Journal articles: 'Canis lupus L'

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Stronen, Astrid V., Graham J. Forbes, Tim Sallows, Gloria Goulet, Marco Musiani, and Paul C. Paquet. "Wolf body mass, skull morphology, and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Riding Mountain National Park region of Manitoba, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 5 (May 2010): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-021.

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Two types of wolves, gray ( Canis lupus L., 1758) and eastern ( Canis lupus lycaon Schreber, 1775 or Canis lycaon ) or Great Lakes wolves, representing Old World (OW) and New World (NW) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, have been reported in eastern Canada and the Great Lakes region. Both haplotypes were found in Duck Mountain Provincial Park and Forest, Manitoba. Only OW haplotypes have been reported from the isolated Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP), 30 km to the south. Wolves with NW haplotypes hybridize with C. lupus and coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823) and could mediate gene flow between canids. We examined available data on wolf body mass, skull morphology, and mtDNA from the RMNP region, as well as mtDNA from Manitoba and Saskatchewan, to assess the occurrence of NW haplotypes in wolves and possible canid hybridization. Mean body mass of female (n = 54) and male (n = 42) RMNP wolves during 1985–1987 was higher than that of females (n = 12) and males (n = 8) during 1999–2004. Thirteen skull measures from 29 wolf skulls did not suggest significant differences between RMNP and Duck Mountain wolves. Nineteen of 20 RMNP samples had OW haplotypes, whereas one clustered together with NW haplotypes.

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Kuručki, Milica, Snežana Tomanović, Ratko Sukara, and Duško Ćirović. "High Prevalence and Genetic Variability of Hepatozoon canis in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus L. 1758) Population in Serbia." Animals 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 3335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233335.

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Wild canids are globally recognised as hosts and reservoirs of a large number of ecto- and endoparasites. Data that reveal the importance of the grey wolf (Canis lupus L.1758) in the spread of hepatozoonosis are very scarce. There are a large number of different potential host species that can be infected by Hepatozoon canis, but the most common are domestic and wild carnivores, such as dogs, jackals, foxes, and wolves. In this study, the epidemiological significance of the grey wolf as a host for the pathogen was analysed for the first time in Serbia, as well as the genetic variability of H. canis. The presence of H. canis in wolf spleens has been demonstrated using molecular methods. A total of 107 wolf spleen samples from 30 localities in Serbia were analysed. The presence of H. canis was confirmed in 62 (57.94%) individuals from 26 out of 30 localities. According to the analysis, the sampled H. canis sequences were found to be characterised by a certain heterogeneity. Based on five mutated nucleotide sites in the sequences, H. canis could be divided into five sequence types, S1 to S5. The five sequence types can potentially circulate in grey wolf populations as well as among other domestic and wild canids. This study is the first confirmation of the presence of H. canis in grey wolf populations in Serbia. Considering that the role of this vector-borne disease is poorly researched in wild carnivores, it is very important to indicate the role of this species in the circulation of this pathogen in natural ecosystems.

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Chambers, Steven M., Steven R. Fain, Bud Fazio, and Michael Amaral. "An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses." North American Fauna 77, no. 1 (August 1, 2012): 1–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/nafa.77.0001.

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Abstract The available scientific literature was reviewed to assess the taxonomic standing of North American wolves, including subspecies of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. The recent scientific proposal that the eastern wolf, C. l. lycaon, is not a subspecies of gray wolf, but a full species, Canis lycaon, is well-supported by both morphological and genetic data. This species' range extends westward to Minnesota, and it hybridizes with gray wolves where the two species are in contact in eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Genetic data support a close relationship between eastern wolf and red wolf Canis rufus, but do not support the proposal that they are the same species; it is more likely that they evolved independently from different lineages of a common ancestor with coyotes. The genetic distinctiveness of the Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi supports its recognition as a subspecies. The available genetic and morphometric data do not provide clear support for the recognition of the Arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos, but the available genetic data are almost entirely limited to one group of genetic markers (microsatellite DNA) and are not definitive on this question. Recognition of the northern timber wolf Canis lupus occidentalis and the plains wolf Canis lupus nubilus as subspecies is supported by morphological data and extensive studies of microsatellite DNA variation where both subspecies are in contact in Canada. The wolves of coastal areas in southeastern Alaska and British Columbia should be assigned to C. lupus nubilus. There is scientific support for the taxa recognized here, but delineation of exact geographic boundaries presents challenges. Rather than sharp boundaries between taxa, boundaries should generally be thought of as intergrade zones of variable width.

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Marciszak, Adrian, Aleksandra Kropczyk, Wiktoria Gornig, Małgorzata Kot, Adam Nadachowski, and Grzegorz Lipecki. "History of Polish Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) and Their Biochronological Implications on the Eurasian Background." Genes 14, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14030539.

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The remains of 12 canid species that date back ca. 4.9 myr have been found at 116 paleontological localities. Among these localities, eight are dated to the Pliocene age, 12 are dated to the Early Pleistocene age, 12 are from the Middle Pleistocene age, while the most numerous group includes 84 sites from the Late Pleistocene–Holocene age. Some, especially older forms such as Eucyon odessanus and Nyctereutes donnezani, have only been found at single sites, while the remains of species from the genus Lycaon, Canis and Vulpes have been recorded at numerous sites from the last 2 myr. Ancient canids such as Eucyon and Nyctereutes had already vanished from Poland in the Earliest Pleistocene, between 2.5 and 2.2 myr ago. Poland’s extant canid fauna is characterised by the presence of two new species, which spread into the territory due to a human introduction (Nyctereutes procyonoides) or natural expansion (Canis aureus). Research indicates a strong competition between dogs, especially between Lycaon, Canis and Cuon, with a strong lycaon-limiting effect on the wolf between 2.5 and 0.4 myr ago. After the extinction of Lycaon lycaonoides, Canis lupus evolved rapidly, increasing in number and size, and taking over the niche occupied by Lycaon. In order to reduce competition, the body size of Cuon alpinus gradually reduced, and it became an animal adapted to the forest, highland and mountain environments. Generally, the history of canids in Poland is similar to that known of Eurasia with some noteworthy events, such as the early occurrence of Canis cf. etruscus from Węże 2 (2.9–2.6 myr ago), Lycaon falconeri from Rębielice Królewskie 1A or one of the latest occurrences of L. lycaonoides from Draby 3 (430–370 kyr). Predominantly lowland or upland in the southern part and devoid of significant ecological barriers, Poland is also an important migration corridor in the East–West system. This 500–600 km wide corridor was the Asian gateway to Europe, from where species of an eastern origin penetrated the continent’s interior. In colder periods, it was in turn a region through which boreal species or those associated with the mammoth steppe retreated.

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Vorobyevskaya, E. A., and S. N. Baldina. "Altai wolf phylogeography (Canis lupus L.) studied by microsatellite markers." Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin 66, no. 2 (June 2011): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0096392511020131.

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Kochetkov, V. V. "Philopatry and dispersal in the wolf population (Canis lupus L.)." Contemporary Problems of Ecology 8, no. 3 (May 2015): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995425515030075.

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Smirnova, I. A., V. I. Domnich, and A. A. Nicolchenko. "Вовк (Сanis lupus) на території Кримського півострова." Biosystems Diversity 18, no. 2 (September 12, 2010): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011032.

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Наведено результати досліджень Canis lupus L. на території Кримського півострова. Проаналізовано історичні та сучасні характеристики кількісного складу поголів’я виду. Визначено основні центри концентрації вовків. Досліджено раціон вовка, розглянуто умови, що впливають на поширення виду. З’ясовано, що у наш час вовк у Криму вже досяг території передгір’я.

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8

Miller, Brian J., Henry J. Harlow, Tyler S. Harlow, Dean Biggins, and William J. Ripple. "Trophic cascades linking wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and small mammals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 1 (January 2012): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-115.

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When large carnivores are extirpated from ecosystems that evolved with apex predators, these systems can change at the herbivore and plant trophic levels. Such changes across trophic levels are called cascading effects and they are very important to conservation. Studies on the effects of reintroduced wolves in Yellowstone National Park have examined the interaction pathway of wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) to ungulates to plants. This study examines the interaction effects of wolves to coyotes to rodents (reversing mesopredator release in the absence of wolves). Coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823) generally avoided areas near a wolf den. However, when in the proximity of a den, they used woody habitats (pine or sage) compared with herbaceous habitats (grass or forb or sedge)– when they were away from the wolf den. Our data suggested a significant increase in rodent numbers, particularly voles (genus Microtus Schrank, 1798), during the 3-year study on plots that were within 3 km of the wolf den, but we did not detect a significant change in rodent numbers over time for more distant plots. Predation by coyotes may have depressed numbers of small mammals in areas away from the wolf den. These factors indicate a top–down effect by wolves on coyotes and subsequently on the rodents of the area. Restoration of wolves could be a powerful tool for regulating predation at lower trophic levels.

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Mech, L. D. "What is the taxonomic identity of Minnesota wolves?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 2 (February 2010): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-129.

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The taxonomic identity of the historical and current wolf ( Canis lupus L., 1758 or Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775 or their hybrids) population in Minnesota (MN) and the Great Lakes region has been, and continues to be, controversial. So too does its legal status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. This review summarizes the morphological and genetic information about that population and concludes that historically the MN population consisted of a gray wolf (C. lupus) in the west and an eastern type ( Canis lupus lycaon or C. lycaon) in the east with intergrades or hybrids between the two in most of the state. After extirpation in much of its original MN range, the now-recovered population was infused with gray wolves from Ontario but still consists of hybrid lycaon × gray wolves, probably with higher content gray wolves in the west and higher content lycaon in the east but with most wolves morphologically appearing to be gray wolves. Because the current Wisconsin and Michigan wolf population was derived from MN wolves, they would be primarily hybrids as well. Future research should seek to relate genetic data with morphological measurements in MN wolves. In addition, attempts to breed coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823) with gray wolves in captivity would shed considerable light on the controversy over the origin and taxonomic identity of the newly proposed C. lycaon.

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Ćirović, Duško, Ivan Pavlović, and Aleksandra Penezić. "Intestinal helminth parasites of the grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) in Serbia." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63, no. 2 (June 2015): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2015.016.

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The grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) is the most widespread large carnivore in Europe with large populations in the Eastern part of Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. In this study, a total of 102 wolves were examined for intestinal helminth parasites. The carcasses were collected within the Serbian part of the wolf’s range during the period 2009–2014. Nine helminth species were found: one nematode, Toxocara canis (3.9%), one trematode, Alaria alata (1.0%), and seven cestodes, Taenia pisiformis (1.0%), T. hydatigena (9.8%), T. polyacantha (2.9%), T. taeniaeformis (2.0%), T. (syn. Multiceps) multiceps (3.9%), T. serialis (1.0%) and Mesocestoides litteratus (1.0%). Taenia (syn. Hydatigera) taeniaeformis has been registered for the first time in a wolf from Europe. An overall moderate prevalence (16.7%) of infected wolves was recorded. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between sexes. Of the years studied, the highest prevalence was found in 2014 (57.1%). The maximum number of helminth species per host specimen was four.

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Hilderbrand, G. V., and H. N. Golden. "Body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0205.

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We used deuterium water dilution to estimate body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) in the Nelchina Basin, Alaska. Body mass differed between sexes throughout the year but did not vary within sex. Mean fat mass and mean energy content were highest in both sexes in the spring. Mean lean mass was lowest in both sexes in the spring. Body mass and lean body mass were positively related to animal age in both males and females up to age 6–8 years. There was no relationship between body fat content and animal age in either sex except in older animals. Thus, growth beyond age 2 consists primarily of lean mass. Body mass of reproductively active females was greater than nonreproductively active females in the spring but not in summer or fall. Deuterium should be allowed to circulate in the wolf for at least 120 min to ensure complete equilibration regardless of season, sex, age, or reproductive status.

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Popiołek, Marcin, Justyna Szczęsna, Sabina Nowak, and Robert W. Mysłajek. "Helminth infections in faecal samples of wolves Canis lupus L. from the western Beskidy Mountains in southern Poland." Journal of Helminthology 81, no. 4 (December 2007): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x07821286.

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AbstractEighty-nine samples of grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) faeces were collected between 2002 and 2004 from two areas in the western Beskidy Mts (south Poland). Helminth eggs were observed in 56.2% of faeces examined. These included: Alaria alata (2.2%), taeniid eggs (11.2%), Toxocara canis (5.6%), Toxascaris leonina (1.1%), Eucoleus aerophilus (14.6%), Ancylostoma caninum (12.3%), Uncinaria stenocephala (37%) and unidentified roundworm eggs of the family Strongyloididae (1.1%). Eucoleus aerophilus is recorded for the first time from Poland. The results are compared with the helminth fauna of other wolf populations in Europe.

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Талала, М. С., А. Я. Бондарев, Е. С. Захаров, and Д. В. Политов. "ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ ПОПУЛЯЦИЙ ВОЛКА Canis lupus L. СИБИРИ ПО МИКРОСАТЕЛЛИТНЫМ ЛОКУСАМ." Генетика 56, no. 1 (2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016675820010129.

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Larsen, Hanne Lyngholm, Cino Pertoldi, Niels Madsen, Ettore Randi, Astrid Vik Stronen, Holly Root-Gutteridge, and Sussie Pagh. "Bioacoustic Detection of Wolves: Identifying Subspecies and Individuals by Howls." Animals 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050631.

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Wolves (Canis lupus) are generally monitored by visual observations, camera traps, and DNA traces. In this study, we evaluated acoustic monitoring of wolf howls as a method for monitoring wolves, which may permit detection of wolves across longer distances than that permitted by camera traps. We analyzed acoustic data of wolves’ howls collected from both wild and captive ones. The analysis focused on individual and subspecies recognition. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the usefulness of acoustic monitoring in the field given the limited data for Eurasian wolves. We analyzed 170 howls from 16 individual wolves from 3 subspecies: Arctic (Canis lupus arctos), Eurasian (C. l. lupus), and Northwestern wolves (C. l. occidentalis). Variables from the fundamental frequency (f0) (lowest frequency band of a sound signal) were extracted and used in discriminant analysis, classification matrix, and pairwise post-hoc Hotelling test. The results indicated that Arctic and Eurasian wolves had subspecies identifiable calls, while Northwestern wolves did not, though this sample size was small. Identification on an individual level was successful for all subspecies. Individuals were correctly classified with 80%–100% accuracy, using discriminant function analysis. Our findings suggest acoustic monitoring could be a valuable and cost-effective tool that complements camera traps, by improving long-distance detection of wolves.

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Mech, L. David, and Shannon Barber-Meyer. "Yellowstone wolf (Canis lupus) density predicted by elk (Cervus elaphus) biomass." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 6 (June 2015): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0002.

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The Northern Range (NR) of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) hosts a higher prey biomass density in the form of elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) than any other system of gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) and prey reported. Therefore, it is important to determine whether that wolf–prey system fits a long-standing model relating wolf density to prey biomass. Using data from 2005 to 2012 after elk population fluctuations dampened 10 years subsequent to wolf reintroduction, we found that NR prey biomass predicted wolf density. This finding and the trajectory of the regression extend the validity of the model to prey densities 19% higher than previous data and suggest that the model would apply to wolf–prey systems of even higher prey biomass.

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Carril González-Barros, S. T., M. E. Alvarez Piñeiro, J. Simal Lozano, and M. A. Lage Yusty. "PCBs and PCTs in wolves (Canis lupus, L) in Galicia (N.W. Spain)." Chemosphere 35, no. 6 (September 1997): 1243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00211-7.

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Wheeldon, Tyler J., and Brent R. Patterson. "Genetic and morphological differentiation of wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) in northeastern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 10 (October 2012): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-090.

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Gray wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758), eastern wolves ( Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775), and coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823) are presently managed as a single biological population in primary wolf range in Ontario with the intent of minimizing incidental harvest of wolves. This management strategy is based on the assumption that wolves and coyotes cannot be reliably distinguished because of hybridization, and the resulting restrictions on coyote harvest are unpopular with hunters and farmers. We genetically and morphologically characterized a sample of sympatric wolves and coyotes harvested in the Lesser Clay Belt area of northeastern Ontario in 2006–2009 to test the hypothesis that these species cannot be reliably distinguished. We found that wolves and coyotes were genetically and morphologically distinct, with minimal hybridization between them. Our findings suggest that wolves and coyotes in the sampled area can be reliably distinguished, but further sampling is required to determine the full extent of areas in Ontario where wolves and coyotes are reliably distinguishable. We discuss unresolved issues regarding the feasibility of separate management for these species. We also discuss implications of our findings regarding wolf recovery in the northeastern United States.

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PAVLOVIĆ, I., A. PENEZIĆ, N. ĆOSIĆ, J. BURAZEROVIĆ, V. MALETIĆ, and D. ĆIROVIĆ. "Τhe first report of Linguatula serrata in grey wolf (Canis lupus) from Central Balkans." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 68, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.16077.

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Linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan, bloodsucking parasite found in both domestic and wild animals. Humans are not considered as its main hosts but can act as both intermediate (visceral linguatuliasis) and final hosts (nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis). Reports on wild canids as definitive hosts of this parasite are scarce. During 2009-2011 the autopsy was performed on 42 legally hunted grey wolves (Canis lupus) from Serbia and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Only one specimen was infected with a single adult female of L. serrata. The parasite was found in the nasal cavity of the grey wolf. The infected male wolf was shot in the eastern part of the territory of Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). This finding is the first record of linguatuliasis in wolves from FYROM. Previous records of this parasite from the central Balkans region originated from dogs, cattle and hares. Only few records of this parasite are known for the grey wolf in general.

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Feddersen-Petersen, D. U. "Vocalization of European wolves (<i>Canis lupus lupus</i> L.) and various dog breeds (<i>Canis lupus</i> f. fam.)." Archives Animal Breeding 43, no. 4 (October 10, 2000): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-43-387-2000.

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Abstract. Barking in domestic dogs still remains a topic of controversial discussions. While some authors assess dogbarking an acoustic means of expression becoming more and more sophisticated during domestication, others name this sound type "non-communicative". Vocal repertoires as works on individual sound types are rare, however, and there has been almost no work done on Iow-intensity, close-range vocalizations, yet such types of vocalization are especially important with the more social canids, hence, with the human-dog-communication and understanding of dogs. Most of the investigations published so far are based on auditive sound impressions and lack objectivity. The principal method used in this study was sonagraphic. This facilitates the identiftcation of sounds and reveales, whether subjective Classification can be verified by objectively measured parameters. Finally, meanings, funetions and emotions were examined for all the major sounds described and are discussed in terms of relationships between sound structure and Signal function, signal emission and social context as behavioural response, and overlapping Channels of communication. Ontogeny of acoustic communication in 11 European wolves has been compared to various dog breeds (8 Standard Poodles, 8 Toy Poodles, 15 Kleine Münsterländer, 11 Weimaraner Hunting Dogs, 16 Tervueren, 12 American Staffordshire Terriers, and 13 German Shepherds, 12 Alaskan Malamutes, and 9 Bull Terriers) from birth up to 8 (12) weeks resp. 4 (12) months of age. Noisy and harmonic sound groups were analysed separately as overriding units. Following parameters were used: fmax=maximum of spectrographic pietured sounds (Hz), xfo=mean of the lowest frequency band of harmonic sounds (Hz), xfd = mean of the frequency of strongest amplitude of noisy sounds (Hz), delta f = frequency range of sounds (Hz), duration of sounds (ms). Statistical analysis was run on "Statistica", Release 4,0. Within the sound type barking 2 to 12 subunits were classified in the different breeds, aecording to their context-speeifie spectrographic design, and behavioural responses. Categories of function / emotion include f.e. social play, play soliticing, exploration, caregiving, social contact and "greeting", loneliness, and agonistc behaviours. "Interaction" was the most common category of social context for masted barkings (56% of oecurences). Especially close-range vocalizations, conceming the major sound type of most domestic dogs, the bark, evolved highly variable. However, the ecological niche of domestic dogs is highly variable, just as the individual differences in the dogs are, which seem to be breed-typical to a great extent. Thus, complexity within the dog's vocal repertoire, and therefore enhancement of its communicative value, is achieved by many subunits of bark, some standing for specific motivations, informations and expressions. Complexity within the dogs'vocal repertoire is extended by the use of mixed sounds in the barking context. Transitions and gradations to a great extend oeeur via bark sounds: harmonic, intermediate and noisy subunits.

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Mysłajek, Robert W., Sabina Nowak, Maciej Romański, and Katarzyna Tołkacz. "Composition of the wolf’s Canis lupus L. diet in the Wigry National Park." Forest Research Papers 79, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2018-0013.

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Abstract The diet of wolves Canis lupus L. was assessed in the Wigry National Park in North-Eastern Poland, which overlaps with the Natura 2000 site “Ostoja Wigierska”. The content of a total of 149 scat samples was collected in 2017 and analysed in order to determine dietary composition. Wolves primarily feed on wild ungulates, which make up 75.4% of food biomass. Despite the fact that wild boar Sus scrofa L. and red deer Cervus elaphus L. dominate in the ungulate community in the study area, the primary prey species was observed to be roe deer Capreolus capreolus L. with 39.6%, while red deer and wild boar only constituted 18.7% and 8.3% of the food biomass, respectively. Additionally, beaver Castor fiber L. was found to be an important prey (10.9%) as well and livestock accounted for 15.1% of all biomass consumed. The livestock eaten by wolves also included carcasses of domestic animals illegally disposed of in the forest. We therefore conclude that decisions on the management of the wolf’s food base within protected areas, such as national parks or Natura 2000 sites, should be preceded by intensive local studies.

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Szczęsna, J., and M. Popiołek. "The first record of Spirocerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1809) (Spirocercidae, Nematoda) from Poland based on faecal analysis of wolf (Canis lupus L.)." Helminthologia 44, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-007-0038-0.

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AbstractDuring studies on the helminth fauna of wolves inhabiting natural ecosystems of Poland, 86 scats were examined. All the samples were collected in the autumn of 2005. Spirocerca lupi was detected with decantation and flotation techniques. The prevalence was 2.32 %. This is the first record of the parasite from Poland and the third case of its occurrence in the wolf (Canis lupus L.) within its distribution range.

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Szafrańska, E., O. Wasielewski, and A. Bereszyński. "A faecal analysis of helminth infections in wild and captive wolves, Canis lupus L., in Poland." Journal of Helminthology 84, no. 4 (March 18, 2010): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x10000106.

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AbstractOne hundred and three samples of faeces of reared grey wolves from four locations (Stobnica Park and Zoological Gardens in Bydgoszcz, Wrocław and Cracow) and twenty-six samples of faeces from two free-roaming packs of grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) in Piła (Forest Divisions: Borne Sulinowo, Czarnobór, Jastrowo) and Zielona Góra (Forest Divisions: Torzym, Krosno Odrzańskie) were collected between 2005 and 2007. Helminth eggs were detected in 78.6% of faecal samples of reared grey wolves and in 88.4% of those of free-roaming wolves. The trematode Alaria alata (80.1%) and nematodes Eucoleus aerophilus (23.1%) and Spirocerca lupi (11.5%) were only detected from wild packs of wolves and the nematodes Ancylostoma caninum (35.9%), Trichuris vulpis (15.5%) and Toxocara canis (3.9%) were only detected from reared wolves. Differences were observed in the prevalence and composition of helminth fauna between reared and wild grey wolves and our results are compared with those from studies within Poland and elsewhere in Europe.

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Mech, L. David, and William J. Paul. "Wolf body mass cline across Minnesota related to taxonomy?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 8 (August 2008): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-068.

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Recent genetic studies suggest that in northern Minnesota two species of wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758 or western wolf and Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775 (= Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851) or eastern wolf) meet and hybridize. However, little morphological information is available about these two types of wolves in Minnesota. We analyzed the mass of 950 female wolves and 1006 males older than 1 year from across northern Minnesota and found that it increased from 26.30 ± 0.56 kg (mean ± SE) for females and 30.60 ± 0.72 kg for males in northeastern Minnesota to 30.01 ± 0.43 kg for females and 35.94 ± 0.45 kg for males in northwestern Minnesota (females: r2 = 0.79, P < 0.02; males: r2 = 0.63, P = 0.06). These mass differences add morphological information to the identities of eastern and western wolves and support the view that ranges of the two species meet in Minnesota.

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JACKSON, STEPHEN M., COLIN P. GROVES, PETER J. S. FLEMING, KEN P. APLIN, MARK D. B. ELDRIDGE, ANTONIO GONZALEZ, and KRISTOFER M. HELGEN. "The Wayward Dog: Is the Australian native dog or Dingo a distinct species?" Zootaxa 4317, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4317.2.1.

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The taxonomic identity and status of the Australian Dingo has been unsettled and controversial since its initial description in 1792. Since that time it has been referred to by various names including Canis dingo, Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris and Canis familiaris dingo. Of these names C. l. dingo and C. f. dingo have been most often used, but it has recently been proposed that the Australian Dingo should be once again recognized as a full species—Canis dingo. There is an urgent need to address the instability of the names referring to the Dingo because of the consequences for management and policy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the morphological, genetic, ecological and biological data to determine the taxonomic relationships of the Dingo with the aim of confirming the correct scientific name. The recent proposal for Canis dingo as the most appropriate name is not sustainable under zoological nomenclature protocols nor based on the genetic and morphological evidence. Instead we proffer the name C. familiaris for all free-ranging dogs, regardless of breed and location throughout the world, including the Australian Dingo. The suggested nomenclature also provides a framework for managing free-ranging dogs including Dingoes, under Australian legislation and policy. The broad principles of nomenclature we discuss here apply to all free-roaming dogs that coexist with their hybrids, including the New Guinea Singing Dog.

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Schurer, Janna M., Michael Pawlik, Anna Huber, Brett Elkin, H. Dean Cluff, Jodie D. Pongracz, Karen Gesy, et al. "Intestinal parasites of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in northern and western Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 9 (September 2016): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0017.

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Gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) are mobile opportunistic predators that can be infected by a wide range of parasites, with many acquired via predator–prey relationships. Historically, many of these parasites were identified only to genus or family, but genetic tools now enable identification of parasite fauna to species and beyond. We examined 191 intestines from wolves harvested for other purposes from regions in the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Adult helminths were collected from intestinal contents for morphological and molecular identification, and for a subset of wolves, fecal samples were also analyzed to detect helminth eggs and protozoan (oo)cysts. Using both detection methods, we found that 83% of 191 intestines contained one or more parasite species, including cestodes (Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., and Diphyllobothrium sp.), nematodes (Uncinaria stenocephala Railliet, 1884, Trichuris spp., Physaloptera spp., and Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow, 1902)), a trematode (Alaria sp.), and protozoa (Sarcocystis spp., Giardia sp., and Cryptosporidium spp.). Molecular characterization identified one species of Diphyllobothrium (Diphyllobothrium latum (L., 1758) Cobbold, 1858), three species of Taenia (Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879, Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766, and Taenia multiceps Leske, 1786), and two Giardia duodenalis (Davaine) Deschiens, 1921 assemblages (B and C). These results demonstrate the diverse diet of wolves and illustrate the possibility of parasite spillover among wildlife, domestic animals, and people.

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Merkle, J. A., D. R. Stahler, and D. W. Smith. "Interference competition between gray wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 1 (January 2009): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-136.

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Factors influencing the outcome of interspecific interactions between sympatric carnivores, along with population-level consequences, are not clearly understood. The reintroduction of gray wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) to Yellowstone National Park provides a rare opportunity to study interactions with coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823), which had lived in the absence of wolves for >60 years. We evaluated direct interactions between wolves and coyotes to identify factors influencing the outcomes of interspecific interactions and describe the context and degree of competition and coexistence. Using radio-collared wolves, we documented 337 wolf–coyote interactions from 1995 to 2007. The majority (75%) of interactions occurred at ungulate-carcass sites. Wolves initiated the majority of encounters (85%), generally outnumbered coyotes (39%), and dominated (91%) most interactions. Wolves typically (79%) chased coyotes without physical contact; however, 25 interactions (7%) resulted in a coyote death. Interactions decreased over time, suggesting coyote adaptation or a decline in coyote density. In the majority (80%) of fatal interactions, wolves outnumbered coyotes. However, wolves did not outnumber coyotes in interactions (n = 18) where coyotes chased or attacked/harassed wolves. Our results suggest that wolves are the dominant canid, group size may influence the outcome of interactions, and coyotes must benefit from the access to carrion at wolf-killed carcasses.

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Coli, Alessandra, Davide Prinetto, and Elisabetta Giannessi. "Wolf and Dog: What Differences Exist?" Anatomia 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2023): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010007.

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A morphological study of the skeletal specimen of Canis lupus L. from an archeological dig of Agnano (Pisa) (Fauna Laboratory, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy) that is chronologically placed in the Wurm period (last glaciation) was done to perform an anatomical comparison between this wild ancestor and osteological specimens of Canis familiaris L. present in the Veterinary Anatomy Museum (University of Pisa). Marked morphological differences in the splanchnocranium (nasal bone, zygomatic arch and orbital angle), neurocranium (sagittal crest) and temporomandibular joint (due to different developments of the masticatory muscles) are highlighted on the wolf specimen compared to those in the domestic dog specimens present in Museum. The appendicular skeletal bones of the wolf show anatomical features similar to those of dog bone specimens, confirming their belonging to the same family (Canidae). This result confirms that domestication has almost exclusively affected the anatomical features of the skull that have changed due to the difference in dietary approach between wolves and dogs.

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Newsome, Thomas M., Danielle Stephens, Guy-Anthony Ballard, Christopher R. Dickman, and Peter J. S. Fleming. "Genetic profile of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) and free-roaming domestic dogs (C. l. familiaris) in the Tanami Desert, Australia." Wildlife Research 40, no. 3 (2013): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12128.

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Context Many rare and endangered species are threatened by the effects of hybridisation with their domesticated and often numerically dominant relatives. However, factors that influence interactions between hybridising species are poorly understood, thus limiting our ability to develop ameliorative strategies. Aims Here, we identify family groups and investigate patterns of gene flow between dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) and domestic dogs (C. l. familiaris) in the Tanami Desert of central Australia. We aimed to determine whether human-provided resources facilitate hybridisation or alter typical patterns of dingo breeding and social behaviour. We also ask whether remote townships are arenas for dingo–dog hybridisation. Methods Tissue samples and morphological details were collected from dingo-like animals around two mine sites where humans provide abundant supplementary food and water. Using molecular DNA analyses, we assigned animals to population clusters, determined kinship and the numbers of family groups. Rates of hybridisation were assessed around the mines and in two nearby townships. Key results Of 142 samples from mine sites, ‘pure’ dingoes were identified genetically in 89% of cases. This predominance of dingoes was supported by our observations on coat colour and body morphology. Only 2 of 86 domestic dogs sampled at the two townships showed evidence of dingo ancestry. Around the mine sites, there were two distinct population clusters, including a large family group of 55 individuals around a refuse facility. Conclusions Where superabundant and consistent food, and reliable water, was available, dingo packs were much larger and co-existed with others, contrary to expectations derived from previous research. Dingo sociality and pack structures can therefore be altered where human-provided food and water are constantly available, and this could facilitate accelerated rates of hybridisation. Implications The development of appropriate domestic-waste management strategies should be a high priority in remote areas to ensure only normal rates of population increase by dingoes, and other canids more broadly. It will also potentially impede hybridisation rates if typical canid social and behavioural traits remain intact. Additionally, areas surrounding remote human settlements are likely arenas for accentuated dingo–domestic dog interactions and should be a target for future studies.

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Dzuev, R. I., M. V. Suhomesova, and V. N. Kanukova. "CHROMOSOMAL COMPLEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF A WOLF (CANIS LUPUS L.) IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS." South of Russia: ecology, development, no. 1 (November 15, 2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2013-1-57-62.

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Talala, M. S., A. Ya Bondarev, E. S. Zakharov, and D. V. Politov. "Genetic Differentiation of the Wolf Canis lupus L. Populations from Siberia at Microsatellite Loci." Russian Journal of Genetics 56, no. 1 (January 2020): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795420010123.

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Dash, Manojita, Sarat Kumar Sahu, Santosh Kumar Gupta, Niranjana Sahoo, and Debabrat Mohapatra. "Trypanosoma evansi infection in a captive Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes – molecular diagnosis and therapy." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 20494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7578.14.1.20494-20499.

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A five-year old, apparently healthy male Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes of Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha became ill with acute signs of anorexia, lethargy, staggering gait, and was non-responsive to external stimuli. Microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smear revealed presence of extracellular flagellates having morphological similarity to Trypanosoma spp. Haematological parameters showed anaemia (Hb 6.0 g%), mild leucopenia (total leukocyte count 5 × 103 / mm3) and thrombocytopenia (180 x 103 / µl). Serum biochemistry revealed high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (830 IU/L), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (178.2 mg/dl), creatinine (4.44 mg/dl), and low glucose (25.7 mg/dl) levels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region followed by National Centre for Biotechnology Information blast confirmed Trypanosoma evansi infection in the captive Indian Wolf. The animal showed clinical recovery with the administration of single dose of quinapyramine sulphate and quinapyramine chloride @ 4.0 mg/kg b wt subcutaneously. The wolf started taking meat from the very next day with improved activity. No trypanosomes could be detected in the stained blood smears as well as through PCR carried 25 days post treatment. The occurrence became an eye opener for the zoo and henceforth, all canids were included under chemoprophylaxis protocol against trypanosomosis.

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Eisenberg, Cristina, David E. Hibbs, William J. Ripple, and Hal Salwasser. "Context dependence of elk (Cervus elaphus) vigilance and wolf (Canis lupus) predation risk." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 8 (August 2014): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049.

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To assess the relationship between predation risk perceived by elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) as evidenced by vigilance, we conducted focal animal observations in elk winter range. We stratified our observations in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, and Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada, in valleys with three wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) population levels (Saint Mary Valley: no wolf; Waterton Valley: moderate wolf; North Fork Valley: high wolf). Although the lowest elk vigilance occurred in Saint Mary and the highest in the North Fork, our analysis revealed a complex picture. Our model included distance to forest edge, group size, distance to road, social class, and impediments to detecting and escaping wolves. In Saint Mary, none of the variables were significant. In Waterton, vigilance decreased as elk group size increased (p < 0.00001) and increased as impediments increased (p = 0.0005). In the North Fork, vigilance increased as group size increased (p = 0.03), bulls were more vigilant (p = 0.02), and the interaction between group size and impediments was significant (p = 0.03). Where a high wolf population existed, elk did not exhibit uniform or expected response to predation risk factors. High wolf presence may necessitate adaptive elk behaviour that differs from response to moderate wolf presence.

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Dobryvoda, Ivan. "New records of rare and non-abundant mammal species in Medobory Nature Reserve and its vicinities." Novitates Theriologicae, no. 11 (August 28, 2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/nt1108.

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The report presents data on 9 rare mammal species that have been recorded in Medobory Nature Reserve and its vicinities for the last seven years. Seven species are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine: the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.), the northern birch mouse (Siсista betulina Pall.), white-toothed (Crocidura leucodon Hermann), the wild cat (Felis silvestris Schr.), the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra L.), the grey long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus Fischer), and the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus L.). The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus L.) are not included into the Red Book of Ukraine, although they are rare species in the reserve. The northern birch mouse was last recorded in 1994, whereas the wild cat had not been sighted until 2019.

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Tomiya, Susumu, and Julie A. Meachen. "Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves." Biology Letters 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 20170613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0613.

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Recent advances in genomics and palaeontology have begun to unravel the complex evolutionary history of the gray wolf, Canis lupus . Still, much of their phenotypic variation across time and space remains to be documented. We examined the limb morphology of the fossil and modern North American gray wolves from the late Quaternary (< ca 70 ka) to better understand their postcranial diversity through time. We found that the late-Pleistocene gray wolves were characterized by short-leggedness on both sides of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice sheets, and that this trait survived well into the Holocene despite the collapse of Pleistocene megafauna and disappearance of the ‘Beringian wolf' from Alaska. By contrast, extant populations in the Midwestern USA and northwestern North America are distinguished by their elongate limbs with long distal segments, which appear to have evolved during the Holocene possibly in response to a new level or type of prey depletion. One of the consequences of recent extirpation of the Plains ( Canis lupus nubilus ) and Mexican wolves ( C. l. baileyi ) from much of the USA is an unprecedented loss of postcranial diversity through removal of short-legged forms. Conservation of these wolves is thus critical to restoration of the ecophenotypic diversity and evolutionary potential of gray wolves in North America.

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Glen, A. S. "Hybridisation between dingoes and domestic dogs: a comment on Jones (2009)." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 1 (2010): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09031.

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The recent review by Jones (2009) presents a strong argument that Victoria’s wild dog population cannot reliably be categorised into dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), feral dogs (C. l. familiaris) and hybrids. This presents a problem in the light of the dingo’s recent listing as a threatened species in that state. Wildlife managers must come to grips with questions regarding the relative conservation value of ‘dingoes’ with varying degrees of domestic dog ancestry. This will require improved knowledge of the ecological function of wild dogs, as well as extensive research into public attitudes towards the animals.

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Garcia-Lozano, Carla, Diego Varga, Josep Pintó, and Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar. "Landscape Connectivity and Suitable Habitat Analysis for Wolves (Canis lupus L.) in the Eastern Pyrenees." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145762.

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Over the last few decades, much of the mountain area in European countries has turned into potential habitat for species of medium- and large-sized mammals. Some of the occurrences that explain this trend are biodiversity protection, the creation of natural protected areas, and the abandonment of traditional agricultural activities. In recent years, wolves have once again been seen in forests in the eastern sector of the Pyrenees and the Pre-Pyrenees. The success or failure of their permanent settlement will depend on several factors, including conservation measures for the species, habitat availability, and the state of landscape connectivity. The aim of this study is to analyze the state of landscape connectivity for fragments of potential wolf habitat in Catalonia, Andorra, and on the French side of the Eastern Pyrenees. The results show that a third of the area studied constitutes potential wolf habitat and almost 90% of these spaces are of sufficient size to host stable packs. The set of potential wolf habitat fragments was also assessed using the probability of connectivity index (dPC), which analyses landscape connectivity based on graph structures. According to the graph theory, the results confirm that all the nodes or habitat fragments are directly or indirectly interconnected, thus forming a single component. Given the large availability of suitable habitat and the current state of landscape connectivity for the species, the dispersal of the wolf would be favorable if stable packs are formed. A new established population in the Pyrenees could lead to more genetic exchange between the Iberian wolf population and the rest of Europe’s wolf populations.

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Yarish, Vitaliy L., and Nadezhda V. Antonets. "ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRUBUTION OF A WOLF (CANIS LUPUS L., 1758) IN THE CRIMEA." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 4 (January 4, 2019): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-4-139-146.

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Genov, P. "Der Wolf (Canis lupus L.) in Bulgarien — seine Verbreitung, Bestandszahl und Stellung in der Natur." Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 35, no. 1 (March 1989): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02244350.

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González-Barros, S. T. Carril, M. E. Alvarez-Piñeiro, and J. Simal-Lozano. "Levels of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Viscera of Wolves ( Canis lupus, L) in Galicia (N.W. Spain)." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900513.

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Кочетков, В. В. "НОВЫЙ АСПЕКТ В ПОНИМАНИИ БИОЦЕНОТИЧЕСКОЙ РОЛИ ДОМАШНИХ КОПЫТНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ В ЖИЗНИ ВОЛКА (CANIS LUPUS L.), "Экология"." Экология, no. 2 (2018): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0367059718020075.

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Šnjegota, Dragana, Milomir Stefanović, Nevena Veličković, Duško Ćirović, and Mihajla Djan. "Genetic characterization of grey wolves (Canis lupus L. 1758) from Bosnia and Herzegovina: implications for conservation." Conservation Genetics 19, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-1042-7.

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Gatta, Maurizio, Mario F. Rolfo, Carmelo Petronio, Leonardo Salari, and Letizia Silvestri. "Late Pleistocene skeleton of Canis lupus l., 1758 from Grotta Mora Cavorso (Jenne, Latium, central Italy)." Comptes Rendus Palevol 15, no. 8 (November 2016): 941–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2016.04.011.

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McPhee, Heather M., Nathan F. Webb, and Evelyn H. Merrill. "Hierarchical predation: wolf (Canis lupus) selection along hunt paths and at kill sites." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 5 (May 2012): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-021.

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Predation is a hierarchical process whereby a predator is constrained to killing prey within the area they select while hunting. We demonstrate the hierarchical nature of predation using movement data from six GPS-collared wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada, by coupling the kill locations of their ungulate prey with their preceding hunt path. Selection of where to hunt constrained the characteristics influencing where wolves killed within hunt paths. Specifically, wolves selected to hunt where prey densities were higher than the mean density for their territories, but prey densities were not related to kill site locations within the selected hunt path. Wolves selected to hunt in open valleys and near habitat edges, where prey may be most predictable, detectable, or vulnerable, which may have been reinforced by a higher likelihood of killing within these characteristics along hunt paths. In contrast, wolves selected to hunt relatively farther from frozen water bodies and closer to well sites than kill site locations, indicating different processes were occurring during the hunting and killing phases. Treating predation as a hierarchical sequence will ensure the role of prey and landscape characteristics on the processes of predation are not over- or under-emphasized by decoupling kill sites from hunt paths, which will lead to a better mechanistic understanding of predation in heterogeneous environments.

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Vilela, Ana Luiza Oliveira, and Valdir Lamim-Guedes. "CÃES DOMÉSTICOS EM UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO: IMPACTOS E CONTROLE." Holos Environment 14, no. 2 (October 17, 2014): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/holos.v14i2.8192.

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Cães domésticos (Canis lupus familiaris L., Canidae) têm atuado como espécie exótica perturbando e modificando ecossistemas nativos de diferentes maneiras. Esses animais, estando em ambiente natural, retornam ao estado selvagem passando a ser chamados ferais. A presença destes cães é uma situação grave levando-se em conta a possibilidade de declínio das populações de diversos animais nativos, incluindo a redução das populações de presas para os carnívoros silvestres, e por serem uma via de entrada de muitas doenças contagiosas para os animais nativos. Neste texto será tratado dos impactos de cães ferais em Unidades de Conservação, conflitos socioambientais e formas de controle das populações destes animais.

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Kornyushin, V. V., O. M. Malega, E. I. Varodi, E. M. Korol, T. A. Kuzmina, O. Sokolova, and Yu I. Kuzmin. "Review of the Helminths of Carnivora (Mammalia) in Ukraine: Composition and Structure of Helminth Fauna." Zoodiversity 56, no. 6 (2022): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2022.06.495.

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In the present review, we summarised the information on helminths of 14 species of wild carnivorans (a total of 260 individuals examined) from Ukraine based on an investigation of collection materials. Additionally, helminths of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris L. (n = 73) and domestic cat, Felis catus L. (n = 11) were reviewed. Helminth species and main helminth taxa (Cestoda, Trematoda, and Nematoda) were classified according to their occurrence (prevalence of infection). Helminth fauna composition and structure in host families Canidae, Felidae, and Mustelidae and in separate host species were analysed. Sixty helminth species were found in wild carnivorans in Ukraine, including 18 species of cestodes, 11 species of trematodes, and 31 species of nematodes. In wild Canidae, 45 helminth species were recorded. Nematodes were a predominating group of helminths in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L., cestodes predominated in the wolf, Canis lupus L., and trematodes occurred more often in the raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray. Mustelidae (40 specimens of 8 species) harboured 25 helminth species; nematodes predominated by their occurrence and number of species. In the American mink, Neovizon vison Brisson, however, trematodes appeared to be the predominating group of helminths. The wolf, the red fox, and the domestic dog showed maximum similarity in the helminth fauna composition. A rather high similarity was observed between the helminth faunae of the raccoon dog and the American mink (IS = 0.42), both hosts being introduced species in the fauna of Ukraine.

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Fox-Dobbs, K., J. K. Bump, R. O. Peterson, D. L. Fox, and P. L. Koch. "Carnivore-specific stable isotope variables and variation in the foraging ecology of modern and ancient wolf populations: case studies from Isle Royale, Minnesota, and La Brea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, no. 4 (April 2007): 458–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-018.

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We use carbon and nitrogen isotope data collected from two North American gray wolf ( Canis lupus L., 1758) populations (Isle Royale and northern Minnesota) to both calculate carnivore-specific isotopic variables and investigate wolf foraging ecology. The isotopic enrichments of 13C and 15N that occur between mammalian carnivores and their prey have not been well defined in modern populations. We use bone collagen from the Isle Royale National Park wolf, moose ( Alces alces (L., 1758)), and beaver ( Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820) populations to determine trophic enrichment factors of 1.3‰ ± 0.6‰ for δ13C and 4.6‰ ± 0.7‰ for δ15N. We apply these carnivore-specific fractionation factors to a case study from the fossil record, and reconstruct the diets of late-Pleistocene dire wolves ( Canis dirus (Leidy, 1858)) from the La Brea tar pits. We use the Minnesota wolf tissue (collagen, hair, muscle) isotopic data to estimate carnivore population subsample sizes needed to replicate the mean values of the whole population within one standard deviation. Finally, we compare the Isle Royale and Minnesota collagen and hair isotopic data to published δ13C and δ15N values for North American gray wolf populations. We find that interpopulation differences in isotope variances provide insight into wolf foraging ecology.

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Webb, N. F., J. R. Allen, and E. H. Merrill. "Demography of a harvested population of wolves (Canis lupus) in west-central Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 8 (August 2011): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-043.

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Wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) are subject to liberal public harvests throughout most of their range in North America, yet detailed information on populations where sport harvest is the primary source of mortality are limited. We studied a harvested wolf population in west-central Alberta from 2003 to 2008. Demographic data were collected from visits to den sites, 84 collared wolves from 19 packs, and a harvest monitoring program that augmented mandatory reporting for registered traplines. Annual harvest rate of wolves was 0.34, with harvest on registered traplines (0.22 ± 0.03) being twice that of hunters (0.12 ± 0.04). Most wolves harvested (71%) were pre-reproductive. Probability of a pack breeding was 0.83 ± 0.01, litter size averaged 5.6 ±1.4, and these rates and stability of home ranges were unaffected by the number of wolves harvested. Natural mortality (0.04 ± 0.03) and dispersal rates (0.25 ± 0.04) were lower than reported for wolf populations in protected areas. Reproductive rates balanced total wolf mortality, indicating harvest was likely sustainable. We suggest that a high proportion of juveniles harvested and the spatial structure of the registered trapline system contributed to the sustainability of harvests.

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Raele, Donato Antonio, Antonio Petrella, Pasquale Troiano, and Maria Assunta Cafiero. "Linguatula serrata (Fröhlich, 1789) in Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) from Italy: A Neglected Zoonotic Parasite." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121523.

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Linguatula serrata, Frohlich, 1789, is a cosmopolitan zoonotic worm-like parasite of carnivores and other vertebrates including herbivores and omnivores. The adult form of the parasite typically inhabits the upper respiratory system, nares, and frontal sinuses of dogs, wolves, and cats. Infective eggs may be spread by sneezing, nasal secretions, and stool. The immature stages of the parasite are localized in the visceral organs of intermediated hosts, usually ruminants or rodents, and they are orally transmitted to predators during the ingestion of infested viscera. This paper reports the morphological identification and the molecular characterization of L. serrata specimens collected from a gray wolf in the Apulia region (southern Italy) and it also provides epidemiological information on this rarely reported zoonosis.

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Muñoz-Fuentes, Violeta, Catharina Linde Forsberg, Carles Vilà, and Jane M. Morrell. "Single-layer centrifugation separates spermatozoa from diploid cells in epididymal samples from gray wolves, Canis lupus (L.)." Theriogenology 82, no. 5 (September 2014): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.029.

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Nelson, Abigail A., M. J. Kauffman, A. D. Middleton, M. D. Jimenez, D. E. McWhirter, and K. Gerow. "Native prey distribution and migration mediates wolf (Canis lupus) predation on domestic livestock in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 4 (April 2016): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0094.

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Little research has evaluated how the migration and distribution of native prey influence patterns of livestock depredation by large carnivores. Previous research suggests that the presence of native prey can increase depredation rates by attracting predators (prey tracking hypothesis). Alternatively, the absence of native prey may facilitate predation on livestock (prey scarcity hypothesis). In this study, we evaluated support for these competing hypotheses through analysis of 4 years of cattle (Bos taurus L., 1758) depredation data (n = 39 kills), 2 years of summer and fall wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758) predation and tracking data (n = 4 wolves), and 3 years of elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) movement data (n = 70 elk). We used logistic regression to compare the relative influence of landscape features and elk distribution on the risk of livestock depredation in areas with migratory and resident elk. Cattle depredations occurred in habitats with increased encounter rates between wolves and livestock. In resident elk areas, depredation sites were associated with elk distribution and open roads. In migratory elk areas, depredation sites were associated with wolf dens, streams, and open habitat. Patterns of carnivore–livestock conflicts are complex, and using ungulate distribution data can predict and minimize such instances.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Canis lupus L'

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