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Journal articles on the topic 'Cancer – Risk factors – New South Wales'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

McCredie, M., and J. H. Stewart. "Risk factors for kidney cancer in New South Wales. IV. Occupation." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.4.349.

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2

McCredie, Margaret, and J. H. Stewart. "Risk factors for kidney cancer in New South Wales—I. Cigarette smoking." European Journal of Cancer 28, no. 12 (January 1992): 2050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(92)90254-y.

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3

McCredie, Margaret, and J. H. Stewart. "Risk factors for kidney cancer in New South Wales, Australia. II. Urologic disease, hypertension, obesity, and hormonal factors." Cancer Causes and Control 3, no. 4 (July 1992): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00146885.

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4

Grulich, Andrew E., Veronique Bataille, Anthony J. Swerdlow, Julia A. Newton-Bishop, Jack Cuzick, Peter Hersey, and William H. McCarthy. "Naevi and pigmentary characteristics as risk factors for melanoma in a high-risk population: A case-control study in new South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Cancer 67, no. 4 (August 7, 1996): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960807)67:4<485::aid-ijc4>3.0.co;2-o.

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5

Dessaix, A. "Implementation Learnings From a Cancer-Prevention Multirisk Factor Public Education Campaign." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 133s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.50200.

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Background and context: The Cancer Council New South Wales (CCNSW) is one of Australia's leading cancer charities and is uniquely 95% community funded. Cancer prevention is one of five strategic priority areas for CCNSW. An estimated to 37,000 cancer cases are preventable each year in Australia; 33% of cancers in men and 31% in women. The CCNSW developed and implemented the 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign in 2016, the first Australian multirisk factor cancer prevention campaign. This was also the organization's first experience in implementing a social marketing mass media campaign. Over two years, the campaign's primary objective was to raise awareness that one in three cancers are preventable, to highlight why preventing cancer is important and practical steps for prevention. Aim: To undertake an organizational review of internal learnings from the development, implementation and evaluation of the 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign and make recommendations for future campaign practice. Strategy/Tactics: Cross-organizational perspectives were provided from 20 Cancer Council staff from the areas of cancer prevention, research, fundraising and community engagement through a one-day workshop. Program/Policy process: Workshop participants: 1) reviewed best practice social marketing processes, 2) reviewed published evidence on mass media public education campaigns, 3) against this framework, determined internal organizational learnings from the 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign and made recommendations for future practice. Outcomes: A summary report of key lessons learnt from the implementation of the 1 in 3 Cancers Campaign and recommendations for future practice. What was learned: Areas of strengths were identified including cross-organizational collaboration, the development of an interactive cancer risk quiz, good community awareness of the campaign and key message take out. Areas for improvement included the need for greater resource investment (namely staff capacity, skills and budget), greater lead times for thorough campaign planning and the need to focus on singular behavioral cancer risk factors in communication messaging rather than multiple risk factors. The workshop concluded that well-planned, well-resourced mass media campaigns were an important evidence-based strategy for future cancer prevention practice.

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Luo, Lan, Wei Du, Shanley Chong, Huibo Ji, and Nicholas Glasgow. "Patterns of comorbidities in hospitalised cancer survivors for palliative care and associated in-hospital mortality risk: A latent class analysis of a statewide all-inclusive inpatient data." Palliative Medicine 33, no. 10 (July 12, 2019): 1272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216319860705.

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Background: At the end of life, cancer survivors often experience exacerbations of complex comorbidities requiring acute hospital care. Few studies consider comorbidity patterns in cancer survivors receiving palliative care. Aim: To identify patterns of comorbidities in cancer patients receiving palliative care and factors associated with in-hospital mortality risk. Design, Setting/Participants: New South Wales Admitted Patient Data Collection data were used for this retrospective cohort study with 47,265 cancer patients receiving palliative care during the period financial year 2001–2013. A latent class analysis was used to identify complex comorbidity patterns. A regression mixture model was used to identify risk factors in relation to in-hospital mortality in different latent classes. Results: Five comorbidity patterns were identified: ‘multiple comorbidities and symptoms’ (comprising 9.1% of the study population), ‘more symptoms’ (27.1%), ‘few comorbidities’ (39.4%), ‘genitourinary and infection’ (8.7%), and ‘circulatory and endocrine’ (15.6%). In-hospital mortality was the highest for ‘few comorbidities’ group and the lowest for ‘more symptoms’ group. Severe comorbidities were associated with elevated mortality in patients from ‘multiple comorbidities and symptoms’, ‘more symptoms’, and ‘genitourinary and infection’ groups. Intensive care was associated with a 37% increased risk of in-hospital deaths in those presenting with more ‘multiple comorbidities and symptoms’, but with a 22% risk reduction in those presenting with ‘more symptoms’. Conclusion: Identification of comorbidity patterns and risk factors for in-hospital deaths in cancer patients provides an avenue to further develop appropriate palliative care strategies aimed at improving outcomes in cancer survivors.

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Reeders, Jocelyn, Vivek Ashoka Menon, Anita Mani, and Mathew George. "Clinical Profiles and Survival Outcomes of Patients With Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors at a Health Network in New South Wales, Australia: Retrospective Study." JMIR Cancer 5, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): e12849. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/12849.

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Background Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with varying and often indolent clinicobiological characteristics according to their primary location. NETs can affect any organ and hence present with nonspecific symptoms that can lead to a delay in diagnosis. The incidence of NETs is increasing in Australia; data regarding characteristics of NETs were collected from the cancer registry of Hunter New England, Australia. Objective This study aimed to explore the clinical profiles and treatment and survival outcomes of patients with well-differentiated NETs in an Australian population. Methods We reviewed the data of all adult patients who received the diagnosis of NET between 2008 and 2013. The clinicopathological, treatment, and follow-up data were extracted from the local Cancer Clinical Registry. We also recorded the level of remoteness for each patient by matching the patient’s residential postcode to the corresponding Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 remoteness area category. Univariate analysis was used to find the factors associated with NET-related mortality. Survival analysis was computed. Results Data from 96 patients were included in the study (men: 37/96, 38.5%, and women: 59/96, 61.5%). The median age at diagnosis was approximately 63 years. A higher proportion of patients lived in remote/rural areas (50/96, 52.1%) compared with those living in city/metropolitan regions (46/96, 47.9%). The most common primary tumor site was the gastroenteropancreatic tract, followed by the lung. The factors significantly associated with NET-related mortality were age, primary tumor site, surgical resection status, tumor grade, and clinical stage of the patient. At 5 years, the overall survival rate was found to be 62%, and the disease-free survival rate was 56.5%. Conclusions Older age, advanced unresectable tumors, evidence of metastasis, and higher-grade tumors were associated with poorer outcomes. Lung tumors had a higher risk of NET-related mortality compared with other sites.

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Mateos, Marion K., Toby N. Trahair, Chelsea Mayoh, Pasquale M. Barbaro, Rosemary Sutton, Tamas Revesz, Draga Barbaric, et al. "Clinical Predictors of Venous Thromboembolism during Therapy for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1182.1182.

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Abstract Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an unpredictable and life-threatening toxicity that occurs early in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. The incidence is approximately 5% in children diagnosed with ALL [Caruso et al. Blood. 2006;108(7):2216-22], which is higher than in other pediatric cancer types [Athale et al. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 2008;51(6):792-7]. Clinical risk factors for VTE in children during ALL therapy include older age and the use of asparaginase. We hypothesized that there may be additional risk factors that can modify VTE risk, beyond those previously reported [Mitchell et al. Blood. 2010;115(24):4999-5004]. We sought to define early predictive clinical factors that could select a group of children at highest risk of VTE, with possible utility in an interventional trial of prophylactic anticoagulation. We conducted a retrospective study of 1021 Australian children, aged 1-18 years, treated between 1998-2013 on successive BFM-based ALL therapies. Patient records were reviewed to ascertain incidence of VTE; and to systematically document clinical variables present at diagnosis and during induction/consolidation phases of therapy. The CTCAE v4.03 system was used for grading of VTE events. Multivariate logistic and cox regression were used to determine significant clinical risk factors associated with VTE (SPSS v23.0). All P values were 2-tailed, significance level <.05. The incidence of on-treatment VTE was 5.09% [96% ≥Grade 2 (CTCAE v4.0)]. Age ≥10 years [P =.048, HR 1.96 (95% confidence interval= 1.01-3.82)], positive blood culture in induction/consolidation [ P =.009, HR 2.35 (1.24-4.46)], extreme weight at diagnosis <5th or >95th centile [ P =.028, HR 2.14 (1.09-4.20)] and elevated peak gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) >5 x upper limit normal in induction/consolidation [ P =.018, HR 2.24 (1.15-4.36)] were significantly associated with VTE in multivariate cox regression modeling. The cumulative incidence of VTE, if all 4 clinical risk factors in our model were present, was 33.33%, which is significantly greater than the incidence of VTE for a patient without any risk factors (1.62%, P <.001). These 4 clinical factors could be used as a basis for assigning thromboprophylaxis in children with ALL. Our model detected 80% (42/52) of all VTE events by incorporating one or more risk factors. An equal proportion of patients eventually developing VTE could be predicted by weight and age ≥10 years; or later bacteremia and elevated GGT. Bacteremia, when present as a risk factor, preceded VTE in 80% of cases (20/25 cases) at a median of 29 days before VTE (range 3-668 days). The negative predictive value (NPV), specificity and sensitivity for the 4 risk factor model were 98.38%, 98.70% and 28.57% respectively. If 3 specified risk factors were included in the algorithm, such as 2 baseline and one treatment-related variable, the incidence of VTE was ≥25%, NPV 98.38%, specificity ≥96.19% and sensitivity 80%. The high NPV and high specificity mean the model can successfully exclude children who are not at increased risk of VTE. The challenge is to balance unnecessary exposure to anticoagulation against the risk of development of VTE. We have identified novel clinical risk factors in induction/consolidation - positive blood culture, hepatic enzymatic elevation and extreme weight at diagnosis- that may highlight risk mechanisms related to VTE pathogenesis. Our predictive model can define a group at highest risk of VTE who may benefit from randomized trials of prophylactic anticoagulation in childhood ALL therapy. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge support from the Kids Cancer Alliance (a Translational Cancer Research Centre of Cancer Institute NSW), Cancer Institute New South Wales, Royal Australasian College of Physicians - Kids Cancer Project Research Entry Scholarship, Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx) PhD Clinician Research Top-Up Scholarship, The Kids Cancer Project, Australian and New Zealand Children's Haematology Oncology Group, ASSET study members, data managers and clinical research associates at each site. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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9

Malik, Laeeq, Yu Jo Chua, Nadeem Butt, and Desmond Yip. "Single institutional series of neuroendocrine tumours managed in the Australian capital territory." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e14703-e14703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e14703.

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e14703 Background: Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) have been regarded as indolent tumors with significantly variable clinical behavior. Limited information is available on long-term clinical outcome and clinically applicable prognostic factors.We performed a retrospective review of NETS managed in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) over a 12-year period,with examination of epidemiology and various prognostic clinicopathologic factors. Methods: This multicenter analysis included patients in ACT and surrounding New South Wales treated with histologically proven neuroendocrine tumor (lung carcinoids excluded). The cases were identified from hospital databases. Data was analysed according to epidemiological, clinical and histopathological characteristics. Results: The cohort of 107 patients showed slight male predominance. Median age at diagnosis was 62 years and tumour size of 1.2 cm. The most common primary tumour site was jejunum/ileum (32%) followed by rectum (22%) and pancreas (11.2 %). Most patients had localised disease at initial diagnosis (n- 73/107 (68%). Distant metastases were seen in 32% (n-34/107) on initial staging with liver being most common site. Most patients were symptomatic at diagnosis while 22.4% cases were found incidentally. Second malignancies in particular of gastrointestinal origin were diagnosed in 33.6% (n-36/107). Surgical debulking was the most common treatment (59.8%) while 18% had multi-modality therapy. At a median followup of 25 months from diagnosis, 76 patients (78%) were still alive. Median time to first relapse was 15 months. 5 year survival rate was 75% for NETs originating from jejunum/ilieum on Kaplan-Meier analysis. Increasing age, tumor size, male gender, high histological grade, high Ki 67 index, raised plasma chromogranin A and urine 5 HIAA at the time of diagnosis were associated with shorter 5-year survival. Conclusions: The epidemiologic characteristics and long-term outcome in our series was comparable to reported studies from other centers. This analysis confirmed some important prognostic factors that could be considered for risk stratification and therapeutic management in patients with NETs.

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Grulich, Andrew E., Claire Vajdic, John M. Kaldor, Anne-Maree Hughes, Anne Kricker, Lin Fritschi, Jennifer J. Turner, Sam Milliken, Geza Benke, and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Birth Order, Atopy, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1368.1368.

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Abstract People with congenital or acquired immune deficiency have rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that are raised 50 fold or more above population rates, but it is unknown whether risk of NHL is associated with other forms of immune dysregulation. We performed a population based case-control study of risk factors for NHL in adults aged 20–74 years in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. We investigated the association of NHL risk with atopy, which is associated with a Th2 dominant immune response. In addition, we investigated the association of NHL with birth order and childhood crowding, which are known to predict atopy. Cases with NHL were selected from a cancer register (n=704), and controls (n=694) were randomly selected from state electoral rolls and frequency-matched to cases by age, sex and area. Cases with clinically apparent immune deficiency were excluded. Birth order, childhood crowding and history of atopic conditions (hayfever, asthma, eczema, and specific allergies) were assessed by questionnaire and by interview. Logistic regression models of NHL risk included the three matching variables as covariates. Being an only child or first born child of a larger family was strongly inversely associated with risk of NHL. Compared to a fourth or later born child, the odds ratios (OR) for development of NHL were 0.52 (95% CI 0.32–0.84) for an only child, 0.55 (95% CI 0.40–0.75) for a first-born child, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.51–0.96) and 0.81 (95 % CI 0.57–1.14) respectively for second and third born children (p trend < 0.0001). Indicators of crowding in later childhood, such as ever sharing a bed or bedroom, and number of years of sharing, were not associated with NHL risk. Diagnosis of atopic conditions was also inversely associated with NHL risk. Self-reported histories of hayfever, asthma, eczema and food allergies were each associated with reduced NHL risk; this reduction was significant for hayfever (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.82) and food allergies (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20–0.42), but not significant for asthma (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67–1.17) and eczema (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.10). In summary, being an only or other first born child and reporting a history of atopic conditions were associated with reduced NHL risk. Taken together, these data suggest a hypothesis that late exposure to infections in early life and atopic conditions, both of which are associated with a predominant Th2 response, are associated with a reduced risk of NHL.

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Fennessy, Paul, and Vanessa Clements. "OP135 CAR T-cell Therapy HTA Informs Australian Policy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001636.

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IntroductionChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is offered as a once-only treatment for patients with certain cancers that are not responsive to standard treatment. While clinicians, patients and their families increasingly seek access to CAR T-cell therapy, there is no revenue stream to support access through public or private health systems.MethodsThe New South Wales (NSW) Ministry of Health and Victorian Department of Health and Human Services oversighted a health technology assessment (HTA) to explore the status and geography of regulatory frameworks supporting delivery of CAR T-cell therapy, evidence for the safety, efficacy and cost, clinical trials conducted or underway and manufacturing aspects.ResultsCAR T-cell therapies are approved in the European Union and United States of America, and being considered in Australia, Canada, China and Japan. Efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness is limited by the size and single-arm design of early stage trials and variation between them. While overall response ranges from 36–93 percent, early results for some cancers are less favorable. Durability of treatment effect is unknown, adverse events are common and can be life-threatening and risk of delayed onset toxicity remains unknown. Treatment requires access to approved manufacturing facilities (none in Australia) and specialist clinical staff.ConclusionsCAR T-cell therapy is promising and demand is increasing, but the limited safety profile and evidence base should mitigate policy and investment decisions. Broader consideration should be given to developing, or identifying access to, manufacturing and clinical workforce capability and capacity to meet national demand. Australia is likely to encounter similar issues in other jurisdictions, such as limited evidence base and complex safety issues. Factors to be considered on a local and national basis for assessment and implementation include: (i) Regulatory support for industry; (ii) Strategies to manage uncertainties in long-term risks, benefits and costs; (iii) Access to accredited manufacturing facilities; (iv) Developing clinical and manufacturing workforce capability and capacity.

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Moss, N., I. J. Lean, S. W. J. Reid, and D. R. Hodgson. "Risk factors for repeat-breeder syndrome in New South Wales dairy cows." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 54, no. 2 (June 2002): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(02)00016-8.

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13

McCredie, Margaret, Patrick Maisonneuve, and Peter Boyle. "Antenatal risk factors for malignant brain tumours in new south wales children." International Journal of Cancer 56, no. 1 (July 5, 2007): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910560103.

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Tannous, W., and Kingsley Agho. "Factors Associated with Home Fire Escape Plans in New South Wales: Multinomial Analysis of High-Risk Individuals and New South Wales Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112353.

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The preparation and practice of home-escape plans are important strategies for individuals and families seeking to reduce and/or prevent fire-related injury or death. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with, home-escape plans in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The study used data from two surveys—a 2016 fire safety attitudes and behaviour survey administered to high-risk individuals (n = 296) and a 2013 NSW health survey covering 13,027 adults aged 16 years and above. It applied multinomial logistic regression analyses to these data to identify factors associated with having a written home-fire escape plan, having an unwritten home-fire escape plan and not having any home-fire escape plan. The prevalence of written home-escape plans was only 4.3% (95% CI: 2.5, 7.5) for the high-risk individuals and 7.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.3, 8.6) for the entire NSW population. The prevalence of unwritten escape plans was 44.6% (95% CI: 38.8, 50.5) for the high-risk individuals and 26.2% (95% CI: 25.1, 27.2) for the NSW population. The prevalence of no-escape plan at all was 51.1% (95% CI: 45.2, 56.9) for the high-risk individuals and 65.9% (95% CI: 64.8, 67.1) for the NSW population. After adjusting for other covariates, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with unwritten-escape plan and no-escape plan prevalence: speaking only the English language at home, practicing home-fire escape plans infrequently, being married, being female and testing smoke alarms less often. Future fire interventions should target people who speak only English at home and people who test their smoke alarms infrequently. These interventions should be accompanied by research aimed at reversing the trend toward use of more flammable materials in homes.

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Butler, Tony G., Kate A. Dolan, Mark J. Ferson, Linda M. McGuinness, Phillip R. Brown, and Peter W. Robertson. "Hepatitis B and C in New South Wales prisons: prevalence and risk factors." Medical Journal of Australia 166, no. 3 (February 1997): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140041.x.

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Plozza, K., JJ Lievaart, G. Potts, and HW Barkema. "Subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors on dairy farms in New South Wales." Australian Veterinary Journal 89, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00649.x.

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17

Butler, T., B. Donovan, J. Taylor, A. L. Cunningham, A. Mindel, M. Levy, and J. Kaldor. "Herpes simplex virus type 2 in prisoners, New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915174.

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Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibodies in male and female prisoners. A cross-sectional random sample was used consisting of 789 prisoners (657 males and 132 females) from 27 correctional centres across New South Wales (NSW), stratified by sex, age and Aboriginality. Participants were questioned about demographics and behavioural risk factors and were screened for serum antibody to HSV-2. The overall prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies was higher in females (58%) than males (21%), and in Aborigines (34%) compared with non-Aborigines (24%). HSV-2 prevalence increased with the number of sexual partners. Few prisoners (1%) reported a previous diagnosis of genital herpes. Independent risk factors for the presence of HSV-2 antibodies were increasing age and Aboriginality for men, and higher reported number of lifetime sexual partners and the presence of hepatitis C antibodies for women. HSV-2 infection is common in prison inmates. There is a need to incorporate information about STDs, including HSV-2, into education programmes for inmates.

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Hancock, Lynne, Rob Sanson-Fisher, Sally Redman, Alexander Reid, and Tony Tripodi. "Knowledge of cancer risk reduction practices in rural towns of New South Wales." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 20, no. 5 (October 1996): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1996.tb01635.x.

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Williams, K., M. Helmer, G. W. Duncan, J. K. Peat, and C. M. Mellis. "Perinatal and maternal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders in New South Wales, Australia." Child: Care, Health and Development 34, no. 2 (March 2008): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00796.x.

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Moloney, BJ, C. Heuer, and PD Kirkland. "Neospora caninumin beef herds in New South Wales, Australia. 2: analysis of risk factors." Australian Veterinary Journal 95, no. 4 (March 27, 2017): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12563.

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Nisbet, Ian, and Katie Seidler. "Characteristics of adolescent sex offenders in New South Wales." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 18, no. 2 (2001): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081651220002842x.

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AbstractCharacteristics of adolescents who sexually offend, their patterns of their offending behaviour and the defining features of their victims are firmly established in the overseas literature. The research literature in Australia, however, is less developed. This study describes the characteristics of a sample of clients of the Sex Offender Program of the New South Wales Department of Juvenile Justice and examines patterns of offence behaviours and related descriptions of victims. Adolescents who sexually offend in NSW have backgrounds of low educational attainment and abuse and a range of other social risk factors, and they are most likely to victimise female children. A typology of adolescent sex offenders based on their offending behaviour is offered.

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Lievaart, JJ, NR Charman, C. Scrivener, A. Morton, and MB Allworth. "Incidence of calf scours and associated risk factors in southern New South Wales beef herds." Australian Veterinary Journal 91, no. 11 (October 28, 2013): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12119.

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Kelly, GA, LP Kahn, and SW Walkden-Brown. "Risk factors for Merino ewe mortality on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 92, no. 3 (February 25, 2014): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12145.

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McCredie, Margaret, Patrick Maisonneuve, and Peter Boyle. "Perinatal and early postnatal risk factors for malignant brain tumours in New South Wales children." International Journal of Cancer 56, no. 1 (July 5, 2007): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910560104.

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Garrido, David Israel. "Response to: Prevalence of Anaemia in Children Diagnosed with Pneumonia in a Tertiary Hospital in Quito, Ecuador: Correspondence." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 40, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v40i1.29062.

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Dear editor, This letter is in response to Chaudhary, Shrestha, and Pathak, who highlighted various aspects of our previous manuscript "Prevalence of Anaemia in Children Diagnosed with Pneumonia in a Tertiary Hospital in Quito, Ecuador." I want to respond to each point referred to in a similar extension as used by the authors. We agreed on the fact that it is prompt to conclude in nutritional deficiencies as a risk factor to suffer pneumonia in Ecuadorian children that is why we express this conclusion as a possibility. Nevertheless, as evidenced in the meta-analysis presented by Jackson et al., the Odds Ratio (OR) meta-estimate for under nutrition as a risk factor for acute lower respiratory infections was 4.5 (95% CI 2.1-9.5)1. To add, in the same paper, the OR meta-estimate for anaemia, vitamin D deficiency, and zinc supplementation, was 3.9 (95% CI 2.4-6.3), 7.3 (95% CI 2.5 to 21.5), and 0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.9), respectively 1. Moreover, in a study conducted in Malawi including 9 533 children, severe malnutrition and moderate malnutrition were associated not only with a pneumonia risk but with an increased risk of inpatient mortality, with Odds Ratios (OR) of 4.63 (3.08, 6.97) and 1.73 (1.21, 2.48) respectively. Therefore, there is supporting evidence globally of the suggested risk 2. I am glad that the authors in the letter bring to the table a discussion of pneumonia diagnosis. In our study, the evaluation of pneumonia started with the clinical assessment including parameters with an acceptable sensitivity (Sen%) or specificity (Spe%), such as; fever on examination (Sen% 47, Spe% 68), history of fever (Sen% 92, Spe% 21), tachypnoea (Sen% 13, Spe% 95), rhonchi (Sen% 26, Spe% 98), crackles (Sen% 43, Spe% 73), wheezing (Sen% 4, Spe% 98) (3). However, as referred to in the original paper, the evaluation was not limited to these factors "Hypoxemia, defined as a sustained saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) <90 %, was used as criteria for hospitalization, along with criteria for respiratory distress, which includes: tachypnoea, dyspnoea, retractions (suprasternal, intercostal, or subcostal), grunting, nasal flaring, apnoea and altered mental status. Furthermore, CBC, acute-phase reactants and chest radiography were performed" (4). Nonetheless, I should remark two factors; firstly, pneumonia severity assessment is based on clinical parameters as presented in the New South Wales Government guideline (5). So, minimizing the utility of the clinical evaluation may be a mistake, especially in institutions without prompt access to the radiologic test. Secondly, even we knew that the patients included in this study were evaluated in other differential diagnoses like bronchiolitis, asthma or cardiac diseases which can mimic pneumonia, this was a cross-sectional study using retrospective data collection. Regarding the exclusion criteria, concomitant conditions that could affect anthropometric measurements include any congenital disease, which compromises a normal growth independently of the nutritional intake (Examples; Down syndrome, achondroplasia). Conditions that could affect the haemoglobin measurement or other parameters in the complete blood count include haematological, infectious or any disease which physiopathology may influence the interpretation of these results in the context of our study (Examples; Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, haemolytic anaemia, solid tumour cancers, haematological neoplasm, paludism), and conditions that could predispose to pneumonia include diseases which may produce an increased risk of infections (Examples; haematological neoplasm, inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies, immunosuppressive therapy) It is true that without specific evaluation of iron profile is not possible to establish with a high certainty iron deficiency. However, in our study are some relevant considerations; we excluded patients with a current diagnosis of other types of anaemia (haemolytic anaemia), chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and haematological neoplasms. All these factors reduce the possible causes of anaemia, and in the light that nutritional anaemia is the most frequent type in Latin America, it is reasonable to think that iron deficiency may be the leading cause in our patients. When we think about microcytic anaemia, as this was the most frequent type in our study, and as we excluded thalassemia, chronic inflammatory disease, and was no evidence of lead poisoning or newly diagnosed thalassemia in our patients, the possibility of iron deficiency increases. Although, at the end of our paper, we recommend the use of iron profile in new studies. I should highlight that we did not report cases of macrocytic anaemia. The question regarding the use of nutritional supplements is interesting, especially considering that in Ecuador, the governmental normative of micronutrients supplementation with the product "Chis Paz" consider children between 6 and 24 months of age. In our study, there was no possibility to know if the patients receive any supplementation. But, it would be useful to include this variable in prospective studies. Subclinical infections and iron deficiency anaemia have been described extensively in subclinical malaria, in other types of subclinical infections and even acute infections, there are still debate.

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Willcox, Simon J., Bernard W. Stewart, and Freddy Sitas. "What factors do cancer patients believe contribute to the development of their cancer? (New South Wales, Australia)." Cancer Causes & Control 22, no. 11 (August 12, 2011): 1503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9824-6.

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Harrison, Warren A., and Ron Christie. "Exposure survey of motorcyclists in New South Wales." Accident Analysis & Prevention 37, no. 3 (May 2005): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2004.12.005.

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Abu-Rayya, Hisham Motkal, and Baohui Yang. "Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Their Underlying Risk Factors Among Children in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Mental Health 41, no. 3 (October 2012): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/imh0020-7411410301.

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Kang, Melissa, Arlie Rochford, Victoria Johnston, Julie Jackson, Ellie Freedman, Katherine Brown, and Adrian Mindel. "Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among 'high risk' young people in New South Wales." Sexual Health 3, no. 4 (2006): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06025.

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International research on homeless adolescents has found that incidence and prevalence of sexually transmissible infections is relatively high. This study reports on a chlamydia prevalence survey conducted among high-risk young people (14–25 years) in New South Wales. The participants were recruited from youth health centres, which target homeless and high-risk youth. Of 333 clients (42.6% male), 84.1% were sexually active and mean number of sexual partners over the preceding 3 months was 1.4. Among sexually active participants, 24.6% claimed to use condoms always and 25% never. Sixteen of 274 available urine samples tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Further research is warranted to better define high-risk groups and clarify the nature of associations between various factors impacting on sexual health. Most importantly, research is now called for into effective strategies for engaging and attracting young people to screening, treatment and contact tracing.

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Penrose, L. D. J. "Prediction of ear emergence in winter wheats grown at Temora, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (1997): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96031.

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This study examined factors that determine ear emergence in winter wheats grown at Temora, New South Wales. Three development factors were considered: degree of winter habit, response to photoperiod, and intrinsic earliness. The effect of winter habit was first examined by using 3 pairs of related wheats that differed for spring–winter habit. Wheats were sown under irrigation from mid February to June, for up to 4 consecutive years. Ear emergence was recorded in days of the year for ease of field interpretation, and in photo-thermal time to measure delay in development. Winter habit was found to delay ear emergence throughout this sowing range. Ear emergence was then studied in 23 winter wheats that as a group encompassed a broad range for each of the 3 development factors, and these winter wheats were grouped on the basis of combinations of development factors. Differences in ear emergence between these groups guided the construction and testing of regression equations that described ear emergence as a function of sowing date and of the 3 development factors. Many combinations of factors were associated with the time of ear emergence (i.e. 1 October) at Temora that best optimises the balance between frost risk and yield potential. Combinations of development factors also influenced the flexibility of sowing time for winter wheats grown at Temora. These findings may assist the breeding of new winter wheats that can be sown over a longer period than current winter cultivars.

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Cashmore, Aaron W., Devon Indig, Stephen E. Hampton, Desley G. Hegney, and Bin Jalaludin. "Workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia." Australian Health Review 36, no. 2 (2012): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11043.

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Objective. Studies have found that health workers are at elevated risk of being abused while at work. Little is known, however, about workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. We implemented a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence, sources and consequences of workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia. Methods. All employees of Justice Health (a statutory health corporation) were invited to complete a self-administered survey, which was delivered via the internet. Among nurses, medical doctors and allied health professionals, 299 usable surveys were returned; a response rate of 42%. Results. In the preceding 3 months, 76% of participants had personally experienced some form of abuse in their workplace, all but one of whom recalled verbal abuse. Only 16% reported physical abuse. Seventy per cent reported feeling safe in their workplace. Patients were identified as the main perpetrators of abuse, followed by fellow health staff. Participants felt that incidents of workplace abuse increased their potential to make errors while providing care to patients and reduced their productivity while at work. Conclusions. Compared with health workers who practise in a community setting, the risk of physical abuse among correctional health professionals appears to be low. What is known about the topic? Health professionals are at a high risk of workplace abuse. Studies have demonstrated that the risk of abuse varies by health profession and the practice environment. There is a paucity of research exploring workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. What does this paper add? A cross-sectional survey found that a relatively small proportion of correctional health professionals in New South Wales had been subjected to physical abuse in their workplace in the preceding 3 months. Verbal abuse, however, was reported by a majority of participants. Although patients were the most commonly reported source of abuse, a worrying level of health worker on health worker abuse (also known as horizontal abuse) was found. What are the implications for practitioners? Preventive strategies should address the temporal, environmental and structural determinants of workplace abuse in correctional and forensic facilities. More research is needed to identify the factors associated with horizontal abuse among correctional health professionals. This would allow the establishment of tailored preventive programs.

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Jackson, Caroline A., Cathie L. M. Sudlow, and Gita D. Mishra. "Education, sex and risk of stroke: a prospective cohort study in New South Wales, Australia." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (September 2018): e024070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024070.

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ObjectiveTo determine whether the association between highest educational attainment and stroke differed by sex and age; and whether potential mediators of observed associations differ by sex.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPopulation based, New South Wales, Australia.Participants253 657 stroke-free participants from the New South Wales 45 and Up Study.Outcome measuresFirst-ever stroke events, identified through linkage to hospital and mortality records.ResultsDuring mean follow-up of 4.7 years, 2031 and 1528 strokes occurred among men and women, respectively. Age-standardised stroke rate was inversely associated with education level, with the absolute risk difference between the lowest and highest education group greater among women than men. In relative terms, stroke risk was slightly more pronounced in women than men when comparing low versus high education (age-adjusted HRs: 1.41, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.71 and 1.25, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.46, respectively), but there was no clear evidence of statistical interaction. This association persisted into older age, but attenuated. Much of the increased stroke risk was explained by modifiable lifestyle factors, in both men and women.ConclusionLow education is associated with increased stroke risk in men and women, and may be marginally steeper in women than men. This disadvantage attenuates but persists into older age, particularly for women. Modifiable risk factors account for much of the excess risk from low education level. Public health policy and governmental decision-making should reflect the importance of education, for both men and women, for positive health throughout the life course.

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SLOAN-GARDNER, T. S., P. D. MASSEY, P. HUTCHINSON, K. KNOPE, and E. FEARNLEY. "Trends and risk factors for human Q fever in Australia, 1991–2014." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 4 (December 8, 2016): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002843.

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SUMMARYAustralian abattoir workers, farmers, veterinarians and people handling animal birthing products or slaughtering animals continue to be at high risk of Q fever despite an effective vaccine being available. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data were analysed for the period 1991–2014, along with enhanced risk factor data from notified cases in the states of New South Wales and Queensland, to examine changes in the epidemiology of Q fever in Australia. The national Q fever notification rate reduced by 20% [incident rate ratio (IRR) 0·82] following the end of the National Q fever Management Program in 2006, and has increased since 2009 (IRR 1·01–1·34). Highest rates were in males aged 40–59 years (5·9/100 000) and 87% of Q fever cases occurred in New South Wales and Queensland. The age of Q fever cases and proportion of females increased over the study period. Based on the enhanced risk factor data, the most frequently listed occupation for Q fever cases involved contact with livestock, followed by ‘no known risk’ occupations. More complete and comparable enhanced risk factor data, at the State/Territory and national levels, would aid in further understanding of the epidemiology of Q fever.

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Marchand, Jean-Luc, Daniele Luce, Paquerette Goldberg, Isabelle Bugel, Christine Salomon, and Marcel Goldberg. "Dietary Factors and the Risk of Lung Cancer in New Caledonia (South Pacific)." Nutrition and Cancer 42, no. 1 (January 2002): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc421_3.

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Salagame, Usha, Emily Banks, Freddy Sitas, and Karen Canfell. "Menopausal hormone therapy use and breast cancer risk in Australia: Findings from the New South Wales Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk study." International Journal of Cancer 138, no. 8 (December 12, 2015): 1905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29942.

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E, Jegasothy, Randall D, Morgan G, Nippita T, and Ford J. "Maternal factors and risk of spontaneous preterm birth due to high ambient temperatures in New South Wales, Australia." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607804.93596.c2.

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Lunney, D., A. L. Curtin, D. Fisher, D. Ayers, and C. R. Dickman. "Ecological attributes of the threatened fauna of New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 1 (1997): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970013.

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The aims of this study were to identify common ecological patterns among threatened fauna in New South Wales, and to identify priority areas for research and management by determining which regions and habitats contain high numbers of threatened fauna. Threatened and non-threatened fauna were taken from the listings of Lunney et al. (1996, 1997). Species were categorized into weight classes, diet groups, habitats and regions and by level of knowledge available about them. All regions and habitats of the State contain threatened species. The northeastern region of New South Wales contains the greatest number of threatened species but the western region has suffered the most extinctions, especially of mammals. Species that historically inhabited a greater number of regions are less likely to be currently threatened or to be extinct than those with restricted distributions, and large species are more likely to be threatened than smaller species. The best predictors of a threatened mammals species were seeds and vegetation in the diet, heavier body weight, and ground-dwelling, burrowing, and rock pile/cave-dwelling habits. The Critical Weight Range (35?5 500g), although strongly associated with extinction of non-volant mammals, was not the most important predictor. Lord Howe Island held the highest proportion of threatened and extinct birds. Factors showing the strongest associations for threatened birds were carnivory, large size, and distribution in the southeastern region. The most poorly-known region for birds was the north-east, and the least known habitat was shrubland (including mallee, heath and chenopod shrubland). The status of reptiles was poorly known in all regions, especially the western region. Frogs were also poorly known in all regions. Frogs were most at risk if they were large, inhabited closed forest or occurred in the central or northeastern region. The study further revealed little association between particular ecological attributes and conservation status. This indicates that there are complex and pervasive threats affecting the status of New South Wales fauna. Research and management priority status could be argued for all regions and most habitats in the State, but the western or northeastern regions may face the most problems depending on the criteria used (e.g., past extinctions, number vs proportion of threatened species). Further, the conservation status of birds, reptiles and frogs is in particular need of attention from researchers.

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Harris, Margaret A., and Julie E. Byles. "A Survey of Screening Compliance among First Degree Relatives of People with Colon Cancer in New South Wales." Journal of Medical Screening 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914139700400110.

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Objective— To survey screening practices, knowledge, and attitudes towards screening among first degree relatives of people with colon cancer. Setting— A random sample of people with colon cancer listed on the New South Wales (NSW) Cancer Registry were mailed a questionnaire to be passed on to an appropriate first degree relative. Methods— Two hundred and twenty five first degree relatives completed a self administered questionnaire. Results— Although there were high levels of awareness about colorectal cancer, and attitudes towards colorectal cancer were generally positive, screening rates were low, and only three relatives had been screened in accordance with current Australian recommendations. Factors associated with previous participation in any type of screening test (usually once) included receiving a medical recommendation to screen, having more than one relative with colorectal cancer, being a sibling of the relative with colon cancer, the relative with cancer being female, and perceiving screening as messy, but not painful. Conclusions— Strategies to enhance screening awareness and participation among relatives need to be considered. This study provides some insight into factors to be considered in developing awareness programmes. Further research is required to explore these factors, and to identify ways to overcome barriers.

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Smith, David P., Ross Calopedos, Albert Bang, Xue Qin Yu, Sam Egger, Suzanne Chambers, and Dianne L. O’Connell. "Increased risk of suicide in New South Wales men with prostate cancer: Analysis of linked population-wide data." PLOS ONE 13, no. 6 (June 13, 2018): e0198679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198679.

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Karki, Surendra, Heather F. Gidding, Anthony T. Newall, Peter B. McIntyre, and Bette C. Liu. "Risk factors and burden of acute Q fever in older adults in New South Wales: a prospective cohort study." Medical Journal of Australia 203, no. 11 (December 2015): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja15.00391.

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LUGTON, IW. "Cross-sectional study of risk factors for the clinical expression of ovine Johne's disease on New South Wales farms." Australian Veterinary Journal 82, no. 6 (June 2004): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11104.x.

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Yu, Xue Q., Dianne L. O'Connell, Robert W. Gibberd, Alan S. Coates, and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Trends in survival and excess risk of death after diagnosis of cancerin 1980–1996 in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Cancer 119, no. 4 (2006): 894–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21909.

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Salagame, Usha, Emily Banks, Dianne L. O’Connell, Sam Egger, and Karen Canfell. "Menopausal Hormone Therapy use and breast cancer risk by receptor subtypes: Results from the New South Wales Cancer Lifestyle and EvaluAtion of Risk (CLEAR) study." PLOS ONE 13, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): e0205034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205034.

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Tong, Shannon, Matthew Warner-Smith, Sarah McGill, David Roder, and David Currow. "Effect of mammography screening and sociodemographic factors on stage of female breast cancer at diagnosis in New South Wales." Australian Health Review 44, no. 6 (2020): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah19124.

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ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to assess the effects of screening through BreastScreen NSW on the stage of cancer at diagnosis, and differences in cancer stage at diagnosis according to sociodemographic factors. MethodsUsing linked BreastScreen NSW screening attendance records and NSW Cancer Registry data, the effects of screening participation and sociodemographic characteristics on stage at diagnosis were investigated using Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance or the Mann–Whitney U-test for the 2002–13 diagnostic period. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate predictors of stage at diagnosis. ResultsThe association between BreastScreen NSW participation and earlier stage at diagnosis was strongest when the last screening episode occurred within 24 months of the cancer diagnosis, with an odds ratio of localised versus non-localised cancer of 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.51–1.72). Women aged ≥70 years, Aboriginal women, residents of major cities and women living in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage were more likely to have distant than non-distant stage at diagnosis. A trend towards more distant stage in more recent diagnostic years was evident after adjusting for screening participation. ConclusionsThe strongest and most consistent predictor of earlier stage at diagnosis was BreastScreen NSW participation. Continued efforts to increase screening participation are important to achieve earlier stage at diagnosis, particularly for sociodemographic groups with more advanced disease. What is known about the topic?Earlier cancer stage at diagnosis is a prerequisite for mortality reduction from screening. Past research indicated that screening participation in New South Wales (NSW) was strongly associated with early stage at diagnosis and mortality reduction. More contemporary data are needed to monitor screening performance in NSW and assess differences in cancer stage across sociodemographic subgroups. What does this paper add?Using data linkage, this paper indicates associations between screening, sociodemographic factors and stage at diagnosis for the NSW population in 2002–13. Contrary to expectations, major city residents tended to have a lower proportion of early stage breast cancer at diagnosis, which may be indicative of lower screening coverage and barriers to screening. Compared with past research, similar effects of screening and other sociodemographic factors on the stage of breast cancer at diagnosis were observed. This paper compares screening histories across sociodemographic groups, indicating statistically significant differences. What are the implications for practitioners?Increasing screening participation is particularly important for sociodemographic groups who are diagnosed at more advanced stages, including women from lower socioeconomic areas, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and residents of major cities. In particular, the results reinforce the need to further develop targeted strategies to increase screening participation among NSW women from lower socioeconomic areas and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. Further investigation into screening coverage and barriers to screening for residents in major cities is needed.

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Chandra, Meena, Anthea Duri, and Mitchell Smith. "Prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in 35- to 44-year-old humanitarian arrivals to New South Wales (NSW), Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 25, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18042.

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The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in humanitarian arrivals to Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) with the Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations aged 35–44 years. Data on risk factors collected from 237 refugees presenting to the NSW Refugee Health Service (RHS) from January 2015 to August 2016 were retrospectively analysed and compared with data from the Australian Health Surveys, 2011–13 for the Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian populations. This study found significantly higher levels of triglycerides (z=3; 95% CI, 0.16–0.26); hypertension (z=3.2; 95% CI, 0.17–0.29); and smoking (z=3.5; 95% CI, 0.27–0.33) in refugees compared with the general Australian population. The Indigenous population had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (z=4; 95% CI, 0.16–0.26); body mass indexes (BMIs) (z=3.3; 95% CI 0.58–0.72); and smoking (z=5.4; 95 CI 0.27–0.33) compared with refugees. Based on the study findings, screening for chronic disease risk factors from age 35 years may be warranted in all humanitarian arrivals to Australia, along with dietary and lifestyle advice.

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Cretikos, Michelle, Paul Byleveld, David N. Durrheim, Philippe Porigneaux, Tony Merritt, and Sandy Leask. "Supply system factors associated with microbiological drinking water safety in regional New South Wales, Australia, 2001–2007." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.203.

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Aim: To determine factors associated with microbiological safety of public drinking water systems in regional New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: We analysed 107,000 end-user drinking water samples for an association between detection of Escherichia coli and drinking water system features, sample year and season using NSW Health Drinking Water Monitoring Program data, 2001–2007. We used negative binomial generalized estimating equations with adjustment for autocorrelation and clustering. Results: We detected E. coli in over 2% of samples from 40% (129/323) of systems. E. coli detection was significantly more common in earlier years and during summer (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis E. coli detection was significantly associated with smaller systems; watercourse sources; no disinfection or disinfection with ultraviolet only; and higher post-treatment mean turbidity (all p≤0.01). Detection was most strongly associated with lack of disinfection (incidence rate ratio 12.6, p<0.001) and smaller supply systems (1% reduction in E. coli detection for each 1,000 person increase in supply population, p=0.004). Ultraviolet disinfection alone was the least effective disinfection method (p<0.001). Conclusion: Even in developed countries, drinking water systems without disinfection or serving small populations appear vulnerable to the effects of faecal contamination, which presents a risk of waterborne disease outbreaks.

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LUGTON, IW. "A cross-sectional study of risk factors affecting the outcome of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus releases in New South Wales." Australian Veterinary Journal 77, no. 5 (May 1999): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb10274.x.

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Goltsman, David, Zhe Li, Eleanor Bruce, Siobhan Connolly, John G. Harvey, Peter Kennedy, and Peter K. M. Maitz. "Spatial analysis of pediatric burns shows geographical clustering of burns and ‘hotspots’ of risk factors in New South Wales, Australia." Burns 42, no. 4 (June 2016): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2016.02.026.

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MOHSIN, M., A. E. BAUMAN, and B. JALALUDIN. "THE INFLUENCE OF ANTENATAL AND MATERNAL FACTORS ON STILLBIRTHS AND NEONATAL DEATHS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 5 (July 11, 2005): 643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200502701x.

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This study identified the influences of maternal socio-demographic and antenatal factors on stillbirths and neonatal deaths in New South Wales, Australia. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the association of selected antenatal and maternal characteristics with stillbirths and neonatal deaths. The findings of this study showed that stillbirths and neonatal deaths significantly varied by infant sex, maternal age, Aboriginality, maternal country of birth, socioeconomic status, parity, maternal smoking behaviour during pregnancy, maternal diabetes mellitus, maternal hypertension, antenatal care, plurality of birth, low birth weight, place of birth, delivery type, maternal deaths and small gestational age. First-born infants, twins and infants born to teenage mothers, Aboriginal mothers, those who smoked during the pregnancy and those of lower socioeconomic status were at increased risk of stillbirths and neonatal deaths. The most common causes of stillbirths were conditions originating in the perinatal period: intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxia. Congenital malformations, including deformities and chromosomal abnormalities, and disorders related to slow fetal growth, short gestation and low birth weight were the most common causes of neonatal deaths. The findings indicate that very low birth weight (less than 2000 g) contributed 75·6% of the population-attributable risks to stillbirths and 59·4% to neonatal deaths. Low gestational age (less than 32 weeks) accounted for 77·7% of stillbirths and 87·9% of neonatal deaths. The findings of this study suggest that in order to reduce stillbirths and neonatal deaths, it is essential to include strategies to predict and prevent prematurity and low birth weight, and that there is a need to focus on anti-smoking campaigns during pregnancy, optimizing antenatal care and other healthcare programmes targeted at the socially disadvantaged populations identified in this study.

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Zhang, Yang, and Samsung Lim. "Drivers of Wildfire Occurrence Patterns in the Inland Riverine Environment of New South Wales, Australia." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060524.

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In the inland riverine environment of Australia, wildfires not only threaten human life and cause economic loss but also make distinctive impacts on the ecosystem (e.g., injuring or killing fire-sensitive wetland species such as the river red gum). Understanding the drivers of wildfire occurrence patterns in this particular environment is vital for fire-risk reduction and ecologically sustainable management. This study investigated patterns and driving factors of wildfire occurrence over the years from 2001 to 2016 and across the New South Wales side of the Riverina bioregion. Descriptive analyses were conducted for fires of different causes and that burned different vegetation types. Logistic regression models were developed by incorporating factors that provide information on weather, climate, fuel, topography and ignition sources. Analyses revealed that most fires occurred in summer, with human-caused fires primarily in spring and summer, and natural fires in summer. Summer was the most fire-prone season in forested wetlands, whereas fires in drylands mostly occurred during spring and summer. Fire probabilities were higher under severe weather conditions, in areas with higher annual rainfall, in forested wetlands and in areas with intermediate inundation frequencies. Special attention needs to be paid to the effects of vegetation type and inundation frequency on fire occurrence. Weather, climate&fuel and ignition sources were comparably important in explaining human-caused fire occurrence, whereas weather was more important than climate&fuel in explaining natural fire occurrence. Understandings obtained from this study can potentially support the planning of fire and forest management, as well as to supplement the relatively scarce knowledge on riverine wildfire occurrence.

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