Journal articles: 'Canine leishmaniasia'

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Bianchi, Matheus Viezzer, Gabriela Fredo, Nelson Junior Tagliari, Ronaldo Viana Leite Filho, Cintia De Lorenzo, Camila Gottlieb Lupion, David Driemeier, and Luciana Sonne. "Autochthonous Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Urban Area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (January 16, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.84523.

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Background: Leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by intracellular protozoan Leishmania that affects canine and human. The visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the Leishmania donovani complex, in which canines are the main reservoir for human VL. In Southern Brazil, case reports of this disease have increased, especially when canines are infected in endemic areas in the country. Canines usually present a systemic disease, characterized by cutaneous lesions, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. This report aims to describe the clinicalpathological features of a case of autochthonous VL in a canine of an urban area of Porto Alegre.Case: A male, mixed breed, dog , 7 year-old, resident at the East Side of Porto Alegre, living together with two other canines, presented at clinical examination progressive weight loss, associated with hyporexia and hyperthermia, evolving to lateral recumbency, paralisys, and death. At necropsy, the dog was cachectic with diffusely pale mucosae. Gross findings included liver enlarged, with multifocal firm brownish areas, spleen enlarged, showing multifocal firm round dark-red areas, and kidneys diffusely pale with evidentiated tranversal striations on cortical zone. At microscopic examination, there was on the spleen diffuse inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages with large cytoplasm containing multiple amastigotes. The liver, exhibited atrophy of hepatocytes and moderate multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in sinusoids of macrophages containing multiple amastigotes. These features were also observed moderately on lymph nodes and lamina propria of large intestine. Immunohistochemistry examination showed marked positive staining for Leishmania spp. in amastigotes located whitin the cytoplasm of macrophages of spleen, liver, lymph nodes and large intestine.Discussion: Canine leishmaniasis is a disease that affects both internal organs and skin. However, the condition is called VL mostly because it is associated with the same species that cause the visceral form in humans. In this case the canine presented liver, spleen and lymph node lesions; however no skin lesion was observed during the clinical examination. A serological evaluation of canids in East Side of Porto Alegre performed in 2005 showed that 3.5% of these dogs were positive for Leishmania; yet neither of these animals presented clinical signs. This demonstrates that the agent was already present, however only 3-10% of the canines infected develop clinical disease. In non-endemic areas VL is related to the migration of canids from endemic areas, where VL is common. However the canine here described was born, raised, and was living in Porto Alegre. Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of VL and despite its wide distribution it was identified only in 2009 in Rio Grande do Sul State. Autochthonous cases of VL were reported in canines and humans in this state, confirming the hypothesis that the vector was widely distributed and it is now present in Porto Alegre, keeping the epidemiological cycle of that disease active. Canine VL occurs prior in humans, since canines are the main domestic reservoirs and are critical for the maintenance of this disease cycle. This is the first autochthonous VL in a canine of an urban area of Porto Alegre; therefore authorities should be alert, and new control measures must be taken to avoid the canine leishmaniasis outbreak due to its potential for zoonotic transmission.Keywords: leishmaniasis, canine, protozoan, immunohistochemistry.

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Alberola, J., A. Rodríguez, O. Francino, X. Roura, L. Rivas, and D. Andreu. "Safety and Efficacy of Antimicrobial Peptides against Naturally Acquired Leishmaniasis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 2 (February 2004): 641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.2.641-643.2004.

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ABSTRACT Leishmaniases, which are important causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and dogs, are extremely difficult to treat. Antimicrobial peptides are rarely used as alternative treatments for naturally acquired parasitic diseases. Here we report that the acylated synthetic antimicrobial peptide Oct-CA(1-7)M(2-9) is safe and effective for treating naturally acquired canine leishmaniasis.

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López-Céspedes, A., S. S. Longoni, C. H. Sauri-Arceo, M. Sánchez-Moreno, R. I. Rodríguez-Vivas, F. J. Escobedo-Ortegón, M. A. Barrera-Pérez, M. E. Bolio-González, and C. Marín. "Leishmaniaspp. Epidemiology of Canine Leishmaniasis in the Yucatan Peninsula." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/945871.

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Canine Leishmaniasis is widespread in various Mexican states, where different species ofLeishmaniahave been isolated from dogs. In the present study, we describe the detection ofL. braziliensis, L. infantum,andL. mexicanain serum of dogs from the states of Yucatan and Quintana Roo in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico). A total of 412 sera were analyzed by ELISA using the total extract of the parasite and the iron superoxide dismutase excreted by different trypanosomatids as antigens. We found the prevalence ofL. braziliensisto be 7.52%,L. infantumto be 6.07%, andL. mexicanato be 20.63%, in the dog population studied. The results obtained with ELISA using iron superoxide dismutase as the antigen were confirmed by western blot analysis with its greater sensitivity, and the agreement between the two techniques was very high.

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Rose Nakkoud, Julie, Camila Maria Dos Santos, Dina Regis Recaldes Rodrigues Argeropulos Aquino, and Alexsandra Rodrigues de Mendonça Favacho. "Um Olhar para as Populações de Ectoparasitas em Cães com Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) em Mato Grosso do Sul – Potenciais Vetores de Transmissão para essa Doença." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 26, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2022v26n1p43-47.

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Diante da variedade de ectoparasitos, pulgas e carrapatos têm importância como vetores e na sua constante presença causando infestações em cães, estes artrópodes durante a alimentação de um hospedeiro parasitado fazem a manutenção do ciclo do agente infeccioso. Potencialmente, se pode associar a presença desses ectoparasitas e a positividade em cães para leishmaniose. A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) é uma zoonose endêmica no Brasil, estando presente em todas as cinco regiões do país. Com o intuito de contribuir para trabalhos posteriores na associação da presença de ectoparasitas em cães com leishmaniose, objetivou-se demonstrar a porcentagem de cães soropositivos atendidos na Clínica Veterinária da Universidade Anhanguera Uniderp, no período de 2017 a 2019, em que foram encontrados carrapatos ou pulgas durante a consulta clínica. A seleção da população canina ocorreu por conveniência, de acordo com a demanda espontânea de atendidos na Clínica Veterinária. Foram selecionados somente caninos soropositivos para Leishmaniose Visceral Canina. Foram analisadas fichas de 415 cães identificados como soropositivos a prevalência de 8,41% dos cães atendidos em consonância com outros resultados que relatam a alta prevalência da LVC na região Centro-Oeste. Neste estudo, avaliando a presença de pulgas e carrapatos, dos 415 cães soropositivos para leishmaniose a prevalência de infestação por ectoparasitos foi de 34%. Estudos sobre a presença de carrapatos e pulgas em cães positivos para leishmaniose e outras enfermidades devem ser feitos regularmente, podendo ajudar no entendimento da transmissão desses agentes e facilitar assim o controle e prevenção das doenças zoonóticas. Palavras-chave: População Canina. Zoonoses. Carrapatos. Pulgas. Abstract Given the variety of ectoparasites, fleas and ticks are important as vectors and in their constant presence causing infestations in dogs; these arthropods during the feeding of a parasitized host maintain the infectious agent cycle. It is possible to potentially associate the presence of these ectoparasites and positivity in dogs for leishmaniasis. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (LVC) is an endemic zoonosis in Brazil, presenting itself in all the five regions of the country. In order to contribute to further research upon associating the presence of ectoparasites in dogs with leishmaniasis, the objective was to demonstrate the percentage of positive dogs attending the Veterinary Clinic of Anhanguera Uniderp University, between 2017 and 2019, in which ticks or fleas were found during the clinical consultation. The selection of the canine population carried out based on convenience, according to spontaneous demand of those attended at the Veterinary Clinic. Only seropositive dogs for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis were selected. Records of 415 dogs identified as seropositive were analyzed; the prevalence was 8.41% of the dogs seen, matching other results that report this high prevalence of CVL in the Midwest region. In this study presence of fleas and ticks was assessed, and in all the 415 seropositive dogs for leishmaniasis, the prevalence of ectoparasite infestation was 34%. Studies on the presence of ticks and fleas in dogs positive for leishmaniasis and other diseases should be carried out regularly, which may help in understanding the transmission of such agents and thus facilitate controlling and preventing zoonotic diseases. Keywords: Canine population. Zoonoses. Ticks. Fleas.

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Nash, A. "Canine leishmaniasis." Veterinary Record 132, no. 10 (March 6, 1993): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.10.255-a.

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Guy, M., W. Bailey, and K. Snowden. "Canine leishmaniasis." Veterinary Record 132, no. 15 (April 10, 1993): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.15.396-a.

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Carreira, Vinicius Soares, Heitor Flávio Ferrari, Ingeborg Maria Langohr, Charles Mackenzie, Luiz Carlos Montezzo, Edson Taira, Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter, and Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto. "Leishmaniasp. Amastigotes Identification in Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/603852.

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease withLeishmania chagasibeing the etiological agent of canine visceral leishmaniasis in South America. Canine venereal tumor is a transplantable round cell tumor of histiocytic origin which is mostly observed in sexually active male and female intact dogs. It has been shown thatLeishmaniaamastigotes have higher tropism for the canine male genital tract tissues and venereal leishmaniasis transmission has been documented in dogs but, to date, a canine venereal tumor-dependent transmission route has not been fully demonstrated. In this report, a 10-year-old, mixed breed, intact female dog presented a vaginal venereal transmissible tumor but no other clinical abnormalities otherwise. Unexpectedly, tumor tissue imprint smears examination revealedLeishmaniasp. amastigotes within infiltrating macrophages. In addition to the cytological direct identification, the protozoan was confirmed within the neoplastic tissue by means of immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. This report illustrates an asymptomaticLeishmaniasp. infection that may have started on or from the canine venereal tumor tissue, the latter option further supporting previous evidence of such an alternative vector-independent route of transmission for canine visceral leishmaniasis in areas where these diseases coexist.

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Font, A., X. Roura, D. Fondevila, JM Closa, J. Mascort, and L. Ferrer. "Canine mucosal leishmaniasis." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-2-131.

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Four dogs infected with Leishmania had proliferative lesions on the mucosae of the penis, tongue, oral cavity, prepuce, or nose. These mucosal, nodular lesions produced by parasites of the genus Leishmania have not been described previously in the dog. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tumor-like lesions of mucous membranes.

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Sasani, F., J. Javanbakht, R. Samani, and D. Shirani. "Canine cutaneous leishmaniasis." Journal of Parasitic Diseases 40, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-014-0444-4.

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Ferroglio, Ezio, Michele Maroli, Silvia Gastaldo, Walter Mignone, and Luca Rossi. "Canine Leishmaniasis, Italy." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 10 (October 2005): 1618–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1110.040966.

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Foroughi-Parvar, Faeze, and Gholamreza Hatam. "Vaccines for Canine Leishmaniasis." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/569193.

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Leishmania infantumis the obligatory intracellular parasite of mammalian macrophages and causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL). The presence of infected dogs as the main reservoir host of ZVL is regarded as the most important potential risk for human infection. Thus the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is essential to stop the current increase of the Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Recently considerable advances in achieving protective immunization of dogs and several important attempts for achieving an effective vaccine against CVL lead to attracting the scientists trust in its important role for eradication of ZVL. This paper highlights the recent advances in vaccination against canine visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 until now.

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Costa, Danielle Nunes Carneiro Castro, Patricia Marques Moralejo Bermudi Bermudi, Lilian Aparecida Colebrusco Rodas, Caris Maroni Nunes, Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto, José Eduardo Tolezano, Rafael Silva Cipriano, Graziela Cândido Diniz Cardoso, Cláudia Torres Codeço, and Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto. "Human visceral leishmaniasis and relationship with vector and canine control measures." Revista de Saúde Pública 52 (November 14, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000381.

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OBJECTIVE: Estimate the coverage of control measures of visceral leishmaniasis and relate them with the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in endemic urban area. METHODS: Cases of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis were considered as study population and evaluated by a serological survey conducted in Araçatuba, state São Paulo, from 2007 to 2015. The cases of human visceral leishmaniasis were geocoded by the address of the patients and the canine disease by the address of the dogs’ owners. The coverage of serological survey, euthanasia, and insecticide spraying was calculated, as well as the canine seroprevalence and the incidence rates of human visceral leishmaniasis. The relationship between human visceral leishmaniasis and control measures was evaluated, as well as the seroprevalence by comparing maps and by linear regression. The relationship between the canine and the human disease was also evaluated by the Ripley’s K function. RESULTS: The incidence rates of human visceral leishmaniasis showed a period of decline (2007 to 2009) and a period of stability (2010 to 2015), a behavior similar to that of canine seroprevalence. In general, the coverage of control measures was low, and the non-association with the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis can be a result of the period analyzed and of the small number of analyzed units (sectors of the Superintendence for the Control of Endemic Diseases). The distribution of human cases showed spatial dependence with the distribution of seropositive dogs from 2007 to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: This study reaffirmed the relationship between the occurrence of the disease in humans and dogs, it verified a decrease in the rates of visceral leishmaniasis in Araçatuba over time, even at low coverage of control activities. However, further studies are needed to determine if factors beyond monitoring and control measures are involved in the reduction of incidences.

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Rocha, M. A. N., T. J. Matos-Rocha, C. M. B. Ribeiro, and S. R. O. Abreu. "Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in State of Alagoas, Northeast, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 78, no. 4 (February 5, 2018): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.166622.

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Abstract Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania, it is a worldwide of great importance disease. In the northeast region of Brazil, the state of Alagoas has an endemic status for ZVL. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the epidemiological situation of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Alagoas, Northeast, Brazil, from 2007 to 2013. We conducted a descriptive, observational, retrospective study using secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System, the Center of Zoonosis Control of Maceió, and the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Alagoas. During the studied period, it was observed that the highest incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis was in 2011 and the lowest in 2013. On the other hand, canine visceral leishmaniasis had its highest incidence in 2007 and its lowest in 2012. Of the 55 municipalities in the State of Alagoas that showed human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL), São José da Tapera presented an average of 4.4 cases over the past five years, being classified as of intense transmission. Regarding canine visceral leishmaniasis, in the same studied period, 45,112 dogs were examined in the State, of which 4,466 were positive. It resulted, thus, in a 9.9% positivity rate. Conclusions: Our data are important because canine infection is an important risk factor for the human disease.

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Ralic, Marjan, and Milan Jovanovic. "Ocular manifestation in canine leishmaniasis." Veterinarski glasnik 65, no. 3-4 (2011): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1104269r.

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This paper presents a case of ocular changes in leishmaniasis in a dog brought in for examination because of visible changes in the eyes. An ocular manifestation in leishmaniasis can be bilateral or unilateral. Changes most often occur on the conjunctive and the front segment of the eye, the cornea and iris. From 70 to 80% of dogs diseased with leishmaniasis exhibit frontal uveitis, and dry eye, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is also a frequent finding. Based on the clinical picture and the positive immunochromatographic rapid test it was established that the dog was diseased with leishmaniasis.

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Rashidi, Sajad, Paul Nguewa, Zahra Mojtahedi, Bahador Shahriari, Kurosh Kalantar, and Gholamreza Hatam. "Identification of immunoreactive proteins in secretions of Leishmania infantum promastigotes: an immunoproteomic approach." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 26, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.20.114.

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Background: In the Mediterranean region, Leishmania infantum is the main cause of visceral leishmaniasis. Dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis are an important reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis. Control of canine visceral leishmaniasis could disrupt transmission of visceral leishmaniasis to humans. The secreted antigens of Leishmania promastigotes are potential stimuli of the host immune system. Proteomic techniques facilitate the identification of new protein markers. Aims: This study aimed to identify immunoreactive proteins in the secretions of L. infantum promastigotes which could be possible targets for the diagnosis and treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis and the development of vaccines against the disease. Methods: Secretions of L. infantum promastigotes were obtained from the cultivation of 6 × 109 promastigotes in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium during a period of 72 h. After deionization and lyophilization, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used for protein separation followed by Western blotting. Thirteen common and repeatable immunoreactive spots were analysed by mass spectrometry. Results: Nine proteins were identified by spectrometry. Most of these proteins were involved in metabolism pathways, survival and pathogenicity of Leishmania parasites. Phospholipase C, immune inhibitor A, chitin-binding protein and a single peptide match to chain A crystal structure of selenomethionine were observed in the secretions of L. infantum promastigotes. Conclusions: The proteins identified in metabolism pathways, survival and pathogenicity of Leishmania parasites are possible targets that could be used for the diagnosis and treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis and the development of vaccines against the disease in the future.

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Morales-Yuste, Manuel, Joaquina Martín-Sánchez, and Victoriano Corpas-Lopez. "Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080387.

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Dog are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, causing canine leishmaniasis, an incurable multisystemic disease that leads to death in symptomatic dogs, when not treated. This parasite causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in people in the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, South America, and West Asia. This disease is mostly unknown by veterinarians outside the endemic areas, but the disease is expanding in the Northern Hemisphere due to travel and climate change. New methodologies to study the epidemiology of the disease have found new hosts of leishmaniasis and drawn a completely new picture of the parasite biological cycle. Canine leishmaniasis diagnosis has evolved over the years through the analysis of new samples using novel molecular techniques. Given the neglected nature of leishmaniasis, progress in drug discovery is slow, and the few drugs that reach clinical stages in humans are unlikely to be commercialised for dogs, but several approaches have been developed to support chemotherapy. New-generation vaccines developed during the last decade are now widely used, along with novel prevention strategies. The implications of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of canine leishmaniasis are fundamental to public health.

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Santos, Magno Otacílio David Ferreira, Ana Brígida Ribeiro Amorim, Francine de Queiroz Barbosa, Kamilla Dias Ferreira, and Rogério Bruno Filho. "Leishmaniose visceral canina: princípios do diagnóstico / Canine visceral leishmaniasis: principles of diagnosis." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): 92194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n9-403.

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Santos, Magno Otacílio David Ferreira, Ana Brígida Ribeiro Amorim, Francine de Queiroz Barbosa, Kamilla Dias Ferreira, and Rogério Bruno Filho. "Leishmaniose visceral canina: princípios do diagnóstico / Canine visceral leishmaniasis: principles of diagnosis." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): 92194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n9-403.

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BARBIERI, C. L. "Immunology of canine leishmaniasis." Parasite Immunology 28, no. 7 (July 2006): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00840.x.

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Duarte, M. I. S., M. D. Laurenti, V. L. Brandão Nunes, A. F. Rego Jr., E. T. Oshiro, and C. E. P. Corbett. "Interstitial pneumonitis in canine visceral leishmaniasis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 28, no. 6 (December 1986): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651986000600009.

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Forty-one naturally infected dogs with visceral leishmaniasis from an urban area of Corumbá (Mato Grosso do Sul-BRAZIL) were studied and three types of lung involvement due to visceral leishmaniasis were characterized; a cellular, a cellular-fibrotic and a fibrotic type. These types seem to represent a sequential evolutive proce'as. Visceral leishmaniasis frequently causes an interstitial pneu monitis in naturally infected dogs (80.5%) as well as in man and experimentally infected hamsters.

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Brito, Veruska Nogueira de, Álvaro Felipe de Lima Ruy Dias, and Valéria Régia Franco Sousa. "Epidemiological aspects of Leishmaniasis in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 4 (December 2019): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019061.

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Abstract Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasite that is disseminated by some species of sandflies and hosted by a variety of reservoirs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in the municipalities of the Mato Grosso Pantanal. Human data were obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases, and the canine and vector results from the State Department of Health of Mato Grosso. Between 2007 and 2016, 10 cases of visceral leishmaniasis and 499 cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis were identified in the Pantanal region. The surveillance studies regarding the canine reservoir demonstrated that the parasite was present in six of the seven municipalities. Vectors of visceral leishmaniasis were present in five municipalities and vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis in six. Enhancement of services aimed at controlling this disease is fundamental to prevent an increase in the number of cases in the region.

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Oliveira Neto, M. P., Gabriel Grimaldi Junior, Hooman Momen, R. S. Pacheco, Mauro Celio de A. Marzochi, and D. McMahon Pratt. "Active cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, induced by Leishmania donovani chagasi." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81, no. 3 (September 1986): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761986000300006.

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L.d. chagasi was isolated from active cutaneous leishmaniasis in both human and canine infections in an endemic area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Both isolates were identified by molecular and immunological characterization of the parasite using three different methods: electrophoretic mobility of isoenzymes; restriction endonuclease fragment analysis of kDNA and serodeme analysis using monoclonal antibodies. This seems to be the first well documented case in the New World of a "viscerotropic" Leishmania inducing a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This observation emphasizes that the diagnosis of the etiologic agent of human or canine visceral leishmaniasis based solely upon clinical and epidemiological critwria may lead to erroneous conclusions.

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Santis, Bianca De, Elizabeth Gloria Oliveira Barbosa Santos, Elisa Cupolillo, Renato Porrozzi, Amanda dos Santos Cavalcanti, Bárbara Neves dos Santos, Saulo Teixeira De Moura, Kellen Malhado, and Sergio Augusto Miranda Chaves. "Characterization of Leishmania infantum species in dogs from the urban area of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 6 (December 2011): 771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011000600022.

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INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis presents urban behavior in some Brazilian cities, with domestic dogs as the main infection source. In Cuiabá, MT, canine visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed and characterized as recommended by the Ministry of Health. METHODS: Biological samples from suspected canine carriers were analyzed by the isoenzyme electrophoresis technique. The 6PGDH enzyme and reference strain IOC/L0566 (MHOM/BR/1975/M2903) of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum was used as one of the controls. RESULTS: Electrophoresis analysis revealed that the canine isolates belonged to the species L. (L.) infantum. CONCLUSIONS: The authors emphasize the importance of species characterization, particularly in areas of mixed infection like Cuiabá.

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Maia, Carla, and Lenea Campino. "Cytokine and Phenotypic Cell Profiles ofLeishmania infantumInfection in the Dog." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/541571.

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Leishmaniasis has reemerged in recent years showing a wider geographic distribution and increased global incidence of human and canine disease than previously known. Dogs are the main domestic/peridomestic reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis caused byLeishmania infantum. Since the evolution of leishmaniasis and clinical appearance is a consequence of complex interactions between the parasite and host immune response, a profound knowledge about the immune profile developed in dog's infection is crucial for vaccine and immunomodulatory therapy design. The main goal of this paper is to compile the recent advances made on cytokine and phenotypic cell profiles in different tissues and organs of dogs infected withL. infantum. This paper also stressed that the knowledge of the immune responses developed, namely, in liver, lymph node, and spleen is very limited. All data emphasizes that more research on canine leishmaniasis is necessary for the development of new and efficacious tools to control zoonotic leishmaniasis.

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de Camargo-Neves, Vera, Eliana Calemes, Lilian Rodas, Fredy Galvis-Ovallos, and Luis Silva. "Control of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Success Case Based on Deltamethrin 4% Collars." Epidemiologia 2, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 502–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2040035.

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The effect of employing collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% (DM4) to control canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was evaluated. as were the individual factors associated with this infection. A cohort study that included household dogs was conducted between 2002 and 2006. The presence of pathognomonic signals, peridomiciliary sleep habits and breed were the main factors associated with the infection. The use of DM4 collars contributed to the reduction of CVL with an effectiveness of 66%, and the dogs’ survival rate was greater than 90% at 50 months. In conclusion, the adoption of DM4 collars reduced the number of euthanized canines and in the incidence of CVL, and this reduction was sustained for one year after discontinuing the use of the collar.

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Campos, Monique Paiva de, Denise Amaro da Silva, Maria de Fátima Madeira, Artur Augusto Mendes Velho Júnior, and Fabiano Borges Figueiredo. "First autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, no. 3 (September 2013): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000300018.

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In Brazil, American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is caused byLeishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and its main vector isLutzomyia longipalpis. Cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in non-endemic areas have been reported over the last few years throughout the country. The objective of this research note is to describe an autochthonous case of CVL that occurred in the municipality of Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro, an area where the disease is not endemic, alerting veterinarians and the scientific community to the expansion of this important zoonosis and advising veterinary practitioners on how to deal with a suspicion of CVL. Canine visceral leishmaniasis can be misdiagnosed within a broad spectrum of canine diseases based on clinical and laboratory findings. Therefore, knowledge of its clinical manifestations, specific and sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests and parasitological procedures are of the utmost importance for rapid confirmation and notification of a case, thus contributing directly to the control of a focus.

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Silva, Marcio Roberto, Marcos José Marques, Alvaro José Romanha, Idael Christiano de Almeida Santa-Rosa, Cláudia M. Carneiro, and Alexandre Barbosa Reis. "Autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area: Bom Sucesso, Minas Gerais State, Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, no. 2 (February 2008): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008000200006.

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The article begins by describing a dog with characteristic symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis. A serum sample from this animal was positive by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) performed in anti-Leishmania total IgG in 1999. Tissues from the same dog were also positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 2004, identifying Leishmania DNA in the cerebellum, liver, kidney, and intestine. This is the first report of a dog with autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in the county of Bom Sucesso, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The finding of this IIF-positive dog led to a canine visceral leishmaniasis epidemiological investigation in the county. The investigation was conducted from March 1999 to December 2005. IIF was positive for Leishmania in 22 (3%) of 734 examined dogs. Among the 22 IIF-positive dogs, six presented characteristic symptoms of canine visceral leishmaniasis. The results of this epidemiological investigation were sent to local and State public health authorities, requesting visceral leishmaniasis control and preventive measures to interrupt transmission of the disease and avoid the occurrence of human cases.

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Leote, Diego Soares, Dayane Borba da Silva, Paula Fassicolo Variza, Joice Guilherme de Oliveira, Cyntia Michielin Lopes, Wellington Junior da Silva, Tarcísio de Freitas Milagres, et al. "The first case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the southern region of Santa Catarina, an emerging focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: regional report or reflection of the reality of a country?" Research, Society and Development 10, no. 17 (December 23, 2021): e167101724326. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i17.24326.

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Visceral leishmaniasis is among the most neglected diseases in the world and especially affects poor populations of some developing or underdeveloped countries, with human disease being a factor in the occurrence of thousands of deaths every year. Visceral leishmaniasis affect domestic dogs, main reservoirs of the Leishmania parasite in urban environments. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in two non-endemic municipalities located in southern Santa Catarina, as well as to identify the main risk factors for infection in dogs. A cross-sectional study was carried out with dogs living in two Zoonoses Control Centers located in the cities of Tubarão and Criciúma. Blood samples were collected and analyzed by real-time PCR for detection of Leishmania infection. Clinical examination and evaluation of the characteristics of the canine population were also carried out. A total of 107 dogs were evaluated, of which 19% were positive for Leishmania, and 85% of the positive cases were asymptomatic. In conclusion, we highlight the detection of cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in two cities that had not yet reported cases. The high rate of positive asymptomatic animals suggests the maintenance of the parasite in the environment.

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Quintavalla, Fausto, Giuseppina Basini, Simona Bussolati, Gennaro Giuseppe Carrozzo, Antonio Inglese, and Roberto Ramoni. "Redox Status in Canine Leishmaniasis." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010119.

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The World Health Organization defined leishmaniasis as one of the priority attention diseases. Aiming to clarify some aspects of its pathogenetic mechanisms, our study focused on the assessment of redox status in dogs, the main reservoir for Leishmania infantum. Forty-five dogs from an endemic area in southern Italy were divided into four different groups (from mild disease with negative to low positive antibody levels to very severe disease with medium to high positive antibody levels) according to the LeishVet group guidelines. Their plasma and/or sera were tested for reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely the superoxide anion (O2−), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydroperoxides (ROOH), as well as activity of the detoxifying enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity, as determined by the ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. O2− generation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in leishmaniasis-affected dogs independently of the clinical stage, while NO production was stimulated (p < 0.05) only in II and III stage patients. No difference could be found for the levels of hydroperoxides and SOD activity between healthy and pathological subjects. FRAP values were lower in affected dogs but only in stage II. Taken together, although we demonstrated that several redox status parameters are altered in the plasma of dog affected by leishmaniasis, the oxidative stress changes that are observed in this disease, are possibly mainly due to cellular blood components i.e., neutrophils responsible for the elimination of the parasite. Further studies are required to assess the clinical values of the collected data.

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Quintavalla, Fausto, Giuseppina Basini, Simona Bussolati, Gennaro Giuseppe Carrozzo, Antonio Inglese, and Roberto Ramoni. "Redox Status in Canine Leishmaniasis." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010119.

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The World Health Organization defined leishmaniasis as one of the priority attention diseases. Aiming to clarify some aspects of its pathogenetic mechanisms, our study focused on the assessment of redox status in dogs, the main reservoir for Leishmania infantum. Forty-five dogs from an endemic area in southern Italy were divided into four different groups (from mild disease with negative to low positive antibody levels to very severe disease with medium to high positive antibody levels) according to the LeishVet group guidelines. Their plasma and/or sera were tested for reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely the superoxide anion (O2−), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydroperoxides (ROOH), as well as activity of the detoxifying enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity, as determined by the ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. O2− generation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in leishmaniasis-affected dogs independently of the clinical stage, while NO production was stimulated (p < 0.05) only in II and III stage patients. No difference could be found for the levels of hydroperoxides and SOD activity between healthy and pathological subjects. FRAP values were lower in affected dogs but only in stage II. Taken together, although we demonstrated that several redox status parameters are altered in the plasma of dog affected by leishmaniasis, the oxidative stress changes that are observed in this disease, are possibly mainly due to cellular blood components i.e., neutrophils responsible for the elimination of the parasite. Further studies are required to assess the clinical values of the collected data.

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Martín-Sánchez, Joaquina, Manuel Morales-Yuste, Carmen Acedo-Sánchez, Sergio Barón, Victoriano Díaz, and Francisco Morillas-Márquez. "Canine Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Spain." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, no. 5 (May 2009): 795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1505.080969.

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Poli, A., F. Abramo, F. Mancianti, M. Nigro, S. Pieri, and A. Bionda. "Renal Involvement in Canine Leishmaniasis." Nephron 57, no. 4 (1991): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000186348.

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LONGSTAFFE, J. A., and M. W. GUY. "Canine leishmaniasis–United Kingdom update." Journal of Small Animal Practice 27, no. 10 (October 1986): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1986.tb03766.x.

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FERRER, L., R. RABANAL, D. FONDEVILA, J. A. RAMOS, and M. DOMINGO. "Skin lesions in canine leishmaniasis." Journal of Small Animal Practice 29, no. 6 (June 1988): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1988.tb02298.x.

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Fondevila, D., M. Vilafranca, and L. Ferrer. "Epidermal immunocompetence in canine leishmaniasis." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 56, no. 3-4 (May 1997): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05755-8.

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Miceli, Maria Dora, and S. Mansueto. "Canine leishmaniasis in western Sicily." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, no. 1 (January 1987): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90332-4.

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Nuwayri-Salti, N., R. Nasr, K. Haddad, S. Chamat, and J. Usta. "Canine leishmaniasis in northern Lebanon." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 91, no. 2 (March 1997): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1997.11813133.

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Orndorff, George R., Barbara A. Cooper, William Smith, and Jeffrey R. Ryan. "Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sicily." Military Medicine 165, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.1.29.

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Britti, D., M. Gaspari, G. Massimini, F. Casalinuovo, V. M. Morittu, and G. Cuda. "Proteomic analysis in canine leishmaniasis." Veterinary Research Communications 34, S1 (May 5, 2010): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-010-9410-5.

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Agallou, Maria, Maritsa Margaroni, Stathis D. Kotsakis, and Evdokia Karagouni. "A Canine-Directed Chimeric Multi-Epitope Vaccine Induced Protective Immune Responses in BALB/c Mice Infected with Leishmania infantum." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030350.

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Leishmaniases are complex vector-borne diseases caused by intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania. The visceral form of the disease affects both humans and canids in tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions. One health approach has suggested that controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) could have an impact on the reduction of the human incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite the fact that a preventive vaccination could help with leishmaniasis elimination, effective vaccines that are able to elicit protective immune responses are currently lacking. In the present study, we designed a chimeric multi-epitope protein composed of multiple CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes which were obtained from six highly immunogenic proteins previously identified by an immunoproteomics approach, and the N-termini of the heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis served as an adjuvant. A preclinical evaluation of the candidate vaccine in BALB/c mice showed that when it was given along with the adjuvant Addavax it was able to induce strong immune responses. Cellular responses were dominated by the presence of central and effector multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T memory cells. Importantly, the vaccination reduced the parasite burden in both short-term and long-term vaccinated mice challenged with Leishmania infantum. Protection was characterized by the continuing presence of IFN-γ+TNFα+-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and increased NO levels. The depletion of CD8+ T cells in short-term vaccinated mice conferred a significant loss of protection in both target organs of the parasite, indicating a significant involvement of this population in the protection against L. infantum challenge. Thus, the overall data could be considered to be a proof-of-concept that the design of efficacious T cell vaccines with the help of reverse vaccinology approaches is possible.

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Fujimori, Mahyumi, Arleana Do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida, Álvaro Felipe Lima Ruy Dias, Juliana Yuki Rodrigues, Luciano Nakazato, Maria De Fátima Madeira, and Valéria Régia Franco Sousa. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area of Mato Grosso, Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81301.

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Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic and severe disease of great interest to global public health. In Brazil, the main species causing visceral leishmaniasis is Leishmania chagasi [syn. Leishmania infantum], which is transmitted by sandflies of the species Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. cruzi. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs residing in endemic areas of the municipality of Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso.Material, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in the Várzea Grande neighbourhoods Jardim Eldorado, Parque Sabiá and São Mateus, which are located in the Brazilian Cerrado region and are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. The Várzea Grande is a mostly commercial and industrial municipality and relies on subsistence farming. To describe the general characteristics of the dog population and housing environment, an interview was carried out with the dog owners in each household. This interview addressed local demographics and the identification of dogs to establish epidemiological aspects of canine illness and risk factors for infection. The dogs were examined and physically restrained for blood collection by jugular venipuncture. For serological testing, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used. A Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to identify associations between independent variables and the seroprevalence of dogs with anti-Leishmania antibodies. It were collected blood from 521 animals, including 160 belonging to Jardim Eldorado, 129 to Parque Sabiá and 232 to São Mateus. Of these animals, 120 were reactive by ELISA, with a prevalence of 23.0%. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) according to gender, age, racial definition, origin, time with family, presence of ectoparasites, or the presence of people with skin wounds at home or on other pets. The major risk factor for canine infection was fur length; dogs with short fur were 2.2 times more likely to be infected than dogs with long fur.Discussion: The prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in endemic areas was found to be similar to studies in Cuiaba, a city in Várzea Grande, which also included neighbourhoods endemic for visceral leishmaniasis as study areas. Other studies have shown prevalence rates that differ from those found in this study. This difference may either be because the neighbourhoods in this study had already experienced outbreaks of the disease or because serum samples were cross-reactive with other trypanosomatids. While infection was more readily detected in dogs with clinical signs, asymptomatic dogs with anti-Leishmania antibodies were found in greater numbers, which is consistent with the literature. Hair length was the only factor associated with canine leishmaniasis in this study; short-haired animals were most at risk of contracting the disease because they had more skin exposure to sandflies during blood feeding. In conclusion, endemic districts of Várzea Grande had high prevalence rates of canine visceral leishmaniasis, and a short length coat was associated with infection.

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Medkour, Hacène, Idir Bitam, Younes Laidoudi, Ismail Lafri, Abdelaziz Lounas, Hamza Karim Hamidat, Abdeslam Mekroud, Marie Varloud, Bernard Davoust, and Oleg Mediannikov. "Potential of Artesunate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum: Efficacy evidence from a randomized field trial." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): e0008947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008947.

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Leishmaniasis is among the world’s most neglected diseases. Dogs are the main reservoirs/hosts of Leishmania infantum, causative agent of both canine and human visceral leishmaniosis. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) represents a public health problem as one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. Current therapeutics present drawbacks; thus, there is a need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the efficacy of oral administration of artesunate or meglumine antimoniate/allopurinol in dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. Forty-two dogs with naturally occurring clinical leishmaniasis were included in this open-label, simple randomized positive-control clinical field trial with 6 months of follow-up. Dogs received meglumine antimoniate 100 mg/kg/day and allopurinol 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days (control group, n = 26) or artesunate 25 mg/kg/day for 6 days (test group, n = 16). The animals were evaluated for their clinical evolution, parasite load (by qPCR) and humoral response at different time points: 0, 30, 90, and 180 days after treatment. Data analyses showed a significant improvement in both groups in clinical scores, parasitemia and antibody titers after treatment. Compared to the control group, the artesunate group showed significantly lower clinical score (P = 0.0001), lower parasitemia (P = 0.0001) and antibody titers after 6 months of follow-up. Compared to baseline values, a rapid, significant reduction (P < 0.012) in antibody levels, 2.28- versus 3.04-fold for the control versus artesunate groups, respectively, was observed 30 days after treatment. Antibody levels continued to decrease further in the artesunate group, where 58% of cases became seronegative at the 6-month follow-up. All qPCR-positive dogs were negative after treatment with artesunate, while 14.3% remained positive with the appearance of two new cases in the control group. Artesunate was well tolerated, and no side effects were recorded. Treatment failures were similar in both groups with 27.27% (6/22), including 18.18% (4/22) mortality in the control group, versus 26.66% (4/15), including 13.33% (2/15) mortality in the artesunate group. This is the first report showing the potential of artesunate in the treatment of dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. Artesunate showed higher efficacy than the current first-line treatment for CanL without any adverse effects. It could be a good alternative chemotherapy for CanL, and may be considered for further studies in human leishmaniases. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings, to determine if there are relapses after treatment and if dogs remain infective to sandflies, to define the ideal therapeutic dosage and duration of treatment with artesunate.

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Sandy, Jeanine, Anthony Matthews, Yaarit Nachum-Biala, and Gad Baneth. "First Report of Autochthonous Canine Leishmaniasis in Hong Kong." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091873.

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Canine leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum; transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Leishmania infantum amastigotes were identified by cytology from a locally born Hong Kong dog exhibiting nasal, cutaneous, and systemic disease who was part of a kennel of eight dogs. All eight kennel dogs were subsequently tested serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing for L. infantum infection. The local dog was seropositive and blood and splenic tissue were PCR positive for L. infantum whilst the other kennel dogs were negative on serology and PCR. Autochthonous transmission was suspected for the local dog as Hong Kong lacks known vectors of L. infantum. Either vertical transmission from the deceased dam who had previously died with disease suspicious for leishmaniasis or horizontal transmission from a second non-locally born kennel dog who had been diagnosed previously with leishmaniasis was possible. This is the first recorded autochthonous case of canine leishmaniasis in Hong Kong. Leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential for cutaneous or systemic illness in local untraveled dogs in Hong Kong. In addition, as dogs serve as L. infantum reservoirs for human infection attention should be paid to the possibility of leishmaniasis emerging in Hong Kong.

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Dantas-Torres, Filipe, Maria Aparecida da Gloria Faustino, Osmar Cavalcanti da Costa Lima, and Ridelane Veiga Acioli. "Epidemiologic surveillance of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Recife, Pernambuco." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 38, no. 5 (October 2005): 444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822005000500017.

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This paper describes an epidemiologic investigation carried out in Imbiribeira district, where a canine visceral leishmaniasis case was recorded. Despite the absence of seropositive dogs and sand flies, these findings are not sufficient to discard the occurrence of a zoonotic cycle of visceral leishmaniasis in Recife.

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Jardim, Gabriela De Carvalho, Tábata Pereira Dias, Helena Piúma Gonçalves, Nielle Versteg, Laura Dias Petricione de Souza, Bruna Porto Lara, Luisa Sant Anna Blaskoski Cardoso, and Marlete Brum Cleff. "Leishmaniose visceral canina no RS: revisão crítica / Canine visceral leishmaniasis in RS: critical review." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2021): 111444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n12-093.

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Brito, Fábio Luiz da Cunha, Leucio Câmara Alves, Juan Pablo Duque Ortiz, Federico Celso Lyra Maia, Valdemiro Amaro da Silva Junior, and Jose Luiz Laus. "Uveitis associated to the infection by Leishmania chagasi in dog from the Olinda city, Pernambuco, Brazil." Ciência Rural 34, no. 3 (June 2004): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782004000300042.

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Among the parasitic diseases, Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is included in the systemic illnesses of chronic evolution that attack men and dogs, presenting varied clinical manifestations as cachexia, dermatologic lesions, peripheral lymphadenopathies, besides the ocular lesions. This work report the case of a dog clinically suspected of having CVL, presenting skin lesions, cachexia, gryphosis, and ocular signs of uveitis. The parasitological diagnosis was accomplished for Canine Leishmaniasis through the visualization of amastigote forms of Leishmania chagasi in smears of bone marrow fluid aspirate, of non-lesioned, and lesioned skin. Alterations in the ocular structures are characterized mainly by mononuclear-plasmocitic infiltrate.

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Matsumoto, Patricia Sayuri Silvestre, Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto, Virgínia Bodelão Richini Pereira, Valéria Medina Camprigher, Helena Hilomi Taniguchi, José Eduardo de Raeffray Barbosa, Luiz Ricardo Paes de Barros Cortez, Elivelton da Silva Fonseca, Raul Borges Guimarães, and José Eduardo Tolezano. "Impact of the dog population and household environment for the maintenance of natural foci of Leishmania infantum transmission to human and animal hosts in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Sao Paulo state, Brazil." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): e0256534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256534.

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When it comes to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, one of the main targets of public health policies of surveillance is the control of domestic canine reservoirs of Leishmania infantum. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of the dog population and household environment for the maintenance of natural foci in the transmission to human and animal hosts in an endemic city for VL, Bauru, in Brazil. We collected 6,578 blood samples of dogs living in 3,916 households from Nov.2019 to Mar.2020 and applied geospatial models to predict the disease risk based on the canine population. We used Kernel density estimation, cluster analysis, geostatistics, and Generalized Additive Models (GAM). To validate our models, we used cross-validation and created a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We found an overall canine VL (CVL) seroprevalence of 5.6% for the sampled dogs, while for the households, the positivity rate was 8.7%. Odds ratios (OR) for CVL increased progressively according to the number of canines for >2 dogs (OR 2.70); households that already had CVL in the past increased the chances for CVL currently (OR 2.73); and the cases of CVL increase the chances for human VL cases (OR 1.16). Our models were statistically significant and demonstrated a spatial association between canine and human disease cases, mainly in VL foci that remain endemic. Although the Kernel density ratio map had the best performance (AUC = 82), all the models showed high risk in the city’s northwest area. Canine population dynamics must be considered in public policies, and geospatial methods may help target priority areas and planning VL surveillance in low and middle-income countries.

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Coura, Fernanda Morcatti, Stephanie Karoline Pereira Passos, Marina de Oliveira França Pelegrino, Fabiola de Oliveira Paes Leme, Gustavo Fontes Paz, Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo, and Adriane Pimenta da Costa-Val. "Serological, molecular, and microscopic detection of Leishmania in cats (Felis catus) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, no. 4 (August 30, 2018): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180052.

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Abstract The role of cats in the epidemiological cycle of leishmaniasis remains unclear. To better understand the occurrence of leishmaniasis in cats, we studied the frequency of Leishmania in serum samples of 100 cats living in an endemic region for canine and human leishmaniasis by serological, parasitological, and molecular methods. Of the 100 cats, 54 were seropositive for Leishmania antibodies by immunofluorescence antibody test. None of the bone marrow aspirates collected from these cats tested positive for the parasite in culture or upon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Biopsy samples of the ears also tested negative for Leishmania upon PCR analysis. These findings may indicate that the region is endemic for canine leishmaniasis and cats are infected by Leishmania; or that cross-reaction with antibodies against other parasites increases the frequency of seropositivity; or that cats respond to Leishmania infection by producing antibodies when few or no parasites are present in bone marrow and tissue samples. Overall, our results suggest that cats can be infected by Leishmania ; however, we failed to demonstrate feline parasitosis. These findings highlight the need to study leishmaniasis in cats, since sandflies feed on cats, these animals may act as a reservoir for the parasite.

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Martori, Clara, Rita Velez, Montserrat Gállego, Ignacio Mesa, Rui Ferreira, Jordi Alberola, and Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés. "Vitamin d and leishmaniasis: Neither seasonal nor risk factor in canine host but potential adjuvant treatment through cbd103 expression." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): e0009681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009681.

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Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency has been shown to be a risk factor for a plethora of disorders. We have shown that dogs with clinical leishmaniasis presented lower VitD serum levels than non-infected dogs, and even lower than those with asymptomatic infection. However, if VitD deficiency is a risk factor to develop clinical leishmaniasis remains to be answered. It is also unknown if VitD participates in Leishmania control. First, we retrospectively analysed VitD concentration in serum samples from 36 healthy dogs collected in different periods of the year concluding that there isn’t a seasonal variation of this vitamin in dogs. We also included 9 dogs with clinical leishmaniasis and 10 non-infected healthy dogs, in which we measured VitD levels at the beginning of the study, when all dogs were negative for serology and qPCR, and 1 year later. Whereas non-infected dogs showed no change in VitD levels along the study, those developing clinical leishmaniasis showed a significant VitD reduction at the end of the study (35%). When we compared VitD concentration between the two groups at the beginning of the study, no differences were detected (43.6 (38–59) ng/mL, P = 0.962). Furthermore, an in vitro model using a canine macrophage cell line proved that adding active VitD leads to a significant reduction in L. infantum load (31.4%). Analyzing expression of genes related to VitD pathway on primary canine monocytes, we showed that CBD103 expression was significantly enhanced after 1,25(OH)2D addition. Our results show that VitD concentration is neither seasonal nor a risk factor for developing canine leishmaniasis, but it diminishes with the onset of clinical disease suggesting a role in parasitic control. Our in vitro results corroborate this hypothesis and point out that VitD regulates infection through CBD103 expression. These results open the possibility for studies testing VitD as an adjuvant in leishmaniasis therapy.

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Rodríguez, J. Hervás, E. Mozos, A. Méndez, J. Pérez, and J. C. Gómez-Villamandos. "Leishmania Infection of Canine Skin Fibroblasts In Vivo." Veterinary Pathology 33, no. 4 (July 1996): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589603300423.

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In this paper we describe two cases of naturally occurring leishmaniasis in dogs in which Leishmania sp. amastigotes are found within the cytoplasm of fibroblasts. The infected cells were identified histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally as fibroblasts. This is the first report of leishmaniasis in any species in which amastigotes were identified in vivo within fibroblasts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Canine leishmaniasia'

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