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1
Mathew, Aleyamma. "Cancer in Women." Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 52, no. 04 (October 2016): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712735.
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ABSTRACTCancer is emerging as a public health problem among an array of non-communicable diseases. The common cancers in women are breast, cervix uteri, colo-rectum, ovary, corpus uteri, lung and oral cavity. Breast cancer (BC) is the common cancer (20-30% of all cancers in women) and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. About half of the BCs and 60% of the deaths are estimated to occur in economically developing countries. In most of the registries in India, BC is the commonest cancer with the highest incidence of nearly 50 per 100,000 women in Trivandrum. Half of this cancer is reported in <50 years of age and it exercises adverse influence on the productive role of women in the society. The factors that contribute to the international variation in BC incidence rates are largely due to the differences in reproductive and hormonal factors and the availability of early detection services.Gynecological cancers account 15-30% of all cancers in women. Cervix uteri cancer (CC) is the 3rd most common cancer affecting women worldwide, the most common cancer among women in several less developed countries and 2nd common cancer in India. During last few decades, this cancer incidence has been decreased in India. Significant declines in CC are likely due to changes in marriage and family planning, supported by underlying improvements in education and socioeconomic status. In spite of decreasing incidence of this cancer, gynecologic cancers have increased in India. Among these, ovary and corpus uteri cancers are the major contributors. Ovarian cancer (OC) has emerged as one of the common malignancies affecting women in India and is the 5th common cancer in India (4th common in Trivandrum). A steady increase has been observed in OC incidence in several registries including Trivandrum. More than 50% of women with OC are under the age of 50 years. The risk of it increases in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime. This includes those who begin ovulation at a younger age or reach menopause at an older age. Other risk factors include hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication and obesity. Factors that decrease risk include hormonal birth control, tubal ligation, and breast feeding. Efforts are to be made to detect ovarian cancer at an early stage by educating population about the risk factors. Corpus uteri cancers (CUC) are most common in western countries but are becoming more common in Asia. In India, the highest CUC incidence rates are observed in Trivandrum and its incidence has been increasing. Presently, it is the 5th common cancer among women in Trivandrum, 75% of women are over the age of 50 years. The risk factors of CUC include obesity, diabetes mellitus, BC, use of tamoxifen, never having had a child, late menopause and high levels of estrogen.Colo-rectal cancer (CRC) is the 2nd most common cancer in women world-wide. The burden of CRC has risen rapidly in some economically developed Asian countries like Japan, South Korea and Singapore. In India, the highest CRC incidence rates are observed in Trivandrum and its incidence has been increasing. Presently, it is the 5th common cancer among women in Trivandrum. The major factors include certain dietary practices and family history of cancer. Individuals with a family history of colon cancer, especially if more than one relative has had the disease, are at increased risk of CRC. Other common cancers in women are tobacco-related cancers such as oral cavity (lip, tongue and mouth) and lung. Declining trends in mouth cancer has been reported in India.Results on the burden, trends in incidence & mortality, risk factors of breast, cervix uteri, ovary and corpus uteri colo-rectal, lung and oral cavity cancers will be presented.
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Subbamma, B. Venkata, and Dr D. Sai Sujatha Dr. D. Sai Sujatha. "Knowledge on Cervical Cancer Among Urban Women." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (June 1, 2012): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2013/155.
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Kakaiya, Dr Amit. "Lipid abnormalities in breast cancer of women." Global Journal For Research Analysis 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/january2013/29.
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P, Raghu Ram. "Early detection of breast cancer - Finding an ‘Indian solution to an Indian problem." Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (April 2, 2014): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/jmsr.2014/2-010.
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More than one million women worldwide are newly diagnosed with breast cancer annually. Worldwide, a woman dies of breast cancer every minute. In India well over 100, 000 women are newly diagnosed with breast cancer every year; a staggering number that has overtaken cervical cancer to become the leading cause for cancer related death among women in metropolitan cities. The number of newly diagnosed breast cancers in India is expected to increase to 130, 000 per annum by 2020. This is only the tip of the iceberg, as many breast cancers are not reported to the Cancer Registry & many states do not have a robust Cancer Registry.
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Fitriyanti, Dwi, Mardiyono Mardiyono, and Yuriz Bakhtiar. "The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) To Decreased Depression in Woman Patients with Cancer included cervical cancer and breast cancer." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia 6, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2018.6(3).27-34.
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<em>The highest cancers in Indonesia in women are breast cancer and cervical cancer. Both are the most common cancers in women and the highest cause of death in women. Some woman patients with newly diagnosed of breast cancer or cervical cancer will experience depression. most patients newly diagnosed with cancer, less than 6 months reported a feeling of depression of 91.4%. An effective intervention to reduce the level of depression is to provide cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions. CBT is a psychotherapy recommended for treating depression in patients with breast cancer and cervical cancer. The objective of this study to review the effects of CBT on decreasing depression in woman patients with cancer including cervical cancer and breast cancer. This study is a systematic review. We search articles from EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct database which published from 2008 till 2018. RCTs are included in this review. Four RCTs included in this study. CBT interventions are carried out differently for each article, in general, each session is given for 60-90 minutes with a different number of sessions. Outcome measured in 3 articles was more than one variable (not only depression) and one article only measured the level of depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used for woman patients with breast cancer and cervical cancer who are depressed. Future research to the effectiveness of CBT in reducing depression in woman patients specifically in newly diagnosed with cervical cancer is needed to confirm the evidence</em>
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Hejl, Zdeněk, Jiří Hanáček, and Radovan Pilka. "Fertility sparing approach in young women with endometrial cancer." Česká gynekologie 87, no. 3 (June 27, 2022): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/cccg2022202.
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The incidence of endometrial cancer in young women is increasing, especially in developed countries. Although it is predominantly a disease of peri- and postmenopausal women, there is an absolute increase in younger women of childbearing age who, with today's lifestyle and pushing back maternal needs, do not have fulfilled reproductive plans. About 67% of cancers are diagnosed in the early stages. For these women, fertility-preserving procedures can be considered until reproductive plans are fulfilled. Subsequently, however, definitive management is appropriate even in the absence of carcinoma. This article discusses the most common gynecologic pelvic cancer, endometrial adenocarcinoma, and the possibility of fertility-preserving procedures. Key words: endometrial cancer – young woman – fertility sparing
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Iram, Ayesha. "Cancer Screening Technology and Attitude of Women Towards Cervical Cancer." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 9, no. 3 (July 30, 2022): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.03.art013.
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Cervical cancer claims over a quarter of a million lives of women annually worldwide. It is believed to be the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Screening is used to detect precancerous changes or early cancers before signs or symptoms of cancer occur. The first case of cervical cancer was founded in the 1970s by Harald Zur Hausen. It is believed to be the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Females becoming sexually active in early age with multiple partners are on high risk. Virtually all cervical cancers are associated with human papilloma viruses (HPV). This study was conducted to understand the levels of knowledge and attitudes of women towards cervical cancer screening in Al Khan Dubai.It assessed the knowledge and attitudes of women about cervical cancer prevention. 70% of the sexually active women really need to go for cancer screening. It shows that 66% of women in al khan are being affected due to lifestyle and it is affecting women’s decision in relation to cervical cancer screening. To improve cervical cancer screening in al khan area, women should be given more information, motivation, awareness, and sensitization, in order to encourage them to go for a cervical cancer screening. Keywords: Cervix, High risk, HPV, Pre-screening methods, Women.
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Ahamad, Tanveer, and Mohammad Faheem Khan. "BRCA MUTATIONS LEADING BREAST CANCER IN INDIAN WOMEN." Era's Journal of Medical Research 7, no. 1 (June 2020): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2020.16.
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Ringwald, Johanna, Lennart Marwedel, Florian Junne, Katrin Ziser, Norbert Schäffeler, Lena Gerstner, Markus Wallwiener, et al. "Demands and Needs for Psycho-Oncological eHealth Interventions in Women With Cancer: Cross-Sectional Study." JMIR Cancer 3, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/cancer.7973.
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Annadurai, Kalaivani, Geetha Mani, and Raja Danasekaran. "Prophylactic Mastectomy: A boon or bane?" Journal of Comprehensive Health 5, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v05i01.004.
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Globally, breast cancer is the second most common cancer next only to lung cancer and a major public health challenge to women’s health. Worldwide, breast cancer affects 1.3 million women every year which represents 23% of all cancers in women. It is estimated that by 2030 the global burden of breast cancer will increase to over 2 million new cases per year. Unlike other cancers, breast cancer is treatable if detected at an early stage. Management of women who carry a high lifetime risk for breast cancer is always an issue of debate. A number of risk-reducing treatment options with varying efficacy exist, including regular surveillance, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery. Prophylactic mastectomy (PM) or Risk reducing mastectomy (RRM) remains a controversial procedure as a preventive tool against breast cancer. More women are opting for prophylactic mastectomy as a risk reducing strategy for breast cancer. Prophylactic mastectomy is appropriate only for a small proportion of women who are at high risk for breast cancer. Patient misconceptions about recurrence risk and fear have been implicated in the increase in prophylactic procedures. Other possible reasons for the rise in prophylactic mastectomy are highly sensitive breast cancer screening methods, which diagnose breast cancer at earlier stages, and improved breast reconstruction techniques. With this background this paper aims to analyze the pros and cons of preventive mastectomy.
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Henderson, BE, RK Ross, and MC Pike. "Hormonal chemoprevention of cancer in women." Science 259, no. 5095 (January 29, 1993): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8381558.
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The use of oral contraceptives in the United States during the past three decades has led to a dramatic decline in the incidence of cancers of the ovary and endometrium. The magnitude of these declines was predictable both from epidemiologic data and from the biologic effects of oral contraceptives on these tissues. Although the incidence of breast cancer has not been substantially affected by current oral contraceptives, it may be possible to develop alternative forms of contraception that provide protection against all three cancers. The major goal of hormonal chemoprevention of cancer is to reduce cell proliferation in the relevant epithelial tissue. New chemopreventive agents such as tamoxifen exemplify the application of this principle.
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Anderson, Barrie. "Cancer in Women." Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 111, no. 6 (November 15, 1999): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.99410.x.
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Rubin, Lisa R., Liz Margolies, and Ellyn Kaschak. "Women and Cancer." Women & Therapy 37, no. 3-4 (July 2014): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2014.897545.
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Markman, Maurie. "Cancer in Women." Journal of Women's Health 28, no. 2 (February 2019): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2019.7656.
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Beral, V. "Cancer in Women." International Journal of Epidemiology 44, suppl_1 (September 23, 2015): i44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv097.171.
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Broome, Catherine M., and Marie Borum. "CANCER AND WOMEN." Medical Clinics of North America 82, no. 2 (March 1998): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70609-x.
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Pecorelli, S., G. Favalli, L. Zigliani, and F. Odicino. "Cancer in women." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 82, no. 3 (September 2003): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(03)00225-x.
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Ludwig, H. "Women and cancer." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 46, no. 2 (August 1994): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(94)90235-6.
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Ludwig, Hans. "Women and cancer." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 49, Supplement (July 1995): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(95)94119-z.
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Anderson, William F., Ismail Jatoi, Julia Tse, and Philip S. Rosenberg. "Male Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Comparison With Female Breast Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 2 (January 10, 2010): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.23.8162.
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Purpose Because of its rarity, male breast cancer is often compared with female breast cancer. Patients and Methods To compare and contrast male and female breast cancers, we obtained case and population data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program for breast cancers diagnosed from 1973 through 2005. Standard descriptive epidemiology was supplemented with age-period-cohort models and breast cancer survival analyses. Results Of all breast cancers, men with breast cancer make up less than 1%. Male compared with female breast cancers occurred later in life with higher stage, lower grade, and more estrogen receptor–positive tumors. Recent breast cancer incidence and mortality rates declined over time for men and women, but these trends were greater for women than for men. Comparing patients diagnosed from 1996 through 2005 versus 1976 through 1985, and adjusting for age, stage, and grade, cause-specific hazard rates for breast cancer death declined by 28% among men (P = .03) and by 42% among women (P ≈ 0). Conclusion There were three intriguing results. Age-specific incidence patterns showed that the biology of male breast cancer resembled that of late-onset female breast cancer. Similar breast cancer incidence trends among men and women suggested that there are common breast cancer risk factors that affect both sexes, especially estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. Finally, breast cancer mortality and survival rates have improved significantly over time for both male and female breast cancer, but progress for men has lagged behind that for women.
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Menon, Usha, Steven J. Skates, Sara Lewis, Adam N. Rosenthal, Barnaby Rufford, Karen Sibley, Nicola MacDonald, et al. "Prospective Study Using the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm to Screen for Ovarian Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 31 (November 1, 2005): 7919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.01.6642.
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Purpose To evaluate prevalence screening in the first prospective trial of a new ovarian cancer screening (OCS) strategy (risk of ovarian cancer or ROC algorithm) on the basis of age and CA125 profile. Patients and Methods Postmenopausal women, ≥ 50 years were randomly assigned to a control group or screen group. Screening involved serum CA125, interpreted using the ROC algorithm. Participants with normal results returned to annual screening; those with intermediate results had repeat CA125 testing; and those with elevated values underwent transvaginal ultrasound (TVS). Women with abnormal or persistently equivocal TVS were referred for a gynecologic opinion. Results Thirteen thousand five hundred eighty-two women were recruited. Of 6,682 women randomly assigned to screening, 6,532 women underwent the first screen. After the initial CA125, 5,213 women were classified as normal risk, 91 women elevated, and 1,228 women intermediate. On repeat CA125 testing of the latter, a further 53 women were classified as elevated risk. All 144 women with elevated risk had TVS. Sixteen women underwent surgery. Eleven women had benign pathology; one woman had ovarian recurrence of breast cancer; one woman had borderline; and three women had primary invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) for primary invasive EOC were 99.8% (95% CI, 99.7 to 99.9) and 19% (95% CI, 4.1 to 45.6), respectively. Conclusion An OCS strategy using the ROC algorithm is feasible and can achieve high specificity and PPV in postmenopausal women. It is being used in the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening and in the United States in both the Cancer Genetics Network and the Gynecology Oncology Group trials of high-risk women.
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Chhabra, S. "Early Stage Cervical Cancer, Therapy for Reproductive Health and Quality Survival." Open Medicine Journal 3, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874220301603010001.
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Cervical cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths, seventh in frequency amongst all the cancers, third most common cancer in women, after breast and colorectal cancers, accounts for 9% of all cancers in women and 4% of cancers in men and women put together. As cervical cancer is being reported in young women, so preservation of reproductive health and survival with quality has become more important during cervical cancer therapy. For quality survival, reproductive health preservation inspite of cancer, early diagnosis and appropriate therapy are essential. Purpose of this article is to share so that others also look into various issues and we try to do the best for prevention of cervical cancer and provide best therapy so that women have survival with quality and reproductive health is preserved, specially in young women. Review of literature was done and self experiences have been added.
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Patil, Mr Mahesh. "The Machine Learning Algorithm for Prediction of Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35882.
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Cervical cancer is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), the most common infection of the reproductive tract. Almost all cervical cancer cases (99 %) are linked to infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses. The peak time for infection is shortly after becoming sexually active, and most individuals with healthy immune systems will clear the virus within a few years. Almost all sexually active individuals will become infected with HPV at some point in their lives and some may repeatedly be infected. Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly occurring cancer in women and the eighth most commonly occurring cancer overall. In 2018, an estimated 5,70,000 womens were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and about 3,11,000 womens died from the disease. In India, cervical cancer contributes to approximately 6-29% of all cancers in women.
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Jassim, Marwa Mohammed Ali, Bushra Jabbar Hamad, and Murtada Hafedh Hussein. "Review on Breast Cancer in Iraq Women." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2022): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci.v9i1.887.
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breast cancer" which is common type of carcinogenesis in females, surpassing even bronchogenic cancer "accounting for approximately one-third of the registered female cancers according to the latest Iraqi Cancer Registry". According to "World Health Organization", that discovery as well as examination early, particularly in combination together with sufficient therapy, present the appropriate method which decrease in the mortality rate for "breast cancer". Rate of "breast cancer" rise in Iraq, a source of a significant health problem. Labors are necessary on the nationalist scale and establishing comprehensive breast cancer control programs in Iraq for better estimate of the problem
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Rebner, Murray, and Vidya R. Pai. "Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations: African American Women Are at a Disadvantage." Journal of Breast Imaging 2, no. 5 (September 2020): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbaa067.
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Abstract Since 1990, breast cancer mortality has decreased by 40% in white women but only 26% in African American women. The age at diagnosis of breast cancer is younger in black women. Breast cancer diagnosed before age 50 represents 23% of all breast cancers in African American women but only 16% of all breast cancers in white women. White women have a higher incidence of breast cancer over the age of 60. Tumor subtypes also vary among racial and ethnic groups. The triple-negative (TN) subtype, which has a poorer outcome and occurs at a younger age, represents 21% of invasive breast cancers in black women but only 10% of invasive breast cancers in white women. The hormone receptor–positive subtype, which is more common in older women and has the best outcome, has a higher incidence in white women (70%) than in black women (61%). The BRCA2 mutation is also more common in black women than in white women (other than those who are of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry). There are also many barriers to screening. Major ones include the lack of contact with a primary health care provider as well as a decreased perceived risk of having breast cancer in the African American population. Given the younger age of onset and the higher incidence of the TN molecular subtype, following breast cancer screening guidelines that do not support screening before the age of 50 may disadvantage black women.
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Byun, Yong Hyun, Sang Yeun Kim, Yejin Mok, Youngwon Kim, and Sun Ha Jee. "Heart Rate Recovery and Cancer Risk: Prospective Cohort Study." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 30, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517745630.
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This study aims to determine the association between 2-minute heart rate recovery (HRR) and cancer risk. Each participant (5379 women; 8485 men) provided HRR obtained from treadmill tests. The outcome was site-specific cancer. Over 9 years of follow-up, 630 cancer events (258 women) were accrued. Slower HRR was associated with increased thyroid cancer risk in women ( P for trend = .0121) and colorectal cancer risk in men ( P for trend = .0034). The lowest HRR (<13 bpm) had higher hazards of thyroid cancer (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.28-3.77) in women and colorectal cancer (HR = 3.08; 95% CI = 1.32-7.15) in men. In women, slower HRR and lower proportions of heart rate recovery (PHRR) were associated with higher hazards of thyroid cancer in women and metabolically related cancers (liver and colorectal) in men. Slower HRR and lower PHRR were independent risk factors for thyroid cancer in women and metabolically related cancers in men.
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Chlebowski, Rowan T., Anne McTiernan, Jean Wactawski-Wende, JoAnn E. Manson, Aaron K. Aragaki, Thomas Rohan, Eli Ipp, et al. "Diabetes, Metformin, and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 23 (August 10, 2012): 2844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.39.7505.
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Purpose Emerging evidence suggests that metformin may reduce breast cancer incidence, but reports are mixed and few provide information on tumor characteristics. Therefore, we assessed associations among diabetes, metformin use, and breast cancer in postmenopausal women participating in Women's Health Initiative clinical trials. Patients and Methods In all, 68,019 postmenopausal women, including 3,401 with diabetes at study entry, were observed over a mean of 11.8 years with 3,273 invasive breast cancers diagnosed. Diabetes incidence status was collected throughout follow-up, with medication information collected at baseline and years 1, 3, 6, and 9. Breast cancers were confirmed by review of central medical records and pathology reports. Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for breast cancer risk factors, compared breast cancer incidence in women with diabetes who were metformin users or nonusers with breast cancer incidence in women without diabetes. Results Compared with that in women without diabetes, breast cancer incidence in women with diabetes differed by diabetes medication type (P = .04). Women with diabetes receiving medications other than metformin had a slightly higher incidence of breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.45), and women with diabetes who were given metformin had lower breast cancer incidence (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.99). The association was observed for cancers positive for both estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor and those that were negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Conclusion Metformin use in postmenopausal women with diabetes was associated with lower incidence of invasive breast cancer. These results can inform future studies evaluating metformin use in breast cancer management and prevention.
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Kochetkova, Ya I., and O. P. Krashenkov. "Breast cancer screening in young women." Tumors of female reproductive system 18, no. 4 (May 1, 2023): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1994-4098-2022-18-4-32-37.
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Breast cancer is the main cause of cancer death in women under the age of 40. However, the organized mammographic screening of a young healthy woman was recognized by most experts as ineffective. This article is a brief overview about understanding of the risks of developing breast cancer in young women and a possible personalized screening in this group of patients.
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Taparra, Kekoa, Brandon I. Ing, Agnes Ewongwo, Jacqueline B. Vo, Jaimie Z. Shing, Megan Y. Gimmen, Kiana M. K. Keli‘i, Jason Uilelea, Erqi Pollom, and Elizabeth Kidd. "Racial Disparities in Brachytherapy Treatment among Women with Cervical and Endometrial Cancer in the United States." Cancers 15, no. 9 (April 30, 2023): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15092571.
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Brachytherapy improves clinical outcomes among women diagnosed with cervical and endometrial cancers. Recent evidence demonstrates that declining brachytherapy boosts for women with cervical cancer were associated with higher mortality. In this retrospective cohort study, women diagnosed with endometrial or cervical cancer in the United States between 2004 and 2017 were selected from the National Cancer Database for evaluation. Women ≥18 years of age were included for high intermediate risk (PORTEC-2 and GOG-99 definition) or FIGO Stage II-IVA endometrial cancers and FIGO Stage IA-IVA—non-surgically treated cervical cancers. The aims were to (1) evaluate brachytherapy treatment practice patterns for cervical and endometrial cancers in the United States; (2) calculate rates of brachytherapy treatment by race; and (3) determine factors associated with not receiving brachytherapy. Treatment practice patterns were evaluated over time and by race. Multivariable logistic regression assessed predictors of brachytherapy. The data show increasing rates of brachytherapy for endometrial cancers. Compared to non-Hispanic White women; Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander (NHPI) women with endometrial cancer and Black women with cervical cancer were significantly less likely to receive brachytherapy. For both NHPI and Black women, treatment at community cancer centers was associated with a decreased likelihood of brachytherapy. The data suggest racial disparities among Black women with cervical cancer and NHPI women with endometrial cancer and emphasize an unmet need for brachytherapy access within community hospitals.
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S Kadam, Sachin, and Tejaswini Kadam. "Endometrial Cancer with Cervical Extension Masquerading as Cervical Cancer." Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics 6, no. 3 (May 16, 2022): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/118.
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The incidence and prevalence of endometrial cancer is less as compared to cervical cancer. Worldwide, in 2018, near about 382000 new cases of endometrial cancer were diagnosed and around 90000 women were died from the disease
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Zhou, Guangjin, Siran M. Koroukian, Suparna M. Navale, Nicholas K. Schiltz, Uriel Kim, Johnie Rose, Gregory S. Cooper, et al. "Cancer burden in women with HIV on Medicaid: A nationwide analysis." Women's Health 19 (January 2023): 174550572311700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455057231170061.
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Background: Cancer is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV. In the United States, nearly 1 in 4 people living with HIV are women, more than half of whom rely on Medicaid for healthcare coverage. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the cancer burden of women living with HIV on Medicaid. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study of women 18–64 years of age enrolled in Medicaid during 2012, using data from Medicaid Analytic eXtract files. Methods: Using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes, we identified women living with HIV (n = 72,508) and women without HIV (n = 17,353,963), flagging the presence of 15 types of cancer and differentiating between AIDS-defining cancers and non-AIDS-defining cancers. We obtained adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for each cancer and for all cancers combined, using multivariable log-binomial models, and additionally stratifying by age and race/ethnicity. Results: The highest adjusted prevalence ratios were observed for Kaposi’s sarcoma (81.79 (95% confidence interval: 57.11–117.22)) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (27.69 (21.67–35.39)). The adjusted prevalence ratios for anal and cervical cancer, both of which were human papillomavirus-associated cancers, were 19.31 (17.33–21.51) and 4.20 (3.90–4.52), respectively. Among women living with HIV, the adjusted prevalence ratio for all cancer types combined was about two-fold higher (1.99 (1.86–2.14)) in women 45–64 years of age than in women 18–44 years of age. For non-AIDS-defining cancers but not for AIDS-defining cancers, the adjusted prevalence ratios were higher in older than in younger women. There was no significant difference in the adjusted prevalence ratios for all cancer types combined in the race/ethnicity-stratified analyses of the women living with HIV cohort. However, in cancer type–specific sub-analyses, differences in adjusted prevalence ratios between Hispanic versus non-Hispanic women were observed. For example, the adjusted prevalence ratio for Hispanic women for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was 2.00 (1.30–3.07) and 0.73 (0.58–0.92), respectively, for breast cancer. Conclusion: Compared to their counterparts without HIV, women living with HIV on Medicaid have excess prevalence of cervical and anal cancers, both of which are human papillomavirus related, as well as Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphoma. Older age is also associated with increased burden of non-AIDS-defining cancers in women living with HIV. Our findings emphasize the need for not only cancer screening among women living with HIV but also for efforts to increase human papillomavirus vaccination among all eligible individuals.
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Borges, João Bosco Ramos, Renata Guarisi, Andressa de Araújo Lacerda, Juliana Letícia Poli, Pítia Cárita de Godoy Borges, and Sirlei Siani Moraes. "Active search of women as an efficacy factor for a breast and cervical cancer screening program in the city of Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil." Einstein (São Paulo) 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082010a01454.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the profile of women looking for gynecological care to the profile of women invited to participate in the program, assessing breast and cervical cancer risk factors in each group and comparing Papanicolaou's test and mammography results. Methods: Medical records of 46 women participating in a breast and cervical cancer prevention program and 42 medical reports of women that regularly visited the primary healthcare unit from August to December 2006 were examined. Results: The mean interval between the last Papanicolaou's tests was of approximately 19.7 months when comparing women visiting their physician and 25.3 participants in the program. There was one case (1.1%) of high grade intraepithelial lesion in one woman included in the program. Regarding breast cancer, when comparing both groups, we verified that all women above the age of 40 years that participated in the program underwent mammography; this was not verified in the group seeing a physician. This shows the efficacy of this screening, actively looking for women in the age group at risk for breast cancer. Conclusions: Active search is important to recruit women; the screening program needs improvement to show its real impact on morbidity and mortality of these cancers.
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Der, EM, K. Adu-Bonsaffoh, Y. Tettey, RA Kwame-Aryee, JD Seffah, H. Alidu, and RK Gyasi. "Clinico-pathological characteristics of cervical cancer in Ghanaian women." Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 3, no. 3 (January 13, 2015): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmbs.v3i3.5.
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Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer related mortality in the developing countries, although preventable. The aim of this study was to use a retrospective descriptive study to determine the prevalence and the clinico-pathological characteristics of cervical cancer among genital tract ma-lignancies. This study reviewed all histologically confirmed female genital tract malignancies for cervical cancers from January 2002 to December 2011. The clinico-pathological features of women with cervical cancer were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18). A total of 1011(70.8%) out of 1,427 female genital tract malignancies were cervical cancers. The average prevalence of cervical cancer was 71.0%. The mean age of women with cervical cancer was 57.8(SD=13.8) years. The youngest patient was 22 years. The commonest (76.9%) presentation was bleeding per vaginalm followed by fungating cervical masses (12.4%). Majority (88.9%) of the bleeding were unprovoked and in postmenopausal women (98.8%). The major types of cervical cancers were Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (90.1%) and adenocarcinoma (5.8%), both were common in the elderly. The com-mon histological subtypes of cervical cancers in the study were; keratinizing SCC (73.3%), non-keratinizing SCC (14.7%), endometroid adenocarcinoma (4.5%), adenosquamous carcinoma (2.6%) and basaloid SCC (1.4%). This study found high prevalence of cervical cancer among female geni-tal tract cancers in Accra Ghana. The women were relatively older and presented with advanced stage of the disease. SCC was the major histological type of cervical cancer.Keywords: Ghana, cervical cancer, postmenopausal, women, premalignant, genital tract
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Ndlela, B., S. Sandhu, J. Lai, K. Lavelle, L. Elliss-Brookes, and J. Poole. "Cancer Before, During and After Pregnancy." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 202s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.81500.
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Background: The occurrence of cancer during pregnancy is uncommon with an incidence rate of ∼1 in 1000 pregnancies. The rate of pregnancy-associated cancer is increasing and this is partly caused by a trend in delaying child bearing to an older age. Aim: With little data in the UK concerning the number of women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy, the purpose of this study was to compare incidence of cancer in pregnant women to the general female population. Methods: Cancer registry data for England were linked to hospital activity data to establish pregnancy-associated cancers. For this study, women aged 15 to 44 years diagnosed with a malignant cancer between 2012 and 2014 and a pregnancy or delivery code 1 year before or up to 1 year after diagnosis were defined as pregnant women. Age-standardized and age-specific incidence rates of cancer in pregnant women and the general female population in England were compared by 5-year age-group, geographic region of residence, income deprivation quintile and stage of cancer diagnosis. Results: A total of 3272 pregnancy-associated cancers were identified in 2,503,174 pregnancies. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of cancer in pregnant women was 48% higher than the equivalent ASIR of cancer in the female population aged 15-44 nationally (173 vs 117 per 100,000). This trend of higher incidence of cancer among pregnant women persisted for most regions, ages and stages, and was particularly high in the most deprived quintile. The most common cancers diagnosed around the time of pregnancy were breast (n = 784), melanoma of skin (n = 504), cervical (n = 498), hematologic (n = 286), ovarian (n = 240) and colorectal (n = 188). Comparing the ASIR of cancer in pregnant women with the female population, by site, rates were over 30% higher for breast cancer (55 vs 41 per 100,000 respectively) and around double those for melanoma (26 vs 13 per 100,000). Conclusion: The higher rates of pregnancy-associated cancers compared with the general female population may be due to frequent obstetric examinations which increases the chances of cancer detection. Further work using a more robust maternity dataset would be required to ascertain timing of cancer diagnosis in relation to delivery.
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Rashid, Dr Shokhan Faeq, Dr Maryam Bakir Mahmood, and Prof Dr Taher Abdullah Hussein Hawramy. "Two years recurrence rate of ovarian and endometrial malignancies following Surgical versus clinical staging." Advanced medical journal 9, no. 1 (March 10, 2024): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56056/amj.2024.239.
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Background and objectives: Gynecological cancers represent a big burden on national health institutes. Recurrences of these cancers are documented frequently that needed more efforts to prevent or reduce them. The aim of the study was to know the difference between Standard Surgical Staging and Non-Standard Surgical Staging in gynecological cancers in terms of recurrence rate. Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Maternity Teaching Hospital and Hiwa Hospital in Sulaymaniyah city-Kurdistan region/Iraq over two years from June 2020 to June 2022, on sample of 86 women with gynecological cancer divided into two study groups (42 women underwent standard surgical staging and 44 women underwent non-standard surgical staging). Standard surgical staging for endometrial and ovarian cancers included midline laparotomy, peritoneal washout, samples from the right and left sub-diaphragmatic surfaces, infracoloic Omentectomy, total abdominal hysterectomy & bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, any peritoneal deposits and pelvic and para-aortic Lymphadenectomy in maternity hospital Results: The recurrence rate in women with non-standard surgical staging were 25% (p=0.009), while in women with standard surgical staging were 4.8%. 11 women with non-standard surgical staging had advanced cancer stages at recurrence compared to 2 cases with standard surgical staging. Although no significant difference in death outcome between both study groups (p=0.09), no woman who underwent standard surgical staging with recurrence died, while the death rate of women underwent non-standard surgical staging with recurrence was (63.6%) Conclusions: The standard surgical staging in women with gynecological cancer is important in the recurrence rate of these cancers.
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Wilkerson, Avia, Megan Obi, Camila Ortega Estrella, Chao Tu, Holly Pederson, and Zahraa Al-Hilli. "Abstract P3-14-09: Breast cancer disparities through an imaging lens: Are black women more likely to have cancer detected on their first mammogram?" Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P3–14–09—P3–14–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p3-14-09.
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Abstract Introduction Black women are more likely to be diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer, have triple negative disease, carry pathogenic variants in BRCA2, and are 41% more likely to die from the disease. The American College of Radiology recommends risk assessment for all Black women by age 30. Still, it remains unclear whether this population may benefit from earlier screening mammography. We evaluated women treated for breast cancer between ages 40 and 45 to determine the frequency of cancer detection on first mammogram for Black patients versus other racial/ethnic groups. We also analyzed risk factors associated with first mammogram-detected cancers. Methods Demographic, mammographic, and clinico-pathologic data were obtained from 724 women ages 40-45 who underwent oncologic surgery for breast cancer at our institution between 2010 and 2019. We defined first mammogram cancers as those with tissue diagnoses within three months of first mammogram. A logistic regression model was applied to assess the association of collected variables with cancer detection on baseline mammogram by racial/ethnic group. Results In the overall cohort of 724 patients, the mean age at breast cancer diagnosis was similar across ethnic groups (42.8 years, p=0.624). Black women were more likely to have a BMI greater than 30 (p=<0.001), to be current smokers (p=0.033), to have a variant of unknown significance on germline genetic testing (p=0.049), and present with Stage 2 or Stage 3 disease. Black women were also significantly more likely to have breast cancer detected on their first mammogram (38/80, 47.5%) compared to White women (153/611, 25.0%) and Asian women (7/21, 33.0%) (p = <0.001). One hundred ninety eight patients (27.3% of overall cohort) were diagnosed with breast cancer on their first mammogram. The mean age at diagnosis was similar across ethnicities within this subgroup (42.2 years, p=0.136). The only risk factor of statistical significance detected differentially in Black women among both the overall cohort and the subgroup of first mammogram cancer diagnoses was a BMI greater than 30. Black women with cancers detected on first mammogram presented more often with later stage disease, though this trend did not reach statistical significance (p=0.07). Conclusion Breast cancer screening guidelines for women age 40-45 vary. Unless a woman is evaluated based on family history and pedigree suggestive of hereditary cancer or familial clustering, there are no screening guidelines for women under age 40. Women identified with BRCA mutations, for example, would initiate high-risk screening at the age of 25, and even those with family history of early onset disease in the absence of a genetic mutation would initiate high risk screening to include contrast-enhanced MRI ten years earlier than the first affected relative. Our data suggests that Black women between age 40 and 45 are more likely to have cancer detected on their first mammogram. Early risk stratification and assessment, education and counseling on risk mitigation, and possibly initiation of earlier screening (even in the absence of family history) may be warranted in this group. First Mammogram Cancers by RaceAllAsianBlackWhitep-valueN=712N=21N=80N=611Cancer on first mammogram, N (%):198 (27.8%) 7 (33.3%) 38 (47.5%) 153 (25.0%) <0.001 Citation Format: Avia Wilkerson, Megan Obi, Camila Ortega Estrella, Chao Tu, Holly Pederson, Zahraa Al-Hilli. Breast cancer disparities through an imaging lens: Are black women more likely to have cancer detected on their first mammogram? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-14-09.
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Lawrenson, Ross, Chunhuan Lao, Gregory Jacobson, Sanjeewa Seneviratne, Nina Scott, Diana Sarfati, Mark Elwood, and Ian Campbell. "Outcomes in different ethnic groups of New Zealand patients with screen-detected vs. non-screen-detected breast cancer." Journal of Medical Screening 26, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141319844801.
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Objective To compare characteristics and survival of New Zealand European, Māori, and Pacific women with screen-detected vs. non-screen-detected breast cancer. Methods Women aged 45–69 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between January 2005 and May 2013 were identified from the Waikato and Auckland Breast Cancer Registries. Patient demographics and tumour characteristics were described by detection mode and ethnicity. Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the five-year breast cancer-specific survival of women with stage I–III breast cancer by ethnicity and detection mode. Results Women with screen-detected cancers were older, had smaller tumours, fewer stage IV (0.8% vs. 7.6%), fewer high grade (16.8% vs. 39.0%), and fewer lymph node positive diseases (26.3% vs. 51.5%) than women with non-screen-detected cancers. There were more Luminal A (70.0% vs. 54.0%), fewer human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive non-Luminal (4.4% vs. 8.8%), and fewer triple negative cases (7.0% vs. 13.8%) in screen-detected than non-screen-detected cancers. If not screen detected, 22.7% of breast cancers in Pacific women were stage IV compared with 2.4% if screen detected. If not screen detected, the five-year breast cancer-specific survival was 91.1% for New Zealand European women, 84.2% for Māori women, and 80.2% for Pacific women (p-value <0.001). For screen-detected breast cancer, survival between different ethnic groups was similar. Conclusions Breast cancers detected through screening are diagnosed at an earlier stage and have a greater proportion of subtypes, with better outcome. Variations in survival for Māori and Pacific women are only found in women with non-screen-detected breast cancer.
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Singh, Rakesh, and Alka Turuk. "A study to assess the knowledge regarding breast cancer and practices of breast self-examination among women in urban area." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 4341. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174856.
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Background: Out of all cancers, breast cancer only is responsible for 1.5 lakh cases (10%) of cancer burden in India by 2016. The present study was carried out among women in an urban area with objective to assess knowledge of women in age group 20-60 years regarding causes and risk factors of breast cancer and their practice regarding breast self-examination. An association between the socio-demographic variables and knowledge of women regarding breast cancer and breast self-examination was sought for and an attempt was made to demonstrate individually to each woman included in the study, the correct method of performing BSE.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted. Total 100 subjects were selected by multistage sampling technique. Structured questionnaire were used to test their knowledge about breast cancer and practice regarding BSE.Results: Out of 100 women, 58% had knowledge that breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer among women, 52% knew what breast self-examination is and 28% were practicing breast self-examination.Conclusions: There is a need for developing health education programs about symptoms and early signs of breast cancer with emphasis on the importance of early breast cancer detection. Breast self-examination should be encouraged. The health education programs and mass media education should be targeted towards females in the age group between 20 years and above, ideally those 35 years of age and above. Further research regarding knowledge and practice of women towards breast cancer is recommended.
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Lourenço, Andrezza Viviany. "Women cancer prevention and pharmaceutical contribution." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 1 (March 2010): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000100006.
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In Brazil, many cases of breast and cervical cancers are only diagnosed in advanced stages. Information on prevention of cancer in women is increasingly available. However, prevention or early treatment alternatives are often not practiced. This study investigated the issues hindering the practice of prevention against cancer in women. A qualitative method was employed in this exploratory and descriptive study. The sample included thirty-three randomly selected women undergoing treatment. The survey data was collected at the South Parana Institute of Oncology, Ponta Grossa - PR in September 2007 using a semi-structured individual interview after approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the Brazilian College of Systemic Studies - CBES, Curitiba - PR, under protocol 0462/07, in compliance with CNS Resolution number 196/96. Absence of symptoms, embarrassment, long waiting list for treatment, and indifference to the campaigns of prevention were some obstacles encountered. A lack of information about cancer and its causes and consequences was the biggest issue found regarding the acceptance of prevention of cancer in women. The pharmacist, in the role of educator in the prevention of cancer in women, can emphasize the importance of regular prevention practices and highlight the implications of late treatment, disseminating information that can have greater impact on society.
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Warner, E., D. B. Plewes, R. S. Shumak, G. C. Catzavelos, L. S. Di Prospero, M. J. Yaffe, V. Goel, et al. "Comparison of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mammography, and Ultrasound for Surveillance of Women at High Risk for Hereditary Breast Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 3524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.15.3524.
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PURPOSE: Recommended surveillance for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers includes regular mammography and clinical breast examination, although the effectiveness of these screening techniques in mutation carriers has not been established. The purpose of the present study was to compare breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with ultrasound, mammography, and physical examination in women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 196 women, aged 26 to 59 years, with proven BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or strong family histories of breast or ovarian cancer underwent mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and clinical breast examination on a single day. A biopsy was performed when any of the four investigations was judged to be suspicious for malignancy. RESULTS: Six invasive breast cancers and one noninvasive breast cancer were detected among the 196 high-risk women. Five of the invasive cancers occurred in mutation carriers, and the sixth occurred in a woman with a previous history of breast cancer. The prevalence of invasive or noninvasive breast cancer in the 96 mutation carriers was 6.2%. All six invasive cancers were detected by MRI, all were 1.0 cm or less in diameter, and all were node-negative. In contrast, only three invasive cancers were detected by ultrasound, two by mammography, and two by physical examination. The addition of MRI to the more commonly available triad of mammography, ultrasound, and breast examination identified two additional invasive breast cancers that would otherwise have been missed. CONCLUSION: Breast MRI may be superior to mammography and ultrasound for the screening of women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer.
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Kuhl, Christiane K., Heribert Bieling, Kevin Strobel, Claudia Leutner, Hans H. Schild, and Simone Schrading. "Breast MRI screening of women at average risk of breast cancer: An observational cohort study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.28_suppl.1.
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1 Background: Breast-MRI is currently recommended for screening women at high-risk of breast-cancer only. However, despite decades of mammographic-screening, breast-cancer continues to represent a major cause of cancer-death also for women at average-risk – suggesting a need for improved methods for early diagnosis also for these women. Therefore, we investigated the utility of supplemental MRI-screening of women who carry an average-risk of breast-cancer. Methods: Prospective observational cohort-study conducted in two academic breast-centers on asymptomatic women at average-risk in the usual age range for screening-mammography (40 to 70). Women underwent DCE-breast-MRI in addition to mammography every 12, 24, or 36 months, plus follow-up of 2 years to establish a standard-of-reference. We report on the supplemental-cancer-yield, interval-cancer-rate, diagnostic accuracy of screening-MRI, and biologic profiles of additional, MRI-detected breast-cancers. Results: 2120 women underwent a total 3861 MRI-studies covering 7007 women-years. Breast-cancer was diagnosed in 61/2120 women (DCIS: 20, invasive: 41), and ADH/LIN in another 21. Interval-cancer-rate was 0%, irrespective of screening interval. Forty-eight women were diagnosed with breast-cancer at prevalence-screening by MRI alone (supplemental cancer-detection-rate: 22.6 per 1000); 13 women were diagnosed with breast-cancer in 1741 incidence-screening-rounds collected over 4887 women-years. A total 12 of these 13 incident cancers were diagnosed by screening-MRI alone (supplemental-cancer-detection-rate: 6.9 per 1000), one by MRI and mammography, none by mammography alone. Supplemental-cancer-detection-rate was independent of mammographic breast-density. Invasive cancers were small (mean size: 8mm), node-negative in 93.4%, ER/PR-negative in 32.8%, and de-differentiated in 41.7% at prevalence, and 46.0% at incidence-screening. Specificity of MRI-screening was 97.1%, False-Positive-Rate 2.9%. Conclusions: MRI-screening improves detection of biologically relevant breast-cancer in women at average-risk, and reduces the interval-cancer-rate down to 0%, at a low false-positive rate.
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Lynge, Elsebeth, Ilse Vejborg, Martin Lillholm, Mads Nielsen, George Napolitano, and My von Euler-Chelpin. "Abstract P4-03-10: BREAST DENSITY AND RISK OF BREAST CANCER." Cancer Research 83, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2023): P4–03–10—P4–03–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p4-03-10.
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Abstract Background: Early studies reported a 4-6-fold risk of breast cancer between women with extremely dense and fatty breasts. As most early studies were case-control studies, we took advantage of a population-based screening program to study density and breast cancer incidence in a cohort design. Methods: In the Capital Region, Denmark, woman aged 50-69 are invited to screening biennially. Women screened November 2012 - December 2017 were included, and classified by BI-RADS density code, version 4, at first screen after recruitment. Women were followed up for incident breast cancer, including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), to 2020 in nationwide pathology data. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were compared across density groups using Poisson-regression. Results: We included 189,609 women; 1,067,293 person-years; and 4110 incident breast cancers/DCIS. Thirty-three percent of women had BI-RADS density code 1; 38% code 2; 24% code 3; 4.7% code 4; and missing 0.3%. Using women with BI-RADS density code 1 as baseline; women with code 2 had RR 1.69 (95% CI 1.56-1.84); women with code 3, RR 2.06 (95% CI 1.89-2.25); and women with code 4, RR 2.37 (95% CI 1.05-2.74). Results differed between observations accumulated during screening and above screening age. Conclusions: This cohort study showed a 2.37-fold difference in breast cancer risk between women with highest and lowest breast density. Translated into absolute risk of breast cancer after age 50, this was a 6.2% risk for the one-third of women with lowest density, and 14.7% for the five percent of women highest density. Citation Format: Elsebeth Lynge, Ilse Vejborg, Martin Lillholm, Mads Nielsen, George Napolitano, My von Euler-Chelpin. BREAST DENSITY AND RISK OF BREAST CANCER [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-03-10.
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Suzuki, J., T. Hojo, K. Jimbo, S. Asaga, and T. Kinoshita. "Risk of breast cancer among Japanese women with a positive family history." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2011): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.27_suppl.191.
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191 Background: Most breast cancer cases are sporadic, rather than associated with inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. However, women with a family history of breast cancer are at increased risk of developing breast cancer compared to those women without any family history, even if they lack these gene mutations. Methods: We analyzed 10892 patients including bilateral breast cancer cases (total of 11398 breast cancers) who underwent surgery at our hospital between 1962 and 2009. We excluded 295 cases whose family history data were not available. Clinical and pathological differences between following patient groups were tested; 9528 patients or 9955 cancers (88%) with negative family history (FH-), 896 patients or 951 cancers (8%) who had at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer (1FH+), 468 patients or 492 cancers (4%) who had second-degree relative with breast cancer (2FH+), and 1364 patients or 1443 cancers (12%) with family history regardless of first- or second-degree relative (FH+). Significance was established at a p-value of < 0.05. Results: Among the family members, sisters were more likely to have treated for breast cancer (38% in FH+ group), followed by mothers (27%), aunts (26%), grandmothers (7%), and daughters (2%). The incidence of developing contralateral breast cancer was significantly higher in 1FH+ group, compared to patients in FH- and 2FH+ groups. No other factors showed any significant difference, including the incidence of cancer in other organs, pathological characteristics, and age of onset, although BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation may be associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer at younger age. Outcome studies with available data did not show any significant difference in overall survival between FH+ and FH- patients. Conclusions: A Japanese woman with a positive family history has a higher risk of developing breast cancer than women without any close relatives with breast cancer, similar to the results reported in Western countries where prevalence of breast cancer is higher. Regular checkup of contralateral breast is important for those patients whose first-degree relatives have also been diagnosed with breast cancer.
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Altová, Anna, and Michala Lustigová. "Barriers to the cervical cancer screening attendance among Czech women." Česká gynekologie 87, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/cccg2022239.
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Objective: The main aim of this study was to find specific barriers to cervical cancer screening attendance that Czech women declare. Furthermore, the objective was to find out whether there are differences between women who do and do not attend screening according to sociodemographic characteristics. Finally, we investigated whether women who do not attend the screening differ by sociodemographic characteristics in declaring particular barriers to attendance. Materials and methods: Data were collected using a representative questionnaire survey. The women were asked about their previous participation in the cervical cancer screening program. Those who did not attend screening in the past 2 years or those who do not (intend to) attend screening regularly were considered non-attendees. The non-attendees were then asked about their reasons for non-attendance in the screening. First, descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Second, the differences between the different groups of women were analyzed by Pearson's chi-squared independence test. Results: In the studied sample population (N = 902), 36.7% were considered non-attendees. Statistically significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, marital status, household type) were observed between attendees and non-attendees. The three most common reasons for non-attendance were: “I do not experience any symptoms”, “fear of cancer diagnosis”, and “fear of the examination procedure”. Almost no differences in sociodemographic characteristics in the declaration of particular barriers to attendance were found. Conclusion: We observed differences between women who attended and those who did not attend the screening. However, sociodemographic characteristics do not play an important role once a woman decides not to attend the screening. Therefore, it is essential to communicate cancer prevention throughout the spectrum of Czech women. Key words: screening – cervical carcinoma – prevention – early detection of disease – barriers
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Lipasti, Seppo, Ahti Anttila, and Martti Pamilo. "Mammographic findings of women recalled for diagnostic work-up in digital versus screen-film mammography in a population-based screening program." Acta Radiologica 51, no. 5 (June 2010): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841851003691961.
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Background: Limited information is available concerning differences in the radiological findings of women recalled for diagnostic work-up in digital mammography (DM) versus screen-film mammography (SFM) screening. Purpose: To compare the radiological findings, their positive predictive values (PPVs) for cancer and other process indicators of DM screening performed by computed radiography (CR) technology and SFM screening in a population-based program. Material and Methods: The material consisted of women, 50–59 years of age, who were invited for screening: 30 153 women with DM in 2007–2008 and 32 939 women with SFM in 1999–2000. The attendance rate was 77.7% (23 440) in the DM arm and 83.8% (27 593) in the SFM arm. In the DM arm, 1.71% of those screened (401) and in the SFM arm 1.59% (438) were recalled for further work-up. The images resulting in the recall were classified as: 1) tumor-like mass, 2) parenchymal distortion/asymmetry, 3) calcifications, and 4) combination of mass and calcifications. The distributions of the various radiological findings and their PPVs for cancer were compared in both study groups. The recall rates, cancer detection rates, test specificities, and PPVs of the DM and SFM groups were also compared. Results: Women were recalled for diagnostic work-up most often due to tumor-like mass. It was more common in SFM (1.08% per woman screened) than in DM (0.93%). The second most common finding was parenchymal distortion and asymmetry, more often in DM (0.58%) than in SFM (0.37%). Calcifications were the third most common finding. DM exposed calcifications more often (0.49%) than SFM (0.26%). The PPVs for cancer of the recalls were higher in DM than in SFM in all subgroups of radiological findings. The test specificities were similar (DM 98.9%, SFM 98.8%). Significantly more cancers were detected by DM (cancer detection rate 0.623% per woman screened, n=146) than by SFM (cancer detection rate 0.406% per woman screened, n=112). The PPVs for cancer of all recalls for diagnostic work-up were significantly higher in DM (36%) than in SFM (26%). Conclusion: In DM women were recalled for diagnostic work-up more often for calcifications, parenchymal distortions, and asymmetries than in SFM. In the case of tumor-like masses, more women were recalled in SFM. DM detected more cancers than SFM, and the PPVs for cancer were higher in DM than in SFM in all subgroups of radiological findings.
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Thero, Ven Sumedh. "A case report of cancer patient." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 6, no. 1 (November 21, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/0126.
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In India 25.8 per 10,000 women are suffering from Breast cancer as per the Ministry of Health & Welfare, India. It is estimated by 2020 around 1.7 million women will be suffering from breast cancer. Awareness and early detection can curb the growing burden of Breast Cancer and are the first step in the battle against Breast Cancer. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the awareness and perceived barriers concerning the early detection of Breast Cancer. According to the National Cancer Registry Programme of the India Council of Medical Research (ICMR), more than 1300 Indians die every day due to cancer. Breast cancer is now the most common cancer among women in India, accounting for 27% of all cancers among women. The WHO data says India will have 1.16 million new cancer cases this year i.e. 2020 and more than 50 per cent of these will be diagnosed in women.
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Arora, Nimisha, Aline Talhouk, Jessica N. McAlpine, Michael R. Law, and Gillian E. Hanley. "Causes of death among women with epithelial ovarian cancer by length of survival post-diagnosis: a population-based study in British Columbia, Canada." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 29, no. 3 (December 21, 2018): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2018-000040.
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ObjectivesLittle is known regarding the health of women who survive more than 5 years following their ovarian cancer diagnosis. To bridge an important gap in our knowledge about long term health of ovarian cancer survivors, we examined the causes of death among women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer between 1990 and 2014 in British Columbia. These causes were stratified by years since diagnosis, and compared with age- standardized causes of death among women who have not been diagnosed with ovarian cancer.MethodsWe examined all women with epithelial ovarian cancer in British Columbia 1990–2014 using population- based administrative datasets. We stratified women into three groups: all epithelial ovarian cancer patients; women surviving 5 to 9 years post-diagnosis, and women surviving 10 or more years since diagnosis. All- cause and cause specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated.ResultsThere were 4246 deaths among 6427 women with epithelial ovarian cancer. About 55.9% of deaths were from ovarian cancer. When compared with the general population, the highest SMRs (SMR of 5 or higher) were for deaths from other cancers and external causes (44.4% from falls) among women surviving 5–9 years and 10 or more years post-diagnosis. Mortality from other cancers can largely be explained by deaths from breast cancer (15.8%), lung cancer (12.3%), and colorectal cancer (11%).ConclusionsWhile the majority of epithelial ovarian cancer patients continue to die from their ovarian cancer, our results suggest that long term ovarian cancer survivors are particularly vulnerable to deaths from other cancers and from falls in elderly survivors. These data could indicate closer surveillance for breast, lung, and colorectal cancer, and closer attention to bone health is warranted among women surviving for 5 or more years following their epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosis.
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Ekwueme, Donatus U., Benjamin T. Allaire, Gery Guy, Sarah Arnold, and Justin G. Trogdon. "Treatment costs of breast cancer among younger women aged 19 to 44 years enrolled in Medicaid." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2015): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.28_suppl.74.
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74 Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women in the United States, accounting for about 30% of incident cancers. It is one of the most costly medical conditions to treat. Younger women aged 18-44 years account for 11% of new cases. These women tend to experience more aggressive types of breast cancer, requiring intensive and expensive treatment. In recent years, a few studies have examined the costs of breast cancer treatment in a Medicaid population at the state level. However, no study has estimated medical costs for breast cancer treatment at the national level for women aged 19-44 years enrolled in Medicaid. Methods: A sample of 5,542 younger women aged 19-44 years, fee-for-service Medicaid enrollees, and diagnosed with breast cancer in 2007 were compared with 4.3 million women aged 19-44 years, fee-for-service Medicaid enrollees, but without breast cancer. The study used linear and nonlinear regression methods to estimate treatment costs for younger women with breast cancer compared with those without breast cancer. Individual medical costs were estimated by race/ethnicity and by type of services. All medical treatment costs were adjusted to 2010 dollars. Results: The estimated annual direct medical costs for breast cancer treatment among younger women enrolled in Medicaid ranged from nearly $25,000 to $42,000 per woman. Non-Hispanic black women had the highest annual total medical costs, followed by Hispanic women, while non-Hispanic women of other race had the lowest. The cost estimates ranged from $14,600 to $18,800 for outpatient service, $4,600 to $5,700 for inpatient service, and $3,500 to $4,800 for prescription drugs. Conclusions: The cost estimates demonstrate the substantial medical costs associated with breast cancer treatment for younger Medicaid beneficiaries. As the Medicaid program continues to evolve, the treatment cost estimates could serve as important inputs in decision-making regarding planning for treatment of invasive breast cancer in this population.
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Patel, Jyoti D. "Lung Cancer in Women." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 14 (May 10, 2005): 3212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.11.486.
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and is responsible for 20,000 more deaths yearly in US women than breast cancer. Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer, and unfortunately, approximately 22 million US women smoke. Mounting evidence suggests that there are significant differences in lung cancer between the sexes. There is a difference in the histologic distribution of lung cancer, with glandular differentiation being more common in women. Genetic variation may account for differences in susceptibility, and hormonal and biologic factors may play a role in carcinogenesis. Lung cancer patients have few therapeutic options. A more thorough understanding of the heterogeneity of lung cancer across populations may lead to innovations in treatment and prevention strategies.
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Feigelson, Heather Spencer, Clara Bodelon, J. David Powers, Rochelle E. Curtis, Diana S. M. Buist, Lene H. S. Veiga, Erin J. Aiello Bowles, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, and Gretchen L. Gierach. "Body Mass Index and Risk of Second Cancer Among Women With Breast Cancer." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 113, no. 9 (April 5, 2021): 1156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab053.
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Abstract Background Breast cancer survivors are at increased risk for developing second primary cancers compared with the general population. Little is known about whether body mass index (BMI) increases this risk. We examined the association between BMI and second cancers among women with incident invasive breast cancer. Methods This retrospective cohort included 6481 patients from Kaiser Permanente Colorado and Washington of whom 822 (12.7%) developed a second cancer (mean follow-up was 88.0 months). BMI at the first cancer was extracted from the medical record. Outcomes included: 1) all second cancers, 2) obesity-related second cancers, 3) any second breast cancer, and 4) estrogen receptor–positive second breast cancers. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for second cancers associated with BMI adjusted for site, diagnosis year, treatment, demographic, and tumor characteristics. Results The mean age at initial breast cancer diagnosis was 61.2 (SD = 11.8) years. Most cases were overweight (33.4%) or obese (33.8%) and diagnosed at stage I (62.0%). In multivariable models, for every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, the risk of any second cancer diagnosis increased by 7% (RR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.14); 13% (RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.21) for obesity-related cancers, 11% (RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.21) for a second breast cancer, and 15% (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.27) for a second estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. Conclusions We observed a statistically significant increased risk of second cancers associated with increasing BMI. These findings have important public health implications given the prevalence of overweight and obesity in breast cancer survivors and underscore the need for effective prevention strategies.