cannabis administration. No hallucinogenic effects were observed. Maximal oral fluid UR-144 and THC concentrations appeared at 20 and 10 min after smoking, respectively. The presence of UR-144 in oral fluid constitutes a non-invasive biomarker of SC consumption. The results of this observational study provide valuable preliminary data of the pharmacological effects of UR-144, showing a similar profile of cardiovascular effects in comparison with THC but lower intensity of subjective effects. Our results have to be confirmed by research in a larger sample to extensively clarify pharmacological effects and the health risk profile of UR-144.

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Diep, Calvin, Chenchen Tian, Christine Won, Karim Ladha, and Mandeep Singh. "236 The association between recent cannabis use and nightly sleep duration in adults in the USA from 2005-2018." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.235.

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Abstract Introduction Shifts in medicolegal attitudes towards cannabis, coupled with widespread legalization, have led to North America having the highest prevalence of cannabis use worldwide. Amongst other known physiologic effects, regular cannabis use can cause changes to sleep duration and quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between recent cannabis use and sleep duration using a nationally representative data set. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of adults was undertaken using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005–2018. Respondents were dichotomized by whether or not they had used cannabis in the past 30 days. The primary outcome was inadequate nightly sleep duration, defined as self-reported sleep duration less than 6 hours per night. Secondary outcomes were related to self-reported issues with sleep. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders and survey sample weights were considered in the model. Results Compared to those with no recent cannabis use (n=18,631), recent users (n=3,135) were more likely to report less than 6 hours of sleep per night (aOR 1.33 95% 1.13–1.57, p<0.001). Recent users were also more likely to report difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much in the past two weeks (aOR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.35, p<0.001), and having ever mentioned these issues to a physician (aOR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07–1.37, p=0.003). Respondents using cannabis at least 20 of the past 30 days were characterized as heavy users, and were even more likely than moderate users to report insufficient sleep. These results did not significantly differ between years of survey administration. Conclusion Recent cannabis use was associated with inadequate nightly sleep duration in adults and demonstrates a dose-dependent relationship. Although this relationship is complex and our findings cannot suggest directionality, they highlight the need to further characterize the sleep health of regular cannabis users in the general population. This is especially prudent as cannabinoids are becoming widely accepted for recreational use and increasingly prescribed as medical therapy. Support (if any):

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Thomas, Brian F. "Interactions of Cannabinoids With Biochemical Substrates." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 11 (January 1, 2017): 117822181771141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221817711418.

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Recent decades have seen much progress in the identification and characterization of cannabinoid receptors and the elucidation of the mechanisms by which derivatives of the Cannabis sativa plant bind to receptors and produce their physiological and psychological effects. The information generated in this process has enabled better understanding of the fundamental physiological and psychological processes controlled by the central and peripheral nervous systems and has fostered the development of natural and synthetic cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. A negative aspect of this decades-long effort is the proliferation of clandestinely synthesized analogs as recreational street drugs with dangerous effects. Currently, the interactions of cannabinoids with their biochemical substrates are extensively but inadequately understood, and the clinical application of derived and synthetic receptor ligands remains quite limited. The wide anatomical distribution and functional complexity of the cannabinoid system continue to indicate potential for both therapeutic and side effects, which offers challenges and opportunities for medicinal chemists involved in drug discovery and development.

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Fantauzzi, Matthew F., Jennifer A. Aguiar, Benjamin J. M. Tremblay, Michael J. Mansfield, Toyoshi Yanagihara, Abiram Chandiramohan, Spencer Revill, et al. "Expression of endocannabinoid system components in human airway epithelial cells: impact of sex and chronic respiratory disease status." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 4 (October 2020): 00128–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00128-2020.

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Cannabis smoking is the dominant route of delivery, with the airway epithelium functioning as the site of first contact. The endocannabinoid system is responsible for mediating the physiological effects of inhaled phytocannabinoids. The expression of the endocannabinoid system in the airway epithelium and contribution to normal physiological responses remains to be defined.To begin to address this knowledge gap, a curated dataset of 1090 unique human bronchial brushing gene expression profiles was created. The dataset included 616 healthy subjects, 136 subjects with asthma, and 338 subjects with COPD. A 32-gene endocannabinoid signature was analysed across all samples with sex and disease-specific analyses performed. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblots were performed to probe in situ and in vitro protein expression.CB1, CB2, and TRPV1 protein signal is detectable in human airway epithelial cells in situ and in vitro, justifying examining the downstream endocannabinoid pathway. Sex status was associated with differential expression of 7 of 32 genes. In contrast, disease status was associated with differential expression of 21 of 32 genes in people with asthma and 26 of 32 genes in people with COPD. We confirm at the protein level that TRPV1, the most differentially expressed candidate in our analyses, was upregulated in airway epithelial cells from people with asthma relative to healthy subjects.Our data demonstrate that the endocannabinoid system is expressed in human airway epithelial cells with expression impacted by disease status and minimally by sex. The data suggest that cannabis consumers may have differential physiological responses in the respiratory mucosa.

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Latif, Zara, and Nadish Garg. "The Impact of Marijuana on the Cardiovascular System: A Review of the Most Common Cardiovascular Events Associated with Marijuana Use." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061925.

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With the expanded legalization of marijuana, its medical and recreational use have sharply increased over the past decade. A wide array of new forms of cannabis is available on the market today, and the potencies are ten times those of forms previously tested, meaning that the true impact of marijuana on the cardiovascular system remains unclear. Cannabis mainly exerts its effects via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, with different doses affecting different cannabinoids receptors. Studies have shown that marijuana plays a role in thrombosis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Case reports have linked marijuana use to myocardial infarction, cardiac arrythmias, cardiomyopathies, stroke, and arteritis. Most patients are young, healthy men with no cardiovascular risk factors; however, the patient population is expected to change to include older individuals in the future. The widespread public perception of safety accompanying marijuana use has contributed to its increased use among the elderly, who are the most at risk population for acute cardiovascular events. In this review, we aim to provide a basic understanding of the physiological effects of marijuana on the cardiovascular system and to review the current literature regarding cardiovascular diseases linked to marijuana use in adults.

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Hourani, Wafa, and Stephen P. H. Alexander. "Cannabinoid ligands, receptors and enzymes: Pharmacological tools and therapeutic potential." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281878390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818783908.

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Endocannabinoids have been identified to have roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Largely due to the association of the effects of Cannabis administration on mental states, the CNS impact of the endocannabinoid system has been the most intensively studied. Here, we provide a brief summary of the endocannabinoid system, comprising the receptors and the multiple endogenous lipid derivatives which activate them, as well as the enzymes which control the levels of these lipid derivatives. We identify pharmacological tools which may be used to interrogate the endocannabinoid system, as well as current and future options to exploit the system in the clinic.

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Farra, Yasmeen M., Matthew J. Eden, James R. Coleman, Praveen Kulkarni, Craig F. Ferris, Jessica M. Oakes, and Chiara Bellini. "Acute neuroradiological, behavioral, and physiological effects of nose-only exposure to vaporized cannabis in C57BL/6 mice." Inhalation Toxicology 32, no. 5 (April 15, 2020): 200–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2020.1767237.

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Lu, Yan, and Hope D. Anderson. "Cannabinoid signaling in health and disease." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 95, no. 4 (April 2017): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0346.

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Cannabis sativa has long been used for medicinal purposes. To improve safety and efficacy, compounds from C. sativa were purified or synthesized and named under an umbrella group as cannabinoids. Currently, several cannabinoids may be prescribed in Canada for a variety of indications such as nausea and pain. More recently, an increasing number of reports suggest other salutary effects associated with endogenous cannabinoid signaling including cardioprotection. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids is therefore extended; however, evidence is limited and mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, the use of cannabinoids clinically has been hindered due to pronounced psychoactive side effects. This review provides an overview on the endocannabinoid system, including known physiological roles, and conditions in which cannabinoid receptor signaling has been implicated.

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Fonseca, B. M., G. Correia-da-Silva, M. Almada, M. A. Costa, and N. A. Teixeira. "The Endocannabinoid System in the Postimplantation Period: A Role during Decidualization and Placentation." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/510540.

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Although the detrimental effects of cannabis consumption during gestation are known for years, the vast majority of studies established a link between cannabis consumption and foetal development. The complex maternal-foetal interrelationships within the placental bed are essential for normal pregnancy, and decidua definitively contributes to the success of this process. Nevertheless, the molecular signalling network that coordinates strategies for successful decidualization and placentation are not well understood. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system highlighted new signalling mediators in various physiological processes, including reproduction. It is known that endocannabinoids present regulatory functions during blastocyst development, oviductal transport, and implantation. In addition, all the endocannabinoid machinery was found to be expressed in decidual and placental tissues. Additionally, endocannabinoid’s plasmatic levels were found to fluctuate during normal gestation and to induce decidual cell death and disturb normal placental development. Moreover, aberrant endocannabinoid signalling during the period of placental development has been associated with pregnancy disorders. It indicates the existence of a possible regulatory role for these molecules during decidualization and placentation processes, which are known to be particularly vulnerable. In this review, the influence of the endocannabinoid system in these critical processes is explored and discussed.

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Lile, Joshua A., Thomas H. Kelly, and Lon R. Hays. "The reinforcing, self-reported performance and physiological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, triazolam, hydromorphone, and methylphenidate in cannabis users." Behavioural Pharmacology 21, no. 1 (February 2010): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833470d7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cannabis – Physiological effect'

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