Journal articles: 'Canine Training'

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Grebenkemper, John, Adela Morris, Brian F. Byrd, and Laurel Engbring. "Applying Canine Detection in Support of Collaborative Archaeology." Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2021.12.

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AbstractThis article explores the use of specially trained canines to detect the location of human burials in nonmodern archaeological contexts. It discusses the history of the discipline, training and field methods, the importance of developing a working relationship with descendant communities, project examples, an assessment of canine detection effectiveness, and ways to select a canine detection team. The article highlights how the application of canine detection training and protocols to the archaeological record makes it possible to locate potential precontact Native American burial areas without ground disturbance. In some cases, probable burial areas located by canines can be confidentially mapped to ensure avoidance during upcoming construction projects. For a variety of reasons, many Native American communities have been wary of embracing this new method to locate ancestral burials. Today, however, canine detection is widely accepted by many tribal groups in California to locate ancestral burials that might be impacted by construction. Although additional controlled studies and rigorous field laboratory experiments are needed to understand the range of variation in efficacy fully, available results in both North America and Europe demonstrate that specially trained canines can often accurately locate human burials that are more than a thousand years old to within a few meters.

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Haller, Nicolas, Jacob Reiss, Frank Seipel, Robert Weishar, Zachary Alden, Tracy Jane Puccinelli, and Julie Walker. "Development of a Synthetic Training Model for Canine Thoracocentesis." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 48, no. 2 (March 2020): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192920924408.

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Thoracocentesis, a procedure in which air or fluid is removed from the pleural space, is used to relieve respiratory distress, and as a diagnostic procedure in human and veterinary medicine. Veterinary students commonly learn and practice the procedure on canine cadavers which are in limited supply and are not amenable to long-term storage and use. Practicing thoracocentesis on a cadaveric model also provides limited feedback indicative of success and/or procedural complications. One commercial model for practicing canine thoracocentesis is available, but it costs over US$2000 and is excessively bulky. In order to improve the learning process for veterinary students, we have developed a reusable synthetic canine thorax model that accurately replicates the thoracocentesis procedure, provides immediate feedback to the students and reduces the need for canine cadavers. The low cost of our product provides an efficient alternative to cadavers for instruction in veterinary schools or hospitals.

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Hong, Sa-Hyeok, and Seok-Chan Eun. "Experimental Forelimb Allotransplantation in Canine Model." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1495710.

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As reconstructive transplantation is gaining popularity as a viable alternative for upper limb amputees, it is becoming increasingly important for plastic surgeons to renew surgical skills and knowledge of this area. Forelimb allotransplantation research has been performed previously in rodent and swine models. However, preclinical canine forelimb allotransplantation studies are lacking in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the surgical skills necessary to successfully perform forelimb transplantation in canines as a means to prepare for clinical application. A total of 18 transplantation operations on canines were performed. The recipient limb was shortened at the one-third proximal forearm level. The operation was performed in the following order: bones (two reconstructive plates), muscles and tendons (separately sutured), nerves (median, ulnar, and radial nerve), arteries (two), and veins (two). The total mean time of transplantation was 5 hours ± 30 minutes. All of the animals that received transplantation were treated with FK-506 (tacrolimus, 2 mg/kg) for 7 days after surgery. Most allografts survived with perfect viability without vascular problems during the early postoperative period. The canine forelimb allotransplantation model is well qualified to be a suitable training model for standard transplantation and future research work.

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Zong, Pu, Srinath Setty, Wei Sun, Rodolfo Martinez, Johnathan D. Tune, Igor V. Ehrenburg, Elena N. Tkatchouk, Robert T. Mallet, and H. Fred Downey. "Intermittent Hypoxic Training Protects Canine Myocardium from Infarction." Experimental Biology and Medicine 229, no. 8 (September 2004): 806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020422900813.

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Tipple, Christopher A., Patricia T. Caldwell, Brian M. Kile, Douglas J. Beussman, Blake Rushing, Natalie J. Mitchell, Christian J. Whitchurch, Martin Grime, Rex Stockham, and Brian A. Eckenrode. "Comprehensive characterization of commercially available canine training aids." Forensic Science International 242 (September 2014): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.033.

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da Silva, Dayane Aparecida Francisco, Aline Angela Fernandes, Ana Evellyn Ventrone, Ariane Dias, Ana Maria Siqueira Silveira, Cecilia Laposy Santarém, Gabrielle Gomes dos Santos Ribeiro, and Rosa Maria Barilli Nogueira. "The influence of low-fidelity simulator training on canine peripheral venous puncture procedure." Veterinary World 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.410-418.

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Background and Aim: Blood collection from dogs is the most commonly performed procedure in the medical clinic. However, different factors can interfere with the quality of the material collected, potentially causing complications for patients. Simulated skill training is a teaching strategy designed to provide early training to students, develop their skills and self-confidence, and increase the procedure's success while reducing complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate skill training using a low-fidelity simulator in the peripheral venipuncture procedure and examine the training's influence on the in vivo procedure. Materials and Methods: To assess skill training, this study used a low-fidelity simulator in the peripheral venipuncture procedure and examines the training's effect on the in vivo procedure. In total, 100 dogs, 65 undergraduate students, 3 veterinarians, and 4 previously trained evaluators participated. The canine in vivo venipuncture procedure was evaluated both before and after the simulated skill training and the low-fidelity simulator training. Data were collected on participants' self-confidence levels. Results: Local complications occurred during in vivo practice; however, after training, they decreased. Gloves were more frequently used during the procedure, resulting in a reduction of both harvest attempts and complications, as well as increased levels of self-confidence in post-training participants. The simulator developed had low fidelity, low cost, and was easy to create. Conclusion: Skill training in peripheral venipuncture using a low-fidelity simulator positively influences student learning, increases their self-confidence during in vivo harvesting, and reduces the complications of the procedure, improving patient well-being.

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M, Albertini. "Canine Scent Detection of Lung Cancer: Preliminary Results." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 1, no. 4 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000118.

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Several researches have evidenced that cancer cells can produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are released not only in breath but also in other organic fluids, such as blood and urine. This study has evaluated the olfactory capability of trained dogs to detect human lung cancer VOCs in urine. We recruited 150 subjects from European Institute of Oncology (IEO) divided into three groups: 57 patients with lung cancer (group 1); 38 patients with lung disease, other than cancer (group 2); 55 healthy co ntrol subjects (group 3).The results are referred to the last 45 days of training, and evidenced that dogs reached a mean success rate that exceeded 80%, with a sensitivity of 0,72 and a specificity of 0,94 for two out of three dogs enrolled. The important novelty is that dogs can discriminate lung cancer not only from healthy subjects, but also from patients with other lung diseases. The results obtained so far are encouraging and lead us to persevere with the training session in order to improve the succe ss rate, reaching values as close as possible to 100%. If so, we believe that, in the future, dogs may be used to perform early diagnostic tests, useful in improving the chances of survival in cases of human lung cancer.

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Clark, Jonathan H., Dan Garrette, Iulia Turc, and John Wieting. "Canine: Pre-training an Efficient Tokenization-Free Encoder for Language Representation." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (2022): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00448.

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Abstract Pipelined NLP systems have largely been superseded by end-to-end neural modeling, yet nearly all commonly used models still require an explicit tokenization step. While recent tokenization approaches based on data-derived subword lexicons are less brittle than manually engineered tokenizers, these techniques are not equally suited to all languages, and the use of any fixed vocabulary may limit a model’s ability to adapt. In this paper, we present Canine, a neural encoder that operates directly on character sequences—without explicit tokenization or vocabulary—and a pre-training strategy that operates either directly on characters or optionally uses subwords as a soft inductive bias. To use its finer-grained input effectively and efficiently, Canine combines downsampling, which reduces the input sequence length, with a deep transformer stack, which encodes context. Canine outperforms a comparable mBert model by 5.7 F1 on TyDi QA, a challenging multilingual benchmark, despite having fewer model parameters.

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Binfet, John-Tyler, and Kathryn Struik. "Dogs on Campus." Society & Animals 28, no. 5-6 (February 26, 2018): 489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341495.

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Abstract Once used mostly in clinical settings such as hospitals and geriatric care centers, canine animal-assisted therapy programs have become increasingly commonplace on university campuses to reduce stress and support students’ social and emotional well-being. Researchers responding to the call for increased empirical rigor in studies assessing the effects of animal-assisted therapy and practitioners seeking to initiate well-being programs on campus can face challenges in accessing therapy dogs and their volunteer handlers. This article outlines how therapy canines and their handlers may be holistically assessed for participation in university-based initiatives and presents a model that includes the prescreening of volunteer handlers, training sessions for handlers, the use of multiple raters to assess canine temperament and behavior, the use of mock sessions, and the use of ongoing formative evaluation and feedback for handlers once they are accepted into the program.

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Ramo, P., R. Kettunen, and L. Hirvonen. "Hemodynamic effects of endurance training on canine left ventricle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 252, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): H7—H13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.1.h7.

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To investigate the effects of endurance training on myocardial performance seven beagle dogs (exercise group, EG) were trained by treadmill running for 6–7 wk. Before and after experimental period the EG and control group (CG, n = 7) underwent a standard submaximal exercise test (SMT), and hemodynamic status was checked during anesthesia by catheterization technique exposing the animals to different loadings: pacing, volume loading, and isoproterenol infusion. The increase of heart rate during SMT was about 30 beats/min less in the EG than in the CG. A highly linear relationship between stroke work and end-diastolic volume was observed within the groups (for EG r = 0.953, for CG r = 0.846), but the slope of the regression line obtained for EG appeared to be significantly (P less than 0.001) greater. In EG isoproterenol induced increases in end-diastolic (27%), end-systolic (37%), and stroke volumes (19%), but, on the contrary, decreases of these volumes in CG (19, 15, and 22%, respectively); ejection fraction remained unchanged for both EG and CG. Ventricular stroke work was significantly greater in EG. Systemic vascular resistance decreased in EG in every loading test. The results indicate an improved pump performance, which is related not only to the heterometric autoregulatory adjustments, but also to extracardial adaptations.

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Todaka, Koji, Jie Wang, Geng-Hua Yi, Mathias Knecht, Richard Stennett, and Daniel Burkhoff. "Is exercise training beneficial to the failing canine heart?" Journal of the American College of Cardiology 27, no. 2 (February 1996): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(96)80670-x.

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Wlodarczyk, Justyna. "Post-Communist Canine: A Feminist Approach to Women and Dogs in Canine Performance Sports in Poland." Society & Animals 24, no. 2 (March 17, 2016): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341398.

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The article attempts to present the complexity of relationships between women, capitalism, democracy, and competitive dog training in post-communist Poland. The article documents the correlation between increased involvement of women in competitive canine sports in Poland after 1989, changes in the methods of dog training, and the transformation in politics from totalitarianism to democracy. The correlation suggests that in the early years of democracy in Poland women were more open to shaping their bonds with companion animals and to taking into account the ethical dimension of these relationships. Secondly, the article attempts to argue that the primary motivation for women who participate in dog sports is the desire to create a relationship in which the non-human other shares their desires, primarily the desire for interaction.

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Houpt, K. A. "Genetics of Canine Behavior." Acta Veterinaria Brno 76, no. 3 (2007): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200776030431.

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Canine behavioral genetics is a rapidly moving area of research. In this review, breed differences in behavior are emphasized. Dog professionals' opinions of the various breeds on many behavior traits reveal factors such as reactivity, aggression, ease of training and immaturity. Heritability of various behaviors - hunting ability, playfulness, and aggression to people and other dogs - has been calculated. The neurotransmitters believed to be involved in aggression are discussed. The gene for aggression remains elusive, but identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with breed-specific behavior traits are leading us in the right direction. The unique syndrome of aggression found in English Springer Spaniels may be a model for detecting the gene involved.

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Jeunieau, L., B. Simoens, and M. H. Lefebvre. "TATP: Preparation, characterisation and first tests of canine training aids." Forensic Chemistry 28 (May 2022): 100409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2022.100409.

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Edwards, Timothy L. "Automated Canine Scent-Detection Apparatus: Technical Description and Training Outcomes." Chemical Senses 44, no. 7 (June 12, 2019): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz039.

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Abstract To date, laboratory scent-detection work with dogs has been a manual process whereby some or all aspects of the procedures are mediated by researchers. Automation of this process would eliminate issues associated with cuing, subjectivity in data collection, and reinforcement delivery. Herein, I describe an automated apparatus that can accommodate almost any type of sample that can be brought into the laboratory. The apparatus consists of a 17-segment carousel that rotates behind a panel. Dogs can access a single sample at a time through a port in the panel. Infrared beams are used to detect sample observations and indications, and a dog-activated switch is used to advance the carousel to the next sample. Correct indications are reinforced with an automated feeder. After screening 12 dogs, 5 dogs were selected and trained to use the apparatus to classify samples containing amyl acetate. All dogs achieved hit rates and correct rejection rates at or near 100% in fewer than 25 half-days of training (mean: 19.6, range: 12–24). These data suggest that the apparatus can be used to obtain accurate sample classification without excessive training requirements. Future improvements to the apparatus and training protocols may reduce the training requirements further.

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Christopherson, Wayne A., Herbert J. Buchsbaum, Richard Voet, and Samuel Lifshitz. "The canine laboratory in the training of the oncology fellow." Gynecologic Oncology 23, no. 1 (January 1986): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(86)90111-3.

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Hart, Lynette A., R. Lee Zasloff, Sandy Bryson, and Sara L. Christensen. "The Role of Police Dogs as Companions and Working Partners." Psychological Reports 86, no. 1 (February 2000): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.190.

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Written responses to a questionnaire by 255 officers who used canines in police work were assessed. Almost all officers frequently played with, talked to, petted, and brushed their dogs and believed the dogs benefitted their health and well-being. Officers whose dogs slept indoors, often in the same bedroom, generally said they loved their dogs and they described their dogs as calm rather than active, as indicated by a multiple correspondence analysis. These 96 officers more than the 154 officers whose dogs slept outdoors or in kennels also planned to remain in canine work. Although departments often assumed responsibility for purchasing the dogs, the more experienced officers usually were involved in the final selection of dogs (logistic regression: p <. 0001). Compared with 94 officers not involved in selecting their dogs, 106 officers with a specific role in selecting their dogs planned to stay in canine work, as shown by a multiple correspondence analysis. They believed the dogs had saved their lives ( p <. 01). Over-all, officers reported spending 4.1 hr. on-duty and 2.9 hr. off-duty per week training their dogs, and also played with them for 6.5 hr. per week, assuring a regular pattern of exercise for the officers. Virtually all officers valued canine service and believed the dogs enhanced the department's effectiveness. This study showed that both close companionship with the dog and involvement in selecting the dog were associated both with satisfaction with the dog and with working as a canine officer.

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Muslim, Hibatul, and Julia Naoumova. "Palatally displaced and impacted canines – What is taught during postgraduate orthodontics training in Europe?" APOS Trends in Orthodontics 11 (April 10, 2021): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/apos_109_2020.

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Objectives: One of the most challenging orthodontic treatments is displaced and impacted canines palatally displaced canines (PDC/PIC). The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess what postgraduate students are taught about PDC and PIC during their postgraduate orthodontic training (POT) in Europe. Materials and Methods: A digital survey containing 22 questions was sent to 164 POT programs in 28 European countries. Questions were asked about which interceptive and surgical treatments are taught, the advantages of different surgical procedures, and what dressing materials and X-rays are used for PIC therapy planning. Reminders were sent 4 times. Results: About 43% (71 POT programs) responded. Extraction of deciduous canines (76%) was the most favored interceptive treatment. A closed technique with a gingival margin flap and a gold plated chain was the most commonly taught surgical technique (69%), even though both open and closed exposure of PICs were performed in 54 postgraduate programs. Coe-Pak™ with sutures was one of the preferred dressing materials in open exposure. Active treatment was started before the canine erupted, that is, spontaneous eruption of the tooth following open exposure was not awaited by 1/3 of the respondents and 1/3 left the question unanswered. Closed exposure was more often preferred than open exposure for post-surgical, periodontal, and esthetic reasons. The most common radiographs before surgery were panoramic and intraoral radiographs. Cone-beam computed tomography was taken by half of the respondents when resorption of adjacent teeth was suspected. Conclusion: Extraction of deciduous canines as an interceptive approach to PDC and closed exposure of PIC were taught in most of the POT programs.

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Matviichuk, V. P. "TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF EFFECTIVE USE OF CANINE TEAMS." Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2022, no. 1 (September 2, 2022): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2022.01.078.

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The conditions for the effective use of Junior Canine Inspectors with service dogs of remand centers and penal institutions of the State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine while performing their assigned tasks are clarified in the article. The essence and content of the proposed principles of using dog commands are revealed. The basic principles of application of canine commands while performing their tasks on purpose are offered the following: – the use of service dogs, taking into account their physiological characteristics and physical capabilities; – high efficiency of dog training; – activity and timeliness of actions of canine teams during the performance of purpose tasks; – the use of dog commands in combination with technical means; – continuous improvement of training methods and tactics of cynologists’ actions with service dogs. The responsibilities of the junior canine inspector to create favorable conditions for the effective use of service dogs is clarified. Namely, they are obliged to: – to improve their knowledge, study according to an individual program and systematically train a service dog assigned to them constantly; – to be able to use a service dog in accordance with the requirements of the law; – to show determination, agility and physical endurance while performing official tasks; – to keep a diary of education (training) of a service dog; – to qualitatively fulfill the requirements for storage, keeping and feeding of service dogs; – to clean and protect the fixed dog from diseases and various injuries; – to know the most common diseases and signs of dogs, as well as ways to provide them with the first aid; – to clean the premises for a service dog, keep in proper condition and constant readiness of equipment and care items; – to report to the Senior Canine Inspector of the remand center (penal institution) about the dog's disease immediately; – to follow the rules of personal hygiene when working with a service dog. The factors that ensure the smooth operation of canine teams are proposed and the factors that affect the performance of a service dog are specified, taking into account the specifics of service activities of remand prisons and penal institutions, among which the following should be noted: – general condition of the body of a service dog; – degree of preparedness (training) of a service dog; – dog trainer’s knowledge, skills, abilities and experience to manage the behavior of a service dog during its use in specific circumstances; – odorous situation in the area (place) of a service dog use; – peculiarities of the odor trail (antiquity, wind, precipitation, atmospheric pressure); – time of the year, time of the day; – terrain (relief, vegetation, etc.); – distracting environmental stimuli. Key words: Junior Canine Inspectors, service dogs, effective use, principles, factors.

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Menard, Maud, Alexis Lecoindre, Jean-Luc Cadoré, Michèle Chevallier, Aurélie Pagnon, Juan Hernandez, Rodolpho Oliveira Leal, et al. "Use of serum biomarkers in staging of canine hepatic fibrosis." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 5 (July 26, 2019): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719866881.

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Accurate staging of hepatic fibrosis (HF) is important for treatment and prognosis of canine chronic hepatitis. HF scores are used in human medicine to indirectly stage and monitor HF, decreasing the need for liver biopsy. We developed a canine HF score to screen for moderate or greater HF. We included 96 dogs in our study, including 5 healthy dogs. A liver biopsy for histologic examination and a biochemistry profile were performed on all dogs. The dogs were randomly split into a training set of 58 dogs and a validation set of 38 dogs. A HF score that included alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, potassium, and gamma-glutamyl transferase was developed in the training set. Model performance was confirmed using the internal validation set, and was similar to the performance in the training set. The overall sensitivity and specificity for the study group were 80% and 70% respectively, with an area under the curve of 0.80 (0.71–0.90). This HF score could be used for indirect diagnosis of canine HF when biochemistry panels are performed on the Konelab 30i (Thermo Scientific), using reagents as in our study. External validation is required to determine if the score is sufficiently robust to utilize biochemical results measured in other laboratories with different instruments and methodologies.

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Hunt, Julie A., Matthew Heydenburg, Stacy L. Anderson, and R. Randall Thompson. "Does virtual reality training improve veterinary students’ first canine surgical performance?" Veterinary Record 186, no. 17 (March 18, 2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105749.

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BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) applications are effective tools in many educational disciplines. A minimally interactive VR application allowing stereoscopic viewing of surgical videos has been developed to aid veterinary students learning to perform surgery. We sought to describe how students used the VR application while preparing to perform their first canine sterilisation surgery and compare surgical performance of students who prepared using traditional methods with students who also used VR.MethodsThird-year veterinary students (n=44) were randomised into control and VR groups in a parallel superiority randomised controlled trial. All were given lectures, videos and skills practice on models. VR group students were also given a VR application and headset to view stereoscopic surgical videos. Blinded raters scored a subset of students (n=19) as they performed their first canine ovariohysterectomy.Results and conclusionsGroups spent similar time preparing to perform surgery, potentially because of the rigour of students’ non-surgical course load. When VR training was added to an already comprehensive surgical skills curriculum, students watched VR videos for a median of 90 min. Groups did not differ in surgical performance scores or time. A larger study of the VR application with prescribed use guidelines would be a helpful subsequent study.

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Sokolenko, L. V., T. M. Sokolenko, Yu L. Yagupolskii, V. I. Kalchenko, Yu V. Veresenko, O. V. Nenia, Yu D. Kuchynskyi, et al. "Narcotic Drug Smell Mimics for Dog Training at Cynological Departments: Composition, Principle of Action, and Legal Frame work of their Use." Science and innovation 16, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.05.071.

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Introduction. Involvement of cynological departments to narcotics identification is widely used due to high sensitivity of canine olfaction. Problem Statement. Currently, cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine can use the samples of original narcotics in detector dogs learning and training for the purpose of developing or maintaining of the corresponding skill. However, narcotics are the substances under control; therefore, special normative procedures for their obtaining, usage, storage, and utilization exist. This order greatly complicates dogs training. The use of original narcotics is reasonable in special cynological schools during basic learning of detector dogs. Further training in departments is oriented to maintain skills and, as a rule, is carried out using pseudo narcotic scents, which does not contain original narcotics and does not possess narcotic activity. Majority of such pseudo narcotic scents is of foreign production and are expensive. This fact does not allow to provide with training aids all the cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine. Moreover, these pseudo narcotic scents are of limited range. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop domestic pseudo narcotic scents with extended range, which would not possess narcotic activity, but have similar odor properties like original narcotics and are cheaper in comparison to foreign counterparts. Materials and Methods. Pseudo narcotic scents of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were developed. These training aids consist of inert carrying agent and volatile organic impurities from narcotics. These training aids were tested with involvement of 12 detector dogs of the cynological departments of the National Policy of Ukraine and State border service of Ukraine. Results. Pseudo narcotic canine training aids for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were created and tested with detector dogs. It was shown that odorological profile of pseudo scents agreed with original narcotics. Conclusions. Pseudo narcotic scents which are perspective for introduction into production and further usage as canine training aids in cynological departments have been established.

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Lotspeich, Erica, Kelley Kitts, and John Goodpaster. "Headspace concentrations of explosive vapors in containers designed for canine testing and training: Theory, experiment, and canine trials." Forensic Science International 220, no. 1-3 (July 2012): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.009.

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Barron, B. A., J. L. Caffrey, and PA Gwirtz. "ENDURANCE EXERCISE TRAINING CHANGES CANINE CARDIAC OPIOID PEPTIDE AND CATECHOLAMINE CONTENT." Analgesia 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/107156995819563401.

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Simon, Alison G. "Analysis of non-hazardous canine training aids for triacetone triperoxide (TATP)." Forensic Chemistry 30 (September 2022): 100440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2022.100440.

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Stuewe, S., P. A. Gwirtz, and R. T. Mallet. "EXERCISE TRAINING ENHANCES GLYCOLYTIC AND OXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN CANINE MYOCARDIUM 362." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-00362.

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Stuewe, S. R., P. A. Gwirtz, and R. T. Mallet. "AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING AUGMENTS CREATINE KINASE CATALYTIC CAPACITY IN CANINE MYOCARDIUM." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-01516.

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TATE, CHARLOTTE, MARY HAMRA, GENSHUN SHIN, GEORGE TAFFET, PERLEY McBRIDE, and MARK ENTMAN. "Canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum is not altered with endurance exercise training." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, no. 11 (November 1993): 1246???1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199311000-00007.

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Puustjärvi, K., M. Lammi, I. Kiviranta, H. J. Helminen, and M. Tammi. "Proteoglycan synthesis in canine intervertebral discs after long-distance running training." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 11, no. 5 (September 1993): 738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100110516.

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Stuewe, Steven R., Patricia A. Gwirtz, Neeraj Agarwal, and Robert T. Mallet. "Exercise Training Enhances Glycolytic and Oxidative Enzymes in Canine Ventricular Myocardium." Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 32, no. 6 (June 2000): 903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.2000.1131.

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Lv, Xianli, Chen Li, and Weijian Jiang. "The intracranial vasculature of canines represents a model for neurovascular ischemia and training residents and fellows in endovascular neurosurgery." Neuroradiology Journal 33, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400920920787.

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Background We describe use of a canine model to evaluate physiological effects and neuroprotective strategies in the setting of cerebral ischemia and endovascular neurosurgery training. Methods We performed transfemoral digital subtraction cerebral and cervical angiography on eight anesthetized dogs. Angiographic images of cerebral arteries were obtained following cannulation of the femoral artery. Cerebral ischemia models were made after angiography. Results The canine cerebral vasculature exhibited extensive tortuosity of the carotid and vertebral arteries. Conversely, the bilateral anterior spinal arteries were easily catheterized using microcatheters and microguidewires. The basilar artery and its branches were facilely cannulable. Circle of Willis continuity sans hypoplasia or aplasia of its constitutive segments was appreciated in all animals. The middle cerebral arteries could be easily accessed via the posterior communicating arteries. We generated an empirically evaluable therapeutically interventional experimental animal model of cerebral ischemia by occluding the middle cerebral artery using small coils for a duration between 15 and 60 min. Conclusion Unique amenability of the canine intracranial vasculature to selective and microcatheter cannulation renders experimentally induced cerebral, cerebellar, and brainstem via occlusion of the supratentorial and infratentorial arteries a simple matter. The neural vasculature irrigating the canine cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum may consequently prove useful in helping young and nascent endovascular neurosurgeons in developing and refining their skills of microcatheter navigation and manipulation and deployment of therapeutic devices to achieve effective occlusion of aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, arteriovenous fistulas, and neoplasms of the intracranial cavity.

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Harrison, Rachael M., and Paul P. Cook. "804. Use of a Trained Canine to Detect Clostridioides difficile in the Hospital Environment." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.994.

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Abstract Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the most common nosocomial infection in this country. The organism forms spores, which likely contribute to spread of infection in the hospital setting. Current guidelines call for special cleaning of rooms following discharge of patients who tested positive for CDI. There are currently no means to validate that cleaning has eradicated all of the spores. Canines (dogs) have been used to detect a variety of odors because of their superior olfactory abilities. A beagle was trained to detect the odor of C. difficile in the hospital setting. Harley the Clostridium difficile sniffing canine. Methods C. difficile was grown at the microbiology department at Vidant Medical Center (VMC). Culture plates containing the organism were used by a professional trainer to train a two-year old female beagle dog. The canine was taught to sit when she identified the odor. The canine was given positive reinforcement with oral treats each time she identified the odor. Once the dog was proficient in identifying the organism, the trainer used clinical stool specimens that tested either positive or negative for C. difficile. Prior to coming into the hospital setting, the canine was able to identify positive stool samples with near 100% accuracy. The dog was brought to search rooms occupied or previously occupied by patients who had CDI. The study was approved by the Animal Use and Care Committee at East Carolina University and took place between October 2019 and March 2020 at VMC. Results The canine detected the presence of C. difficile in 51% of 47 rooms inhabited by patients currently being treated for CDI and in 46% of 28 rooms previously inhabited by patients that tested positive for CDI. In all positive rooms, the organism was detected on the bedrails. She did not detect C. difficile in any positive areas after they had been cleaned with bleach wipes. Rooms found to be positive by canine. Conclusion Training a canine to detect C. difficile is an effective means of detecting the organism in the hospital environment. Use of a trained dog appears to be effective in validating the cleaning process of rooms that have been previously occupied by patients with CDI. Disclosures Paul P. Cook, MD, Contrafect (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator)Gilead (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator)Leonard-Meron (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator)Lilly (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator)

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Tanimoto, Miguel A., Gonzalo Torres-Villalobos, Rikiya Fujita, Patricio Santillan-Doherty, Jorge Albores-Saavedra, Fredy Chable-Montero, Luis A. Martin-del-Campo, et al. "Learning Curve in a Western Training Center of the Circumferential En Bloc Esophageal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in an In Vivo Animal Model." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 2011 (October 3, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/847831.

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Aim. Evaluate the feasibility to overcome the learning curve in a western training center of the en bloc circumferential esophageal (ECE-) ESD in an in vivo animal model. Methods. ECE-ESD was performed on ten canine models under general anesthesia on artificial lesions at the esophagus marked with coagulation points. After the ESD each canine model was euthanized and surgical resection of the esophagus and stomach was carried out according to “the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Russel and Burch.” The specimen was fixed with needles on cork submerged in formalin with the esophagus and stomach then delivered to the pathology department to be analyzed. Results. ECE-ESD was completed without complications in the last 3/10 animal models. Mean duration for the procedures was minutes (range 140–235 minutes). All the procedures were done at the animal lab surgery room with cardio pulmonary monitoring and artificial ventilation by staff surgery members and a staff member of the Gastroenterology department trained during 1999–2001 at the Fujigaoka hospital of the Showa U. in Yokohama, Japan, length (range 15–18 mm) and width (range 40–60 mm). Conclusion. ECE-ESD training is feasible in canine models for postgraduate endoscopy fellows.

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Abako, Justyna, Piotr Holak, Joanna Głodek, and Yauheni Zhalniarovich. "Usefulness of Imaging Techniques in the Diagnosis of Selected Injuries and Lesions of the Canine Tarsus. A Review." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061834.

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Tarsus lesions are not common in dogs, but they can cause serious health problem. They can lead to permanent changes in the joint and, in dogs involved in canine sports, to exclusion from training. The most common diseases and injuries involving the tarsal joint are osteochondrosis, fractures and ruptures of the Achilles tendon. These conditions can be diagnosed primarily through accurate orthopedic examination, but even this may be insufficient for performing a proper diagnosis. Imaging modalities such as radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography can facilitate the detection and assessment of lesions in the canine tarsal joint. This review paper briefly presents some characteristics of the above-mentioned imaging techniques, offering a comparison of their utility in the diagnosis of lesions and injuries involving the canine tarsus.

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Dinwoodie, Ian R., Vivian Zottola, and Nicholas H. Dodman. "An Investigation into the Impact of Pre-Adolescent Training on Canine Behavior." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051298.

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An online survey about puppy training was sent to members of the Center for Canine Behavior Studies and posted on our social media platforms. Six hundred forty-one (641) qualifying owners provided information on 1023 dogs. About half (48%) of the dogs involved in the study attended puppy training and the balance (52%) did not. The goal of the study was to find out whether puppy training at various ages (1–3 months, 4 months, 5–6 months) helped prevent behavior problems later in life (≥1 year). Attending training at 6 months of age or younger resulted in 0.71 the odds of developing aggressive behavior (95% CI: 0.53–0.97; p = 0.030), 0.64 the odds of having a compulsive behavior (95% CI: 0.45–0.92; p = 0.015), 0.60 the odds of exhibiting destructive behavior (95% CI: 0.37–0.96; p = 0.035), 0.68 the odds of excessive barking (95% CI: 0.47–0.99; p = 0.043), and 1.56 the odds of house soiling (95% CI: 1.08–2.27; p = 0.019). Ancillary findings about the entire study population were that dogs acquired at 12 weeks of age or younger were found to have 0.65 the odds of fear/anxiety (95% CI: 0.46–0.92; p = 0.016) and 0.50 the odds of exhibiting destructive behavior (95% CI: 0.31–0.79; p = 0.003). In addition, male dogs were found to have 0.68 the odds of developing aggressive behavior (95% CI: 0.53–0.88; p = 0.003), 0.66 the odds of developing compulsive behavior (95% CI: 0.49–0.88; p = 0.006), 0.37 the odds of mounting/humping (95% CI: 0.26–0.52; p < 0.001), and 1.53 the odds of rolling in repulsive materials (95% CI: 1.18–1.97; p = 0.001). Neutered dogs of either sex were found to have 3.10 the odds of fear/anxiety (95% CI: 2.05–4.72; p < 0.001), 1.97 the odds of escaping/running away (95% CI: 1.12–3.69; p = 0.025), 2.01 the odds of exhibiting coprophagia (95% CI 1.30–3.19; p = 0.002), and 1.72 the odds of rolling in repulsive materials (95% CI: 1.12–2.66; p = 0.014). The odds of problematic jumping deceased by 0.84 for each 1-year increase in age (95% CI: 0.80–0.88; p < 0.001).

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Rutman, S. M., P. T. Wall, R. A. Pawelczyk, L. B. Wilson, and G. A. Ordway. "CANINE HINDLIMB VASCULAR RESPONSES TO VASOACTIVE AGENTS ARE ALTERED BY ENDURANCE TRAINING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00168.

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Williamson, Julie A., Brigitte A. Brisson, Stacy L. Anderson, Robin M. Farrell, and Dawn Spangler. "Comparison of 2 canine celiotomy closure models for training novice veterinary students." Veterinary Surgery 48, no. 6 (May 8, 2019): 966–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13224.

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Mesloh, Charlie. "Barks or Bites? The Impact of Training on Police Canine Force Outcomes." Police Practice and Research 7, no. 4 (September 2006): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614260600919670.

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Usón-Gargallo, Jesús, Angelo E. Tapia-Araya, Idoia Díaz-Güemes Martin-Portugués, and Francisco M. Sánchez-Margallo. "Development and Evaluation of a Canine Laparoscopic Simulator for Veterinary Clinical Training." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 41, no. 3 (September 2014): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0913-136r1.

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Adams, Kristina M., Adrienne M. Navarro, Eric K. Hutchinson, and Jim L. Weed. "A Canine Socialization and Training Program at the National Institutes of Health." Lab Animal 33, no. 1 (January 2004): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0104-32.

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MacCrehan, William, Mimy Young, Michele Schantz, T. Craig Angle, Paul Waggoner, and Terrance Fischer. "Two-temperature preparation method for PDMS-based canine training aids for explosives." Forensic Chemistry 21 (December 2020): 100290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2020.100290.

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Kranz, William D., Nicholas A. Strange, and John V. Goodpaster. "“Fooling fido”—chemical and behavioral studies of pseudo-explosive canine training aids." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406, no. 30 (November 26, 2014): 7817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8240-7.

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Vesga, Omar, Maria Agudelo, Andrés F. Valencia-Jaramillo, Alejandro Mira-Montoya, Felipe Ossa-Ospina, Esteban Ocampo, Karl Čiuoderis, et al. "Highly sensitive scent-detection of COVID-19 patients in vivo by trained dogs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 29, 2021): e0257474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257474.

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Timely and accurate diagnostics are essential to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, but no test satisfies both conditions. Dogs can scent-identify the unique odors of volatile organic compounds generated during infection by interrogating specimens or, ideally, the body of a patient. After training 6 dogs to detect SARS-CoV-2 by scent in human respiratory secretions (in vitro diagnosis), we retrained 5 of them to search and find the infection by scenting the patient directly (in vivo screening). Then, efficacy trials were designed to compare the diagnostic performance of the dogs against that of the rRT-PCR in 848 human subjects: 269 hospitalized patients (COVID-19 prevalence 30.1%), 259 hospital staff (prevalence 2.7%), and 320 government employees (prevalence 1.25%). The limit of detection in vitro was lower than 10−12 copies ssRNA/mL. During in vivo efficacy experiments, our 5 dogs detected 92 COVID-19 positive patients among the 848 study subjects. The alert (lying down) was immediate, with 95.2% accuracy and high sensitivity (95.9%; 95% C.I. 93.6–97.4), specificity (95.1%; 94.4–95.8), positive predictive value (69.7%; 65.9–73.2), and negative predictive value (99.5%; 99.2–99.7) in relation to rRT-PCR. Seventy-five days after finishing in vivo efficacy experiments, a real-life study (in vivo effectiveness) was executed among the riders of the Metro System of Medellin, deploying the human-canine teams without previous training or announcement. Three dogs were used to examine the scent of 550 volunteers who agreed to participate, both in test with canines and in rRT-PCR testing. Negative predictive value remained at 99.0% (95% C.I. 98.3–99.4), but positive predictive value dropped to 28.2% (95% C.I. 21.1–36.7). Canine scent-detection in vivo is a highly accurate screening test for COVID-19, and it detects more than 99% of infected individuals independent of key variables, such as disease prevalence, time post-exposure, or presence of symptoms. Additional training is required to teach the dogs to ignore odoriferous contamination under real-life conditions.

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Ellis, John, Elizabeth Marziani, Chumkee Aziz, Catherine M. Brown, Leah A. Cohn, Christopher Lea, George E. Moore, and Neha Taneja. "2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 58, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-canine-vaccination-guidelines.

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ABSTRACT These guidelines are an update and extension of previous AAHA peer-reviewed canine vaccination guidelines published in 2017. Vaccination is a cornerstone of canine preventive healthcare and one of the most cost-effective ways of maintaining a dog’s health, longevity, and quality of life. Canine vaccination also serves a public health function by forming a barrier against several zoonotic diseases affecting dogs and humans. Canine vaccines are broadly categorized as containing core and noncore immunizing antigens, with administration recommendations based on assessment of individual patient risk factors. The guidelines include a comprehensive table listing canine core and noncore vaccines and a recommended vaccination and revaccination schedule for each vaccine. The guidelines explain the relevance of different vaccine formulations, including those containing modified-live virus, inactivated, and recombinant immunizing agents. Factors that potentially affect vaccine efficacy are addressed, including the patient’s prevaccination immune status and vaccine duration of immunity. Because animal shelters are one of the most challenging environments for prevention and control of infectious diseases, the guidelines also provide recommendations for vaccination of dogs presented at or housed in animal shelters, including the appropriate response to an infectious disease outbreak in the shelter setting. The guidelines explain how practitioners can interpret a patient’s serological status, including maternally derived antibody titers, as indicators of immune status and suitability for vaccination. Other topics covered include factors associated with postvaccination adverse events, vaccine storage and handling to preserve product efficacy, interpreting product labeling to ensure proper vaccine use, and using client education and healthcare team training to raise awareness of the importance of vaccinations.

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Aulet, Lauren S., Veronica C. Chiu, Ashley Prichard, Mark Spivak, Stella F. Lourenco, and Gregory S. Berns. "Canine sense of quantity: evidence for numerical ratio-dependent activation in parietotemporal cortex." Biology Letters 15, no. 12 (December 2019): 20190666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0666.

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The approximate number system (ANS), which supports the rapid estimation of quantity, emerges early in human development and is widespread across species. Neural evidence from both human and non-human primates suggests the parietal cortex as a primary locus of numerical estimation, but it is unclear whether the numerical competencies observed across non-primate species are subserved by similar neural mechanisms. Moreover, because studies with non-human animals typically involve extensive training, little is known about the spontaneous numerical capacities of non-human animals. To address these questions, we examined the neural underpinnings of number perception using awake canine functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dogs passively viewed dot arrays that varied in ratio and, critically, received no task-relevant training or exposure prior to testing. We found evidence of ratio-dependent activation, which is a key feature of the ANS, in canine parietotemporal cortex in the majority of dogs tested. This finding is suggestive of a neural mechanism for quantity perception that has been conserved across mammalian evolution.

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Hill, Jessica, Jenny Ziviani, Carlie Driscoll, and Judy Cawdell-Smith. "Canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum: Challenges in practice." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, no. 4 (June 29, 2019): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022619858851.

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Statement of context: Canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum has been proposed as a means of enhancing goal-directed interventions, yet there remain no clear guidelines of its safe and ethical practice. Critical reflection on practice: Introducing a therapy dog into occupational therapy practices with children on the autism spectrum was found to require a complex and multifaceted set of skills requiring additional training to support the safety and wellbeing of both the client and the therapy dog. Implications for practice: Canine-assisted occupational therapy with children on the autism spectrum requires clear practice guidelines, as well as continuing professional development opportunities.

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Paterson, Sue. "Canine atopic dermatitis — the veterinary ‘eczema’ nurse." Veterinary Nurse 10, no. 6 (July 2, 2019): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2019.10.6.296.

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In human medicine many NHS hospitals employ ‘eczema specialist’ nurses. These are nurses with additional training that help individuals diagnosed with eczema to manage their own disease and can provide them with the information and support to improve their quality of life. Veterinary nurses as part of a Vet-led Team also have the opportunity to help their clients in a similar way, by advising owners on the best way to manage their allergic pets. In order to provide that support nurses need a thorough grounding in many of the supplementary therapies that can be prescribed by veterinary surgeons as part of a multi-modal approach to allergic skin disease. Supplementary drugs that can be added into a treatment regimen with foundation drugs such as allergen specific immunotherapy, ciclosporine, glucocorticoids, lokivetmab and oclacitinib include drugs such as antihistamines, essential fatty acids and topical therapy in the form of moisturisers.

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Tandon, Dhriti, Kyra Ressler, Daniel Petticord, Andrea Papa, Juliana Jiranek, Riley Wilkinson, Rebecca Y. Kartzinel, et al. "Homozygosity for Mobile Element Insertions Associated with WBSCR17 Could Predict Success in Assistance Dog Training Programs." Genes 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060439.

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Assistance dog training programs can see as many as 60% of their trainees dismissed. Many training programs utilize behavioral assays prior to admittance to identify likely successful candidates, yet such assays can be insconsistent. Recently, four canine retrotransposon mobile element insertions (MEIs) in or near genes WBSCR17 (Cfa6.6 and Cfa6.7), GTF2I (Cfa6.66) and POM121 (Cfa6.83) were identified in domestic dogs and gray wolves. Variations in these MEIs were significantly associated with a heightened propensity to initiate prolonged social contact or hypersociability. Using our dataset of 837 dogs, 228 of which had paired survey-based behavioral data, we discovered that one of the insertions in WBSCR17 is the most important predictor of dog sociable behaviors related to human proximity, measured by the Canine Behavioral Assessment Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ©). We found a positive correlation between insertions at Cfa6.6 and dog separation distress in the form of restlessness when about to be left alone by the owner. Lastly, assistance dogs showed significant heterozygosity deficiency at locus Cfa6.6 and higher frequency of insertions at Cfa6.6 and Cfa6.7. We suggest that training programs could utilize this genetic survey to screen for MEIs at WBSCR17 to identify dogs with sociable traits compatible with successful assistance dog performance.

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Stuewe, S., N. Agarwal, P. A. Gwirtz, and R. T. Mallet. "KINETIC AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES OF EXERCISE TRAINING ENHANCED CANINE MYOCARDIAL ENZYMES 1287." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (May 1997): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-01285.

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Miller, Benjamin F., Sarah E. Ehrlicher, Joshua C. Drake, Frederick F. Peelor, Laurie M. Biela, Shannon Pratt-Phillips, Michael Davis, and Karyn L. Hamilton. "Assessment of protein synthesis in highly aerobic canine species at the onset and during exercise training." Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 7 (April 1, 2015): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2014.

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Canis lupus familiaris, the domesticated dog, is capable of extreme endurance performance. The ability to perform sustained aerobic exercise is dependent on a well-developed mitochondrial reticulum. In this study we examined the cumulative muscle protein and DNA synthesis in groups of athletic dogs at the onset of an exercise training program and following a strenuous exercise training program. We hypothesized that both at the onset and during an exercise training program there would be greater mitochondrial protein synthesis rates compared with sedentary control with no difference in mixed or cytoplasmic protein synthesis rates. Protein synthetic rates of three protein fractions and DNA synthesis were determined over 1 wk using 2H2O in competitive Alaskan Huskies and Labrador Retrievers trained for explosive device detection. Both groups of dogs had very high rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in the sedentary state [Alaskan Huskies: Mixed = 2.28 ± 0.12, cytoplasmic (Cyto) = 2.91 ± 0.10, and mitochondrial (Mito) = 2.62 ± 0.07; Labrador Retrievers: Mixed = 3.88 ± 0.37, Cyto = 3.85 ± 0.06, and Mito = 2.92 ± 0.20%/day]. Mitochondrial (Mito) protein synthesis rates did not increase at the onset of an exercise training program. Exercise-trained dogs maintained Mito protein synthesis during exercise training when mixed (Mixed) and cytosolic (Cyto) fractions decreased, and this coincided with a decrease in p-RpS6 but also a decrease in p-ACC signaling. Contrary to our hypothesis, canines did not have large increases in mitochondrial protein synthesis at the onset or during an exercise training program. However, dogs have a high rate of protein synthesis compared with humans that perhaps does not necessitate an extra increase in protein synthesis at the onset of aerobic exercise training.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Canine Training'

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