Academic literature on the topic 'Cancer Research Moral and ethical aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cancer Research Moral and ethical aspects"
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Bartholdson, Cecilia, Margareta af Sandeberg, Kim Lützén, Klas Blomgren, and Pernilla Pergert. "Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care." Nursing Ethics 23, no. 8 (August 3, 2016): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778.
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Background: How well ethical concerns are handled in healthcare is influenced by the ethical climate of the workplace, which in this study is described as workplace factors that contribute to healthcare professionals’ ability to identify and deal with ethical issues in order to provide the patient with ethically good care. Objectives: The overall aim of the study was to describe perceptions of the paediatric hospital ethical climate among healthcare professionals who treat/care for children with cancer. Research design: Data were collected using the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey developed by Olsson as a separate section in a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse perceptions of the ethical climate. Participants and research context: Physicians, nurses and nurse-aides (n = 89) from three paediatric units participated in this study: haematology/oncology, chronic diseases and neurology. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the regional ethical review board. Findings: Different perceptions of the ethical climate were rated as positive or negative/neutral. Nurses’ ratings were less positive than physicians on all items. One-third of the participants perceived that they were able to practice ethically good care as they believed it should be practised. Discussion: Differences in professional roles, involving more or less power and influence, might explain why physicians and nurses rated items differently. A positive perception of the possibility to practice ethically good care seems to be related to inter-professional trust and listening to guardians/parents. A negative/neutral perception of the possibility to practice ethically good care appears to be influenced by experiences of ethical conflicts as well as a lack of ethical support, for example, time for reflection and discussion. Conclusion: The two-thirds of participants who had a negative/neutral perception of the possibility to practice ethically good care are at risk of developing moral stress. Clinical ethics support needs to be implemented in care where important values are at stake.
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Bagherian, Samaneh, Farkhondeh Sharif, Ladan Zarshenas, Camellia Torabizadeh, Abbas Abbaszadeh, and Payam Izadpanahi. "Cancer patients’ perspectives on dignity in care." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845126.
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Background: Since “dignity” is one of the fundamental rights of every patient, consideration for patients’ dignity is essential. Unfortunately, in many cases, especially in cancer patients, dignity is not fully respected. Dignity is an abstract concept, and there are only a few comprehensive studies on the dignity of cancer patients in Iran. Research objective: This study aimed to evaluate the perception of Iranian cancer patients on human dignity. Research design: A qualitative research approach was used as the study design. The data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Participants and research context: This study was conducted on cancer patients in internal medicine wards in Iran. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews from May 2017 to February 2018. Ethical considerations: The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of medical universities located in Southwest of Iran. The ethical principles were carefully followed throughout the study. Findings: Based on the results of the interviews, 3 main themes and 11 categories were determined. The main themes were identified as the “personal space and privacy,” “respect for human values,” and “moral support.” Discussion: The results of the present study showed the necessity of care for cancer patients in a respectful manner. The key elements in such care were the preservation of their personal space and privacy, respect for their values, and the provision of adequate moral support. These measures will have a positive effect on the perception of such patients on human dignity. Conclusion: Considering the special care required by cancer patients, the Iranian healthcare and hygiene managers should design and implement a care plan that includes the ethical principles related to human dignity.
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Melis, Paola, Maura Galletta, Cesar Ivan Aviles Gonzalez, Paolo Contu, and Maria Francisca Jimenez Herrera. "Ethical perspectives in communication in cancer care: An interpretative phenomenological study." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 6 (May 14, 2020): 1418–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020916771.
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Background: In cancer care, many clinical contexts still lack a good-quality patient–health professional communication about diagnosis and prognosis. Information transmission enables patients to make informed choices about their own healthcare. Nevertheless, disclosure is still an ethically challenging clinical problem in cancer care. High-quality care can be achieved by understanding the perspectives of others. The perspective of patients, their caregivers, physicians and nurses have seldom been simultaneously studied. Objective: To investigate the phenomenon of diagnosis and prognosis-related communication as experienced by patients, their caregivers, and both their attending nurses and physicians, to enlighten meanings attached to communication by the four parties. Methods: A qualitative study using interpretative phenomenological analysis was performed. Participants and research context: Purposive sampling of six patients, six caregivers, seven nurses and five physicians was performed in two oncological hospitals in Italy. Ethical considerations: Local Ethics Committee approved the study. It was guided by the ethical principles of voluntary enrolment, anonymity, privacy and confidentiality. Results: Three main themes were identified: (a) the infinite range of possibilities in knowing and willing to know, (b) communication with the patient as a conflicting situation and (c) the bind of implicit and explicit meaning of communication. Conclusion: The interplay of meanings attached by patients, their caregivers, and their attending oncologist and nurse to communication about diagnosis and prognosis revealed complexities and ambiguities not yet settled. Physicians still need to solve the ethical tensions in their caring relationship with patients to really allow them ‘to choose with dignity and being aware of it’. Nurses need to develop awareness about their role in diagnosis and prognosis-related communication. This cognizance is essential not just to assure consistency of communication within the multi-disciplinary team but mostly because it allows and enables the moral agent to take its own responsibilities and be accountable for them.
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van Meeteren, Antoinette Schouten, Simone Lenting, Mirjam Sulkers, and Marianne van de Wetering. "OTHR-21. Ethical reflections via the dilemma method in a pediatric neuro-oncology department." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2022): i151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac079.560.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Professional care for children with a brain tumor can bring considerable ethical questions in clinical practice. These questions can be burdensome and cause distress among professionals, parents and patients. Awareness and skills to bring these aspects into a respectful discussion among colleagues can be meaningful and alleviate the distress. Our objective is to give overview of the ethical case deliberations which took place during a monthly multidisciplinary meeting on the pediatric neuro-oncology department. METHOD: To describe the type of ethical case deliberations as spontaneously proposed and selected by the team members for discussion. To identify main values in the care process for professionals via the dilemma method in monthly meetings led by a trained facilitator. RESULTS: The monthly meetings were visited regularly by 9-14 diverse professionals (median 10) of the team: nurses, oncologists, social worker, psychologist, educational specialist. The selected moral questions concerned children with a brain tumor between 4-13 year old (median 9) with following ten subjects: 3 not sharing the infaust prognosis with a child, 2 avoiding medical care in follow up /treatment, 2 cultural different approach for food and drink intake, 2 crossing professional boundaries and 1 time worries about emotional safety of a child. The main values that were recognized to play crucial role in the care process were honesty, respect, autonomy, quality of life, health, tolerance, courage and safety. The participants felt supported in their professional skills by sharing reflections on personal moral considerations and by openly discussing different views and experiences of other participants. CONCLUSION: The monthly ethical case discussions disclose high lights in the burden of professional care in pediatric neuro-oncology. These meetings about moral questions are supportive in the competence of the professionals to recognize and communicate about these important dilemmas.
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Ko, Hsun-Kuei, Chi-Chun Chin, Min-Tao Hsu, and Shu-Li Lee. "Phenomenon of moral distress through the aspect of interpretive interactionism." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 5 (April 15, 2018): 1484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733018766579.
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Background: Most previous studies on moral distress focused on the factors that cause moral distress, paying inadequate attention to the moral conflict of nurses’ values, the physician–nurse power hierarchy, and the influence of the culture. Research objective: To analyze the main causes for moral distress with interpretive interactionism. Research design: A qualitative study was adopted. Participants: Through purposeful sampling, 32 nurses from 12 different departments were chosen as the samples. Ethical considerations: Approval from the Institutional Review Board of the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. Findings: Moral distress is likely to occur in the following clinical situations: patients have no idea about their diseases; the medical decisions fail to meet the optimum benefit of patients; and patients with terminal cancers are not given a proper death. The reason why nurses become trapped in moral distress is that they fail to achieve moral goodness. Inadequate confidence, the physician–nurse power hierarchy, and the Oriental culture affect nurses’ goodness-based intention for patients, which deteriorates moral distress. Discussion: The main cause for moral distress is the moral goodness of nurses. If nurses’ goodness-based intention for patients is inconsistent with the moral objective of achieving optimum benefit for patients, it leads to moral distress. Culture is an essential background factor of care for patients. In the Oriental culture, family members influence patients’ right to know about their diseases, the choice of treatment, and patients’ autonomy of not receiving cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. This results in moral distress in medical care. Conclusion: The occurrence of moral distress demonstrates that nurses have moral characteristics such as goodness and caring. It is suggested that appropriate educational strategies can be adopted to weaken the power hierarchy between physicians and nurses and enhance nurses’ confidence and cultural sensitivity, so as to reduce the moral distress of nurses.
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Popova, N. V., and E. V. Popova. "VOLUNTEERING AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF MORAL STANDARDS AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE." Education and science journal 20, no. 10 (December 31, 2018): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2018-10-139-155.
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Introduction.Volunteering is a socially significant activity, which contributes to solving separate acute social issues and showing the best qualities of an individual – compassion, ability to sympathise and readiness to provide assistance to people in need. Through volunteering, a person achieves self-esteem and a feeling of his or her relevance and usefulness. Under the present circumstances, aspects of the study of volunteering and youth attitudes to this concept are especially relevant. Over the last decades, social transformations have occurred, leading to a reassessment of the value system, and, consequently, society has lost its moral compass. Participation in volunteering can become one of the effective factors in the formation of ethical standards and humanistic value orientations among young people.Theaimof the research was to investigate the educational potential of volunteering through studying the attitudes of young people.Methodology and research methods.The research was based on axiological and sociological approaches. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: review and synthesis of historical-philosophical and sociological literature, sociological group face-to-face surveys, and comparative analysis of statistical data. Results and scientific novelty.The authors justified the necessity for moral education of working youth through the involvement of young people in realizing charitable projects and organising philanthropic events. The authors highlighted the aspects of conducting charitable activities in one of the socially-oriented enterprises of the Urals – Sinarsky Pipe Plant. A questionnaire based survey conducted among young workers of that metal manufacturer revealed the fact of mass participation in various charitable activities (out of the sample seize of 180 young workers, 89% of respondents admitted their involvement in philanthropic activities). The respondents expressed interest in charitable projects and readiness to spend own time, energy and money for rendering disinterested targeted assistance to children with special needs and children with disabilities (56.3%), to elderly people living in difficult life situations (52.5%), to stray animals (50.0%), to children suffering from cancer (49.3%). It was concluded that charity work forms ethical standards at young people, and develops altruistic qualities such as disinterestedness and responsiveness, as well as civil consciousness.Practical significance.The research outcomes can be used when preparing, organising and holding charitable work with the aim of bringing up morally and ethically educated young workers, as well as students of educational institutions of different levels.
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Behan, Justine M., Ramandeep Singh Arora, Franco A. Carnevale, Sameer Bakhshi, Bani Bhattacharjee, and Argerie Tsimicalis. "An Ethnographic Study of the Moral Experiences of Children with Cancer in New Delhi, India." Global Qualitative Nursing Research 8 (January 2021): 233339362199581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333393621995814.
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There is a paucity of research examining children’s experiences with cancer in India. Childhood ethics is an emerging field, focusing on the moral dimension of children’s experiences, to promote children’s participation in their health care. A focused ethnography, using a moral experience framework, was conducted to better understand children’s participation in decisions, discussions, and actions in three oncology settings in New Delhi, India. We interviewed key informants, retrieved key documents, and conducted semi-structured interviews and participant observations with children. All 22 children demonstrated interest in varying aspects of their cancer care. Certain factors facilitated or impeded their participation. Some children became distressed when they lacked information about their treatment or were not given opportunities to enhance their understanding. The results advance our understanding of the moral experiences of children with cancer in India for healthcare professionals, policy makers, families, and interested others.
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Richardson, Daniel R., Gary Winzelberg, Donald Lee Rosenstein, and Frances A. Collichio. "Development of an “Art of Oncology” curriculum to mitigate burnout and foster solidarity among hematology/oncology fellows." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): 10507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.10507.
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10507 Background: Oncologists and fellows in Hematology/Oncology (HO) training programs report high levels of burnout. The ACGME requires accredited programs to have a mechanism to foster “well-being” and “ethical behavior” among fellows. A loss of solidarity among oncology professionals may contribute to known causes of burnout, such as heavy workload and severity of patient illness, that may in turn negatively impact patient outcomes. Methods: Through a multidisciplinary process involving fellows and faculty from psychiatry, palliative care, and hematology/oncology, a 3-year longitudinal “Art of Oncology” (AOO) curriculum was created for HO fellows at our institution to foster solidarity and mitigate burnout. The curriculum principally involved monthly hour-long sessions intended to promote reflection on oncologists’ shared experiences and the humanistic aspects of caring for patients with cancer. Facilitated by topic experts utilizing personal and published narratives, sessions foster group discussion. Fellows are also invited to write a personal narrative reflecting on their role as an oncologist. Topics include death and dying, caring for patients after treatment failure, cultivating resilience, religion/spirituality, the moral responsibility of oncologists, and oncology as a calling. Cancer patients and spouses were invited to facilitate a session to emphasize the patient experience. Burnout and preparedness for covered topic areas were measured prior to curriculum initiation and will be re-assessed annually. Results: The curriculum began in 2018. Of current fellows, 94.7% (18/19) completed the initial survey. A greater proportion of HO fellows participated in the AOO sessions than non-AOO didactic lectures (mean attendance, 59.2% v. 42.7%, p = 0.037). At curriculum initiation, most fellows reported burnout a few times or more a month (all fellows = 75%, 1st year = 85.7%, 2nd year = 80%, and higher = 62.5%). Conclusions: The implementation of a dedicated curriculum to foster solidarity among HO fellows through narrative medicine and group discussion of the humanistic aspects of oncology is feasible. A substantial degree of burnout exists among HO fellows, even incoming fellows. Further research to assess whether this curriculum mitigates burnout is needed. Because burnout is already a problem for incoming fellows, further work should investigate interventions aimed at ameliorating burnout among both residents and fellows.
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Valeyeva, Elvira T., Venera T. Akhmetshina, Elmira R. Shaikhlislamova, Rosa M. Bakieva, and Albina A. Distanova. "Аnalysis of selected indices of disability of adult population and health care workers of the Republic of Bashkortostan." HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 65, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0044-197x-2021-65-3-191-197.
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Introduction. The problem of disability of the population includes medical and social, economic, moral, and ethical aspects, since it affects a considerable number of people, mainly of working age. This also applies to health care workers, whose role in solving the tasks of state policy to preserve and prolong the active life of a person is invaluable. Purpose. Analysis of the levels, trend, and structure of primary disability among the Republic of Bashkortostan’s adult population and health care workers. Material and methods. Primary disability was studied according to the annual reports and 936 certificates of examination for disability in the Bureau of medical and Social expertise of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2015-2017. Results. During the analyzed period, there is practically no tendency to decrease disability indices among the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan; among health care workers, in 2017 this value decreased by 1.1 times compared to 2015, amounting to 49.5 per 10 thousand population. In the structure of primary disability, the most numerous both among the population and among medical workers were persons with group III disability. Among the causes of disability of the adult population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, diseases of malignant aetiology (37.4%) and diseases of the circulatory system (25.9%) hold the top place. The direct access to disability, the cause of neoplasms of malignant aetiology, in medical workers for all the years of observation exceeded the national indices by 1.1-1.4 times. Breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer prevailed in the structure of oncological diseases among doctors. Disability among medical workers due to conditions of the circulatory system is established for every third doctor (32.9%). Conclusion. The basis for early diagnosis of diseases and prevention of disability of health care workers should be high-quality periodic medical examinations with mandatory implementation of the full scope of laboratory and functional research methods.
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Magnusson, K. "Ethical aspects of cancer prevention." European Journal of Cancer 37 (April 2001): S401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)81932-8.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Cancer Research Moral and ethical aspects"
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Olivier, Stephen Chris. "Ethical issues in human movement research." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015402.
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In acknowledging past abuses of humans in research contexts, and recognising the potential for malpractices in Human Movement Studies (HMS), this study evaluated the extent to which ethical issues are addressed in the discipline. The primary method consisted of the standard techniques of philosophic analysis, with empirical data complementing the conclusions. In general, the study contends that insufficient attention is paid to ethical issues in HMS research. In response to a set of specifically constructed, ethically problematic research proposals, only 1.8% of comments from senior researchers advocated rejection of the proposals on ethical grounds. Also, a journal search indicated that consideration of ethical issues in published research may largely be absent. Questionnaire responses revealed that South African HMS departments may be deficient in terms of accountability towards ethical guidelines. Whilst noting the existence of utilitarian ethics in HMS research, it is advocated that deontologic principles should take precedence. Further, only a sound educative effort will produce improvements. In conclusion, this study advocates a deontology-based approach to research ethics. This is consistent with the contention that the use of humans in research is a privilege, and that the rights of participants ought to outweigh the desire of researchers to conduct research.
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Wilson, Shawn Stanley. "Research as ceremony : articulating an indigenous research paradigm." Monash University, School of Humanities, Communications and Social Sciences, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5341.
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Champon, Benoit. "How to regulate embryo research? : a procedural approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80913.
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Over the past few years, embryo research has been a widely discussed topic. New techniques such as embryo stem cell research or therapeutic cloning are considered by scientists to be very promising. Nevertheless, opponents of these experimentations warn against the commodification of human life forms and argue that the moral status of embryos should protect them from being destroyed purely for research.Legislations on this topic have been enacted in most Western countries, though they are still much criticised. Is there an adequate way of regulating embryo research? Our argument suggests that consensus can only be procedurally obtained. That is, we believe that only legislative assemblies should have authority to take a position on this controversial topic, which is subject to moral disagreement, and as such, judges should only have a minor role.
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Dunsire, Matthew. "Emotion altering effects of research participation." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1999. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1219.
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Previous studies have suggested that participating in psychological research may temporarily amplify participants’ experience of positive or negative emotions (Daugherty & Lawrence. 1996). In the present research, 114 male and female university students completed either self-focused or non-self-focused questionnaires to investigate characteristics that may predispose some participants to positive or negative reactions following participation in research. Four hypotheses were examined: (a) A self-focused task compared to a non-self-focused task would significantly increase average levels of emotional arousal; (b) the amplification of emotional reactions would be greater in females than males (c) participants experiencing negative life events and who are less well adjusted would experience a negative emotional reaction to participation; and (d) participants experiencing positive life events and who are well adjusted would experience a positive emotional reaction to participation. Results suggest no difference between self-focused and non-self-focused tasks in their ability to effect emotions during research participation. Findings also indicate that males' emotional reaction was significantly more elevated than females after participation. Personality traits rather than life experiences were also identified as better predictors of emotional reactions to participation. These results bring into question conclusions drawn by previous research about sex-differences and self-focused attention and suggest that completion of self-report questionnaires have few aversive affects.
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Hon, Wai-fan, and 韓慧芬. "Fraud in clinical research: perceptions amongclinical investigators and biomedical researchers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724414.
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Dick, Liezl. "Verantwoordelikheid en die nuwe genetiese tegnologiee : filosofiese perspektiewe op die relevansie van 'n etiek van verantwoordelikheid vir morele besinning oor kloning en stamselnavorsing." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21775.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: New genetic technologies (e.g. stem-cell research, gene-therapies and cloning) raise some of the most enigmatic moral problems in the field of bioethics. My aim in this thesis is to explore the philosophical and ethical significance of the idea of an “ethics of responsibility” (as, particularly, developed in the work of Hans Jonas, Zygmunt Bauman and Emmanuel Levinas) for moral reflection on these problems. “Ethics of responsibility” is a new approach to ethics that represents an alternative to both rule morality (where moral action is identified with the application of rules) and utilitarianism (where moral action is identified with establishing the best consequences for the most people). Rule morality has the serious shortcoming of being unable to deal with real and actual moral dilemmas, and of being unclear as to which rule applies in which situation. Utilitarianism has the serious shortcoming of often being way too counter-intuitive: deeds that we normally find morally abhorrent, such a lying, stealing and even torturing can, within the utilitarian calculus, sometimes be justified. The notion of an ethics of responsibility has been promoted by the mentioned authors both to counter the simplistic idea that a rule exists in terms of which every moral action can be determined, but also to counter the crassness of the utilitarian calculus. It represents an approach to ethics in which the interests of the other are taken as seriously as possible within the confines of the situation in which action is called for. My aim is to explore this approach critically, and to invesitgate its desirability, applicability and efficacy with particular reference to the moral problems raised by the new genetic technologies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nuwe genetiese tegnologieë bv stamselnavorsing en kloning, opper enigmatiese morele probleme binne die veld van bio-etiek. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die filosofiese en etiese belang van die idee van “ ‘n etiek van verantwoordelikheid” (soos dit in die werk van Hans Jonas, Zygmunt Bauman en Emmaneul Levinas ontwikkel is) vir morele refleksie van hierdie probleme te ondersoek. ‘n Etiek van verantwoordelikheid is ‘n nuwe benadering binne etiek wat ‘n alternatief daarstel vir onderskeidelik utilitarisme (waar ‘n moreel korrekte aksie dié aksie is wat die beste gevolge vir die meeste mense tot stand bring) en deontologie of reël-moraliteit (waar ‘n moreel korrekte aksie dié aksie is wat die morele reëls gehoorsaam). Albei hierdie tradisionele etiese teorie beskik oor tekortkominge. Utilitarisme voer byvoorbeeld aan dat ‘n aksie wat gewoonlik as kontraintuitief beskou word, moreel korrek is. Aksies soos steel, die vertel van leuens en marteling kan volgens die utilitaristiese beskouing moreel regverdig word. Deontologie slaag weer nie daarin om sinvol met werklike en aktuele morele probleme om te gaan nie, en dit is dikwels onduidelik watter morele reël voorkeur moet kry wanneer dit op ‘n morele dilemma toegepas word. ‘n Etiek van verantwoordelikheid wat deur bogenoemde outeurs voorgestaan word, bied ‘n alternatief vir die simplisitese idee dat vaste morele reël bestaan wat op ‘n universele wyse kan bepaal wanneer ‘n aksie moreel reg of verkeerd is. ‘n Etiek van verantwoordelikheid beweeg ook weg van die kras benadering van utilitarisme, en bied ‘n maak ruimte vir ‘n meer komplekse, genuanseerde benadering tot die etiese problematiek. Dit verskaf ‘n benadering tot etiek waar die belange van die ander binne die etiese besluitnemingsproses, ernstig opgeneem word. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die tradisionele etiese teorie krities te benader, waarna die toepasbaarheid en effektiwiteit van ‘n etiek van verantwoordelikheid, ondersoek sal word.
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De, Roubaix J. A. M. (John Addey Malcolm). "Value, utility and autonomy : a moral-critical analysis of utilitarian positions on the value of prenatal life." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50542.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Problem statement For utilitarians, human beings have intrinsic moral significance based on only two acquired characteristics: sentience, or the ability to suffer, and psychological personhood. Sentience is the entrance-requirement for moral significance, but does not justify a "right to life" claim; at most a "right" not to suffer. Personhood, described as some sort of self-conscious awareness with a concept of the future, may justify a "right to life" claim. However, since personhood is absent in prenatal beings, and only develops some time after birth, the implication is that such beings have little moral significance and may, for instance, be killed "at will". The moral problem that I address in this dissertation is to investigate, assess and evaluate the utilitarian position on the moral status or value of prenatal life. Methodology and results I firstly, on the basis of an extensive literature study, make a detailed analysis of the utilitarian position with reference to a number of themes that I have identified in their argument. This is followed by a critical philosophical evaluation of the utilitarian position, based on six particular arguments: • Utilitarianism is philosophically incoherent. It over-simplifies the moral argument in claiming that consequences are all that matter morally. Its underlying moral theory is at odds with moral claims contained in contemporary notions of human rights and individual justice. It ignores the moral significance of special obligations to special groups. • Utilitarianism potentially has unacceptable consequences. It IS inherently discriminatory and may lead to legitimate "slippery slope" fears. • Utilitarianism clashes with our fundamental moral intuitions on the value of prenatal life. These intuitions are cherished in most world religions. • Contrary to the utilitarian position, speciesism is inevitable to the human condition, especially argued from a position of existential phenomenology. Self- constitution, simultaneous constitution of the world as we know it, and the very possibility of morality are possible only within a particular notion of speciesism. • The potentiality of pre-persons to develop into persons cannot be as convincingly ignored as is done by the utilitarian. • There is a basic and underlying need and intuition to protect vulnerable human beings, of which pre-persons are exemplars. These notions clash with utilitarian theory. As an alternative, I introduce, set out and evaluate a two-phased position on the moral significance of pre-personal human life, a position of respectfulness of prenatal and pre-personal human life based upon its humanity, potentiality and separation-viability. This leads, firstly, to the conclusion of a graded, sliding scale conception of human prepersonal moral significance in line with the level of development and with the actuation of potentiality. Secondly, it leads to the conclusion that the advent of separationsurvivability (viability) is a morally significant cut-off point beyond which the human fetus may "normally" have a justifiable right to the continuation of its life. In as far as the application of my argument is concerned, I develop a "moderate" position with reference to the abortion debate. Whilst I recognize that all human prenatal beings of which it can be argued that they have a reasonable chance to develop their intrinsic potentiality, i.e., to become full-fledged persons, should have the opportunity to do so, I also recognize that neither this position, nor the complexities of life make it possible to hold "absolute" positions on the justifiability of abortion. I explore this extremely problematic notion in the text. That having been said, the advent of separation-survivability may imply a "moral cut-off point", beyond which termination is only rarely justified. I argue that I find no moral hindrance to wellmotivated research on human pre-embryos and stem cells.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Probleemstelling Utilitariste huldig sterk omlynde standpunte oor die waarde van lewe. Hulle redeneer dat menslike (inderwaarheid, alle lewende) wesens slegs op grond van twee eienskappe intrinsieke morele waarde kan verwerf: sentiëntisme, d.i. die vermoë om lyding te ervaar, en persoonstatus. Sentiëntisme is 'n bepalende vereiste vir morele status, maar regverdig nie 'n "reg op lewe"-aanspraak nie. Persoonsyn, verstaan as 'n vorm van selfbewustheid tesame met 'n bewuste belang by die voortsetting van eie bestaan, mag wel so 'n aanspraak regverdig. Voorgeboortelike (en "voorpersoonlike") wesens is egter nie persone nie; hulle word eers (aansienlik) ná geboorte volwaardige persone. Die implikasie is dat sulke wesens weinig morele status het, en byvoorbeeld, na willekeur gedood mag word. Die morele probleem wat ek in hierdie dissertasie aanspreek is om die utilitaristiese beskouing ten opsigte van die morale status of waarde van voorgeboortelike lewe krities-filosofies te ondersoek en te evalueer. Metodologie en gevolgtrekkings Eerstens maak ek na aanleiding van 'n gedetaileerde literatuurstudie 'n in-diepte analise van van die utilitaristiese posisie aan die hand van 'n aantal temas wat ek in hul argument geïdentifiseer het. Daarna volg 'n krities-filosofiese evaluasie van die utilitaristiese posisie, aan die hand van ses argumente: • Utilitarisme is filosofies onsamehangend. Dit oorvereenvoudig die morele argument deur voor te gee dat gevolge al is wat moreel saakmaak. Die onderliggende utilitaristiese teorie bots met die morele eise vervat in kontemporêre sienings van menseregte en geregtigheid. Dit negeer die morele belangrikheid van spesiale verpligtinge teenoor spesiale belangegroepe. • Utilitarisme het potensieelonaanvaarbare gevolge. Dit IS inherent diskriminerend en kan lei tot onkeerbare glybaan ("slippery slope")-argumente. Utilitarisme bots met ons fundamentele morele intuïsies betreffende die waarde van voorgeboortelike lewe. Hierdie intuïsies word onder meer ondersteun deur die meeste hoofstroom godsdienste. • Spesiësisme is, in kontras met die utilitaristiese beskouing, onafwendbaar vir ons selfverstaan as mense, soos aangetoon kan word met 'n beroep op die eksistensiële fenomenologie. Self-konstituering, gelyktydige konstituering van die wêreld van die mens, en selfs die moontlikheid van moraliteit is slegs moontlik vanuit' n bepaalde spesiësistiese beskouing. • Die potensialiteit van "pre-persone" om tot volwaardige persone te ontwikkel kan nie, soos die utilitaris doen, sonder meer geïgnoreer word nie. • Daar is 'n basiese en onderliggende morele eis om swak en weerlose menslike wesens te beskerm. Hierdie idees bots lynreg met utilitaristiese teorie. As 'n alternatief tot die utilitaristiese beskouing, ontwikkel ek 'n twee-fase posisie betreffende die morele waarde van voorgeboortelike menslike lewe. Ek noem hierdie posisie agting vir voorgeboortelike en voor-persoonlike menslike lewe gebaseer op die menslikheid, potensialiteit en oorleefbaarheid van prenatale mense. Dit lei, eerstens, tot die gevolgtrekking van 'n gegradeerde glyskaal konsepsie van voor-persoonlike menslike morele waarde, min of meer parallel aan die vlak van ontwikkeling en die ontwikkeling van potensialiteit. Tweedens lei dit tot die gevolgtrekking dat die ontwikkeling van lewensvatbaarheid 'n moreel-beduidende afsnypunt is waarna die menslike fetus "normaalweg" aanspraak kan maak op 'n reg dat sy lewe voortgesit moet word. In soverre dit die toepassing van my argument betref, ontwikkel ek 'n "gematigde" posisie vis-á-vis aborsie. Ek redeneer dat alle menslike voorgeboortelike wesens wat 'n redelike kans het dat hul intrinsieke potensialiteit verder sal ontwikkel, die geleentheid daartoe gegun behoort te word. Ek aanvaar ook dat nog hierdie beskouing, nog die kompleksiteit van die menslike bestaan "absolute" posisies moreel regverdig. Die problematiek en inherente spanning tussen hierdie oënskynlik-opponerende posisies word in die teks bespreek. Nogtans beskou ek die ontwikkeling van lewensvatbaarheid as 'n moreel insiggewende afsnypunt waarna terminasie net in buitengewone omstandighede moreel regverdigbaar is.
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Munoobhai, Sharika. "Alternative execution strategies to overcoming institutional voids and institutional distance in BoP markets." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45034.
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Emerging markets are a great point of interest to multinational companies seeking to exploit
new opportunities as they realise that catering to the rich domestic markets limits their
opportunities, their potential and competitive advantage. Serving the consumers that are at
the bottom of the economic pyramid (BoP) presents enormous opportunity but it also comes
with its unique set of challenges. These challenges require an alternative business strategy,
as companies entering these markets must develop new offerings designed to meet the
specific requirements of servicing the BoP consumer. This report seeks to explore why
companies operating in South Africa are entering the lower income markets, and will
describe the challenges encountered both internally and externally, when operating in these
markets. Ten interviews at six multinational companies based in South Africa were
conducted to test the research propositions derived from the literature. The results
concluded that companies enter the BoP markets in pursuit of growth. A variety of
secondary factors also emerged. The data revealed that these companies have created
innovative alternative execution strategies to overcome the challenges encountered in this
market. The report offered a descriptive model of why companies enter the BoP market, and
highlights how the challenges presented by the institutional voids and institutional distance
were overcome.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lmgibs2015
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Hoepner, Andreas G. F. "Essays on responsible investment, research output analyses and investment performance evaluation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2130.
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This thesis includes four essays, of which each comprises two original contributions. Based on this thesis’ eight contributions, we add knowledge or understanding to the literatures on responsible investment, research output analyses and investment performance evaluation. First, we develop the first generic, reliable approach to benchmark research area output (e.g. journal articles or books), which we expect to appeal to governments’ increasing interest in monitoring their research funding investments. Second, we apply this approach to the research area of responsible investment, which is currently backed by an about $ 7 trillion industry. We find that the (quality weighted) quantity of responsible investment’s research output is statistically significantly under-proportional compared with peer research areas. One of several explanations for this result lies in the intransparency of the current responsible investment literature. Third, we develop an approach to research synthesis, which improves a research area’s transparency without experiencing many weaknesses of conventional literature reviews. We title this approach Influential Literature Analysis (ILA). Fourth, we apply ILA to the relatively intransparent responsible investment literature. One of our many findings is that responsible assets with their ceteris paribus under-proportional total risk might appear artificially unattractive when assessed by the most common investment performance measure, the Sharpe ratio, which is biased in favour of high risk assets due to its currently unsolved negative excess return problem. Fifth, we develop a generic, reliable and robust solution to the negative Sharpe ratio problem, which investors can customise according to their specific increasing incremental disutility of risk functions. Six, we generalise our solution to the negative Sharpe ratio problem, which allows us to solve the negative (excess) return problems of over twenty other investment performance measures. Seventh, we develop independent, statistically sophisticated tests of the sufficiency and quality of suggested solutions to the negative Sharpe ratio problem, since all existing tests a-priori assume the superiority of a specific solution. In contrast, our tests are only based on the Sharpe ratio itself and two basic axioms of investment theory. Hence, they are conceptually unrelated to our solutions. Eighth, we apply these tests using two different data samples to all existing solutions to the negative Sharpe ratio problem. We find that investors are best advised to use our solutions, the H⁶-, H⁷- or H⁸-measure, in their evaluation of investment performance from a Sharpe ratio like perspective.
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O'Hearn, Tamara Kathleen. "What we talk about when we teach research : plagiarism and fraud across the curriculum." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/952815.
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Teachers confront the problem of plagiarism when they give research assignments. These research projects vary according to the way in which the professor, the department and the discipline defines research. To investigate research across the disciplines, I interviewed six professors who teach research assignments in their classes and six students who attempted to complete these assignments during the academic period of summer semester (1993) through fall semester (1994) at Ball State University.Specifically, I observed six disciplines--English, history, philosophy and religious studies, anthropology, physics, and biology--to assess the teachers' procedures for teaching research, and their explanations of how research could go wrong.Six student volunteers were observed throughout their research assignment as they gathered sources, accumulated data, observed experiments, wrote papers and compiled11a Works Cited list. After students completed their research assignments, I requested that each instructor evaluate the assignments and conclude whether it constituted legitimate, effective research. Although all six student researchers had difficulties completing their assignments, by the end of the semester four out of the six produced successful research projects. One student received an F on her project because she plagiarized, while another earned a C because she did not complete the assignment effectively. The students who did well on their research projects exhibited discipline-specific skills and the following general characteristics: the ability to gather sources, focus topics, authenticate sources, employ disciplinary language, adhere to citation and documentation format guidelines, and use computer and lab equipment. Indicators of possible plagiarism in research projects included: students using unspecified format (such as an older MLA format), writing that revealed improvement several skill levels above previous writing, uncited elevated language and phraseology, and a lack of sources in the bibliography.Department of English
Books on the topic "Cancer Research Moral and ethical aspects"
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Barr, Patricia. Understanding genetic research and population-based studies. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 1998.
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Cori, Vanchieri, National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Director's Consumer Liaison Group, National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Office of Liaison Activities, and National Institutes of Health (U.S.), eds. Understanding genetic research and population-based studies. [Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1999.
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Goodman, Allegra. Intuition: A novel. New York: Dial Press, 2006.
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Contested medicine: Cancer research and the military. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
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Mary, Ferrie & the monkey virus: The story of an underground medical laboratory : a non-fiction work. Albuquerque, N.M: Wordsworth Communications, 1995.
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Scientific characters: Rhetoric, politics, and trust in breast cancer research. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies. Stem cells research, 2005: Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, special hearing, October 19, 2005, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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Intuition. London: Atlantic Books, 2009.
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Intuition. Rearsby: Clipper Large Print, 2010.
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T, Truman John, Van Eys Jan 1929-, and Pochedly Carl, eds. Human values in pediatric hematology/oncology. New York: Praeger, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cancer Research Moral and ethical aspects"
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Miller, Gloria J. "Artificial Intelligence Project Success Factors—Beyond the Ethical Principles." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 65–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98997-2_4.
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AbstractThe algorithms implemented through artificial intelligence (AI) and big data projects are used in life-and-death situations. Despite research that addresses varying aspects of moral decision-making based upon algorithms, the definition of project success is less clear. Nevertheless, researchers place the burden of responsibility for ethical decisions on the developers of AI systems. This study used a systematic literature review to identify five categories of AI project success factors in 17 groups related to moral decision-making with algorithms. It translates AI ethical principles into practical project deliverables and actions that underpin the success of AI projects. It considers success over time by investigating the development, usage, and consequences of moral decision-making by algorithmic systems. Moreover, the review reveals and defines AI success factors within the project management literature. Project managers and sponsors can use the results during project planning and execution.
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"Ethics in cancer care." In Oxford Handbook of Cancer Nursing, edited by Mike Tadman and Dave Roberts, 169–78. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569244.003.0013.
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Introduction and overview of ethical guidance 170 End of life issues 172 Withdrawing and withholding treatment 176 Ethical and moral values affect all aspects of cancer care, including treatment, management of symptoms, end of life care and participation in research. With advancing medical technology and developing evidence-based practice, ethical issues in cancer care are increasingly complex....
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Purriños, Natalia Cal, Isaac Martínez Bendayán, and Aliuska Duardo Sánchez. "Ethical and legal aspects in CRC: Research and clinical assistance." In Foundations of Colorectal Cancer, 619–27. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90055-3.00040-5.
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Montalto, Andrea, and Francesco Musumeci. "Innovation and Research in Cardiac Surgery: Bioethical Aspects." In Bioethics in Medicine and Society. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94160.
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Significant advancements have been made in Cardiac surgery during the last decades, thanks to technological evolution. The enormous progress achieved has led to a relevant improvement in terms of surgical results, and at the same time, new ethical dilemmas have been addressed. Until the 90’s ethics in cardiac surgery mainly concerned significant moral problems caused by the introduction of extremely innovative techniques. However, today’s ethical issue focuses essentially on the doctor-patient relationship, other aspects of doctor’s practice concern relevant ethical perspectives. Ethics affects today the activity of the surgeon and the doctor in general. It is possible to distinguish clinical ethics, an ethics of health policies, and scientific research ethics. In the following chapter, we try to analyze the main ethical aspects concerning the application of cardiac surgical procedures.
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Frize, Monique, and Irena Zamboni. "Ethical Decision-Making in Biomedical Engineering Research." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 534–40. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch068.
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To be ethical and professional are terms that are synonymous with being an engineer. The work of engineers frequently affects public safety and health, and can influence business, and even politics. Professional Engineering Associations provide ethical guidelines so that engineers will know how to avoid misconduct, negligence, incompetence, and corruption, which could lead to formal complaints and discipline. Knowledge about ethical decision-making guides engineers facing complex and difficult moral dilemmas (Andrews, 2005, pp. 46). Biomedical engineers doing research and development will undoubtedly be involved in projects that impact humans and/or animals, and thus must be informed on all aspects of ethics that guide such research. They should be particularly aware of the specific guidelines of the institution where the work is to be carried-out and be familiar with the application process to obtain a certificate, allowing the research to proceed. There is clearly a need to guide biomedical engineering students and practitioners in performing a balanced analysis of difficult questions and issues, while respecting societal values that may differ greatly from their own (Frize, 1996; Frize, 2005; Saha & Saha, 1997; Wueste, 1997). There exists a number of articles discussing biomedical engineering and ethics specifically aimed at clinical engineers (Goodman, 1989; Saha & Saha, 1986). These are helpful readings for anyone involved in biomedical research or clinical engineering.
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Zedlacher, Eva, and Martina Hartner-Tiefenthaler. "Civility Values and Cyberbullying Prevention in the Digital Workspace." In Research Anthology on Combating Cyber-Aggression and Online Negativity, 1151–69. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5594-4.ch058.
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In the digital workspace, new forms of (negative) interactions have emerged. Workplace cyberbullying can be pervasive, fast, and intrude the private sphere. These aspects make organizational surveillance and prevention challenging. In this conceptual chapter, the authors argue that for establishing an ethical digital workspace, civility values and ethical principles of individual responsibility and mutual respect are crucial. For prevention of workplace cyberbullying, formal systems like technological detection systems or policies are insufficient. Rather, organizations need to foster informal “social control.” The social norms in small workgroups and the leader's role-modeling behavior should guide the digital behavior of employees at and beyond work, and eventually create a climate of respect. This should also help to increase bystanders' moral awareness of allegedly minor uncivil incidents. Examples of different formal and informal preventive measures are discussed. The chapter ends with a brief discussion and outlook on future legal and technological advancements.
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"Participants in the 2001 conference on ethical aspects of research in developing countries MORAL STANDARDS FOR RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: FROM ‘REASONABLE AVAILABILITY’ TO ‘FAIR BENEFITS’." In Arguing About Bioethics, 530–43. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203717912-76.
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Zanjani, Mehdi Shami, Hossein Dabbagh, and Roshanak Rouzbehani. "Success of Public Knowledge Management in the Light of the Rossian Ethics." In Managing Information Resources and Technology, 124–37. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3616-3.ch009.
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Researchers have attempted to integrate the fields of management and ethics for the past 50 years. Although the moral aspects of knowledge management have been studied, its philosophical attitude has been overshadowed. This work designs a philosophical background—in moral philosophy—for public knowledge management. To achieve the research goal, the relationships between human critical success factors of knowledge management and moral duties are discussed. These moral duties are based on the Rossian ethical framework. The authors recommend moral duties to public organizations that try to manage knowledge successfully. The results show that “beneficence” is the most significant to knowledge management success in the public sector. In this paper, the authors integrate knowledge management with the Rossian ethical framework to increase successful knowledge management in public organizations.
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Haftor, Darek M. "Moral Considerations for the Development of Information and Communication Technology." In Information and Communication Technologies, Society and Human Beings, 477–92. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-057-0.ch039.
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This text reports findings from an inquiry into the normativity inherent within the developmental work of Information and communication Technologies (IT). While IT has arrived to human affairs to stay, and may be used both for good and bad, it has an unparalleled potential to impact our world! There exists a considerable set of research contributions that address the normative aspects of IT-usage – which is important! However, the process of IT-development is also important as it may be regarded as foundational for the IT-usage – it is during the development that important normative decisions are made that will open and close possible kinds of IT-usage. Unfortunately, there are few research contributions that inquire the ethical considerations inherent in the developmental work of an IT-artefact. Further, the few contributions that exist seem to assume a particular moral stance and are typically articulated in terms of a moral code of conduct. Unlike such contributions, the present text advances a conceptual framework for the guidance of IT-professionals’ ethical considerations during the development of IT-artefacts. This framework offers a set of conceptual categories that support a formulation of specific questions, to help to unearth inherent moral norms. The proposed framework distinguishes between the typical kind of working phases when an IT-artefact is developed and the kind of stakeholders that both can make moral decisions and those that can be impacted buy such decisions.
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Bloch, Sidney, and Stephen Green. "Psychiatric ethics." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 28–32. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0006.
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A myriad of ethical problems pervade clinical practice and research in psychiatry. Yet with few exceptions, psychiatric ethics has generally been regarded as an addendum to mainstream bioethics. An assumption has been made that ‘tools’ developed to deal with issues like assisted reproduction or transplant surgery can be used essentially unmodified in psychiatry. These tools certainly help the psychiatrist but the hand-me-down approach has meant that salient features of psychiatric ethics have been prone to misunderstanding. Psychiatric ethics is concerned with the application of moral rules to situations and relationships specific to the field of mental health practice. We will focus on ethical aspects of diagnosis and treatment that challenge psychiatrists, and on codes of ethics. Resolution of ethical dilemmas requires deliberation grounded in a moral theoretical framework that serves clinical decision-making, and we conclude with our preferred theoretical perspective.
Conference papers on the topic "Cancer Research Moral and ethical aspects"
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Nwankwo, Iheanyi S., Marc S. Stauch, Alan Dahi, and Nikolaus P. Forgo. "Legal and ethical aspects of In Silico medicine." In 2014 6th International Advanced Research Workshop on "In Silico Oncology and Cancer Investigation". IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iarwisoci.2014.7034647.
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Carvalho, Luiz Paulo, Lucas Murakami, José Antonio Suzano, Jonice Oliveira, Kate Revoredo, and Flávia Maria Santoro. "Ethics: What is the Research Scenario in the Brazilian Conference BRACIS?" In Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2022.227590.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents many ethical dilemmas, such as explainability, bias, military uses, surveillance capitalism, employment, and jobs. In the scientific context, AI can lead us to a crisis of reproducibility spread across several areas of knowledge and guide mathematicians to solve high complexity problems. Both companies and government forward their guidelines, recommendations, and materials combining Ethics and AI. In this paper, we investigate the involvement of the Brazilian academic-scientific community with moral or ethical aspects through its publications, covering the Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS) as the most prominent Brazilian AI conference. Through a Literature Systematic Review method, we answer the main research question: what is the panorama of the explicit occurrence of ethical aspects in the BRACIS, ENIAC, and STIL conference papers? The results indicate a low occurrence of ethical aspects and increasing behavior over the years. Ethical deliberation was fruitful, constructive, and critical among these few occurrences. Whether in the Brazilian or international context, there are spaces to be filled and open opportunities for exploration along this path.