Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cancer immunotherapies'

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1

Murray, Abner A. "Plant Virus Nanoparticle In Situ Cancer Immunotherapies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1532370850718292.

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2

Moynihan, Kelly D. (Kelly Dare). "Engineering immunity : enhancing T Cell vaccines and combination immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113960.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 127-140).
Checkpoint blockade with antibodies against CTLA-4 or PD-1 has demonstrated that an endogenous adaptive immune response can be stimulated to elicit durable tumor regressions in metastatic cancer, but these dramatic responses are confined to a minority of patients¹-³. This outcome is likely due in part to the complex network of immunosuppressive pathways present in advanced tumors, which necessitates the development of novel therapeutics and combination immunotherapies to generate a counter-directed network of pro-immunity signals⁴-⁸. In Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis, we describe methods for enhancing T cell priming against tumor antigens via covalent modification of molecular vaccines to enhance lymphatic drainage, serum stability, or cytosolic access to improve presentation on MHC class I. In Chapter 4, we demonstrate a combination immunotherapy that recruits a diverse set of innate and adaptive effector cells, enabling robust elimination of large tumor burdens that to my knowledge have not previously been curable by treatments relying on endogenous immunity. Maximal anti-tumor efficacy required four components: a tumor antigen targeting antibody, an extended half-life IL-2⁹, anti-ƯPD-1, and a powerful T-cell vaccine¹⁰. This combination elicited durable cures in a majority of animals, formed immunological memory in multiple transplanted tumor models, and induced sustained tumor regression in an autochthonous BRraf[superscript V600E]/Pten[superscript -/-] melanoma model. Finally, in Chapter 5, we show preliminary data on combination immunotherapies used to treat antigenically heterogeneous tumors. Taken together, these data define design criteria for enhancing the immunogenicity of molecular vaccines and elucidate essential characteristics of combination immunotherapies capable of curing a majority of tumors in experimental settings typically viewed as intractable.
"During my doctorate by the John and Fanny Hertz Foundation Fellowship (specifically the Wilson Talley Hertz Fellowship), the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program, and the Siebel Scholarship"--Page 141. "This thesis work was supported in part by the Koch Institute Support (core) grant P30-CA14051 from the National Cancer Institute, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant CA174795, the Bridge Project partnership between the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Dana Farber-Harvard Cancer Center (DF-HCC), the V Foundation, the Ragon Institute, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute"--Page 141.
by Kelly D. Moynihan.
Ph. D.
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3

Natarajan, Gayathri. "THE USE OF A TEC KINASE INHIBITOR, IBRUTINIB, FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOTHERAPIES AGAINST CANCER AND LEISHMANIASIS." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461200133.

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4

Mustapha, Rami. "Evaluation of novel anti-tumoral strategies using peptide or monoclonal antibody immunotherapies." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10198/document.

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Le système immunitaire reconnait les cellules tumorales mais il est régulé par plusieurs facteurs tels les cellules T Régulatrices (Tregs). La galectine (Gal)-9 est une lectine aux propriétés immunosuppressives exprimée par les cellules cancéreuses et les cellules immunitaires dont les Tregs. Nous avons cherché à confirmer le rôle fonctionnel de la Gal-9 dans les Tregs. Puis nous avons testé la capacité d’un anticorps anti-Gal-9 (GalNab1) à bloquer les fonctions suppressives de la Gal-9 ou des Tregs et son effet anti-tumorale. Nous avons prouvé que les Tregs expriment et secrètent abondamment la Gal-9. GalNab1 antagonise l’effet de la Gal-9 recombinante (r) sur les PBMCs et inhibe les fonctions suppressives des Tregs. Le blocage de la rGal-9 en culture favorise la croissance des Th1 sans induire de cytotoxicité et bloque les fonctions des exosomesGal-9+ dérivés de Carcinome du Nasopharynx (CNP). In-vivo, dans un modèle de souris SCID humanisé, GalNab1 limite la croissance du CNP. Le CNP est associé au virus d’Epstein-Barr (EBV) dont il exprime plusieurs protéines. L’utilisation d’une stratégie de vaccination peptidique ciblant les lymphocytes TCD4+ Th1 est envisagée. Six peptides dérivés des antigènes de latence II d’EBV et promiscuous pour HLA-II ont été sélectionnés et assemblés en cocktail, dont la capacité à induire une sécrétion d’IFN-γ par les PBMCs a été validé. Des lignées Th1 spécifiques du cocktail présentent une forte capacité cytotoxique vis-à-vis de lignées de CNP tout en résistant aux effets des exosomes tumoraux autologues. In-vivo, le cocktail permet de maîtriser la croissance tumorale, et ex-vivo, de réactiver la réponse T mémoire chez les patients
The immune system can recognize and eliminate cancer cells but is held back by inhibitory factors such as Regulatory T cells (Tregs). Gal-9 is a β-galactoside binding lectin with immunosuppressive capabilities expressed by cancer cells and immune cells including Tregs. NPC is a malignant epithelial cancer which is almost always associated with Epstein Bar Virus (EBV) and expresses several viral proteins. Numerous vaccines targeting different EBV peptides had limited success in clinical trials. First part: we aimed to confirm the role of Gal-9 in human Treg function. Then we tested the capabilities of an anti-human-Gal-9 antibody (mAb) to block Gal-9 suppressive function and its effect on Treg function and the anti-tumoral response. We proved that Gal-9 is expressed and secreted by Tregs at a high level. The mAb antagonized the function of recombinant rGal-9 on PBMCs. Moreover, the mAb inhibited the immuno-suppressive function of Tregs. Gal-9 blocking in PBMC culture promoted a Th1 response without inducing toxicity. We used the mAb to inhibit hNPC derived exosomes. In-vivo, the mAb limited the growth of hNPC tumors in humanized SCID mice. Second part: CD4+ T cell response is essential in managing NPC. The use of a CD4+ T cell response inducing peptide cocktail vaccination strategy was tested here. 6 HLA II promiscuous peptides derived from the 3 EBV latency II antigens were generated. These peptides induced IFNγ secretion by PBMCs. Generated peptide-specific CD4+ T cell lines showed highly cytotoxicity against NPC cell lines and resistance to hNPC exosomes. Invivo, the cocktail restrained tumor growth. Exvivo, it reactivated NPC patients’ memory T cells
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5

La, Rochère Philippe de. "La souris humanisée : modèle d'étude de l'immunothérapie anti-cancer A comprehensive analysis of humanized mouse models for the study of cancer immunotherapies Inhibition of PI3K increases immune infiltrate in muscle invasive bladder cancer." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB068.

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Actuellement l'immunothérapie révolutionne le traitement du cancer, en basculant la stratégie de traitement du ciblage de la tumeur vers le ciblage du système immunitaire. Le blocage des points de contrôle immunitaire avec des anticorps anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1 et anti-PD-L1 a donné des résultats cliniques impressionnants, mais le taux de réponse reste faible. Il est donc essentiel de mieux comprendre leurs mécanismes d'action, d'identifier les biomarqueurs de réponse et de toxicité, et d'évaluer des combinaisons thérapeutiques. De telles études mécanistiques et précliniques nécessitent d'optimiser des modèles murins adaptés. A ces fins, mon travail de thèse à consisté à mettre en place des modèles de souris humanisées dans lesquels des souris immunodéficientes sont greffées avec des cellules tumorales et immunitaires humaines afin d'étudier des approches d'immunothérapie, en monothérapie ou en combinaison avec d'autres traitements. Nous avons évalué la prise de greffe de lignées cellulaires tumorales et de xénogreffes dérivées de patients (PDX), dans différentes souris receveuses reconstituées, soit avec des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) de sang de cordon ombilical, soit avec des cellules mononuclées du sang humain (PBMC). Nous avons observé que l'injection de CSHs génère plusieurs sous populations de cellules immunitaires (cellules myéloïdes, lymphocytes T et B, cellules NK), détectables à partir de 4 semaines ; tandis que l'injection de PBMCs génère principalement des lymphocytes T, détectables à partir de 1 semaine. Dans ce dernier modèle, la reconstitution lymphocytaire est associée à un effet anti-tumoral, mais est aussi accompagnée du développement de la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte. Les deux modèles présentent des avantages et des inconvénients pour l'évaluation des immunothérapies du cancer, qui sont discutés dans ma thèse. En utilisant ces modèles, nous avons évalué l'effet thérapeutique d'un anticorps anti-PD1, utilisé en clinique, sur des lignées de cellules tumorales ou sur des PDXs de différents types de tumeurs. Nous avons observé une hétérogénéité dans la réponse au traitement, reflétant l'observation clinique des patients répondeurs et non-répondeurs. Finalement, afin d'évaluer l'intérêt des souris humanisées pour l'étude des combinaisons thérapeutiques, nous avons testé une thérapie anti-PD1 associée avec une thérapie ciblée dans le cancer de la vessie. Nos résultats, identifiant les atouts et les limitations des souris humanisées, démontrent la pertinence de ces nouveaux modèles pour l'évaluation des thérapies en immuno-oncologie et ouvrent des perspectives dans l'étude des combinaisons thérapeutiques
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing cancer treatment by shifting the treatment strategy from targeting the tumor to targeting the immune system. The blockade of immune checkpoints with anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies shows impressive clinical results. However, the response rate remains low. It is therefore essential to better understand the mechanisms of action of these therapies, to identify biomarkers of response and toxicity, and to evaluate therapeutic combinations. Such mechanistic and preclinical studies require the optimization of adapted murine models. For these purposes, my PhD work has focused on the development of humanized mouse models, in which immunodeficient mice are grafted with human tumor (cell lines or patient derived xenografts) and immune cells to study different immunotherapy approaches. In humanized mouse models, the human immune cell compartment can be reconstituted from either hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from umbilical cord blood or with mononuclear cells from human blood (PBMC). We have observed that the injection of HSCs generates several subpopulations of immune cells (myeloid cells, T and B lymphocytes, NK cells), detectable from 4 weeks; while the injection of PBMCs mainly generates T lymphocytes, detectable from 1 week. In the latter model, lymphocyte reconstitution is associated with an anti-tumor effect, but is also accompanied by the development of graft-versus-host disease. Both models have advantages and disadvantages for the evaluation of cancer immunotherapies, which are discussed in my thesis. Using these models, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a clinically used anti-PD1 antibody on tumor cell lines or on patient derived xenografts of different types of tumors. We observed a heterogeneity in the response to treatment, reflecting the clinical observation of responder and non-responder patients. Finally, in order to evaluate the interest of humanized mice for the study of therapeutic combinations, we tested an anti-PD1 therapy associated with a targeted therapy in bladder cancer. Our results, identifying the strengths and limitations of humanized mice, demonstrate the relevance of these new models for the evaluation of immuno-oncology therapies and open perspectives in the study of therapeutic combinations
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6

Reinhart, Verena [Verfasser], Ernst J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Rummeny, and Vasilis [Akademischer Betreuer] Ntziachristos. "Monitoring of New Immunotherapies for Prostate Cancer with Optical Imaging / Verena Reinhart. Gutachter: Vasilis Ntziachristos ; Ernst J. Rummeny. Betreuer: Ernst J. Rummeny." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047883384/34.

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7

Coulon, Le Moignic Aline. "Développement d'une stratégie de vaccination thérapeutique antitumorale basée sur l'utilisation de lipopolyplexes à ARN ciblant les cellules dendritiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066048/document.

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L'élimination des cellules tumorales par le système immunitaire repose sur la capacité des cellules dendritiques à correctement présenter l'antigène aux cellules effectrices. Nous avons donc développé une stratégie de vaccination thérapeutique basée sur des lipopolyplexes à ARNm (LPRs) : l'ARNm codant pour l'antigène est associé à un complexe de polylysine histidylée, et incorporé dans un liposome trimannosylé afin de mieux cibler les cellules dendritiques. En effet, les cellules dendritiques expriment largement les lectines de type C, qui sont des récepteurs reconnaissant principalement des résidus mannose. Dans le travail présenté ici, nous montrons que les LPR trimannosylés sont capables de fixer les cellules dendritiques humaines et murines. De manière très intéressante, nous montrons aussi que les LPR trimannosylés injectés chez la souris induisent le recrutement et l'activation de cellules dendritiques dans le ganglion drainant. De plus, quand les LPR trimannosylés vectorisent un ARNm codant pour l'antigène tumoral E7, ils sont capables d'induire une réponse T spécifique d'E7 au niveau systémique. Enfin, les LPRs trimannosylés permettent une réponse thérapeutique lorsqu'ils sont utilisés dans trois différents modèles de tumeurs : le modèle TC1 de carcinome exprimant E7, le modèle B16 de mélanome exprimant MART1 et le modèle EG7 de lymphome exprimant OVA. Cette stratégie apparaît donc prometteuse comme thérapie innovante anti-cancer
Elimination of cancer cells requires an efficient cytotoxic immune response. In order to obtain such a response, antigens need to be uptaken by dendritic cells (DCs) and correctly presented to effector cells. We developed a strategy based on RNA lipopolyplexes (LPRs): antigenic mRNA is associated with a histidine-polylysine polyplexe and incorporated in a trimannosylated liposome to better target dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, as DCs express several C-Type lectin receptors that preferentially bind to mannose. Here, we report that trimannosylated LPRs are efficient to target both human and murine DCs. Interestingly, in vivo experiments reveal that trimannosylated LPRs not only target DCs but also induce their recruitment and activation in draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, when combined with mRNA encoding E7 oncoprotein from HPV16, trimannnosylated LPRs trigger specific T-cell response against E7. Finally, when used as therapeutic vaccines in three different tumors models, LPRs promote curative therapeutic responses in E7-expressing TC1 tumor, in OVA-expressing EG7 lymphoma and in MART-1-expressing B16 melanoma, when combined with E7, OVA or MART-1 mRNA, respectively. Altogether, these results comfort us to considerate the use of this strategy for anti-cancer vaccine therapies
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8

Marabelle, Aurélien. "Targeting Tumor Specific Regulatory T-cells for Cancer Therapy." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0832.

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L'activation de TLR9 par injection directe de nucléotides CpG non méthylés dans une tumeur peut induire une réponse immunitaire thérapeutique, mais les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Tregs) inhibent ensuite la réponse immunitaire antitumorale et limitent ainsi le pouvoir des stratégies d'immunothérapies contre le cancer.Chez des souris porteuses de tumeurs, nous avons constaté que les Tregs dans la tumeur expriment préférentiellement les marqueurs cellulaires de surface CTLA-4 et OX40. Nous montrons que la co-injection intratumorale d'anti-CTLA-4 et anti-OX40 avec du CpG en intra-tumoral aboutit à l’élimination des Tregs infiltrant la tumeur. Cette immunomodulation in situ, réalisée avec de faibles doses d'anticorps dans une tumeur unique, génère une réponse immunitaire antitumorale systémique capable d’éradiquer la maladie disséminée chez la souris. De plus, cette modalité de traitement est efficace contre des lésions de lymphome du SNC avec métastases leptoméningées, des sites qui sont généralement considérés comme des sanctuaires de cellules tumorales pour les traitements systémiques conventionnels.Ces résultats démontrent que les effecteurs immunitaires anti-tumoraux activés par immunomodulation locale peuventt éradiquer des cellules tumorales siègeant dans des sites éloignés. Nous proposons que, plutôt que d'utiliser des anticorps monoclonaux pour cibler les cellules cancéreuses par voie systémique, des anticorps monoclonaux pourraient être utilisés pour cibler les cellules immunitaires infiltrant la tumeur localement, provoquant ainsi une réponse immunitaire systémique
Activation of TLR9 by direct injection of unmethylated CpG nucleotides into a tumor can induce a therapeutic immune response; however, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) eventually inhibit the antitumor immune response and thereby limit the power of cancer immunotherapies. In tumor-bearing mice, we found that Tregs within the tumor preferentially express the cell surface markers CTLA-4 and OX40. We show that intratumoral coinjection of anti–CTLA-4 and anti-OX40 together with CpG depleted tumor-infiltrating Tregs. This in situ immunomodulation, which was performed with low doses of antibodies in a single tumor, generated a systemic antitumor immune response that eradicated disseminated disease in mice. Further, this treatment modality was effective against established CNS lymphoma with leptomeningeal metastases, sites that are usually considered to be tumor cell sanctuaries in the context of conventional systemic therapy. These results demonstrate that antitumor immune effectors elicited by local immunomodulation can eradicate tumor cells at distant sites. We propose that, rather than using mAbs to target cancer cells systemically, mAbs could be used to target the tumor infiltrative immune cells locally, thereby eliciting a systemic immune response
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Mall, Sabine [Verfasser], Angela [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Krackhardt, and Iris [Gutachter] Antes. "In vivo monitoring of cancer specific TCR-engineered human T cells by Immuno-PET to analyze pharmacokinetics of T-cell based immunotherapies / Sabine Mall ; Gutachter: Angela Krackhardt, Iris Antes ; Betreuer: Angela Krackhardt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121206778/34.

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10

Swanson, Anna May. "Novel immunotherapies for EBV-associated cancers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2683.

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma herpes virus persistently infecting over 90% of the adult population worldwide. It has been aetiologically linked to a number of human malignancies, including more than 90% of post transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), 50% of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), virtually all undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and approximately 10% of gastric carcinoma (GC). As EBV infection in healthy individuals is mainly controlled by virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we hypothesise that engineering T cells with chimeric T cell receptors (cTCRs) specific for EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) will confer on these cells the ability to target and kill the malignant cells of cancers associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Thus, the aim of this project was generate these engineered T cells and to set up a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model in which to test their effectiveness. Three EBV-infected cell lines derived from HL, NPC and GC gave rise to tumours in 11 of 12 (92%), 12 of 12 (100%) and 10 of 10 (100%) SCID mice respectively, when 1x107 cells were injected subcutaneously. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the HL SCID tumours were CD4-, CD15-, CD20+, CD30+, consistent with a HL Reed-Sternberg cell phenotype, and NPC and GC SCID tumours expressed the epithelial cell marker cytokeratin. Furthermore, all tumours expressed EBVencoded RNAs (EBERs) and LMP1. This was identical to parent cell line expression patterns, and hence growth in vivo did not affect cell phenotype. T cells were successfully transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a CD19-specific cTCR (CD19- cTCR) with a mean transduction rate of 13%±6%. Transduced cells were cytotoxic for HL-derived L591 cells in vitro, with specific lysis of 24%±11% at an effector to target ratio of 20:1. This was significantly higher than specific lysis seen in mock transduced cells (p>0.05). At a tumour inoculation dose of 5x106, in vivo sc transfer of 5x107 CD19-cTCR transduced cells was able to prevent HL tumour development in 6 of 6 (100%) test mice, whereas 17 of 22 (77%) control mice and 2 of 3 (66%) mice treated with unmodified EBV-specific CTLs developed tumours. Moreover, iv transfer of 5x107 CD19-cTCR transduced cells mediated complete regression of HL SCID tumours in 3 out of 6 (50%) mice. Phage display selection experiments to isolate a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) specific for viral LMPs for incorporation in a cTCR were performed. Linear, biotinylated and cyclised biotinylated peptides derived from the external reverse turn loops of LMP2 were used as target antigens. Despite extensive testing, no reactive clones specific for the peptides were identified. The ability of CD19-cTCR transduced cells to specifically lyse HL cells in vitro, and clear tumour burden in vivo, supports a future role for engineered T cells in the treatment of HL. Despite the lack of success in isolating a scFv for LMP2, the use of viral antigen specific, cTCR redirected T cells remains in principle a valuable therapeutic alternative for EBV-associated malignancies. The SCID models for HL, NPC and GC will provide a useful preclinical tool for investigation of their efficacy in vivo.
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Bevers, Robertus Franciscus Maria. "Interactions of BCG with urothelial tumor cells in immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/74436.

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12

LAGERSIE, PIERRE. "Immunotherapie des tumeurs superficielles de la vessie par le bcg endovesical." Lille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL2M332.

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GROELL, VALERIE. "Immunotherapie du cancer par transfert adoptif de macrophages actives in vitro." Strasbourg 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR15048.

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MARTINEZ, MATHILDE. "Place de l'immunotherapie dans le traitement du cancer du rein metastatique." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU31506.

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15

Germain, Sylvie. "Essais d'immunotherapie active par fortes doses d'interleukine-2 chez 19 patients porteurs de neoplasies a un stade avance." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1M234.

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16

Henry, Frédéric. "Immunotherapie des cancers colorectaux : apoptose tumorale et cellules presentatrices d'antigenes (doctorat : biologie des cancers)." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT20VS.

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Moussel, François. "L'interleukine-2 en immunothérapie anticancéreuse." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11125.

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18

Faivre-Chauvet, Alain. "Optimisation du ciblage diagnostique et therapeutique des tumeurs par trois approches differentes." Nantes, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NANT07VS.

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19

GUILLERAND, MARIE-AUDE. "Dysthyroidies au cours de l'immunotherapie par interleukine 2 en oncologie." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX20805.

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Astoul, Philippe. "Immunotherapie intracavitaire : administration intrapleurale d'interleukine-2 recombinante dans la traitement des cancers pleuraux." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX22961.

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21

Morgan, Clifford Grant. "Characterization of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Pediatric Cancers and the Development of Novel Immunotherapies." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3705722.

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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the primary component of the adaptive immune system responsible for clearance of virally infected and tumorigenic cells. In cancer however, this tumor-specific immune response is often impaired. The impairment is multifactorial; some cancers utilize mechanisms to evade the immune system through downregulation of Major Histocompatability Complex I or lack of tumor-specific antigens, while others use methods to actively inhibit local function of tumor-induced immune responses via production of immunosuppressive cytokines, Fas-mediated apoptosis, or recruitment of T regulatory cells (Tregs). These Tregs function to further immune regulate and inhibit CTLs, using methods such as suppressive cytokines, and cytotoxic killing. All of these components lead to an “on/off” phenotype, where CTL effector function is shut down within the Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment (TIM), but can be recovered quickly upon removal of CTLs from the TIM. The transient impairment of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) has been described in mouse models, but is poorly characterized in humans.

In this dissertation, we examined infiltration of CTLs across several types of human pediatric cancers, taken from patients who had not undergone prior treatment. We found tumors associated with favorable prognoses, including Wilms’ Tumor and Neuroblastoma (NB), had higher levels of CTL infiltration than those with less favorable prognoses, e.g. Ependymoma, which possessed no observable infiltration. Additionally, we demonstrate the TIL “on/off” phenotype in a case of Pilocytic Astrocytoma, demonstrating significant recovery of TIL effector function.

We proposed that the poor infiltration and impaired effector function in these pediatric tumors was a direct result of the TIM, and sought to improve this immune response by developing an attenuated live cell vaccine, utilizing a murine NB model, Neuro2a, to create a NB line with knock down (KD) of Inhibitor of Differentiation 2 (Id2), which impaired their ability to form tumors in vivo. In prophylactic and therapeutic models, introduction of Id2-KD cells in combination with the immune checkpoint blockade inhibitor anti-CTLA-4, induced an increase in CTLs capable of homing to the tumor, that were also able to employ effector function within the TIM, resulting in clearance of wild-type Neuro2a tumors.

A separate emerging immunotherapeutic approach is to express a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) on CTLs that allows them to be activated to kill cells expressing the CAR-specific protein, bypassing MHC presentation. Using a murine Rhabdomyosarcoma model, we demonstrate that tumor infiltrating Tregs express lytic molecules, encouraging us to develop a method of successfully transducing Tregs with a CAR (DC101), rather than CTLs, thereby exploiting characteristics of the Treg in the TIM, specifically their cytotoxic capability and their unique recruitment and ability to thrive in that environment. We demonstrate in vitro CAR-mediated redirection of lytic effector function using DC101-expressing CTLs against tumor cell lines, though attempting to increase Treg cytotoxicity in vitro via known inducers of CTL cytotoxicity (IFNα or IL-12) or known inducers of Tregs within the TIM (TGF-β1) showed no increase in Treg cytotoxicity.

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Lequeue, Charlotte. "Expression et fonction de la protéine de costimulation immune BTN3A : identification du ligand de BTN3A2 pour immunothérapie en cancérologie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0768.

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Des molécules sont présentées aux T Vγ9Vδ2 par une protéine de co-stimulation immune BTN3A.Le membre BTN3A2 est surexprimé dans 4 cancers, et pourrait agir comme récepteur leurre.Récemment, l’isoforme BTN3A2 a été décrite comme régulant la localisation membranaire du BTN3A1 grâce à une hétérodimérisation.L’objectif de mon projet était d’identifier le ligand de BTN3A2 pour une immunothérapie.Ainsi, nous avons tout d’abord sélectionné, par des études de liaison utilisant la cytométrie en flux, quelques lignées cellulaires T exprimant le ligand de BTN3A2. Puis basé sur notre sélection, la comparaison du profil d’expression génique a été effectuée, nous permettant d’établir une liste de protéines membranaires candidats du ligand de BTN3A2,les molécules HLA de classe II. Après génération de lignées cellulaires surexprimant les candidats potentiels de la méthode transcriptomique, ces cellules ont été utilisées pour des tests de liaison avec le BTN3A2-Fc qui se sont révélés négatifs dans les différentes conditions.De plus, la technologie de transfections transitoires puis tests de liaison, a été utilisée pour identifier les récepteurs partenaires potentiels de BTN3A2.Les quatre produits géniques restants ont été sélectionnés, PLPP3, SEMA6A, SEMA6C et MSR1 mais non validés.Finalement, nous avons utilisé un agent de capture avec trois bras, permettant une liaison covalente, qui a montré que BTN3A1 était le candidat potentiel. Dans notre projet, nous avons confirmé l’hétérodimérisation de BTN3A1/A2 et nous avons démontré la forme existante d’hétérodimérisation pour former une voie de signalisation activant les cellules T Vγ9Vδ2
Molecules are presented to Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by immune costimulatory protein BTN3A.BTN3A2 which is devoid of a functional intracellular domain, is overexpressed in 4 cancers. Recently, BTN3A2 was described as regulator of subcellular localization of BTN3A1 thanks to heterodimerization. The aim of our project, was to identify the ligand of BTN3A2 for immunotherapy. Therefore, we have first selected by binding studies using flow cytometry, few T cell lines expressing BTN3A2 ligand.Based on the selection, a gene expression profile comparison was performed and allowed us to establish a list of membrane proteins expressed only in positive cell lines, BTN3A2 ligand candidates. The highest FC were found for HLA class II molecules. Cell lines overexpressing potential candidates of transcriptomic method were used for binding assays using BTN3A2-Fc, but were negative in all conditions. Then cell microarray technology was used to identify potential receptor partners of BTN3A2. 4 remaining gene products were selected, PLPP3, SEMA6A, SEMA6C and MSR1. The validation of these candidates was not done after transient transfection and binding test with BTN3A2-Fc (using flow cytrometry). Moreover, chemoproteomic experiments were performed to isolate and identify by mass spectrometry (MS) BTN3A2 ligand. Therefore, we used an original capture reagent (TFR) with three moieties, allowing covalent binding, which showed clearly BTN3A1 as a potential candidate. In our project, we have confirmed the heterodimerization of BTN3A1/A2 and we have demonstrated an existing form of heterodimerization that could interact with other proteins, to form a signaling pathway activating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells
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23

Duffour, Marie-Thérèse. "Immunisation antitumorale à l'aide d'un vecteur adénoviral codant pour l'antigène de tumeur P815A." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P074.

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24

AUNOBLE, BENEDICTE. "Immunotherapie genique des cancers ovariens : etude des interactions entre p53 et les oncosuppresseurs brca1, brca2 et atm (doctorat : biologie moleculaire)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF1MM14.

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25

Ostankovitch, Marina. "Immunité anti-tumorale et perspectives d'immunothérapie." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P182.

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26

Perrin, Pascale. "Modulation du phenotype de cellules cancereuses coliques chez le rat par le butyrate de sodium : application a l'immunotherapie et a la prevention du cancer du colon (doctorat cancerologie biologique)." Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT10VS.

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27

Merrouche, Yacine. "Application du marquage génique à l'étude du mécanisme d'action de l'immunothérapie cellulaire adoptive dans le carcinome rénal métastatique." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T355.

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28

Edes, Inan. "Targeted transduction of T cell subsets for immunotherapy of cancer and infectious disease." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17669.

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Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, ein Vektorsystem zu entwickeln, dass den simultanen Transfer verschiedener Transgene in CD8+ und CD4+ T-Zellen und dadurch die Herstellung eines immunotherapeutischen T-Zell-Produkts ermöglicht, welches aus zwei unterschiedlich modifizierten T-Zell-Subtypen besteht. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Targeting-Technologie von lentiviralen auf γ-retrovirale Vektoren übertragen. Anschließend wird die Herstellung von Vektoren beschrieben, die spezifisch für murines CD4 oder CD8 sind. Deren Spezifität wurde zum einen durch die exklusive Expression von GFP in CD4+ oder CD8+ Zellen und zum anderen durch den Dosis-abhängigen Verlust des GFP-Signals nach Inkubation dieser Zellen mit CD4- und CD8-blockierenden Antikörpern nachgewiesen. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass MVm8 und MVm4 primäre T-Zellen spezifisch transduzieren. MVm8-vermittelter Transfer des Ovalbumin (OVA)-reaktiven TZRs OT-I führte zu T-Zellen, die OVA+ Tumor-Zelllinien erkannten und Interferon-γ sezernierten. Der vierte Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der in vivo Transduktion primärer T-Zellen mithilfe von MVm8, welches den OT-I-TZR und eine Luciferase transferiert (MVm8/OT-I-luc). Durch systemische Applikation von MVm8/OT-I-luc wurden T-Zellen in vivo transduziert. Durch Immunisierungen konnten antigen-spezifisches Homing, Expansion und eine anschließende Kontraktion in vivo transduzierter T-Zellen gezeigt werden. Mäuse mit starker OT-I-luc-Expression waren gegenüber einer Infektion durch OVA-transgene listeria monocytogenes geschützt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Vektorsystem in der Lage ist zwischen Subtypen von T-Zellen zu unterscheiden und sie simultan mit unterschiedlichen Transgenen auszustatten. Für MVm8 konnte gezeigt werden, dass es T-Zellen direkt in vivo transduzieren kann.
The aim of this thesis was to generate a vector system that allows the simultaneous transfer of different transgenes into CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, allowing the generation of a immunotherapeutic T cell product comprised of two differently engineered T cell subsets. The first part of the thesis describes the transfer of the measles virus (MV) envelope-based targeting technology from lentiviral (LV) to γ-retroviral (gRV) vectors. The second part reports the generation of two targeting vectors specific for murine CD4 or CD8. The exclusive specificity of MVm4 and MVm8 was proven by expression of GFP in CD4+ and CD8+ reporter cells, respectively, but not in CD4-CD8- cells after transduction, and by a dose-dependent loss of GFP signal after incubation of reporter cells with CD4 or CD8 blocking antibodies before transduction. The third part shows that MVm8 but not MVm4 transduced primary T cells. MVm8-mediated transfer of the ovalbumin (OVA)-reactive TCR OT-I resulted in T cells secreting interferon-γ (IFNγ) upon recognition of OVA+ tumor cell lines. The final part of this thesis describes the in vivo transduction of primary T cells using MVm8 transferring OT-I and a luciferase (MVm8/OT-I-luc). To this end, B6 mice deficient for Rag2 have been repopulated with either polyclonal (B6) or monoclonal T cells derived from P14-TCR transgenic mice (P14). One day later the transferred T cells were transduced in vivo by systemic application of MVm8/OT-I-luc. Upon immunization in vivo-transduced T cells homed, expanded and contracted repeatedly in an antigen-dependent manner. Finally, mice exhibiting strong luc-signals showed improved protection against infections by OVA-transgenic listeria monocytogenes (LM-OVA). In conclusion, the viral vector system developed within this thesis is able to discriminate between the two main T cell subsets and to equip them with distinct transgenes simultaneously.
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Kaiser, Andrew. "Impact de la maturation des cellules dendritiques sur les réponses T spécifiques ou indépendantes de l'antigène : rôle des cytokines et des chimiokines." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066058.

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30

Serier, Asma. "Étude de l’activité anti-tumorale des entérotoxines staphylococciques codées par l’enterotoxin gene cluster." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10171.

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Du fait de leurs propriétés immunostimulantes, les entérotoxines de Staphylococcus aureus (SEs) sont aussi considérées comme des outils thérapeutiques anticancéreux potentiels. Cependant, leurs implications dans de nombreuses pathologies humaines limitent leurs utilisations. Récemment, un opéron dénommé enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) codant pour cinq entérotoxines (SEG, SEI, SElM, SElN et SElO) supposées être de moindre virulence pour l’organisme, a été mis en évidence. En 2004, des patients atteints de carcinome broncho-pulmonaire ont été traités par l’administration d’un surnageant de culture d’une souche de S. aureus, contenant l’opéron egc. Ce traitement a permis d’allonger la durée de survie, et n’a eu aucun effet secondaire. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier l’activité anti-tumorale des toxines de l’egc. Nos travaux ont mis en évidence l’activité tumoricide de ces toxines, induite par l’activation du système immunitaire. Cette toxicité est médiée par la sécrétion de nombreux médiateurs solubles comme le TNF-α et le NO. Nous avons confirmé le caractère pro-inflammatoire de type Th1 des toxines de l’egc. Nos travaux ont également montré qu’hormis SEI, les toxines de l’egc induisent des sécrétions de cytokines, chimiokines, protéases matricielles (MMPs) et facteurs de croissances nettement inférieures à celle induites par le reste des SEs. Ces résultats pourraient expliquer la faible toxicité associée aux toxines de l’egc. Enfin, nous avons montré que SElO possèdent une toxicité intrinsèque vis-à-vis des lignées tumorales. Cette étude plaide en faveur de l'intérêt des toxines de l’egc dans le développement de nouvelles approches en thérapie anti-tumorale
The use of classical superantigens (e.g. SEA, SEB and SEC) for treatment of cancer has resulted in a low response rates due to serious toxicity in humans. However, in a recent clinical study, remarkable results in treating lung cancer were obtained using superantigens encoded by the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) without causing any significant toxicity. The current study was performed to investigate how egc superantigens (i.e. SEG, SEI, SElM, SElN and SElO) have tumoricidal activity with low toxicity. Indeed, we first demonstrated that tumoricidal activity of egc-SEs is mediated by immune cell activation, in particular, by secretion of soluble mediators such as nitric oxide and TNF-α. Thus, the proteomic analysis of the PBMC supernatants, showed that SEs-egc enhance the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chimokines and many other biomarkers. Interestingly, levels were significantly higher in supernatants of SEA-stimulated PBMC than those with egc superantigens suggesting that staphylococcal superantigens differs in their inflammatory proprerties. Our results suggest that the relative lower pro-inflammatory activity of egc toxins may explain the low toxicity of these toxins observed during the clinical trial. Finally, we showed that SElO have a direct cytostatic activity against tumor cells. These findings suggest that egc-SEs seems to be good candidates for the development of new drugs in cancer therapy
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31

Petitprez, Florent. "Integrated analysis and clinical impact of immune and stromal microenvironments in solid tumors Quantitative analyses of the tumor microenvironment composition and orientation in the era of precision medicine Transcriptomic analysis of the tumor microenvironment to guide prognosis and immunotherapies Tumor microenvironment quantification tool draws a comprehensive map of the tumor microenvironment of non-hematologic human cancers The mMCP-counter method to estimate abundance of tissue-infiltrating immune and stromal cell populations using gene expression in murine samples Immune sub-classes in sarcoma predict survival and immunotherapy response Intra-tumoral tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with a low risk of hepatocellular carcinoma early recurrence Association of IL-36γ with tertiary lymphoid structures and inflammatory immune infiltrates in human colorectal cancer Immune-based identification of cancer patients at high risk of progression Tumor-infiltrating and peripheral blood T-cell immunophenotypes predict early relapse in localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cell infiltrate are associated with clinical progression in patients with node-positive prostate cancer Intratumoral classical complement pathway activation promotes cancer progression." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB104.

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Les tumeurs sont composées de cellules malignes et d'une grande variété de cellules non-tumorales, en particulier des cellules immunitaires qui forment le micro-environnement tumoral (MET). Il a été démontré que la composition du MET était associée au devenir clinique des patients, en termes de survie et de réponses thérapeutiques. Avec le développement récent des immunothérapies qui ciblent des éléments spécifiques du MET, l'immunité anti-tumorale a soulevé un intérêt majeur. Plusieurs méthodologies ont été mises au point afin d'étudier la composition du MET, avec une précision toujours plus grande. En particulier, des méthodes comme MCP-counter permettent d'exploiter les données transcriptomiques de la tumeur entière afin de quantifier les différentes populations qui composent le MET. Le volet méthodologique de ce travail de thèse a ainsi consisté à proposer une amélioration de MCP-counter, en particulier pour l'analyse de données RNA-Seq. Une adaptation de la méthode pour des données issues de modèles murins (mMCP-counter) est également proposée. MCP-counter permet d'analyser rapidement le MET de larges séries de tumeurs. Un second volet de cette thèse consiste en l'application de cette méthode pour établir une classification immunitaire des sarcomes des tissus mous, un type de cancer rare, hétérogène et agressif. Cette classification immunitaire a permis de mettre en évidence des groupes de tumeurs faiblement ou fortement infiltrés, ainsi qu'un groupe marqué par une forte vascularisation. De manière intéressante, la classification immunitaire permet de prédire la réponse des patients aux immunothérapies. Ce travail a aussi démontré un rôle important des structures lymphoïdes tertiaires (SLT). Les SLT sont des structures de type noeud lymphatique composées de lymphocytes B et T qui se forment dans la tumeur ou à proximité de celle-ci. Au sein des SLT, une réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale peut se former et maturer. L'intérêt porté aux SLT est de plus en plus important pour de nombreux types de cancers. Dans la plupart des types de cancer, une forte infiltration de la tumeur par des lymphocytes T, en particulier CD8+, est associée à une meilleure survie des patients. Cependant, le carcinome rénal à cellules claires et le cancer de la prostate sont des exceptions à cette règle. En effet, dans ces deux cancers urologiques, la présence dans la tumeur de lymphocytes T est associée à une survie plus courte des patients, ainsi qu'à une rechute et une progression plus précoce. Ces exceptions sont détaillées dans une troisième partie de cette thèse, par une description minutieuse du MET, ainsi que par l'analyse de l'implication du système du complément. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent qu'en combinant différentes méthodes d'analyse, in silico, in situ et in vivo, il est possible d'obtenir une vision extrêmement complète du MET. La connaissance des types cellulaires présents dans la tumeur ainsi que leur orientation fonctionnelle permet de guider le soin apporté aux patients et d'améliorer leur devenir clinique. La description complète du MET ouvre la voie à une médecine personnalisée pour les patients atteints de cancer
Tumors are composed not only of malignant cells but also contain a vast variety of non-malignant cells, notably immune cells forming the tumor microenvironment (TME). The composition of the TME was shown to be associated with clinical outcome for cancer patients, in terms of survival and therapeutic responses. With the relatively recent development of immunotherapies targeting specific elements of the TME, tumor immunology has risen a strong interest and holds a strong therapeutic potential. Several methodologies have been developed to study the composition of the TME with an increased precision. Notably, some methods such as MCP-counter enable the use of the tumor bulk transcriptome to quantify cell populations composing the TME. The methodological aspect of this PhD project consisted in setting up an enhanced version of MCP-counter that can be readily applied to RNA-Seq data, as well as propose an adaptation of the method for mouse models. Using MCP-counter, the TME of large series of tumors can be easily analyzed. The application part of this PhD work consisted of applying MCP-counter to establish an immune-based classification of soft-tissue sarcoma, a rare, aggressive and heterogeneous cancer type. The immune classification notably allowed to identify immune low and high groups, and a group characterized by a strong vasculature. Interestingly, the classification was notably found to be predictive of the patients' response to immunotherapies. It also highlighted an important role of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). TLS are lymph-node-like structures composed of T and B cells that form within the tumor or in close proximity. They are a site of formation and maturation of antitumoral immune responses. TLS are raising a growing interest in many malignancies. In most cancer types, a strong infiltration by T cells, in particular CD8+ T cells, is associated with a favorable clinical outcome. However, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer are exceptions to this general rule. Indeed, in these urological cancers, an increased infiltration by T cells is associated with a decreased patient survival and with earlier relapse and disease progression. In a third part of this thesis, these exceptions are investigated with more details by scrutinizing the TME, and questioning the implication of the complement system. Overall, this thesis presents how the combination of several analysis methods, in silico, in situ and in vivo, can help achieve an extremely precise description of the TME. Knowing accurately what cell populations and what their functional orientation can help guide patients care and improve clinical outcome. Complete description of the TME opens the way towards personalized medicine for cancer patients
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32

Servais, Charlotte. "Mise au point de thérapies anti-tumorales impliquant des vecteurs parvoviraux et la fusion de cellules tumorales et dendritiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210624.

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L’immunothérapie anticancéreuse est basée sur la capacité du système immunitaire à reconnaître les cellules tumorales comme étrangères et à les éliminer. Les stratégies immunothérapeutiques abordées dans ce travail, incluent l’activation du système immunitaire par l’expression de facteurs immunomodulateurs (l’interleukine-2) via l’utilisation d’un vecteur dérivé du parvovirus MVM, ou par présentation des antigènes tumoraux par la machinerie des cellules dendritiques (DC), via la génération d’hybrides entre DC et cellules tumorales (TC).

L’intérêt majeur du parvovirus autonome MVM en tant que vecteur pour la thérapie génique du cancer vient de son expression préférentielle dans les cellules transformées (oncotropisme) et de son aptitude à lyser celles-ci (oncolyse). Les vecteurs générés au laboratoire conservent l’unité de transcription NS et expriment l’IL2 humaine sous contrôle du promoteur P38, à la place des protéines de capside. Malgré les améliorations apportées à la production de vecteurs recombinants, la faible concentration des stocks reste un problème. Il a été montré que, de nombreux virus sont mieux produits en conditions de faible tension en oxygène (hypoxie). Nous avons tenté d’améliorer les titres des vecteurs en les produisant sous faible tension d’oxygène mais sans y parvenir (annexe 1). Dans un modèle in vivo utilisant la lignée de mélanome K-1735 dans des souris immunocompétentes, des cellules tumorales infectées in vitro avant leur implantation en sous-cutané ont montré un effet anti-tumoral du vecteur MVM/IL2 (annexe 2). Afin de mettre en évidence l’apport de l’oncolyse parvovirale dans l’activité anti-tumorale, nous avons mis au point des expériences, dans le même modèle de tumeur, visant à comparer l’efficacité du vecteur MVM/IL2 à celle d’autres vecteurs, Ad/IL2 et Rétrovirus/IL2, ne possédant pas d’activité oncolytique. Dans le but de mettre en évidence une éventuelle réponse immune in vivo, nous avons utilisé le modèle de tumeur TC-1 mais ce modèle s’est montré moins sensible à l’effet du vecteur MVM/IL2 et nous n’avons pas pu démontrer d’activation de cellules cytotoxiques spécifiques de la tumeur.

Il a été proposé d’utiliser des hybrides entre DC/TC pour la vaccination anti-tumorale pour optimaliser la présentation des antigènes tumoraux. Une lignée cellulaire exprimant la protéine fusogène du virus de la leucémie du Gibbon (GaLV-FMG, Gibbon ape leukemia virus) a été dérivée de la lignée cellulaire CHO (cellules ovariennes de hamster chinois) au laboratoire. Cette lignée CHO-FMG, utilisée comme partenaire intermédiaire, a permis la fusion entre cellules tumorales et dendritiques (annexe 3). Nous avons montré que l’expression transitoire après infection par un vecteur AAV-FMG ou après transfection transitoire ne génère pas un pourcentage significatif d’hybrides. En effet, le niveau d’expression ainsi que le pourcentage de cellules transduites exprimant FMG s’est révélé trop faible. Ceci a mis en valeur l’efficacité de la lignée stable CHO-FMG comme intermédiaire de la fusion. De plus, nous avons intégré dans la lignée fusogène, le gène de l’interleukine-2, qui devrait permettre d’augmenter l’efficacité de l’induction de la réponse immune.

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Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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33

Ravaud, Alain. "Modèle in vitro d'immunisation active antitumorale humaine par des cellules de présentation." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28579.

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34

Duperrier, Karine. "Génération, caractérisation et immunomodulation des cellules dendritiques issues de monocytes humains." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T221.

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35

"Mathematical Modeling of Novel Cancer Immunotherapies." Doctoral diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.62684.

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abstract: Immunotherapy has received great attention recently, as it has become a powerful tool in fighting certain types of cancer. Immunotherapeutic drugs strengthen the immune system's natural ability to identify and eradicate cancer cells. This work focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitor and oncolytic virus therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors act as blocking mechanisms against the binding partner proteins, enabling T-cell activation and stimulation of the immune response. Oncolytic virus therapy utilizes genetically engineered viruses that kill cancer cells upon lysing. To elucidate the interactions between a growing tumor and the employed drugs, mathematical modeling has proven instrumental. This dissertation introduces and analyzes three different ordinary differential equation models to investigate tumor immunotherapy dynamics. The first model considers a monotherapy employing the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1. The dynamics both with and without anti-PD-1 are studied, and mathematical analysis is performed in the case when no anti-PD-1 is administrated. Simulations are carried out to explore the effects of continuous treatment versus intermittent treatment. The outcome of the simulations does not demonstrate elimination of the tumor, suggesting the need for a combination type of treatment. An extension of the aforementioned model is deployed to investigate the pairing of an immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-L1 with an immunostimulant NHS-muIL12. Additionally, a generic drug-free model is developed to explore the dynamics of both exponential and logistic tumor growth functions. Experimental data are used for model fitting and parameter estimation in the monotherapy cases. The model is utilized to predict the outcome of combination therapy, and reveals a synergistic effect: Compared to the monotherapy case, only one-third of the dosage can successfully control the tumor in the combination case. Finally, the treatment impact of oncolytic virus therapy in a previously developed and fit model is explored. To determine if one can trust the predictive abilities of the model, a practical identifiability analysis is performed. Particularly, the profile likelihood curves demonstrate practical unidentifiability, when all parameters are simultaneously fit. This observation poses concerns about the predictive abilities of the model. Further investigation showed that if half of the model parameters can be measured through biological experimentation, practical identifiability is achieved.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2020
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36

Loios, Rita Severino dos. "Optimization of strategies for anti-cancer vaccines." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/65527.

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Nowadays, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and treatments currently in use are often aggressive, invasive and not very effective. Promising therapeutic approaches include immunotherapies that has the potential to boost the immune system to fight cancer. One type of immunotherapy is provided by vaccines of dendritic cells (DCs) or containing artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs). These vaccines are used to expand and activate T cells against specific tumors antigens, eliminating tumor cells and providing immunological protection. Activation of T cells in vivo is lead mainly by DCs. aAPCs are artificial systems that have as main goal to mimic the function that DCs have in vivo, by presenting antigens, the first signal required for T cell activation. Vaccines of aAPCs are easier to produce and maintain and overcome the issues of patient-derived autologous DCs. The main aim of this thesis was to implement an in vitro assay to test the potential of a new generation of aAPCs, named PEMs, to activate antigen specific human T cells. PEMs consist of carbonated cores assembled with HLA-A02 molecules loaded with peptides. To verify PEMs ability to activate T cells against a specific antigen (cytomegalovirus (CMV) peptide), PEMs were co-cultured with human CD8+ T cells, isolated from healthy donors. The activation of the cells was verified by the measure of the expression of IFN-γ by qPCR and ELISA. Results showed that, in some donors, there is an increase of IFN-γ when T cells are stimulated with PEMs complexed with HLA-A02 loaded with CMV peptide, compared with negative controls. PEMs show significant binding to CD8+ T cells. With this study it was possible to conclude that PEMs are able to bind and activate T cells. However, there are still issues related to their stability and specificity. Future studies testing other aAPCs that present distinct cores and assemblies should be performed.
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37

"Developing a CRISPR-Mediated Knockout TCR Human T Cell Line for Use in Cloning Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptors." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57440.

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abstract: Adoptive transfer of T cells engineered to express synthetic antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) has provocative therapeutic applications for treating cancer. However, expressing these synthetic TCRs in a CD4+ T cell line is a challenge. The CD4+ Jurkat T cell line expresses endogenous TCRs that compete for space, accessory proteins, and proliferative signaling, and there is the potential for mixed dimer formation between the α and β chains of the endogenous receptor and that of the synthetic cancer-specific TCRs. To prevent hybridization between the receptors and to ensure the binding affinity measured with flow cytometry analysis is between the tetramer and the TCR construct, a CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing pipeline was developed. The guide RNAs (gRNAs) within the complex were designed to target the constant region of the α and β chains, as they are conserved between TCR clonotypes. To minimize further interference and confer cytotoxic capabilities, gRNAs were designed to target the CD4 coreceptor, and the CD8 coreceptor was delivered in a mammalian expression vector. Further, Golden Gate cloning methods were validated in integrating the gRNAs into a CRISPR-compatible mammalian expression vector. These constructs were transfected via electroporation into CD4+ Jurkat T cells to create a CD8+ knockout TCR Jurkat cell line for broadly applicable uses in T cell immunotherapies.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Biology 2020
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