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Journal articles on the topic 'Cancer Radiotherapy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Sukarno, Vania, I. Widyadharma, Ida Wijayanti, Kumara Tini, and Ngakan Ganapati. "Pain Characteristics of Cervical Cancer Patient Who Underwent Radiotherapy in Bali, Indonesia." International Journal of Medical Reviews and Case Reports 4, Reports in Microbiology, Infecti (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmrcr.cervical-cancer-radiotherapy-bali.

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2

Lee, B.-J., S.-G. Wang, H.-J. Roh, E.-K. Goh, K.-M. Chon, and D.-Y. Park. "Changes in expression of p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and bcl-2 in recurrent laryngeal cancer after radiotherapy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 7 (May 4, 2006): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106001150.

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The biological changes in recurrent laryngeal cancer following radiotherapy are not fully understood. The authors investigated differences in the expression of p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bcl-2 in laryngeal cancer specimens before radiotherapy and in recurrent laryngeal cancer specimens following radiotherapy in the same patients. The authors investigated the expression of p53, PCNA and bcl-2 by immunohistochemical stain in 30 specimens from 15 patients with primary laryngeal cancer and recurrent laryngeal cancer after radiotherapy.The expression of p53 protein was significantly different in laryngeal cancer before radiotherapy (4/15, 26.7 per cent) compared with recurrent laryngeal cancer after radiotherapy (8/15, 53.3 per cent) (p < 0.05). The PCNA index was also significantly different in laryngeal cancer specimens before radiotherapy (mean, 11.9 per cent) compared with recurrent laryngeal cancer after radiotherapy (mean, 18.0 per cent) (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant alteration of bcl-2 expression in primary compared with recurrent laryngeal cancer. The expression of p53 and PCNA increased in recurrent laryngeal cancers after radiotherapy, compared with that in laryngeal cancers before radiotherapy. Recurrent laryngeal cancers arising following radiotherapy became biologically aggressive.

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Mohamed Traore, Wend-Yam, Behyamet Onka, Ibrahima Dokal Diallo, Rachida Latib, and Youssef Omor. "Post-radiotherapy recto-vaginal fistula in cervical cancer." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 13, no. 2 (October 3, 2022): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/101349z01wt2022ci.

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4

Stepanović, Aleksandar, Tatjana Arsenijevic, Vesna Stankovic, Vukac Vujanac, Anja Lazovic, Tanja Raonic-Stevanovic, and Marina Nikitovic. "Clinical analysis of COVID-19 positive cancer inpatients in National Cancer Center in Serbia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 1286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15104.

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Introduction: The outbreak of COVID-19 has had an impact on global healthcare as well as on radiotherapy practice in many countries. This study aimed to identify clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected cancer inpatients, as well as what impact this infection had on radiation treatment of the patients. Methodology: In this retrospective study, we included cancer inpatients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection during the radiotherapy or chemoradiation in April 2020 in National Cancer Research Center in Serbia. Data were obtained from the medical records between 1 April and 1 July 2020. Results: A total of 49 COVID-19 infected cancer inpatients were included. The most frequently reported cancers were head and neck cancers, in twenty-three patients (46.8%). Lymphopenia was present in 77.5% of the patients. Red blood cells, haemoglobin and platelets were significantly lower during incubation or diagnosis of COVID-19. Twenty-seven (55.1%) patients did not finish radiotherapy. The age of patients who finished radiotherapy after COVID-19 infection was significantly lower compared to the patients who did not finish radiotherapy (60.5 ± 7.8 vs. 68.6 ± 11.2; p < 0.005). Conclusions: COVID-19 infected cancer patients in radiotherapy practice show similar symptoms and demographic characteristics as the general population infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. Patients with head and neck cancers may be susceptible to infection with COVID-19. Old age and male gender may be risk factors for discontinuation of radiotherapy in COVID-19 infected cancer patients.

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Hsieh, Kristin, Daniel R. Dickstein, Juliana Runnels, Eric J. Lehrer, Kenneth Rosenzweig, Fred R. Hirsch, and Robert M. Samstein. "Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer." Biomedicines 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061642.

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The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as a pillar of cancer treatment has emphasized the immune system’s integral role in tumor control and progression through cancer immune surveillance. ICIs are being investigated and incorporated into the treatment paradigm for lung cancers across stages and histology. To date, definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by consolidative durvalumab is the only National Comprehensive Cancer Network’s recommended treatment paradigm including radiotherapy with ICI in lung cancers, although there are other recommendations for ICI with chemotherapy and/or surgery. This narrative review provides an overall view of the evolving integration and synergistic role of immunotherapy and radiotherapy and outlines the use of immunotherapy with radiotherapy for the management of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. It also reviews selected, practice-changing clinical trials that led to the current standard of care for lung cancers.

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Pandey, Dr Vivek Kumar. "Prospective Study to Compare Outcomes Following Hypofractionated Radiotherapy versus Conventional Radiotherapy in Carcinoma Breast." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 11, no. 07 (July 30, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v11i7.04.

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Background: Breast cancer is now the most common cancer worldwide (GLOBOCAN, 2020). It is the most common cancer among women in developed countries. The age standardized incidence rate of breast cancer in India is 25.8% per 100,000 women (GLOBOCAN, 2020). By 2020, breast cancer overtook cervical cancer as the most common type of cancer among all women in India. Breast irradiation has been shown to reduce the risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery from about 30% to <10% at 10 years. Aims & Objectives: Randomize Breast carcinoma into two arms - Arm A :- 39GY in 13 fractions over 2.3 weeks & Arm B:- 50 GY in 25 fractions over 5weeks. Compare locoregional response in two arms 4 weeks after completion of radiation therapy and at the end of six months of follow up. Compare acute and chronic toxicities in the two arms.

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7

Manzoor, Najmi Arshad. "Unplanned Interruption of Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancers: report from a Regional Cancer Centre." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 04 (April 14, 2017): 20294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i4.90.

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8

Rovirosa, Angeles, Meritxell Arenas, and Luca Tagliaferri. "Interventional Radiotherapy in Gynecological Cancer." Cancers 15, no. 19 (September 29, 2023): 4804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194804.

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9

Chandra, Ade, Sukri Rahman, Al Hafiz, Eva Decroli, and Hafni Bachtiar. "Pengaruh Radioterapi Terhadap Kadar TSH dan T4 pada Pasien Tumor Ganas Kepala dan Leher." Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana 48, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.32637/orli.v48i2.238.

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Latar belakang: Tumor ganas kepala dan leher adalah tumor ganas yang berasal dari epitel traktus aerodigestif atas. Radioterapi adalah salah satu modalitas talaksana pada tumor ganas kepala dan leher. Kelenjar tiroid akan terpapar radioterapi selanjutnya merangsang terjadinya kelainan pada kelenjar tiroid. Hipotiroid merupakan efek samping yang paling umum terjadi akibat radioterapi. Diagnosis hipotiroid ditegakkan melalui pemeriksaan laboratorium yaitu didapatkan peningkatan TSH dan penurunan T4. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh radioterapi terhadap kadar TSH dan T4 pasien tumor ganas kepala dan leher di RSUP Dr. M. Djamil, Padang. Metode: Analitik cross sectional dengan desian pre and post test only pada 10 responden tumor ganas kepala dan leher. Sampel berupa darah vena yang dihitung kadar TSH dan T4 menggunakan alat Vidas 3. Data dianalisis dengan uji t berpasangan. Hasil analisis statistik dinyatakan bermakna bila didapatkan hasil p<0,05. Hasil: Nilai rerata kadar TSH sebelum dan setelah radioterapi didapatkan 0,57 ± 0,512 µIU/ml. Nilai rerata kadar T4 sebelum dan setelah radioterapi didapatkan 0,721 ± 0,508 µg/dL. Uji t bepasangan didapatkan peningkatan rerata kadar TSH setelah radioterapi dengan p = 0,004 yang menunjukkan peningkatan bermakna rerata kadar TSH setelah radioterapi dan didapatkan penurunan rerata kadar T4 setelah radioterapi dengan p = 0,001 yang menunjukkan penurunan bermakna rerata kadar T4 setelah radioterapi. Kesimpulan: Terdapat peningkatan bermakna rerata kadar TSH serta penurunan rerata kadar T4 sebelum dan setelah radioterapi pada pasien tumor ganas kepala dan leher walau belum melewati nilai normal.ABSTARCTBackground: Head and neck cancers are malignancies that originate from upper aerodigestive tract epithelium. Radiotherapy is one of the modalities treatments for head and neck cancer. Thyroid glands which exposed by radiotherapy, furthermore can induce abnormalities. Hypothyroid is a most common abnormality that occur after radiotherapy. Diagnosis hypothyroidism can be established through laboratory examination that is obtained an increased levels of TSH and decreased levels of T4. Purpose: To determine effect radiotherapy on levels of TSH and T4 in patients with head and neck cancer in Dr. M. Djamil Hospital, Padang. Methods: Cross sectional analytic study with pre and post test only on 10 respondents with head and neck cancer. Samples taken from venous blood then TSH and T4 were counted with Vidas 3. Data was analyzed with paired t-test. The statistical result was significant with p<0,05. Result: Mean value of TSH before and after radiotherapy is 0,57 ± 0,512 µUI/ml. Mean value of T4 before and after radiotherapy is 0,721 ± 0,508 µg/dL. From paired t-test resulted an increase of TSH mean value after radiotheraphy with p = 0,004 which implies a significant enhancement of TSH mean value after radiotheraphy and decreasing T4 mean value after radiotheraphy with p = 0,001 which implies a significant deflation of T4 mean value after radiotheraphy. Conclusions: There was significant enhancement of TSH mean and significant deflation of T4 mean value before and after radiotherapy on patients with head and neck cancer even still within normal value. Keywords: Radiotheraphy, TSH, T4, head and neck cancer.

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10

Shirai, Katsuyuki, Akiko Nakagawa, Takanori Abe, Masahiro Kawahara, Jun-ichi Saitoh, Tatsuya Ohno, and Takashi Nakano. "Use of FDG-PET in Radiation Treatment Planning for Thoracic Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Imaging 2012 (May 14, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/609545.

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Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment for thoracic cancers. Accurate diagnosis is essential to correctly perform curative radiotherapy. Tumor delineation is also important to prevent geographic misses in radiotherapy planning. Currently, planning is based on computed tomography (CT) imaging when radiation oncologists manually contour the tumor, and this practice often induces interobserver variability. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been reported to enable accurate staging and detect tumor extension in several thoracic cancers, such as lung cancer and esophageal cancer. FDG-PET imaging has many potential advantages in radiotherapy planning for these cancers, because it can add biological information to conventional anatomical images and decrease the inter-observer variability. FDG-PET improves radiotherapy volume and enables dose escalation without causing severe side effects, especially in lung cancer patients. The main advantage of FDG-PET for esophageal cancer patients is the detection of unrecognized lymph node or distal metastases. However, automatic delineation by FDG-PET is still controversial in these tumors, despite the initial expectations. We will review the role of FDG-PET in radiotherapy for thoracic cancers, including lung cancer and esophageal cancer.

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11

Vendrely, V., E. Rivin Del Campo, A. Modesto, M. Jolnerowski, N. Meillan, S. Chiavassa, A. A. Serre, et al. "Rectal cancer radiotherapy." Cancer/Radiothérapie 26, no. 1-2 (February 2022): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2021.11.002.

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12

NISHIO, MASAMICHI. "Radiotherapy for Cancer." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 37, no. 6 (1995): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.37.482.

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13

Kunkler, Ian, Nick James, and Jane Maher. "Cancer 2025: Radiotherapy." Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 4, sup1 (June 2004): S37—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737140.4.5.s37.

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14

Ramsey, Shelileah, and Joel E. Tepper. "Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy." Cancer Journal 13, no. 3 (May 2007): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ppo.0b013e318074def2.

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15

Schratter-Sehn, Annemarie. "Breast cancer radiotherapy." Hamdan Medical Journal 5, no. 1 (2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2227-2437.231152.

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16

Crha, Tomáš, Luboš Minář, Michal Felsinger, and Vít Weinberger. "Therapeutical strategies for recurrent endometrial cancer." Česká gynekologie 88, no. 4 (August 29, 2023): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/cccg2023302.

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Objective: A comprehensive overview of therapeutical strategies for recurrent endometrial cancer with illustrative case report. Methodology: A review providing basic overview of therapeutical options for different forms of recurrent endometrial cancer including surgical treatment, systemic treatment and radiotherapy. It includes a case report presenting a treatment of patient with an endometrial cancer recurrence in the abdominal wall. Conclusion: Therapeutical strategies in patients with endometrial cancer recurrence include surgical treatment, radiotherapy and systemic treatment depending on previous therapy, type and site of recurrence or dissemination, performance status and wishes of the patient. Decision about choice of treatment should be individually discussed and evaluated by multidisciplinary oncogynecological commission board. Key words: endometrial cancer – local recurrence – distant recurrence – systemic treatment – radiotherapy – surgery

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17

Sorolla, Maria Alba, Eva Parisi, and Anabel Sorolla. "Determinants of Sensitivity to Radiotherapy in Endometrial Cancer." Cancers 12, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12071906.

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Radiotherapy is one of the cornerstone treatments for endometrial cancer and has successfully diminished the risk of local recurrences after surgery. However, a considerable percentage of patients suffers tumor relapse due to radioresistance mechanisms. Knowledge about the molecular determinants that confer radioresistance or radiosensitivity in endometrial cancer is still partial, as opposed to other cancers. In this review, we have highlighted different central cellular signaling pathways and processes that are known to modulate response to radiotherapy in endometrial cancer such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK and NF-κB pathways, growth factor receptor signaling, DNA damage repair mechanisms and the immune system. Moreover, we have listed different clinical trials employing targeted therapies against some of the aforementioned signaling pathways and members with radiotherapy. Finally, we have identified the latest advances in radiotherapy that have started being utilized in endometrial cancer, which include modern radiotherapy and radiogenomics. New molecular and genetic studies in association with the analysis of radiation responses in endometrial cancer will assist clinicians in taking suitable decisions for each individual patient and pave the path for personalized radiotherapy.

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Woynar, S. P., P. Burban, E. Le Prisé, P. Romestaing, C. Maylin, V. Mazeau, M. Cauterman, and V. Vendrely. "Reducing radiotherapy delays after surgery for breast cancer in five radiotherapy departments." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 17011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.17011.

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17011 Background: An interval superior to 8 weeks between surgery and radiotherapy increases the risk of recurrence for patients with early stage breast cancer treated with conservative surgery and breast irradiation and without chemotherapy. Five French radiotherapy departments launched simultaneously a quality improvement project aimed at reducing the delay to radiotherapy for all types of cancers concerned. Breast cancer radiotherapy delays were used as the principal proxy to evaluate overall progress. Methods: Teams focused their efforts on reducing the interval between the first appointment with the radio-oncologist and the start of the radiotherapy, interval on which they had control. Between May and December 2005, consultancy firms financed by the Ministry of Health, helped the teams (radio-oncologists, physicists, radiographers and nurses) to realize an organizational audit: identifying the processes of treatment, analysing the patient flow and the staff and equipment capacity. Concerning breast cancer, target intervals were set based on the 8 weeks standard. An action plan that included matching capacity and demand (better allocation of staff time during the week), standardising treatment processes and patient programming was implemented between January and December 2006. Results: The five radiotherapy departments reduced the delays to radiotherapy for breast cancers as well as for the majority of the other cancer types. Concerning breast cancer, the average of the five departments intervals between the first appointments and the start of the radiotherapy dropped from 4.9 weeks to 2.3 weeks, reducing in the same time the interval between surgery and radiotherapy. Furthermore, the teams’ cohesion, motivation and sense of responsibility increased, key elements for the sustainability of the improvements. These results were obtained without an increase of the departments resources. Conclusion: By redesigning their organisation with a patient centred goal, the five radiotherapy departments were able to meet the standards of practice. Following these results, ten new departments have joined the program financed by the Ministry of Health. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Bergerot, Paulo Gustavo, Rebecca A. Nelson, Da-Wei Ye, Petros Grivas, Parminder Singh, Neeraj Agarwal, Toni K. Choueiri, and Sumanta K. Pal. "Risk of secondary urinary bladder cancer (UBC) in patients receiving radiotherapy for rectal cancer, prostate cancer, and gynecologic malignancies." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 2_suppl (January 10, 2016): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.363.

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363 Background: Radiotherapy proximal to the bladder mucosa may incite malignant transformation. We investigated this phenomenon using a large population-based national database. Methods: The SEER13 database from 1992 to 2012 was reviewed for bladder cancer patients who had a history of any previous cancer, including solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Data regarding the use of radiotherapy was reviewed. Information was analyzed using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), defined as the ratio of observed to expected cases adjusted by person years at risk. SIRs are considered statistically significant if corresponding 99% exact confidence intervals (CIs) exclude 1.0. All results were standardized using a referent population matched to the index cases based on age, sex, race, and time period. Results: A total of 20,341 patients with secondary UBC were identified. A higher incidence in secondary UBC was seen amongst rectal, prostate cervical and uterine cancer patients receiving radiotherapy (see Table). Patients with lung cancer had a higher incidence of secondary UBC irrespective of radiotherapy use. Compared to patients with secondary UBC and no prior radiotherapy, patients with secondary UBC with prior radiotherapy had a higher rate of localized disease (79% vs 75%, P < 0.0001) and had poorer survival on multivariate analysis (HR 1.06, 95%CI 1.05-1.06; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Patients with selected abdominal and pelvic tumors who received radiotherapy had a higher rate of secondary UBC. Further study is needed to determine whether these cancers represent a biologically distinct entity. [Table: see text]

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Balakrishnan, M., J. Subhashini, I. Rajesh, and P. Simon. "Radiotherapy Cancer Registry (Hospital Based)." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 141s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.77600.

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Background and context: The cancer registry is the information system designed to collect, manage and analyze the data on persons with malignancy (cancer). The objective of the cancer registry is collecting, classifying, evaluation of data and analysis. The purpose of the cancer registry is to identify the incidence, have cancer awareness program and cancer control activities. Aim: To analyze the demography of cancer patients seen at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, India during the period 2014-2016 and to categorize the data based on age, sex, type of cancer and geographical distribution. Strategy/Tactics: The Department of Radiation Oncology, CMC, Vellore, used to see 3500 to 5000 new patients annually with various malignancies. To develop a cancer registry, a detailed pro forma having three sections of information about the patient was developed. The first section includes patient identification information such as name, hospital ID, RT number, Hospital Based Cancer Registry (HBCR) number, date of registration, and geographic details of patients. The second section has the demographic details of the patient and the third section has the investigation details, the diagnosis and the treatment. Program/Policy process: In this study, we have collected data for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 and compiled relating to demographic data such age, sex, diagnosis site, and geographic information. For the past three years period i.e., from 2015 to 2017, there were 3691, 4177 and 5036 new patients annually seen in our outpatient section respectively. From the three years data, distribution of patients with respect to age, sex, diagnosis, state and country were analyzed. Outcomes: The maximum numbers of patient seen were head and neck followed by CNS and gynecologic malignancies. The analysis showed the total number of patients seen was increasing every year. The study when compared with respect to sex distribution, the male patients were more than the female patients. There were patients from various states of India and few patients from abroad. The details of the age group, sex, cancer types and geographical distribution will be presented. What was learned: In conclusion, we used to see patients from different parts of India and abroad annually and the number of cancer cases seen are increasing annually. While analyzing the distribution on the types of cancer, head and neck cancer were the maximum followed by CNS, breast, and gynecologic malignancies. Early detection and diagnosis of cancers, for example, head and neck, cervix, and educating the patients on breast cancer by screening methods and on self-examination methods will help to control prevalence of cancer.

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Radosevic-Jelic, Ljiljana. "Radio (chemo) therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 49, no. 2 (2002): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0202033r.

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Radiotherapy has an role in combined treatment to lower local recurrence in resectable rectal cancer. Radiotherapy also has an established role in nonresectable rectal cancers to increase the operability, but radiochemotherapy is more efficient. Radiotherapy can be administered as a transcutaneous therapy on the megavoltage machines as well as brachytherapy and combined - transcutaneous and brachtherapy.

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22

Taylor, Carolyn, Candace Correa, Frances K. Duane, Marianne C. Aznar, Stewart J. Anderson, Jonas Bergh, David Dodwell, et al. "Estimating the Risks of Breast Cancer Radiotherapy: Evidence From Modern Radiation Doses to the Lungs and Heart and From Previous Randomized Trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15 (May 20, 2017): 1641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.72.0722.

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Purpose Radiotherapy reduces the absolute risk of breast cancer mortality by a few percentage points in suitable women but can cause a second cancer or heart disease decades later. We estimated the absolute long-term risks of modern breast cancer radiotherapy. Methods First, a systematic literature review was performed of lung and heart doses in breast cancer regimens published during 2010 to 2015. Second, individual patient data meta-analyses of 40,781 women randomly assigned to breast cancer radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy in 75 trials yielded rate ratios (RRs) for second primary cancers and cause-specific mortality and excess RRs (ERRs) per Gy for incident lung cancer and cardiac mortality. Smoking status was unavailable. Third, the lung or heart ERRs per Gy in the trials and the 2010 to 2015 doses were combined and applied to current smoker and nonsmoker lung cancer and cardiac mortality rates in population-based data. Results Average doses from 647 regimens published during 2010 to 2015 were 5.7 Gy for whole lung and 4.4 Gy for whole heart. The median year of irradiation was 2010 (interquartile range [IQR], 2008 to 2011). Meta-analyses yielded lung cancer incidence ≥ 10 years after radiotherapy RR of 2.10 (95% CI, 1.48 to 2.98; P < .001) on the basis of 134 cancers, indicating 0.11 (95% CI, 0.05 to 0.20) ERR per Gy whole-lung dose. For cardiac mortality, RR was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.46; P < .001) on the basis of 1,253 cardiac deaths. Detailed analyses indicated 0.04 (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.06) ERR per Gy whole-heart dose. Estimated absolute risks from modern radiotherapy were as follows: lung cancer, approximately 4% for long-term continuing smokers and 0.3% for nonsmokers; and cardiac mortality, approximately 1% for smokers and 0.3% for nonsmokers. Conclusion For long-term smokers, the absolute risks of modern radiotherapy may outweigh the benefits, yet for most nonsmokers (and ex-smokers), the benefits of radiotherapy far outweigh the risks. Hence, smoking can determine the net effect of radiotherapy on mortality, but smoking cessation substantially reduces radiotherapy risk.

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MAEBAYASHI, TOSHIYA, NAOYA ISHIBASHI, TAKUYA AIZAWA, MASAKUNI SAKAGUCHI, KATSUHIKO SATO, TSUYOSHI MATSUI, KENYA YAMAGUCHI, and SATORU TAKAHASHI. "Radiotherapy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer in Very Elderly Patients." Anticancer Research 36, no. 9 (September 9, 2016): 4763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.11033.

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Domagała-Haduch, Małgorzata, Anita Gorzelak-Magiera, Łukasz Michalecki, and Iwona Gisterek-Grocholska. "Radiochemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer." Current Oncology 31, no. 6 (June 6, 2024): 3291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31060250.

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Despite the advancements made in oncology in recent years, the treatment of pancreatic cancer remains a challenge. Five-year survival rates for this cancer do not exceed 10%. Among the reasons contributing to poor treatment outcomes are the oligosymptomatic course of the tumor, diagnostic difficulties due to the anatomical location of the organ, and the unique biological features of pancreatic cancer. The mainstay of treatment for resectable cancer is surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. For unresectable and metastatic cancers, chemotherapy remains the primary method of treatment. At the same time, for about thirty years, there have been attempts to improve treatment outcomes by using radiotherapy combined with systemic treatment. Unlike chemotherapy, radiotherapy has no established place in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This paper addresses the topic of radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer as a valuable method that can improve treatment outcomes alongside chemotherapy.

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Lahkar, Dhanjit. "Evolution of Radiotherapy- A Brief Review." Journal of Medical Science and clinical Research 12, no. 02 (February 28, 2024): 05–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v12i02.02.

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Beginning with the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 and the subsequent application of X-rays for cancer treatment in 1896, the narrative unfolds through the advancements in radiation therapy modalities. The discussion covers External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT), including various techniques like 3D-CRT, IMRT, IGRT, stereotactic radiotherapy, and proton therapy. Emerging technologies such as Tomotherapy, Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS), Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), Carbon Ion Therapy, and Brachytherapy are explored, offering tailored approaches for different cancer types. The article delves into the history and advancements of brachytherapy, highlighting its techniques like intracavitary, interstitial, and HDR surface mould brachytherapy. The continuous pursuit of precision, efficacy, and reduced side effects in cancer treatment is evident throughout the narrative. The article emphasizes the crucial role of radiation therapy, employing various ionizing radiation types, in targeting and eradicating cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells. The ongoing quest for advancements in technology and techniques reflects the commitment to improving cancer treatment outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive overview of radiation therapy's historical evolution and current state in cancer treatment Keywords: Radiotherapy, EBRT, Brachytherapy, IMRT, SRS, IGRT, Proton therapy

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ONAGA, CHOTARO, SHOMA TAMORI, IZUMI MATSUOKA, AYAKA OZAKI, HITOMI MOTOMURA, YUKA NAGASHIMA, TSUGUMICHI SATO, et al. "High SLC20A1 Expression Is Associated With Poor Prognosis for Radiotherapy of Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer." Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis 2, no. 4 (July 3, 2022): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/cdp.10126.

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Background/Aim: Radiotherapy is one of the main treatments for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, in some ER+ breast cancer cases, radiotherapy is insufficient to inhibit progression and there is a lack of markers to predict radiotherapy insensitivity. Solute carrier family 20 member 1 (SLC20A1) is a sodium/inorganic phosphate symporter, which has been proposed to be a viable prognostic marker for luminal A and B types of ER+ breast cancer. The present study examined the possibility of SLC20A1 as a novel biomarker for the prediction of radiotherapy efficiency. Patients and Methods: The Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium dataset was downloaded from cBioportal and the prognosis of patients with high SLC20A1 expression (SLC20A1high) was compared with that of patients with low SLC20A1 expression, without or with radiotherapy and tumor stages I, II, and III, using the Kaplan–Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analyses of disease-specific and relapse-free survival. Results: Patients in the SLC20A1high group with radiotherapy showed poor clinical outcomes in both luminal A and luminal B breast cancers. Furthermore, in luminal A breast cancer at tumor stage I, patients in the SLC20A1high group with radiotherapy also showed poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, these results suggest that radiotherapy is insufficient for patients in the SLC20A1high group for both luminal A and B types, and especially for the luminal A type at tumor stage I. Conclusion: SLC20A1 can be used as a prognostic marker for the prediction of the efficacy of radiotherapy for luminal A and luminal B breast cancers.

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López Alfonso, Juan Carlos, Jan Poleszczuk, Rachel Walker, Sungjune Kim, Shari Pilon-Thomas, Jose J. Conejo-Garcia, Hatem Soliman, Brian Czerniecki, Louis B. Harrison, and Heiko Enderling. "Immunologic Consequences of Sequencing Cancer Radiotherapy and Surgery." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 3 (December 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.18.00075.

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PURPOSE Early-stage cancers are routinely treated with surgery followed by radiotherapy (SR). Radiotherapy before surgery (RS) has been widely ignored for some cancers. We evaluate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) with SR and RS for different cancer types and simulate the plausibility of RS- and SR-induced antitumor immunity contributing to outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed a SEER data set of early-stage cancers treated with SR or RS. OS and DFS were calculated for cancers with sufficient numbers for statistical power (cancers of lung and bronchus, esophagus, rectum, cervix uteri, corpus uteri, and breast). We simulated the immunologic consequences of SR, RS, and radiotherapy alone in a mathematical model of tumor-immune interactions. RESULTS RS improved OS for cancers with low 20-year survival rates (lung: hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; P = .046) and improved DFS for cancers with higher survival (breast: HR = 0.64; P < .001). For rectal cancer, with intermediate 20-year survival, RS improved both OS (HR = 0.89; P = .006) and DFS (HR = 0.86; P = .04). Model simulations suggested that RS could increase OS by eliminating cancer for a broader range of model parameters and radiotherapy-induced antitumor immunity compared with SR for selected parameter combinations. This could create an immune memory that may explain increased DFS after RS for certain cancers. CONCLUSION Study results suggest plausibility that radiation to the bulk of the tumor could induce a more robust immune response and better harness the synergy of radiotherapy and antitumor immunity than postsurgical radiation to the tumor bed. This exploratory study provides motivation for prospective evaluation of immune activation of RS versus SR in controlled clinical studies.

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Abraham, Z. S., B. Ngunyale, E. R. Massawe, D. Ntunaguzi, and B. Mpondo. "Oral and Otolaryngological Complications of Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancers among Patients attending Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Tanzania." Medical Journal of Zambia 45, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.45.1.113.

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Background: The prevalence of head and neck cancers is on the increase worldwide. Treatment modalities include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy affects different parts of the body upon their exposure including the ear, nose, throat and the oral cavity. Data on these complications is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of acute oral and otolaryngological complications of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for head and neck cancers. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional, hospital based study was done to 80 patients with head and neck cancers who have just completed radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI). Data was collected using a structured questionnaire within one week after completion of radiotherapy. Patients who reported hearing loss underwent otoscopy and audiological assessment including tympanometry and pure tone audiometry. Data was analyzed using SPSS program. Results: The proportion of males was higher than that of females in the ratio of 2:1 and majority of the patients involved were in the 6 decade of life, (27.5%). Out of the 80 study participants, 80% were found to have oropharyngeal mucositis, 90% were found to have xerostomia and 50% were found to have dysphagia. In addition, 76.2% of patients reported to have developed taste disorders after radiotherapy and 43.1% reported to have developed voice disorders. The proportion of hearing loss following radiotherapy was 21.9% though this should be taken with caution since there was no before and after intervention taken. Patients with sinonasal cancers had the least proportion of oral and oropharyngeal mucositis (50%), xerostomia (64.3%) and voice disorders (14.3%). Most of patients who developed hearing loss had nasopharyngeal cancer (85.6%) and salivary gland cancer (66.7%) while patients with oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer did not develop hearing loss at all. Conclusion: Oral and otolaryngological complications of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for head and neck cancers at ORCI are quite prevalent. Prevention of complications should be highly regarded especially by using shield protectors on uninvolved areas and advanced radiotherapy machines should be considered to minimize such complications.

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Murthy, Vedang, Sayan Kundu, Tanweer Shahid, Ashwini Budrukkar, Tejpal Gupta, Sarbani Ghosh Laskar, and Jaiprakash Agarwal. "Postoperative Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer." An International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Clinics 2, no. 1 (2010): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1016.

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Abstract Though early stage head and neck cancers can be cured either by surgery or radiation, patients with locally advanced disease continues to pose a therapeutic challenge. Locoregional failure is the major cause of death in head and neck cancers. As the outcome of locally advanced head and neck cancer is less than promising, a combined modality approach is generally undertaken in this group of patients. The combination of surgery, radiation and more recently, chemotherapy and targeted therapy can improve outcomes in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients. This overview discusses the rationale and role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in advanced head and neck cancers, the radiotherapy technique in brief and methods of enhancing the efficacy of postoperative RT by altering the fractionation schedules and adding chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

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30

Abraham, ZS, B. Ngunyale, ER Massawe, D. Ntunaguzi, and B. Mpondo. "Oral and Otolaryngological Complications of Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancers among Patients attending Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Tanzania." Medical Journal of Zambia 45, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.45.1.160.

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Background: The prevalence of head and neck cancers is on the increase worldwide. Treatment modalities include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy affects different parts of the body upon their exposure including the ear, nose, throat and the oral cavity. Data on these complications is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of acute oral and otolaryngological complications of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for head and neck cancers.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional, hospital based study was done to 80 patients with head and neck cancers who have just completed radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI). Data was collected using a structured questionnaire within one week after completion of radiotherapy. Patients who reported hearing loss underwent otoscopy and audiological assessment including tympanometry and pure tone audiometry. Data was analyzed using SPSS program.Results: The proportion of males was higher than that of females in the ratio of 2:1 and majority of the patients involved were in the 6th decade of life, (27.5%). Out of the 80 study participants, 80% were found to have oropharyngeal mucositis, 90% were found to have xerostomia and 50% were found to have dysphagia. In addition, 76.2% of patients reported to have developed taste disorders after radiotherapy and 43.1% reported to have developed voice disorders. The proportion of hearing loss following radiotherapy was 21.9% though this should be taken with caution since there was no before and after intervention taken. Patients with sinonasal cancers had the least proportion of oral and oropharyngeal mucositis (50%), xerostomia (64.3%) and voice disorders (14.3%). Most of patients who developed hearing loss had nasopharyngeal cancer (85.6%) and salivary gland cancer (66.7%) while patients with oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer did not develop hearing loss at all.Conclusion: Oral and otolaryngological complications of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for head and neck cancers at ORCI are quite prevalent. Prevention of complications should be highly regarded especially by using shield protectors on uninvolved areas and advanced radiotherapy machines should be considered to minimize such complications.

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Wanigasooriya, Kasun, Robert Tyler, Joao D. Barros-Silva, Yashashwi Sinha, Tariq Ismail, and Andrew D. Beggs. "Radiosensitising Cancer Using Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), Protein Kinase B (AKT) or Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors." Cancers 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051278.

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Radiotherapy is routinely used as a neoadjuvant, adjuvant or palliative treatment in various cancers. There is significant variation in clinical response to radiotherapy with or without traditional chemotherapy. Patients with a good response to radiotherapy demonstrate better clinical outcomes universally across different cancers. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway upregulation has been linked to radiotherapy resistance. We reviewed the current literature exploring the role of inhibiting targets along this pathway, in enhancing radiotherapy response. We identified several studies using in vitro cancer cell lines, in vivo tumour xenografts and a few Phase I/II clinical trials. Most of the current evidence in this area comes from glioblastoma multiforme, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. The biological basis for radiosensitivity following pathway inhibition was through inhibited DNA double strand break repair, inhibited cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis and autophagy as well as tumour microenvironment changes. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition consistently demonstrated radiosensitisation of all types of cancer cells. Single pathway component inhibitors and other inhibitor combinations yielded variable outcomes especially within early clinical trials. There is ample evidence from preclinical studies to suggest that direct pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components can radiosensitise different types of cancer cells. We recommend that future in vitro and in vivo research in this field should focus on dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Early clinical trials are needed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of these dual inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy in brain, lung, head and neck, breast, prostate and rectal cancer patients.

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Asadli, Geis. "RADIOTHERAPY IN COMBINED TREATMENT OF RECURRENT STAGE 3 LARYNGEAL CANCER." International Medical Journal, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37436/2308-5274-2019-4-14.

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The paper presents the treatment results performed in 250 patients with a laryngeal tumor of the third stage. The average life expectancy of these patients generally does not exceed 3−6 months. Chemotherapy is usually considered the standard treatment for the recurrence of head and neck squamous cell cancer patients, previously received radiotherapy. When prescribing the chemotherapy, a tumor regression is observed only in 10−40 % and does not virtually affect the life. Average life expectancy of these patients often varies from 5 to 9 months. The optimal total dose of radiotherapy for the treatment of inoperable recurrent and metastatic cancer was found in this reserach for imroving treatment results. The surgical protocols and techniques under discussion in this paper are certainly of a practical significance. The method for preoperative radiotherapy for larynx cancers was developed and the guidelines have been proven. Also there was proven that preoperative radiotherapy in a combined treatment of recurrent operable laryngeal cancer increases its effectiveness and does not affect postoperative period. Repeated radiotherapy for recurrent inoperable laryngeal cancer is possible only if the changes after previous radio− or combination therapy do not exceed 2 degrees. In addition, a repeated radiotherapy at a total source dose of 40−60 Gy is an effective method of palliative treatment and significantly improves the life expectancy and quality in the patients if compared with palliative chemotherapy. The method used in combination with intratumoral chemo− and radiotherapy significantly improves the efficiency of palliative treatment in the patients with recurrent regional metastasis for inoperable laryngeal cancer, in the primary tumor area, no signs of recurrence were found. Key words: laryngeal cancer, combined cancer treatment, radiotherapy.

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Dona Lemus, Olga Maria, Minsong Cao, Bin Cai, Michael Cummings, and Dandan Zheng. "Adaptive Radiotherapy: Next-Generation Radiotherapy." Cancers 16, no. 6 (March 19, 2024): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16061206.

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Radiotherapy, a crucial technique in cancer therapy, has traditionally relied on the premise of largely unchanging patient anatomy during the treatment course and encompassing uncertainties by target margins. This review introduces adaptive radiotherapy (ART), a notable innovation that addresses anatomy changes and optimizes the therapeutic ratio. ART utilizes advanced imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, and PET to modify the treatment plan based on observed anatomical changes and even biological changes during the course of treatment. The narrative review provides a comprehensive guide on ART for healthcare professionals and trainees in radiation oncology and anyone else interested in the topic. The incorporation of artificial intelligence in ART has played a crucial role in improving effectiveness, particularly in contour segmentation, treatment planning, and quality assurance. This has expedited the process to render online ART feasible, lowered the burden for radiation oncology practitioners, and enhanced the precision of dynamically personalized treatment. Current technical and clinical progress on ART is discussed in this review, highlighting the ongoing development of imaging technologies and AI and emphasizing their contribution to enhancing the applicability and effectiveness of ART.

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Gotfrit, Joanna, Rachel Goodwin, Timothy Asmis, Angela J. Hyde, Thierry Alcindor, Francine Aubin, Scott Berry, et al. "Eastern Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference 2019." Current Oncology 28, no. 3 (May 26, 2021): 1988–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28030185.

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The annual Eastern Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference 2019 was held in Morell, Prince Edward Island, 19–21 September 2019. Experts in medical oncology, radiation oncology, and surgical oncology who are involved in the management of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies participated in presentations and discussion sessions for the purpose of developing the recommendations presented here. This consensus statement addresses multiple topics in the management of anal, colorectal, biliary tract, and gastric cancers, including: radiotherapy and systemic therapy for localized and advanced anal cancer; watch and wait strategy for the management of rectal cancer; role of testing for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency prior to commencement of fluoropyrimidine therapy; radiotherapy and systemic therapy in the adjuvant and unresectable settings for biliary tract cancer; and radiotherapy and systemic therapy in the perioperative setting for early-stage gastric cancer.

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Koo, Tae Ryool, Hong-Gyun Wu, J. Hun Hah, Myung-Whun Sung, Kwang-Hyun Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Tae Min Kim, et al. "Definitive Radiotherapy versus Postoperative Radiotherapy for Tonsil Cancer." Cancer Research and Treatment 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.4.227.

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36

Rudan, Ljiljana, Ivanka Marjanov, Slavica Zoranovic, Sonja Petrovic-Stupar, Vesna Plesinac-Karapandzic, Slobodanka Colakovic, Branka Mihajlovic, Radisav Milic, and Slobodan Cikaric. "Cervical cancer (IIB-IVA) radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy + chemotherapy." Archive of Oncology 10, no. 3 (2002): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0203225r.

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37

&NA;. "Paclitaxel + radiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for lung cancer." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1561 (October 2006): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200615610-00037.

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38

Jovanović, Marko, Ranković Aleksandar, Suzana Stojanović, and Nenad Milošević. "Kilovoltage radiotherapy as a supportive treatment in locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer – a series of six case reports." International Journal of Radiology & Radiation Therapy 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijrrt.2023.10.00348.

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Kilovoltage (kV) radiotherapy, also called superficial radiotherapy (SXT) or orthovoltage radiotherapy (DXT), is a well-known and effective treatment option for non-melanoma skin cancer and some benign skin and musculoskeletal conditions. Given its surface dose delivery, its use in radiation oncology beyond superficial skin cancers is generally limited, but it has also been shown to be extremely useful for specific palliative applications. Here, we describe the characteristics of kilovoltage radiotherapy and report on six cases of locally advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer in which kilovoltage radiotherapy was used as the primary modality or as supportive treatment to linac-based radiotherapy to gain local tumor control and improve the patient’s quality of life.

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39

White, Julia. "Do We Need to Irradiate All Small Invasive Breast Cancers and DCIS?" American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 33 (May 2013): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14694/edbook_am.2013.33.40.

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Breast radiotherapy after lumpectomy is considered standard for nearly all patients with invasive breast cancer and is recommended for many patients after lumpectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, there is recognition that lumpectomy alone can achieve optimal cancer control for some patients with invasive breast cancer and DCIS. Patients with breast cancers with lower risk of recurrence are less likely to derive benefit from breast radiotherapy. This review will focus on defining populations of patients with invasive breast cancer and DCIS with a low risk of recurrence post-lumpectomy and the evidence supporting omission of breast radiotherapy post-lumpectomy.

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40

Pountney, David. "Controversial breast cancer radiotherapy." Cancer Nursing Practice 2, no. 4 (May 2003): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp.2.4.6.s7.

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41

Chang, Hye Sook. "Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer." Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4046/trd.1990.37.3.249.

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42

Dische, Stanley. "Radiotherapy of Cervical Cancer." Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 12, no. 1 (March 1985): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3356(21)00103-5.

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43

Chargari, C., K. Peignaux, A. Escande, S. Renard, C. Lafond, A. Petit, J. M. Hannoun-Lévi, C. Durdux, and C. Haie-Méder. "Radiotherapy for endometrial cancer." Cancer/Radiothérapie 26, no. 1-2 (February 2022): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2021.11.016.

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44

Blanchard, P., J. Biau, F. Huguet, S. Racadot, C. Berthold, S. Wong-Hee-Kam, M. C. Biston, and P. Maingon. "Radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer." Cancer/Radiothérapie 26, no. 1-2 (February 2022): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2021.08.009.

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Cvek, Jakub, Iveta Halfarová, Lukáš Molenda, and Lukáš Knybel. "Non-cancer external radiotherapy." Onkologie 14, no. 6 (January 8, 2021): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/xon.2020.093.

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Gruzdev, V. S. "Radiotherapy for uterine cancer." Kazan medical journal 18, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj79638.

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Usually, it is customary to take any broad, general questions of medicine as topics for speeches delivered at the Annual Meetings of our Society. In deviation from this rule, the subject of my speech will be only a private medical method, and, moreover, applied to a particular disease of one organ. If, however, I add that such a disease is uterine cancer, and the therapeutic method, which I will talk about in my speech, is radiation therapy, then the indicated digression will become completely understandable for you.

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Park, Won. "Radiotherapy for prostate cancer." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 58, no. 1 (2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2015.58.1.21.

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Suh, Chang-Ok. "Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 46, no. 6 (2003): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2003.46.6.503.

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49

Prosnitz, Leonard R. "Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer." Annals of Internal Medicine 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-1-95.

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Cuzick, J. "Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97, no. 6 (March 15, 2005): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji086.

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