Journal articles: 'Cancer in children Epidemiology'

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Piovesan, Dana, Chantal Attard, Paul Monagle, and Vera Ignjatovic. "Epidemiology of venous thrombosis in children with cancer." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 111, no. 06 (2014): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th13-10-0827.

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SummaryThere has been an extensive body of research focusing on the epidemiology of thrombosis in adult cancer populations; however, there is significantly less knowledge about thrombosis in paediatric cancer populations. Thrombosis is diagnosed with increasing frequency in children being treated for cancer, and there is an urgent need to increase our understanding of the epidemiology of thrombosis in this population. Currently, there are no guidelines for identification of high-risk groups, prophylaxis or management of thrombotic complications in paediatric cancer patients. We reviewed the available literature regarding the epidemiology, mechanisms, risk factors, prophylaxis and outcomes of thrombosis in children with cancer and identified areas that require further research. The reported incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children with cancer ranges between 2.1% and 16%, while the incidence of asymptomatic events is approximately 40%. Approximately 30% of VTE in this population is associated with central venous lines (CVL). The most common location of VTE is upper and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (43 to 50% of events, respectively), while 50% of events in ALL patients occur in the central nervous system. Key characteristics that increase the risk of thrombosis include the type of cancer, age of the patient, the presence of a CVL, presence of pulmonary/intra thoracic disease, as well as the type of chemotherapy. Outcomes for paediatric cancer patients with VTE include post-thrombotic syndrome, pulmonary embolism, recurrent thromboembolism, destruction of upper venous system and death. Prospective studies aimed at enabling risk stratification of patients are required to facilitate development of paediatric specific recommendations related to thromboprophylaxis in this population.

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Horner, Marie-Josèphe, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, et al. "Frequent HIV and Young Age Among Individuals With Diverse Cancers at a National Teaching Hospital in Malawi." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.17.00174.

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Purpose Cancer surveillance provides a critical evidence base to guide cancer control efforts, yet population-based coverage in Africa is sparse. Hospital-based registries may help fill this need by providing local epidemiologic data to guide policy and forecast local health care needs. We report the epidemiology of patients with cancer recorded by a de novo hospital-based cancer registry at Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi, the sole provider of comprehensive oncology services for half the country and location of a high-volume pathology laboratory. Methods We conducted active case finding across all hospital departments and the pathology laboratory from June 2014 to March 2016. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and HIV status were collected. We describe epidemiology of the cancer caseload, registry design, and costs associated with registry operations. Results Among 1,446 registered patients, Kaposi sarcoma and cervical cancer were the most common cancers among men and women, respectively. Burkitt lymphoma was most common cancer among children. The current rate of pathology confirmation is 65%, a vast improvement in the diagnostic capacity for cancer through the hospital’s pathology laboratory. Among leading cancer types, an alarming proportion occurred at young ages; 50% of Kaposi sarcoma and 25% of esophageal, breast, and cervical cancers were diagnosed among those younger than 40 years of age. A systematic, cross-sectional assessment of HIV status reveals a prevalence of 58% among adults and 18% among children. Conclusion We report a high caseload among typically young patients and a significant burden of HIV infection among patients with cancer. In low- and middle-income countries with intermittent, sparse, or nonexistent cancer surveillance, hospital-based cancer registries can provide important local epidemiologic data while efforts to expand population-based registration continue.

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Abood, Rafid A., Kareem A. Abdahmed, and Seena S. Mazyed. "Epidemiology of Different Types of Cancers Reported in Basra, Iraq." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 20, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.008.

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Objectives: This study aimed to report the incidence and pattern of various types of cancers and their distribution across various demographic groups in Basra, Iraq. Methods: Cancer cases recorded during 2017 at the Basra Cancer Control Centre, the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, the Basra Oncology and Hematology Centre, the Basra Children’s Hospital and at private laboratories were included in the study. Patients’ records were analysed for information related to age, gender, residence and type of cancer. Incidences for different geographical regions and distribution of incidences across age groups were recorded as percentages. The mean age was recorded for patients of different genders and age groups. Incidence rates per 100,000 were calculated for different types of cancer. Results: A total of 2,163 cancer cases were identified of which 2,020 were in adults (93.4%) and 143 were in children (6.6%). Among adults, most cancers were found in females (59%). Patients’ mean age at diagnosis was 51.4 ± 19.6 years for adults and 6.4 ± 4.23 years for children. Cancer incidence rates per 100,000 people increased with age. Breast cancer was the most frequent cancer type found in adult females, with an incidence rate of 60.64 per 100,000 people. The most common types of cancer found in adult males were urinary bladder and lung and bronchus cancers; leukaemia was the most common cancer in children. Conclusion: The findings from this study can be used for predicting cancer epidemiology in Basra, Iraq, and to identify subsets of the population at high risk of cancer incidence. This information will help healthcare providers to adequately respond to the demands of diagnosis, treatment and palliative care for such patients.Keywords: Neoplasms; Incidence; Epidemiology; Demography; Iraq.

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Stacy, Shaina L., Jeanine M. Buchanich, Zhen-qiang Ma, Christina Mair, Linda Robertson, Ravi K. Sharma, Evelyn O. Talbott, and Jian-Min Yuan. "Maternal Obesity, Birth Size, and Risk of Childhood Cancer Development." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 8 (May 20, 2019): 1503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz118.

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Abstract Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to in utero and early-life exposures. Thus, a mother’s exposures before and during pregnancy could have important consequences for her child’s health, including cancer development. We examined whether birth certificate–derived maternal anthropometric characteristics were associated with increased risk of subsequent childhood cancer development, accounting for established maternal and infant risk factors. Pennsylvania birth and cancer registry files were linked by the state Department of Health, yielding a virtual cohort of births and childhood cancers from 2003 through 2016. The analysis included 1,827,875 infants (13,785,309 person-years at risk), with 2,352 children diagnosed with any cancer and 747 with leukemia before age 14 years. Children born to mothers with a body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) of ≥40 had a 57% (95% confidence interval: 12, 120) higher leukemia risk. Newborn size of ≥30% higher than expected was associated with 2.2-fold and 1.8-fold hazard ratios for total childhood cancer and leukemia, respectively, relative to those with expected size. Being <30% below expected size also increased the overall cancer risk (P for curvilinearity < 0.0001). Newborn size did not mediate the association between maternal obesity and childhood cancer. The results suggest a significant role of early-life exposure to maternal obesity- and fetal growth–related factors in childhood cancer development.

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Sung, T. I., P. C. Chen, and J. D. Wang. "Cancer in Children of Electronics Industry Employees." Epidemiology 17, Suppl (November 2006): S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200611001-00476.

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Heath, John A., Elizabeth Smibert, Elizabeth M. Algar, Gillian S. Dite, and John L. Hopper. "Cancer Risks for Relatives of Children with Cancer." Journal of Cancer Epidemiology 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/806076.

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We determined the extent and distribution of cancers in relatives of 379 children newly diagnosed with cancer. Family history was collected from 1,337 first-degree and 3,399 second-degree relatives and incidence compared with national age- and gender-specific rates. Overall, 14 children (3.7%) had a relative with a history of childhood cancer and 26 children (6.9%) had a first-degree relative with a history of cancer, with only one of these having an identifiable familial cancer syndrome. There was a higher than expected incidence of childhood cancer among first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 1.43; 95% CI 0.54–5.08). There was also a higher than expected incidence of adult cancers among first-degree relatives (SIR 1.45; 95% CI 0.93–2.21), particularly in females (SIR 1.82; 95% CI 1.26–3.39). The increased family cancer history in first-degree females was largely attributable to an effect in mothers (SIR 1.78; 95% CI 1.27–3.33). The gender-specific association was reflected in higher than expected incidence rates of breast cancer in both mothers (SIR 1.92; 95% CI 0.72–6.83) and aunts (SIR 1.64; 95% CI 0.98–2.94). These findings support the hypothesis that previously undetected familial cancer syndromes contribute to childhood cancer.

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Saab, Raya, and Wayne L. Furman. "Epidemiology and Management Options for Colorectal Cancer in Children." Pediatric Drugs 10, no. 3 (2008): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200810030-00006.

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Padma, Maneya, Nuthan Kumar, Prerana S. Nesargi, B. S. Aruna Kumari, L. Appaji, and Aarthi Viswanathan. "Epidemiology and clinical features of retinoblastoma." South Asian Journal of Cancer 09, no. 01 (January 2020): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sajc.sajc_89_19.

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Abstract Introduction: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prototype of heritable cancers. It is more common in the lower socioeconomic strata. Delayed presentation significantly reduces the overall outcome. We have analyzed the epidemiological and clinical data of children who were diagnosed with RB between the years 2009 and 2014. Aim: RB being a disease of the poor, delayed presentation is common due to lack of awareness. We have analyzed the epidemiological profile of our patients and tried to establish the link between delayed presentation and the presence of high-risk features. High-risk features are associated with higher chance of metastasis and poor rates of vision salvage in RB. Methodology: Data were collected in a retrospective manner from the patient case files retrieved from the Medical Records Department, Kidwai cancer Institute. The data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software (IBM Corp. released 2016, IBM SPSS statistics software for Mac OS, version 24, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results: A total of 53 patients were diagnosed with RB in the years 2009–2014. There was a male predominance with 1.2:1 incidence. Bilateral RB was present in 21 cases. The mean age of children with bilateral RB was 2.1 years, against 1.5 years in unilateral cases. High-risk features such as optic nerve invasion, choroidal invasion, intracranial extension, and orbital involvement were found in 12, 6, 5, and 5 eyes, respectively. Bone marrow involvement was detected in 5% and lung metastasis in 2%. Intracranial involvement was found in 10.4% and cerebrospinal fluid positivity in 15%. Children with high-risk features had a significant delay in presentation in comparison to those without high-risk features (P = 0.035). Conclusion: Incidence of metastatic disease and delayed presentation is still high in developing countries. Routine eye examination during vaccination visits can ensure early diagnosis and appropriate referral in many of these children.

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Bunin, Greta R., Tanya S. Surawicz, Philip A. Witman, Susan Preston-Martin, Faith Davis, and Janet M. Bruner. "The descriptive epidemiology of craniopharyngioma." Journal of Neurosurgery 89, no. 4 (October 1998): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.89.4.0547.

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Object. In this report the authors describe the epidemiology of craniopharyngioma. Methods. The incidence of craniopharyngioma in the United States was estimated from two population-based cancer registries that include brain tumors of benign and borderline malignancy: the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) and the Los Angeles county Cancer Surveillance Program. Information on additional pediatric tumors was available from the Greater Delaware Valley Pediatric Tumor Registry (GDVPTR). The overall incidence of craniopharyngioma was 0.13 per 100,000 person years and did not vary by gender or race. A bimodal distribution by age was noted with peak incidence rates in children (aged 5–14 years) and among older adults (aged 65–74 years in CBTRUS and 50–74 years in Los Angeles county). Survival information was available from GDVPTR and the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), a hospital-based reporting system. In the NCDB, the 5-year survival rate was 80% and decreased with older age at diagnosis. Survival is higher among children and has improved in recent years. Conclusions. Craniopharyngioma is a rare brain tumor of uncertain behavior that occurs at a rate of 1.3 per million person years. Approximately 338 cases of this disease are expected to occur annually in the United States, with 96 occurring in children from 0 to 14 years of age.

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Bunin, Greta R., Tanya S. Surawicz, Philip A. Witman, Susan Preston-Martin, Faith Davis, and Janet M. Bruner. "The descriptive epidemiology of craniopharyngioma." Neurosurgical Focus 3, no. 6 (December 1997): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1997.3.6.4.

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The incidence of craniopharyngioma in the United States was estimated from two population-based cancer registries that include brain tumors of benign and borderline malignancy: the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) and Los Angeles county. Information on additional pediatric tumors was available from the Greater Delaware Valley Pediatric Tumor Registry (GDVPTR). The overall incidence of craniopharyngioma was 0.13 per 100,000 person years and did not vary by gender or race. A bimodal distribution by age was noted with peak incidence rates in children (aged 5-14 years) and among older adults (aged 65-74 years in CBTRUS and 50-74 years in Los Angeles county). Survival information was available from GDVPTR and the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), a hospital-based reporting system. In the NCDB, the 5-year survival rate was 80% and decreased with older age at diagnosis. Survival is higher among children and has improved in recent years. Approximately 338 cases of craniopharyngiomas are expected to occur annually in the United States, with 96 occurring in children from 0 to 14 years of age.

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GREENBERG, RAYMOND S., and JOHN L. SHUSTER. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER IN CHILDREN1." Epidemiologic Reviews 7, no. 1 (1985): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036284.

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Lunn, Ruth M., Gloria D. Jahnke, and Charles S. Rabkin. "Tumour virus epidemiology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1732 (September 11, 2017): 20160266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0266.

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A viral etiology of cancer was first demonstrated in 1911 by Peyton Rous who injected cell-free filtrate from a chicken sarcoma into healthy chickens and found it induced a tumour. Since the discovery over 50 years ago of the Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of Burkitt lymphoma, seven other human viruses or groups of viruses—hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, some human papillomaviruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus—have been linked to human cancer. Collectively, these eight viruses cause over 20 different types of cancer and contribute to 10–12% of all cancer, with a greater burden in low- and middle-income countries. For many viruses, immunosuppression greatly increases the risks of persistent infection, development of chronic sequelae and cancer. Although several viruses share similar routes of transmission (especially sexual activity, injection drug use and mother-to-child transmission), the predominant route of transmission varies across viruses, and for the same virus can vary by geographical location. In general, vulnerable populations at the greatest risk for viral infections and their associated diseases include people, especially children, living in low- to middle-income countries, men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs and female sex workers. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.

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M, VICTOR, AQUINO, ALBERTO PAPPO, GEORGE R, BUCHANAN, ISABELLE TKACZEWSKI, MAHMOUD M, and MUSTAFA. "The changing epidemiology of bacteremia in neutropenic children with cancer." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 14, no. 2 (February 1995): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199502000-00011.

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Lewandowska, Anna. "Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention in Children and Adolescents – View Thesis." International Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 1, no. 1 (2013): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8687.2013.01.01.5.

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KUNE, GABRIEL A., SUSAN KUNE, and LYNDSEY F. WATSON. "CHILDREN, AGE AT FIRST BIRTH, AND COLORECTAL CANCER RISK." American Journal of Epidemiology 129, no. 3 (March 1989): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115165.

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MacDonald, Tamara. "Pediatric Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Part I: Biology, Epidemiology, Common Tumours, Principles of Treatment and Late Effects." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 143, no. 4 (July 2010): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3821/1913-701x-143.4.176.

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The incidence rates of pediatric cancer, like adult cancer, are increasing, though to a lesser degree. Options for the treatment of childhood cancers are continually changing and improving and overall survival has increased dramatically over the last 60 years. This paper discusses the incidence and survival trends of childhood cancer. The biology and epidemiology of the most common cancers seen in children and the late effects of treatment for childhood cancer will also be discussed. A basic understanding of childhood cancer is important for both hospital and community pharmacists, since many young adults in North America are now survivors of childhood cancer and may experience long-term consequences of chemotherapy.

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Ji, Xu, Heeju Sohn, Soumitri Sil, and Sharon M. Castellino. "Moving Beyond Patient-Level Drivers of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Childhood Cancer." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 31, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 1154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1068.

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Abstract Racial/ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival persist despite advances in cancer biology and treatment. Survival rates are consistently lower among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children as compared with non-Hispanic White children across a range of hematologic cancers and solid tumors. We provide a framework for considering complex systems and social determinants of health in research examining the drivers of racial/ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival, given that pediatric patients’ interactions with the healthcare system are filtered through their caregiver, family, and societal structure. Dismantling the multi-level (patient, family, healthcare system, and structural) barriers into modifiable drivers is critical to developing policies and interventions toward equitable health outcomes. This commentary highlights areas at the family, healthcare system, and society levels that merit closer examination and proposes actions and interventions to support improvements across these levels. See recently published article in the November issue of CEBP, Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Childhood Cancer Survival in the United States p. 2010.

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Zhao, Jingxuan, Xuesong Han, Zhiyuan Zheng, Leticia Nogueira, Amy D. Lu, Paul C. Nathan, and K. Robin Yabroff. "Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Childhood Cancer Survival in the United States." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 30, no. 11 (September 30, 2021): 2010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0117.

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Abstract Background: Non-white patients with childhood cancer have worse survival than Non-Hispanic (NH) White patients for many childhood cancers in the United States. We examined the contribution of socioeconomic status (SES) and health insurance on racial/ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival. Methods: We used the National Cancer Database to identify NH White, NH Black, Hispanic, and children of other race/ethnicities (<18 years) diagnosed with cancer between 2004 and 2015. SES was measured by the area-level social deprivation index (SDI) at patient residence and categorized into tertiles. Health insurance coverage at diagnosis was categorized as private, Medicaid, and uninsured. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare survival by race/ethnicity. We examined the contribution of health insurance and SES by sequentially adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics (age group, sex, region, metropolitan statistical area, year of diagnosis, and number of conditions other than cancer), health insurance, and SDI. Results: Compared with NH Whites, NH Blacks and Hispanics had worse survival for all cancers combined, leukemias and lymphomas, brain tumors, and solid tumors (all P < 0.05). Survival differences were attenuated after adjusting for health insurance and SDI separately; and further attenuated after adjusting for insurance and SDI together. Conclusions: Both SES and health insurance contributed to racial/ethnic disparities in childhood cancer survival. Impact: Improving health insurance coverage and access to care for children, especially those with low SES, may mitigate racial/ethnic survival disparities.

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Stevens, Richard G. "Does Electric Light Stimulate Cancer Development in Children?" Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 21, no. 5 (February 21, 2012): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0015.

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Lombardi, Christina, Julia E. Heck, Myles Cockburn, and Beate Ritz. "Solar UV Radiation and Cancer in Young Children." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 22, no. 6 (April 12, 2013): 1118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1316.

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Erefai, Ouassima, Amal Haimer, Faouzi Habib, Abdelmajid Soulaymani, Abdelrhani Mokhtari, and Hinde Hami. "EPID-08. Epidemiology of childhood brain tumors in Morocco." Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2022): i48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac079.176.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors and cause of cancer-related death in children less than 15 years of age. However, little is known about these tumors in Morocco. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological features of pediatric brain tumors in Morocco. METHODS: This is a descriptive retrospective study of pediatric brain tumor cases, diagnosed and treated between 1994 and 2015 at Al Azhar Oncology Center in Rabat. Patient’s age and sex, habitat area, overall survival and tumor characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: During the study period, 41 children under the age of 15 years were diagnosed with brain tumors at Al Azhar Oncology Center. Brain tumors were more common among boys than girls, with a male-female ratio of 1.9. The average age of diagnosis was 7.47 ± 3.06 years (range 2-14 years). More than half (51.22%) of the cases were diagnosed in children aged 5-9 years. Regarding the habitat area, nearly two-thirds (62.50%) of children live at least 30 kilometer (km) away from the cancer center. Medulloblastoma was the most common tumor type with 34.15% of cases. Overall, one patient develops a metastasis. Among the cases for whom the outcome was known, five children died during the study period, consisting of three girls and two boys. CONCLUSIONS: Children’s brain tumors remain a serious public health problem in Morocco, especially with the limited number of specialized pediatric cancer centers. The travel burden is a significant factor affecting access to appropriate diagnosis and treatment and can impede the provision of high-quality care for cancer patients.

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Athale, Uma, S. Siciliano, S. Cox, A. Lathia, A. Khan, N. Pai, A. Armstrong, I. Odame, and A. K. C. Chan. "Risk Factors Predisposing to Thromboembolism in Children with Cancer." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1633.1633.

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Abstract Introduction: Cancer is a major risk factor in children with TE. However, information regarding epidemiology of TE in children with cancer is scant. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to define the epidemiology of TE in children with cancer and to identify potential risk factors. Methods: Records of children (≤18 years of age) with cancer diagnosed and treated at McMaster Children’s Hospital over past 15 years were reviewed for demographics, details of diagnosis and treatment of cancer and of TE, if any. We studied the effect of age (<10 years vs. ≥10 years), gender, type of cancer and presence or absence of intrathoracic disease (defined as mediastinal mass or any primary or metastatic pulmonary disease), type of central venous line (CVL) and CVL dysfunction (defined as persistent or recurrent difficulty of blood draw and/or infusion or documented CVL infection) on the risk of developing TE. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 15. Results: Overall 49 of 606 children (8.1%) with cancer developed TE (Table 1). Due to very low prevalence of TE in children with brain tumors, regression analyses for risk factors was performed in children with non-CNS cancers. Children with ALL (OR 4.93, 95% CI 1.60, 11.52, p=0.004), lymphoma (OR 4.18, 95% CI 1.37, 12.71, p=0.01), and sarcoma (OR 4.42, 95% CI 1.42, 13.77, p=0.01) had increased risk of TE. Older patients (age ≥ 10 years) were at higher risk of developing TE compared to younger patients (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2,3.96; P<0.01). Subgroup analyses showed that patients with CVL-dysfunction (33.3% vs. 9.5%; p<0.0001, 95% CI; 10.1,37.5) and those with intrathoracic disease (17.6% vs.5.7%; p=0.028, 95% CI; 2.2, 21.7) were at significantly higher risk of TE compared to those without CVL dysfunction and intrathoracic disease. Conclusions: Overall TE is common in children with cancer. We have identified older age and type of cancer are the important risk factors predisposing to TE; children 10 years or older and those with lymphoreticular malignancy and sarcoma are at significantly higher risk of developing TE. In addition presence of mediastinal disease and CVL dysfunction increased the risk of TE. This is one of the largest comprehensive epidemiogical studies of TE in children with cancer identifying different risk factors. Prevalence of TE according to the tyep of cancer Type of Cancer N Patients with TE % with TE (95% CI) ALL 185 26 14.5 (9.39, 19.91) Brain Tumors 131 1 0.8 (0.02, 4.20) Lymphoma 72 9 12.5 (5.88, 22.41) Sarcoma 70 10 14.3 (7.07, 24.71) AML 51 3 5.9 (1.23, 16.24) Neuroblastoma 45 1 2.2 (0.05, 11.77) Wilms’ Tumor 43 1 1.3 (0.06, 12.3) Other 9 0 - Total 606 49 8.1 (6.1, 10.5)

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Wang, Xiaoyan, Rohit P. Ojha, Sonia Partap, and Kimberly J. Johnson. "The effect of insurance status on overall survival among children and adolescents with cancer." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 4 (June 23, 2020): 1366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa079.

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Abstract Background Differences in access, delivery and utilisation of health care may impact childhood and adolescent cancer survival. We evaluated whether insurance coverage impacts survival among US children and adolescents with cancer diagnoses, overall and by age group, and explored potential mechanisms. Methods Data from 58 421 children (aged ≤14 years) and adolescents (15–19 years), diagnosed with cancer from 2004 to 2010, were obtained from the National Cancer Database. We examined associations between insurance status at initial diagnosis or treatment and diagnosis stage; any treatment received; and mortality using logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression, restricted mean survival time (RMST) and mediation analyses. Results Relative to privately insured individuals, the hazard of death (all-cause) was increased and survival months were decreased in those with Medicaid [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22 to 1.33; and −1.73 months, 95% CI: −2.07 to −1.38] and no insurance (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.46; and −2.13 months, 95% CI: −2.91 to −1.34). The HR for Medicaid vs. private insurance was larger (pinteraction <0.001) in adolescents (HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.41 to 1.64) than children (HR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.23). Despite statistical evidence violation of the PH assumption, RMST results supported all interpretations. Earlier diagnosis for staged cancers in the Medicaid and uninsured populations accounted for an estimated 13% and 19% of the survival deficit, respectively, vs. the privately insured population. Any treatment received did not account for insurance-associated survival differences in children and adolescents with cancer. Conclusions Children and adolescents without private insurance had a higher risk of death and shorter survival within 5 years following cancer diagnosis. Additional research is needed to understand underlying mechanisms.

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Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole, Ole Hertel, Birthe L. Thomsen, and Jørgen H. Olsen. "Air Pollution from Traffic at the Residence of Children with Cancer." American Journal of Epidemiology 153, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.5.433.

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Miltenburg, Dartene, Deon F. Louw, and Garnette R. Sutherland. "Epidemiology of Childhood Brain Tumors." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 23, no. 2 (May 1996): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s031716710003883x.

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ABSTRACT:Background: Brain tumors comprise more than 20% of all childhood malignancies, and constitute the greatest number of solid pediatric cancers. Incidence rates reported have varied from 2.4 to 3.5/100, 000 children, reflecting the impact of modern imaging techniques, the application of diverse investigative methodologies, and the accessibility of the community to health care. Methods: Material from patients < 18 years of age was collated from the Manitoba Cancer Foundation Tumor Registry, the personal records of Winnipeg pediatric neurologists, and autopsy data. Patient data were also obtained from hospital charts and operating room log books. Histological sections were examined and classified according to the American Cancer Society by a single neuropathologist. The chi-square test was used for statistical evaluation. Results: During the seven-year study period, the diagnosis of brain tumor was made in 89 pediatric patients, of which 88 were diagnosed premortem. The overall average annual incidence rate for both sexes was 4.03/100, 000 child-years, higher than that previously reported. The male and female average annual incidence rates were 4.2 and 3.7/100, 000 child-years, respectively. Tumor type and location were relatively unremarkable, with an expected peak of medulloblastoma occurring in young males. The yearly incidence of tumor occurrence was fairly stable, and the geographic distribution of cases within Manitoba, homogeneous. Conclusion: The highest incidence rates of pediatric brain tumors have been recorded in countries possessing sophisticated universal health care systems, possibly reflecting their efficacy in disease surveillance.

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Gilles, F. H. "The epidemiology of headache among children with brain tumor." Journal of Neuro-Oncology 10, no. 1 (February 1991): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00151245.

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Fithriyah, Izzatul, Agustina Konginan, Margarita Maramis, Marlina Mahajudin, Nalini Muhdi, Hendy Margono, Endang Warsiki, Lestari Basoeki, and Suksmi Yitnamurti. "THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC CANCER IN THE PALLIATIVE CARE UNIT AT DR. SOETOMO GENERAL HOSPITAL, SURABAYA." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v8i12020.65-71.

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Background: Children with cancer require special interventions and palliative care to improve their quality of life. The epidemiology of pediatric cancer is needed as a basis for determining health policy. Purpose: This study describes pediatric cancer patients in the palliative outpatient clinic in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. Methods: This study is an observational descriptive study that uses the medical records of pediatric patients with cancer at the palliative care unit in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital between June 2014 and July 2015. The data included the demographic characteristics of the pediatric cancer patients and was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The number of children in the 1–5 years, 6–10 years, and 11–15 years age groups was similar, while noticeably fewer children fell into the 16–18 years group. The majority of children suffering from cancer were male (68,70%). The most common type of cancer in was blood cancer (leukemia) with a percentage of 51.91%, while the rarest types were retinoblastoma and lymph node cancer (malignant lymphoma) with percentage of 3.05%. Conclusion: The incidence of pediatric cancer patients in the palliative outpatient clinic was quite high. These patients tended to be male, aged 6–10 years, and suffered from leukemia.

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Badar, Farhana, and Shahid Mahmood. "Epidemiology of cancers in Lahore, Pakistan, among children, adolescents and adults, 2010–2012: a cross-sectional study part 2." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e016559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016559.

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ObjectivesTo estimate the cancer incidence by age group for the Lahore district population within the Punjab Cancer Registry (PCR), Pakistan. The average annual population of Lahore was 9.8 million in 2010–2012. This is a sequel to a study published earlier.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThe registry has 19 centres in Lahore reporting their data to the coordinating office located within the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan.ParticipantsData existing in the PCR database, based on a confirmed diagnosis of cancer from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012, among the Lahore residents, were reviewed.Outcome measuresCancer counts and the age-standardised incidence rates (ASIR) per 100 000 population were computed by gender, cancer site/type and age group (0–14, 15–19 and ≥20 years).ResultsBetween 2010 and 2012, of the 15 840 new cancers diagnosed, 57% were in females. The ASIRs in age groups 0–14, 15–19 and ≥20 years, among females, were: 6.1, 8.4 and 170.7, respectively, and among males, 9.3, 12.2 and 104.5, respectively. The common diagnoses in children, adolescents and adults were: (1) among females: leukaemia: 2.2; bone tumour: 1.4 and breast cancer: 79.2, respectively, and (2) among males: leukaemia: 3.6; bone tumour: 2.4 and prostate cancer: 10.7, respectively.ConclusionsThe ASIR was higher in adult women than in men, but it was lower in girls and young women than their corresponding male counterparts. Leukaemia was the most common diagnosis in children and bone tumour in adolescents, regardless of gender. Among women, breast cancer and, in men, prostate cancer, were the leading cancer types, in adults. These estimates could be used for the expansion of health coverage in the region including setting-up low cost, diagnostic tests for early detection of cancers.

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Merrill, R., J. Brown, A. Byrd, S. Alder, R. Baker, G. White, and J. Lyon. "482: Risk of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Children and the Parents of Children Undergoing Cancer Workup or Treatment." American Journal of Epidemiology 161, Supplement_1 (June 2005): S121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/161.supplement_1.s121a.

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Auger, Nathalie, Julian Little, Laura Arbour, Marianne Bilodeau-Bertrand, and Marie-Hélène Mayrand. "Future risk of cancer in women who have children with birth defects." Annals of Epidemiology 37 (September 2019): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.009.

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Athale, Uma, Sabrina Siciliano, Lehana Thabane, Nikhil Pai, Stephanie Cox, Anita Lathia, Anees Khan, Ankelly Armstrong, and Anthony K. C. Chan. "Epidemiology and clinical risk factors predisposing to thromboembolism in children with cancer." Pediatric Blood & Cancer 51, no. 6 (September 17, 2008): 792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pbc.21734.

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Yee-Guardino, Stephanie, Kate Gowans, Belinda Yen-Lieberman, Pamela Berk, Debra Kohn, Fu-Zhang Wang, Lara Danziger-Isakov, et al. "β-Herpesviruses in Febrile Children with Cancer." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, no. 4 (April 2008): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1404.070651.

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Srinivasan, Ashok, Chong Wang, Jie Yang, Hiroto Inaba, Wing H. Leung, and Randall T. Hayden. "Parainfluenza Virus Infections In Children with Cancer." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3909.3909.

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Abstract Abstract 3909 Background: Parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections are relatively common and cause significant mortality in adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Children are more prone than adults to develop PIV infections. However, data regarding the epidemiology of PIV infections in children with cancer is limited. This study sought to determine the epidemiology of PIV infections in children with leukemia/lymphoma (LL) and those undergoing HSCT, risk factors for progression to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and impact of PIV infections on mortality after HSCT. Methods: A total of 1381 children with LL diagnosed between 2000–2009 and 1349 children who underwent HSCT between 1995–2009 were studied. Medical record review included patient demographics, disease characteristics, results of virologic analysis, characterization of the infection as nosocomial or acquired and with upper or lower respiratory tract involvement, duration of symptoms and viral shedding, presence of co-pathogens, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) at the time of infection, use of corticosteroids prior to infection, antiviral therapy and mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using Fischer's exact and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: PIV infections occurred in 83 (6%) of patients with LL and in 46 (3.4%) HSCT patients. For patients with LL there were more infections in 2005–2009 compared to 2000–2004 (p<0.0001). Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had more infections compared to those with acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoma (p<0.0001). Of the 83 LL patients, 76 (92%) had community-acquired (CA) infections and 17 (20%) patients had LRTI. For HSCT patients, allogeneic transplant recipients were more prone to develop PIV infections (p<0.0001). Of the 46 HSCT patients, 33 (72%) had CA infections and 18 (39%) patients had LRTI. A significantly greater number of HSCT patients had LRTI (p=0.04). Six (13%) HSCT patients died of PIV infection while all LL patients survived the infection (p=0.002). Of the 129 patients, culture and direct fluorescent antibody detection identified PIV infection in 126 (98%) patients. For patients with LL, LRTI was associated with age < 2 years (p=0.005), ANC <500 cells/μL (p=0.002) and ALC <100 cells/μL (p=0.008). For HSCT patients LRTI was associated with nosocomial infection (p=0.017), infection in the first 100 days after transplant (p=0.006), non-engraftment (p=0.014), use of steroids in the 2 weeks preceding the infection (p=0.035), fever (p=0.004), ANC <500 cells/μL (p<0.0001) and ALC <100 cells/μL (p<0.0001). Mortality in HSCT patients was associated with African-American race (p=0.013), LRTI (p=0.002), use of steroids (p<0.0001), mechanical ventilation (p<0.0001) and ALC <100 cells/μL (p=0.01). Prolonged duration of viral shedding was associated with ALC <500 cells/μL (p=0.045). Seventy-nine (61%) patients had PIV-3 infection. PIV-3 infection was not associated with increased LRTI or mortality. Pulmonary co-pathogens were isolated from 13 (10%) patients. Presence of co-pathogens was not associated with increased LRTI or mortality. Anti-viral therapy with aerosolized ribavirin with or without immunoglobulin therapy did not appear to alter mortality. Conclusions: An increasing incidence of PIV infections was observed in patients with leukemia and lymphoma at our institution. These infections were predominantly community-acquired. LRTI was associated with younger age, severe neutropenia and lymphopenia. HSCT patients had increased LRTI and mortality following PIV infection. LRTI was associated with nosocomial acquisition, infection before day + 100, use of steroids, severe neutropenia and lymphopenia. Mortality in the HSCT population was associated with African-American race, LRTI, use of steroids, mechanical ventilation and severe lymphopenia. Currently available therapy appears to be inadequate in reducing mortality from PIV pneumonia. This represents the largest cohort of children with cancer evaluated retrospectively to study the epidemiology of PIV infections. In comparison with studies on the adult population, the association of younger age, race, nosocomial infection and severe neutropenia with LRTI and mortality are novel observations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Smith, Malcolm A., Nita L. Seibel, Sean F. Altekruse, Lynn A. G. Ries, Danielle L. Melbert, Maura O'Leary, Franklin O. Smith, and Gregory H. Reaman. "Outcomes for Children and Adolescents With Cancer: Challenges for the Twenty-First Century." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 15 (May 20, 2010): 2625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.0421.

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Purpose This report provides an overview of current childhood cancer statistics to facilitate analysis of the impact of past research discoveries on outcome and provide essential information for prioritizing future research directions. Methods Incidence and survival data for childhood cancers came from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 9 (SEER 9) registries, and mortality data were based on deaths in the United States that were reported by states to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by underlying cause. Results Childhood cancer incidence rates increased significantly from 1975 through 2006, with increasing rates for acute lymphoblastic leukemia being most notable. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined by more than 50% between 1975 and 2006. For leukemias and lymphomas, significantly decreasing mortality rates were observed throughout the 32-year period, though the rate of decline slowed somewhat after 1998. For remaining childhood cancers, significantly decreasing mortality rates were observed from 1975 to 1996, with stable rates from 1996 through 2006. Increased survival rates were observed for all categories of childhood cancers studied, with the extent and temporal pace of the increases varying by diagnosis. Conclusion When 1975 age-specific death rates for children are used as a baseline, approximately 38,000 childhood malignant cancer deaths were averted in the United States from 1975 through 2006 as a result of more effective treatments identified and applied during this period. Continued success in reducing childhood cancer mortality will require new treatment paradigms building on an increased understanding of the molecular processes that promote growth and survival of specific childhood cancers.

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LUND, EILIV. "Mortality from Ovarian Cancer among Women with Many Children." International Journal of Epidemiology 21, no. 5 (1992): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/21.5.872.

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Athale, Uma H., Stephanie Cox, Sabrina Siciliano, and Anthony K. C. Chan. "Thromboembolism in Children with Sarcoma." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4109.4109.

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Abstract Background: Thromboembolism (TE) is one of the common causes of death in adults with cancer. Cancer is a major risk factor in children with TE and over 40% of children with central venous line (CVL)-related deep venous thrombosis (DVT) had underlying cancer. However, the epidemiology of TE in children with cancer, especially in association with childhood solid tumors is still unknown. Objective: To define the prevalence and epidemiology of TE in association with sarcoma in children. Methods: Hospital records of children ≤18 years of age with sarcoma diagnosed and treated at McMaster Children’s Hospital during January 1990 to September 2004 were reviewed for demographic details, details of diagnosis and therapy for sarcoma, and details of diagnosis and management of TE. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Seven of 63 (11.11%) patients with sarcoma developed TE (Table). Six patients had DVT and one patient had right atrial thrombosis. All, but one, patients had central venous line (CVL); three patients had CVL-associated DVT. Four of 28 girls (14.29%; 95% CI 5.7, 31.49) developed TE. Six of 36 patients ≥ 12 years of age developed TE (16.67%; 95% CI 7.87, 31.89) compared to 1 out of 27 (3.7%; 95% CI 0.66, 18.28) patients <12 years of age (p =0.222). Three out of 16 patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis developed TE (18.75%; 95% CI 6.59, 43.01) compared to 4 out of 47 (8.51%; 95% CI 3.36,19.93) (p=0.356) patients with localized disease. Six patients received anticoagulant therapy; one of these six patients required thrombectomy. Four patients received secondary thromboprophylaxis. One patient had recurrence of TE while being off of anticoagulant. Although none of the patients died because of TE or TE-related complication, patients with TE were at high risk for adverse outcome. Four out of 7 (57.1%) patients with TE have died compared to 22 of 56 (39.3%) patients without TE. Conclusions: TE is a significant complication in children with sarcoma and may increase the risk of overall adverse outcome. Older patients and patients with Ewing’s sarcoma seem to be at are at higher, albeit statistically non-significant, risk of TE compared to younger patients and those with other types of sarcoma. Prospective studies of larger patient-populations are needed to define the epidemiology of TE in association with childhood sarcoma. Type of Sarcoma N Patients with TE % TE (95% CI) * Comparison of Ewing’s sarcoma versus rest of patients, p = 0.184 Osteosarcoma 23 1/23 4.35 (0.77, 20.99) Ewing’s sarcoma 19 4/19 21.05 (8.51, 43.33) Rhabdomyosarcoma 14 1/14 7.14 (1.27, 31.47) Other 7 1/7 14.29 (2.57, 51.31) Overall 63 7/63 11.11 (5.99, 21.20)

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Abdelmonem, M., M. Elshamsy, H. Wasim, M. Shedid, and A. Boraik. "Epidemiology Of Helicobacter Pylori In Delta Egypt." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.284.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one the most prevalent bacterial infection in the world, affecting more than 50% of the world’s population. H. pylori are gram negative bacteria usually found in the stomach, penetrate the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. For some people, an infection can lead to Gastric cancer which is the second most common cancer worldwide Objectives: The aim of this study is to predict the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastrointestinal tract patients in Egypt. Methods Subjects and methods: A total of 1120 patients were enrolled in this study from The Delta region in Egypt. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect H. pylori stool Antigen. Among the 1120 patient; 301 patients (26.9%) were males, 510 patients (45.6%) were females and 309 patients (27.5%) were children with age range from 1 years to 76 years. The mean of the age was 8,35,34 for children, males and females respectively. Results The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 52%. Among the 1120 patients, 576 patients (48%) were negative while 624 patients (52%) of the patients were Positive. It was observed that 169 patients (51.6%) of males were positive,275 patients (52.9%) of females were positive and 135 patients (41%) of children were positive. Furthermore, 133 patients (48.4%) of males were negative, 227 patients (47.2%) of females were negative and 181 patients 59% of children are negative. Conclusion This study revealed that the incidence and prevalence rates of H. Pylori in Egypt are relatively high. The high H. pylori prevalence is related to poor standard of living, low socio-economic conditions, poor sanitation and fecal contamination of food or water. It is crucial to launch educational awareness program for H. pylori in Egypt.

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Roush, Sandra W., Jeffrey P. Krischer, Michael W. Cox, and Brad H. Pollock. "Socioeconomic and demographic factors that predict where children receive cancer care in Florida." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46, no. 6 (June 1993): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90126-l.

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Morris, D. J., P. Morgan-Capner, D. J. Wood, M. Dalton, J. Wright, H. I. J. Thomas, and R. F. Stevens. "Laboratory diagnosis and clinical significance of rubella in children with cancer." Epidemiology and Infection 103, no. 3 (December 1989): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800031046.

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SUMMARYVirus-specific antibody responses were studied in 12 children with cancer in whom rubella was diagnosed by seroconversion or a rising titre (≥ fourfold) of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody. Our results confirmed the difficulties of making a diagnosis of rubella infection in immunocompromised children using criteria for interpreting antibody assays established in immunocompetent patients. Specific IgM antibody persisted for more than 2 months in 7 of 10 children with probable primary rubella, 3 of whom had high concentrations of such antibody 6, 7 and 11 months after the rash. Radial haemolysis and specific IgG1 and IgG3 antibody responses were low in 4, 2, and 4 patients, respectively. One child apparently had a rubella reinfection and, in another, rubella antibody passively acquired from blood transfusions was probably responsible for the HI seroconversion. Nonetheless, the benign clinical course of rubella in immunocompromised children was confirmed.

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Solh, Ziad, Uma H. Athale, Rebecca Barty, MLT, Erin Jamula, Yang Liu, Grace Wang, Korinne Hamilton, and Nancy Heddle. "Transfusion Related Alloimmunization In Children: Epidemiology and Effects Of Chemotherapy (TRACE-EC Study)." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1161.1161.

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Abstract Introduction Pediatric hematology/oncology patients require numerous transfusions during myelosuppressive chemotherapy which may lead to red cell (RC) alloantibody formation. However, transfusion related alloimmunization in children has not been studied except in the neonatal and hemoglobinopathy populations. Variability of RC alloimmunization rates by cancer diagnosis has not been described and the immunosuppressive effect of chemotherapy on alloimmunization is unknown. One study has shown a reduction in IgM and IgG in pediatric leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy (Martín Ibáñez et al Allergol Immunopathol 2003); hence, one could hypothesize that chemotherapy could suppress the alloimmune response. This study aimed to: 1) report the rate of alloimmunization in children receiving RC transfusions, 2) compare these rates between oncology and non-oncology patients, and 3) compare these rates based on cancer diagnosis and stage. Methods TRACE-EC was a retrospective observational study using a large database containing patient blood utilization information from 3 academic hospitals. Patient inclusion criteria included: age ≥ 4 months and ≤ 17 years old at the time of receiving ³ 1 non-autologous RC transfusion between April 2002 and November 2011. Diagnoses were identified using ICD10 codes. Patients with immune disorders were excluded. Study patient cohort included patients with malignancies and recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) to treat a malignancy; control cohort included non-oncology patients who met the inclusion criteria. Patient and blood utilization data were extracted from the database, and chemotherapy data were obtained by retrospective review of patient medical records. Study patients were stratified for analysis based on cancer diagnosis and stage (surrogate for chemotherapy intensity). Cancer stage was categorized as low level (I, II, standard risk) and high level (III, IV, V, high risk). Control patients with hemoglobinopathy were analyzed separately due to their high alloimmunization rate (Aygun et al. Transfusion 2002). Results There were 1253 patients in the study: 944 in control group; 309 in study group. Females made up 49% of control group and 43% of study group. Mean age was 8.6 years (SD 6.4) in control group, and 7.2 years (SD 5.5) in study group. The frequency of alloimmunization and RC utilization by diagnosis in control and study groups is summarized in Table 1. Overall, a statistical difference in the frequency of alloimmunization was not demonstrated between control patients (4.3%) and study patients (5.5%), p=0.40. When hemoglobinopathy patients were removed from the control group, frequency of alloimmunization decreased to 3.8% (p=0.19). Alloimmunization occurred in 5.4% (10/186) and 5.7% (7/123) of patients with a high level and low level cancer stage respectively, p=0.91. HSCT recipients had a higher rate of alloimmunization than non-HSCT but this was not statistically significant (11.4% vs. 4.5% respectively, p=0.07). Alloimmunization occurred in 4.9% of patients with hematologic malignancies and 7.1% of patients with solid tumors (p=0.44). Conclusions This is the first study that has looked at the frequency of alloimmunization in transfused pediatric patients by diagnostic category and cancer stage. The study confirmed high alloimmunization rates in hemoglobinopathy patients. No difference in the frequency of alloimmunization was observed based on cancer diagnosis, stage, or HSCT status. Further studies are needed to assess the effect on alloimmunization of the high RC utilization rate shown in cancer patients and HSCT recipients. Disclosures: Heddle: Health Canada: Research Funding; Canadian Blood Services: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; CIHR: Research Funding.

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Proleskovskaya, I. V., O. I. Bydanov, and N. E. Konoplya. "Epidemiology of neuroblastoma in children in the Republic of Belarus." Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2021-8-1-35-42.

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Introduction. Neuroblastoma (NB) in children is a rare disease, accounting for 7 % of all cases of oncological diseases in childhood. In this regard, epidemiological analysis requires the accumulation of data over a long period of time. The purpose of the study is to study the morbidity, mortality and survival rate of children 0–14 years old with NB in the Republic of Belarus (RB).Materials and methods. Based on the data from the children’s cancer subregister, morbidity, mortality and survival rates in child population were calculated from 1997 to 2017. A comparative epidemiological analysis was carried out in 2 time periods (1997–2007, 2008–2017).Results and discussion. The incidence rate of NB in the RB, standardized for age, was 1.142 ± 0.062 per 100 000 child population with an average annual growth rate of 3.2 % per year. The mortality rate for this period was 0.32 ± 0.03 per 100 000 child population, an increase of 0.51 % per year. The main cause of death in patients with NB is the recurrence of the underlying disease. In 2008, a single protocol was used to treat all risk groups, which led to a significant increase in the observed population survival rate from 56 % (1997–2007) to 72 % (2008–2017) (p = 0.0041). Comparing the age structure of morbidity in Germany and the RB, it is noted that we have a reliably later diagnosis of the disease in the age categories from 0 to 1 year, from 1 to 4 years, from 5 to 9 years. The median age of the patient at the time of diagnosis in Germany is 1 year and 2 months, in our country 1 year and 6 months.Conclusion. Indicators of standardized morbidity and mortality from NB in the RB correspond to the indicators of cancer registries in Western Europe and the USA. However, analyzing the age of the specific incidence of the disease, insufficient diagnosis of the disease is noted in the periods from 0 to 1 year, from 1 to 4 years and from 5 to 9 years compared to the data in Germany. This requires further improvement of the pediatric oncology service in the country.

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MALVY, DENIS J.-M., BERNARD BURTSCHY, JOSIANE ARNAUD, DANIELE SOMMELET, GUY LEVERGER, LUDMILA DOSTALOVA, JACQUES DRUCKER, and OLIVIER AMĒDĒE-MANESME. "Serum Beta-Carotene and Antioxidant Micronutrients in Children with Cancer." International Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 5 (1993): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/22.5.761.

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Rendón-Macías, M. E., J. M. Mejía-Aranguré, S. Juárez-Ocaña, and A. Fajardo-Gutiérrez. "Epidemiology of cancer in children under one year of age in Mexico City." European Journal of Cancer Prevention 14, no. 2 (April 2005): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200504000-00003.

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Bloom, B. S. "The epidemiology of disease expenses. The costs of caring for children with cancer." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 16 (April 26, 1985): 2393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.253.16.2393.

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Wilson, R., and A. Shlyakhter. "RE. "MAGNETIC FIELDS AND CANCER IN CHILDREN RESIDING NEAR SWEDISH HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER LINES"." American Journal of Epidemiology 141, no. 4 (February 15, 1995): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/141.4.378.

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Krille, L., A. Jahnen, P. Mildenberger, K. Schneider, G. Weisser, H. Zeeb, and M. Blettner. "Computed tomography in children: multicenter cohort study design for the evaluation of cancer risk." European Journal of Epidemiology 26, no. 3 (February 12, 2011): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-011-9549-6.

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Guess, H. A., D. D. Broughton, L. J. Melton, and L. T. Kurland. "Epidemiology of Herpes Zoster in Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Study." Pediatrics 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.76.4.512.

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Medical records were reviewed for all 173 cases of herpes zoster diagnosed among residents of Rochester, Minnesota, less than 20 years of age during the period 1960 through 1981. The incidence of zoster increased with age from 20 cases per 100,000 person-years in those residents less than five years of age to 63 cases per 100,000 person-years in those aged 15 to 19. Morbidity was less than has been described in adults, as only two patients required hospitalization and no postherpetic neuralgia or other late complications were diagnosed. The single case of subsequent cancer found in 1,288 person-years of follow-up was not significantly different from the number expected based on cancer incidence in the general Rochester population. The incidence of childhood zoster in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia was 122 times higher than in children without an underlying malignancy. Chickenpox in the first year of life was found to be a risk factor for childhood zoster, with a relative risk between 2.8 and 20.9. Neither chickenpox in the second year of life nor recent vaccinations were found to be risk factors for childhood zoster.

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Vuletic, Biljana, Elizabeta Ristanovic, Slavica Markovic, Zorica Raskovic, Vladimir Radlovic, and Zoran Igrutinovic. "Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in infants and children." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 145, no. 1-2 (2017): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh160525018v.

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Clostridium difficile (CD) is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The epidemiology of CD infection (CDI) has changed in the last few decades associated with increasing severity of the infection rate related to the occurrence of NAP1 hypervirulent strain and the emergence of the disease among ambulatory patients and the wider community. Although little is known about CDI in pediatric patients, CD is surprisingly recognized as an important pathogen in children. In this review article, we direct attention to the recent findings on the incidence and epidemiology of pediatric CDI, including the risk factors for infection, with special emphasis on the importance of CDI in infants and a population of children suffering from chronic gastrointestinal diseases or cancer. Despite recent pharmacotherapeutic protocols successfully used in children with CDI, we would like to draw attention to precautionary and preventive measures in terms of both unnecessary testing and uncritical use of antibiotics as the most important risk factors.

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Drabent, Philippe, and Sylvie Fraitag. "Malignant Superficial Mesenchymal Tumors in Children." Cancers 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092160.

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Malignant superficial mesenchymal tumors are a very diverse group of neoplasms with few clinical and radiological discriminatory factors. Hence, some of these cancers are rarely suspected based on clinical and radiological grounds, others may be easily misdiagnosed, and the histological analysis of a biopsy or resection is central in the diagnostic process. In children, the age at presentation is a major element of the differential diagnosis. Some tumors have a very distinct epidemiology, while others may be seen at any age. More recently, the advances in molecular biology have greatly improved the diagnosis of mesenchymal tumors and new entities are still being described. In the present review, we provide an overview of the diversity of malignant superficial mesenchymal tumors in children, including new and/or rare entities. We discuss the important diagnostic features, be they clinical, histological, or molecular. Special attention was given to the genetic features of these tumors, particularly when they were helpful for the diagnosis or treatment.

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Drabent, Philippe, and Sylvie Fraitag. "Malignant Superficial Mesenchymal Tumors in Children." Cancers 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092160.

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Abstract:

Malignant superficial mesenchymal tumors are a very diverse group of neoplasms with few clinical and radiological discriminatory factors. Hence, some of these cancers are rarely suspected based on clinical and radiological grounds, others may be easily misdiagnosed, and the histological analysis of a biopsy or resection is central in the diagnostic process. In children, the age at presentation is a major element of the differential diagnosis. Some tumors have a very distinct epidemiology, while others may be seen at any age. More recently, the advances in molecular biology have greatly improved the diagnosis of mesenchymal tumors and new entities are still being described. In the present review, we provide an overview of the diversity of malignant superficial mesenchymal tumors in children, including new and/or rare entities. We discuss the important diagnostic features, be they clinical, histological, or molecular. Special attention was given to the genetic features of these tumors, particularly when they were helpful for the diagnosis or treatment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cancer in children Epidemiology'

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