Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cancer diagnosis'
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Elter, Matthias. "Computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer." Tönning Lübeck Marburg Der Andere-Verl, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1001110773/04.
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Laking, George Robert. "An empirical approach to cancer diagnosis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417132.
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Chan, Pui-man Poemen, and 陳培文. "Micrometastases of esophageal cancer." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012842.
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Shaha, Maya. "The omnipresence of cancer." Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274459.
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Deby, Stanislas. "Développement d'un colposcope polarimétrique de Müller pour le dépistage du cancer du col utérin : premières mesures in-vivo." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX021/document.
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Cette thèse a été consacrée au développement et à la mise en oeuvre d’un imageur polarimétrique de Müller installé sur un colposcope standard dans le but de diagnostiquer invivo des lésions précancéreuses du col utérin.Ce travail s’est appuyé sur le développement réalisé durant les dix dernières années au LPICM à l'École polytechnique d’une nouvelle technologie d'imagerie médicale non invasive et a priori adaptée à la détection précoce du cancer : l’imagerie polarimétriqueThis thesis was devoted to the development and the implementation of a polarimetric imager of Müller installed on a standard colposcope in order to diagnose invivo precancerous lesions of the cervix.This work was based on the development carried out during the last ten years at the LPICM at the Ecole polytechnique of a new non-invasive medical imaging technology and a priori adapted to the early detection of cancer: polarimetric imaging
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Clark, Gene C. "MIRNAS AS BIOMARKERS FOR PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3954.
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Prostate cancer is one of the most challenging global medical issues today. In 2011, prostate cancer was the most diagnosed malignancy in the United States, making up 29% of new cancer cases. In that year it was the second leading cause of cancer related deaths among men in the USA and the second most common cause of cancer related death overall from the EU. The prostate remains, however, an under studied organ, making insights into the anatomy and biology of prostate cancer difficult to achieve. After 30 years, PSA screening of men of the appropriate age is still the first step in prostate cancer diagnosis, usually followed by a manual prostate exam which may lead to a transrectal biopsy. This study makes use of Next Generation Sequencing to successfully identify a superior miRNA based urinary assay for the detection of prostate cancer. A receiver operating curve AUC of 0.90 was achieved for patients vs. non-patients using an additive risk model defined by empirically derived critical threshold values of eight urinary miRNAs identified with this method. This is superior to the PSA blood test’s AUC of 0.66 which illustrates that a miRNA profile such as this has the potential to surpass protein biomarkers such as PSA in terms of specificity and sensitivity. It was also demonstrated that a geometric mean of three urinary miRNAs were useful for endogenous normalization.
One significant risk factor for prostate cancer is being African American. Again using Next Generation Sequencing technology, we have established a miRNA expression profile for the stages of a prostate cancer cell line progression model derived from the normal prostate epithelium of an African American man. Normal prostate epithelium was immortalized only with SV40 large T antigen (P69) and passaged three times in nude mice, producing the highly aggressive and metastatic M12 cell line. The M2182 cell line is an intermediate between the P69s and M12s having only been passaged twice and not yet having acquired metastatic potential. The F6 cell line was derived by reintroducing a copy of chromosome 19 missing from the M12 cell line via microcell mediated chromosome transfer. These profiles show a large downregulation of miRNAs early in tumorigenesis (from P69 toM2182) affecting the DLK1-DIO3 megacluster and the miR-200 family. The later acquisition of metastatic potential (from M2182 to M12) is concomitant with the upregulation of specific miRNAs including the HOX gene miRNAs miR-10a and miR-196 and miR-9. Thus, the analysis of this progression model has uncovered relevant miRs and genes the dysregulation of which contribute to prostate tumorigenesis.
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Yang, Zhugen. "3D-Microstructured Protein Chip for Cancer Diagnosis." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780192.
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Protein microarrays are becoming powerful tools to screen and identify tumor markers for cancer diagnosis, because of the multiplex detection and minute volume of sample requirement. Due to the diversity and variation in different cancers, no single tumor marker is sensitive and specific enough to meet strict diagnostic criteria. Therefore, a combination of tumor markers is required to increase sensitivity and to establish distinct patterns to increase specificity. To obtain reliable tests, the development of reproducible surface chemistry and immobilization procedure are crucial steps in the elaboration of efficient protein microarrays. In this thesis, 3D micro-structured glass slides were functionalized with various surface chemistries like silane monolayer (amino, epoxy and carboxy), and polymer layers of Jeff amine, chitosan, carboxymethyl dextran (CMD), maleic anhydride-alt-methyl vinyl ether copolymer (MAMVE) for physical adsorption or covalent binding with proteins. Surface characterizations, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), confirmed the monolayer/polymer grafting on the glass slides. Colorimetric assay for determining amine density of three aminated surfaces demonstrated that APDMES had more grafting density than Jeffamine and chitosan. Contact angle measurements show that polymer surfaces were more hydrophilic than monolayer surfaces due to the increasing dosages of polar functional groups. Moreover, the parameters such as additives and pH of spotting buffer, probe concentration, blocking procedures etc, were optimized for tumor marker detection. Under the optimized conditions, antibody microarrays were validated with purified tumor antigens. The best analytical performances obtained for each tumor antigen tested were strongly dependent on functionalized surfaces, e.g. MAMVE exhibited best analytical performances for CEA andHsp60 while NHS leads to best results for PDI and CA19-9. Besides, the implemented antibody microarrays were applied to tumor marker detection from colorectal cancer sera. This evaluation shows the interest to combine several tumor markers on the same surface and the combination of tumor markers on their specific surface lead to remarkably increase the positive responses of tested cancer sera (even up to 100 %). A second type of microarrays (tumor-associated antigens - TAA microarrays) was designed to discriminate breast cancer patients from healthy donors through the detection of tumor autoantibodies. This study included a cohort of 29 breast cancer patients' and 28 healthy donors' sera. A panel of fiveTAAs (Hsp60, p53, Her2, NY-ESO-1 and Hsp70) immobilized on their respective optimized surface chemistry allowed to specifically detect over 82% of breast cancer patients.
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Maltt, N. D. "Diagnosis of lung cancer by raman spectroscopy." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492488.
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lung cancer patients from 'at risk' controls and 'at risk' control subjects from healthy control subjects. Porphyrin-containing substances were higher in the 'at risk' controls than either the healthy controls or the lung cancer patients. Additionally the induced sputum from the three groups was analysed using Surface-enhanced Desorption-Ionization Time-of-flight mass spectrometry which also distinguished the three groups. A mini fibre optic probe was used in conjunction with shifted subtracted Raman spectroscopy to analyse normal and malignant ex vivo lung tissue from 7 patients, obtained from lung cancer surgical resections and could classify the two types of tissue perfectly. In conclusion, Raman spectroscopy has the potential to diagnose lung cancer, predict prognosis and elucidate the chemical changes associated with carcinogenesis.
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Wood, Emma McIntosh. "Delays in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445952.
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Theophilou, Georgios. "Biospectroscopy towards screening and diagnosis of cancer." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/76938/.
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Systems biology is an emerging science that combines high throughput investigation techniques to define the dynamic interplay between different biological regulatory systems in response to internal and external cues. Related technologies, genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and toponomics have been applied to investigate models of carcinogenesis to identify committing initiating events. Vibrational spectroscopy has the potential to play an integral role within systems biology research approaches, as it is able to identify chemical bond alterations within molecules independent of where these molecules reside. Its integration with current “systems biology” methodologies can contribute in the identification of potential biomarkers of carcinogenesis and assist in their incorporation into clinical practice. Breast tissue undergoes cyclical and longitudinal molecular and histological alterations that are influenced by environmental factors. These factors may include diet and lifestyle in addition to parity, lactation and menopausal status and are implicated in carcinogenesis. Breast cancer may appear decades after the initial carcinogenic event. Available research in this area is limited to when early histological changes occur due to the difficulties imposed by the molecular and histological diversity of breast tissue. Vibrational spectroscopy in combination with powerful chemometric techniques has identified spatial and temporal mammary alterations in benign tissue. Prostate cancer is influenced by environmental factors. Its incidence is higher in populations adopting a Westernised lifestyle and diet and has increased over the past generation. This leads to the assumption that prostatic tissue composition may exhibit chronological alterations. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques were applied to matching prostatic tissues with benign prostatic hyperplasia collected from 1983 to 2013. Significant trans-generational segregation was identified. Spectral areas responsible for this segregation pointed towards epigenetic changes. Immunohistochemical studies for DNA methylation and hypomethylation supported these results. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques were also implemented to explore molecular changes between normal ovarian tissue, borderline ovarian tumours and malignant ovarian carcinomas. Different chemometric techniques were applied to discriminate cancers from controls. Similar techniques were able to segregate different types of epithelial ovarian carcinomas. The accurate diagnosis obtained using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy demonstrates its potential for development as an assisting tool for histopathological diagnosis. The endometrial-myometrial junction areas of benign uterine tissues were scrutinised by Synchrotron FTIR and FPA. These techniques in combination with multivariate analysis revealed clear segregation between the functionalis and basalis layers within the uterine crypts. The same techniques illustrated potential areas within these epithelial surfaces where different stem cell types may reside. Targeting the activation/ inactivation of these stem cells may have applications in the diagnosis and treatment of early uterine cancer.
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Li, Yingping. "Artificial intelligence and radiomics in cancer diagnosis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG053.
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L'intelligence artificielle (IA) est très utilisée pour le diagnostic et le traitement de données médicales, donnant lieu à la médecine personnalisée assistée par l'IA. Ce manuscrit se concentre sur la proposition et l'analyse de méthodes d'IA, notamment l'apprentissage profond et la radiomique, pour le diagnostic du cancer. Tout d'abord, une approche efficace de segmentation automatique est essentielle pour mettre en place une méthode de diagnostic par IA, car c'est un préalable à une analyse par radiomiques. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche pour la segmentation automatique des lésions dans les images échographiques, basée sur des données multicentrique et multipathologique présentant différents types de cancers. En introduisant la convolution de groupe, nous avons proposé un réseau U-net léger en mémoire sans sacrifier les performances de segmentation. Deuxièmement, nous nous sommes intéressés au traitement de données d'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) pour prédire de manière non invasive le sous-type de gliome, défini par le grade de la tumeur, la mutation de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase (IDH) et la codélétion 1p/19q. Nous proposons une approche par radiomiques. La performance de prédiction s'est améliorée de manière significative en optimisant différents paramètres de notre modèle. Les caractéristiques des éléments radiomiques qui distinguent le mieux les sous-types de gliome ont également été analysées. Ce travail a non seulement fourni un pipeline qui fonctionne bien pour prédire le sous-type de gliome, mais il a également contribué au développement et à l'interprétabilité du modèle radiomique. Troisièmement, nous nous intéressons à la problématique de reproductibilité des approches basées sur les radiomiques. Nous avons donc étudié l'impact de différentes méthodes de prétraitement d'images et de méthodes d'harmonisation (y compris la normalisation de l'intensité et l'harmonisation ComBat) sur la reproductibilité des caractéristiques radiomiques en IRM. Nous avons montré que la méthode ComBat est essentielle pour éliminer la variation non biologique causée par les différents paramètres d'acquisition d'image (à savoir, les effets du scanner) et améliorer la reproductibilité des caractéristiques dans les études radiomiques. Nous avons illustré l'importance de la normalisation de l'intensité, car elle permet d'obtenir des images IRM plus comparables et des résultats plus robustes. Enfin, nous avons cherché à améliorer la méthode ComBat en modifiant l'hypothèse classique, à savoir que les effets du scanner sont différents pour différentes classes (comme les tumeurs et les tissus normaux). Bien que le modèle proposé donne des résultats encore décevants, sûrement en raison du manque de contraintes appropriées pour aider à identifier les paramètres, il a néanmoins ouvert la voie à des perspectives intéressantesArtificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in the research field of AI-assisted diagnosis, treatment, and personalized medicine. This manuscript focuses on the application of artificial intelligence methods including deep learning and radiomics in cancer diagnosis. First, effective image segmentation is essential for cancer diagnosis and further radiomics-based analysis. We proposed a new approach for automatic lesion segmentation in ultrasound images, based on a multicentric and multipathology dataset displaying different types of cancers. By introducing the group convolution, we proposed a lightweight U-net network without sacrificing the segmentation performance. Second, we processed the clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images to noninvasively predict the glioma subtype as defined by the tumor grade, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation and 1p/19q codeletion status. We proposed a radiomics-based approach. The prediction performance improved significantly by tuning different settings in the radiomics pipeline. The characteristics of the radiomic features that best distinguish the glioma subtypes were also analyzed. This work not only provided a radiomics pipeline that works well for predicting the glioma subtype, but it also contributed to the model development and interpretability. Third, we tackled the challenge of reproducibility in radiomics methods. We investigated the impact of different image preprocessing methods and harmonization methods (including intensity normalization and ComBat harmonization) on the radiomic feature reproducibility in MRI radiomics. The conclusion showed that ComBat method is essential to remove the nonbiological variation caused by different image acquisition settings (namely, scanner effects) and improve the feature reproducibility in radiomics studies. Meanwhile, intensity normalization is also recommended because it leads to more comparable MRI images and more robust harmonization results. Finally, we investigated improving the ComBat harmonization method by changing its assumption to a very common case that scanner effects are different for different classes (like tumors and normal tissues). Although the proposed model yielded disappointing results, surely due to the lack of enough proper constraints to help identify the parameters, it still paved the way for the development of new harmonization methods
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Irobi, Edward Okezie. "Time to Diagnosis of Second Primary Cancers among Patients with Breast Cancer." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2661.
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Many breast cancer diagnoses and second cancers are associated with BRCA gene mutations. Early detection of cancer is necessary to improve health outcomes, particularly with second cancers. Little is known about the influence of risk factors on time to diagnosis of second primary cancers after diagnosis with BRCA-related breast cancer. The purpose of this cohort study was to examine the risk of diagnosis of second primary cancers among women diagnosed with breast cancer after adjusting for BRCA status, age, and ethnicity. The study was guided by the empirical evidence supporting the mechanism of action in the mutation of BRCA leading to the development of cancer. Composite endpoint was used to define second primary cancer occurrences, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare the median time-to-event among comparison groups and BRCA gene mutation status. Cox proportional hazards was used to examine the relationships between age at diagnosis, ethnicity, BRCA gene mutation status, and diagnosis of a second primary cancer. The overall median time to event for diagnosis of second primary cancers was 14 years. The hazard ratios for BRCA2 = 1.47, 95% CI [1.03 - 2.11], White = 1.511, 95% CI [1.18 - 1.94], and American Indian/Hawaiian = 1.424, 95% CI [1.12 -1.81] showing positive significant associations between BRCA2 mutation status and risk of diagnosis of second primary colorectal, endometrial, cervical, kidney, thyroid, and bladder cancers. Data on risk factors for development of second cancers would allow for identification of appropriate and timely screening procedures, determining the best course of action for prevention and treatment, and improving quality of life among breast cancer survivors.
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Fong, Yuen, and 方圓. "A systematic review of factors influencing the uptake of screening for colorectal cancer using a faecal occult blood test." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193837.
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Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers with high morbidity and mortality among both genders and yet it carries a better prognosis when detected early. Colorectal cancer screening using faecal occult blood test (FOBT) is proven to be cost-effective, however worldwide FOBT uptake rate is suboptimal which directly affects the cost-effectiveness of the screening program. Identifying those factors that influence the uptake of colorectal cancer screening using FOBT will allow implementation of relevant measures when planning a population based screening program.
Methods
A structured electronic search using PubMed and Medline was conducted in order to identify studies that included factors influencing the uptake of CRC screening by using FOBT. Qualities of included studies were assessed by quality assessment checklist STROBE.
Results
Factors that contributed to the low uptake rate of CRC screening by FOBT were identified and summarized. They were broadly divided into 3 groups.
Demographic factors: age, gender, social economic status, insurance status and education, for ethnicity, employment status and obesity further studies in the future may be needed.
Subject factors: subject’s attitudes and knowledge towards CRC screening, type of FOBT screening, health concerned behavior, frequency of clinical visit and physiciancomment.
Provider factors: health care system factor and physicians’ factors.
Conclusion
Different factors, in particular those factors that were associated with low FOBT uptake rate in CRC screening, were reviewed and summarized in this paper. With the continuous effort from worldwide as well as local investigators, timely measures can be implemented to tackle this deathly disease and to ensure cost effectiveness of a screening program.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Leong, F. Joel W.-M. "An automated diagnostic system for tubular carcinoma of the breast : a model for computer-based cancer diagnosis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249491.
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Medford, Hannah T. Macdonald Jeffrey. "Colon cancer diagnosis using NMR spectra of urine." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,284.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Biomedical Engineering." Discipline: Biomedical Engineering; Department/School: Medicine.
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Stegenga, Kristin Anne Ward-Smith Peggy. "Receiving the diagnosis of cancer the adolescent perspective /." Diss., UMK access, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Nursing. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007."A dissertation in nursing." Advisor: Peggy Ward-Smith. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Dec. 19, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-83). Online version of the print edition.
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Browning, Kristine Kihm. "Smoking behavior after a diagnosis of lung cancer." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1190039881.
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Backman, Vadim 1973. "Early diagnosis of cancer using light scattering spectroscopy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29892.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard--Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2001.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis presents a novel optical technique, light scattering spectroscopy (LSS), developed for quantitative characterization of tissue morphology as well as in vivo detection and diagnosis of the diseases associated with alteration of normal tissue structure such as precancerous and early cancerous transformations in various epithelia. LSS employs a wavelength dependent component of light scattered by epithelial cells to obtain information about subcellular structures, such as cell nuclei. Since nuclear atypia is one of the hallmarks of precancerous and cancerous changes in most human tissues, the technique has the potential to provide a broadly applicable means of detecting epithelial precancerous lesions and noninvasive cancers in various organs, which can be optically accessed either directly or by means of optical fibers. We have developed several types of LSS instrumentation including 1) endoscopically compatible LSS-based fiber-optic system;
(cont.) 2) LSS-based imaging instrumentation, which allows mapping quantitative parameters characterizing nuclear properties over wide, several cm2, areas of epithelial lining; and 3) scattering angle sensitive LSS instrumentation (a/LSS), which enables to study the internal structure of cells and their organelles, i.e. nuclei, on a submicron scale. Multipatient clinical studies conducted to test the diagnostic potential of LSS in five organs (esophagus, colon, bladder, cervix and oral cavity) have shown the generality and efficacy of the technique and indicated that LSS may become an important tool for early cancer detection as well as better biological understanding of the disease.
by Vadim Backman.
Ph.D.
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Boone, D. J. "Facilitating colorectal cancer diagnosis with computed tomographic colonography." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1413011/.
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Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) is a diagnostic technique involving helical volume acquisition of the cleansed, distended colorectum to detect colorectal cancer or potentially premalignant polyps. This Thesis summarises the evidence base, identifies areas in need of further research, quantifies sources of bias and presents novel techniques to facilitate colorectal cancer diagnosis using CTC. CTC literature is reviewed to justify the rationale for current implementation and to identify fruitful areas for research. This confirms excellent diagnostic performance can be attained providing CTC is interpreted by trained, experienced observers employing state-of-the-art implementation. The technique is superior to barium enema and consequently, it has been embraced by radiologists, clinicians and health policy-makers. Factors influencing generalisability of CTC research are investigated, firstly with a survey of European educational workshop participants which revealed limited CTC experience and training, followed by a systematic review exploring bias in research studies of diagnostic test accuracy which established that studies focussing on these aspects were lacking. Experiments to address these sources of bias are presented, using novel methodology: Conjoint analysis is used to ascertain patients‘ and clinicians’ attitudes to false-positive screening diagnoses, showing that both groups overwhelmingly value sensitivity over specificity. The results inform a weighted statistical analysis for CAD which is applied to the results of two previous studies showing the incremental benefit is significantly higher for novices than experienced readers. We have employed eye-tracking technology to establish the visual search patterns of observers reading CTC, demonstrated feasibility and developed metrics for analysis. We also describe development and validation of computer software to register prone and supine endoluminal surface locations demonstrating accurate matching of corresponding points when applied to a phantom and a generalisable, publically available, CTC database. Finally, areas in need of future development are suggested.
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Park, Ji Ho. "Cooperative nanomaterials systems for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3352403.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 8, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Loukola, Anu-Maria. "Molecular diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/haart/vk/loukola/.
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Ghosal, Robin. "Biological tools in the diagnosis of lung cancer." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43007.
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Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide with 1.3 million new cases diagnosed each year. The 5-year survival rate is much lower than other common cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. Several large-scale screening programmes using existing technologies over the past 40 years have not yet reduced mortality rates from lung cancer. We have studied new technologies on sputum and exhaled breath to assess their potential for diagnosis. Reliable, non-invasive and cheap diagnostic tests are the cornerstone for any future screening programme. The first study tests the sputa of patients with suspected lung cancer and healthy controls with Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. We developed a predictive model based on two wavenumbers, to differentiate those with proven lung cancer versus healthy controls with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 91%. When we included the sputa of patients having tests for lung cancer initially but with no evidence of cancer after one year (“high-risk” group), this only partially reduced the model’s predictive ability. The second study assessed the sputa from the same cohorts with a panel of gene antibodies (p16, p53, p63, EGFR and cyclin D1). Results were not discriminatory with low sensitivity (8-42%), suggesting immunohistochemistry on sputa cells will not be a useful diagnostic tool. Our final study assessed exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the breath of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients and in healthy controls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 29 cancer-exclusive VOCs were identified and 25 further VOCs were universally higher in the cancer cohort, allowing correct classification of 89% of cancer patients. We conclude that two of the three novel techniques (sputum FTIR and exhaled VOCs) could successfully distinguish cancer from healthy control subjects and show potential as screening modalities in further larger scale studies.
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Williams, Marc Joseph. "Engineering magnetic nanosystems for cancer diagnosis and treatment." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/50387/.
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Iron oxide magnetic nanocomposites can be used for a variety of biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as site specific drug delivery systems. By functionalising the surface of the nanocomposite, other functions like cell labelling and targeting can also be realised. Several iron oxide nanocomposites were prepared through microwave assisted co-precipitation reactions, using polyelectrolytes and dopamine as surface stabilisers. This provided a highly magnetic and versatile foundation that could be used immediately in biological applications (such as MR imaging) but could also be further functionalised extending the applications of the material. Functionalisation was achieved via electrostatic interactions and carbodiimide coupling which led to the development of a multifunctional nanocomposite capable of supporting both fluorescent and targeting groups. This work demonstrates that the construction of the nanocomposite is key to unlocking the biomedical potential of the material. HRTEM and SQUID results demonstrate the importance of microwave irradiation in the formation of highly crystalline materials. Microwave heating enhances crystal growth which improves the magnetisation values of the composite, to beyond materials prepared by traditional co-precipition methods. Polyelectrolytes can bestow excellent water stability on the particles, with the composite remaining in sus- pension for over 8 weeks. MRI measurements show that the high magnetism, combined with excellent water stability, translates into an effective MRI contrast agent, with the prepared composite out performing other commercial agents. Further functionalisation with fluorescent groups show other applications in cell labelling, and the addition of targeting groups can further enhance the selectivity of the composite. This work results in the development of a highly magnetic, extremely water stable iron oxide foundation, that can immediately be used as a MRI contrast agent and can support multiple functional groups like fluorescent dyes and targeting groups.
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WANG, TIANRAN. "Polymer Nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of Cancer." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2592679.
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Cancer therapy has become a multidisciplinary challenge requiring close collaboration among clinicians, biologists, material scientists and biomedical engineers to fulfill the expectations for novel personalized treatments with enhanced efficacy and safety. Innovative strategies for cancer treatment are in tremendous need for multifunctional systems able to bring significant breakthroughs in combining diagnosis, localized drug delivery and monitoring. In this endeavour, the design and realization of theranostic nanoparticles (tNP), able to overcome biological barriers, preferentially accumulate into tumors and specifically recognize cancer cells, falls in the category of complex problems, requiring an interdisciplinary approach to be solved .This project aims at designing innovative tNP providing controlled release of drugs and contrast enhancement properties for combined hyperthermia therapy of cancer. Surface decoration with peptide sequences (derived from a thorough examination and understanding of the underlying biology) will confer the ability to selectively bind to cancer cell receptors improving targeting ability.
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GIANNINI, VALENTINA. "Computer Aided Diagnosis systems for MR cancer detection." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2496445.
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The research activity conducted during my PhD aims to develop two different Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems for breast and prostate cancer diagnosis using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
During the first part of this thesis I will illustrate a fully automatic CAD system for breast cancer detection and diagnosis with Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) developed by our group. The main goal of a CAD system is lesions detection and characterization. The processing pipeline includes automatic segmentation of the breast and axillary regions, registration of unenhanced and contrast-enhanced frames, lesion detection and classification according to kinetic and morphological criteria. During my PhD I, firstly, studied the physiological phenomena correlated to breast tumors growth and diagnosis, then I elaborated and created C++ algorithms for:
1. breasts segmentation, where the breasts and axillary regions are automatically identified in order to reduce the computational burden and preventing false positives (FP) due to enhancing structures (such as the heart and extra-breast vessels) which are not of clinical interest.
2. lesion detection, in which suspicious areas showing contrast enhancement are automatically segmented and FPs are identified and discarded.
These step are innovative as they are fully automatic, thus they do not suffer of inter- and intra-operator variability, and because of the normalization process, based on the mammary arteries segmentation, that makes the system able to deal with images coming from different centers, thus having different acquisition parameters.
The second part of my thesis will concern the development of a CAD system for prostate cancer. The importance of this project is associated to the recent interest in adapting focal methods of tissue ablation, such as cryotherapy and Focused Ultrasound guided by MR (MRgFUS), to cure or control localized prostate cancer. Focal treatments rely on imaging to locate tumor, to determine the staging of disease, to detect recurrences and to guide the treatment. The aim of this part of my PhD was to create a multispectral computer aided diagnosis system able to: a) detect the tumor in order to guide real-time biopsy, b) characterize the malignancy of the lesion and c) guide the local treatment, by adopting a new multispectral approach. In this project I, actively, elaborated and
developed C++ algorithm to register different datasets and to monitor the focal treatment using Diffusion Weighted-MRI (DWI) self-made acquisitions.The registration between T2-w, DCE-MRI and DWI images are applied in order to correct for patients movements and DWI distortions. Results obtained within 19 patients showed a Dice’s overlap coefficient
higher than 0.7, considered optimal in literature. Monitoring the focal therapy was the aim of the last part of this project, that I actively
developed during a visiting period in the Radiological Science Laboratory of the Stanford University (Kim Butts Pauly Research Lab). The main goal was to characterize the role of the DWI during MRgFUS. DWI, in fact, is very sensitive to cell death and tissue damage and information can be used to evaluate the treatment without relocating the patient and
the applicators and without involving the administration of contrast agent. In this study, I wanted to assess the use of DWI images to estimate prostate tissue damage during HIFU ablation, by measuring diffusion coefficients of canine prostate pre and post ablation, using multiple b-factors ranging up to 3500 s/mm2 . This study demonstrated a bi-exponential decay of the signal increasing the b-values suggesting the presence of two different type of diffusion, called fast and slow.
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Wang, Lei. "Molecular Probes for Pancreatic Cancer Imaging." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3108.
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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the poorest five-year survival rate of any cancer. Currently, there are no effective diagnostics or chemotherapeutics. Surgical resection is the only curative therapy. However, most patients experience recurrence due largely to challenges in assessing tumor margin status in the operating room. Molecular probes that selectively highlight pancreatic cancer tissue, having the potential to improve PDAC margin assessment intraoperatively, are urgently needed. In this work, a series of red and near-infrared fluorescent probes is reported. Two were found to distribute to normal pancreas following systemic administration. One selectively accumulates in genetically modified mouse models of PDAC, providing cancer-specific fluorescence. In contrast to the small molecule probes reported previously, it possesses inherent affinity for PDAC cells and tissue, and thus does not require conjugation to targeting agents. Moreover, the probe exhibits intracellular accumulation and enables visualization of four levels of structure including the whole organ, tissue, individual cells and subcellular organelles. It can thus promote new strategies for precision image-guided surgery, pancreatic cancer detection, the monitoring of therapeutic outcomes and basic research.
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Oda, Masahiro, Takayuki Kitasaka, Kensaku Mori, and Yasuhito Suenaga. "DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM FOR COLORECTAL CANCER BASED ON NAVIGATION DIAGNOSIS." INTELLIGENT MEDIA INTEGRATION NAGOYA UNIVERSITY / COE, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10473.
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Jedy-Agba, E. "Breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa : determinants of stage at diagnosis and diagnostic delays in women with symptomatic breast cancer." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3928323/.
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Background: Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Breast cancer incidence in SSA is relatively low but, as survival from the disease in the region is poor, mortality rates are as high as in high income countries. Late stage at diagnosis, and delays in a woman’s journey to a cancer diagnosis, are features known to contribute to poor breast cancer survival rates. There has been little focus on the factors affecting stage at diagnosis and the determinants of diagnostic delays in SSA despite previous studies highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment in breast cancer control. Aims and Methods: The main objectives of this thesis are: (i) To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of stage at breast cancer diagnosis in SSA to examine trends over time and examine possible sources of variation across the region. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to investigate between-study heterogeneity in percentage of late-stage disease (stage III/IV) breast cancer, and meta-regression analyses were carried out to identify possible sources of variation. Percentages of Black women with late-stage breast cancer in SSA were compared with equivalent estimates for US Black and White women using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Database. (ii) To design and conduct a study, the Nigerian Integrative Epidemiology of Breast Cancer (NIBBLE) study, (iii) to investigate determinants of late stage at breast cancer diagnosis and diagnostic delays at six tertiary and secondary health facilities in Nigeria. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine associations of socio-demographic, breast cancer awareness, health care access and clinical factors with the odds of later stage disease. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association of these factors with time from noticing symptoms to diagnosis (total delay), and its two main 4 components: pre-contact delay (i.e. time from symptoms to first contact with any care provider including traditional healers) and post-contact delay (i.e. time from first contact to diagnosis). Results: (i) Systematic review: 83 studies were eligible representing 26,788 women from 17 SSA countries. There was wide variation in percentage of late stage (median 74.7%, range 30.3-100%, I2=93.3% p < 0.0001). Late stage at diagnosis was notably higher in Black vs non-Black women in SSA and higher for populations from mixed (urban and rural) settings than from urban settings. The percentage of women with late stage breast cancer decreased over time but it was still higher than in US White and Black women 40 years previously. (ii) Findings from NIBBLE: 300 breast cancer patients were recruited, 67.7% with late stage (III/IV) at diagnosis. Multivariate analyses showed lower educational level (odds ratio (OR) 2.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 5.29), not believing in a cure for breast cancer (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.09, 3.01), Muslim religion (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.22, 0.94) and living in a rural area (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.05, 4.51) to be significantly associated with later stage. No associations were found between later stage and age at diagnosis, tumour grade or oestrogen receptor status. Women diagnosed in stages III/IV self-reported, on average, 36% longer total delay times than those in stages I/II. Median (IQR) for pre-, post and total delays were 2.6 (0.6, 8.3), 3.1 (0.79, 8.7) and 7.8 (3.3, 18.7) months, respectively, for all women who presented with suspicious symptoms (n=430). In fully-adjusted analyses, post-contact delays in all women with symptoms were associated with lack of a personal income (OR 1.49; 1.04, 2.00), no previous history of benign breast disease (OR 0.61; 0.42, 0.89) and having 5 or more children (OR 1.88; 95% CI 0.96, 3.67) whilst total delay was inversely associated with presentation at a secondary facility (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.51, 0.92) and no previous history of benign breast disease (OR 0.64; 0.47, 0.88). Post-contact and total delays were both positively associated with the total number of providers visited before a diagnosis (P for trend (Pt)=0.014 and Pt < 0.001, respectively). Only 18% of all women with symptoms and 12.4% of the subset with breast cancer were diagnosed within 3 months of noticing a breast symptom. Conclusions: Although stage at breast cancer diagnosis improved over time in SSA, it is still a common feature. This thesis identified factors amenable to intervention such as breast cancer awareness and health care access, rather than intrinsic tumour characteristics, as the main drivers of late stage at diagnosis in Nigeria. Strategies for early diagnosis of symptomatic breast cancer should be regarded as a major priority in cancer control programmes in SSA.
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Thermaenius, Elisabeth. "Prostasome ELISA - a potential marker for prostate cancer diagnosis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179493.
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Abstract The prostate gland, a male organ, situated right under the urine bladder, is involved in male reproduction. It can also be the place for more or less serious diseases such as inflammation, abnormal growth and cancer. Especially prostate cancer is very common in the Western world. Today PSA is the most widely used marker for detection of prostate cancer. Unfortunately, this method is not specific enough. Therefore, there is a need for a better marker for screening of malignant prostate cancer. The marker should be specific both for the organ prostate and for the cancer disease. One promising marker is the prostasome, a small vesicle emanating from epithelial cells in the ejaculatory ducts in the prostate. The aim of this project was to set up an ELISA and test a number of antibodies for their ability to work as suitable capture or detection antibodies. As blocking agent different concentrations of BSA were tested. Biotin-Streptavidin conjugate was used in the detection step. Two surface proteins, PSCA and PSMA were used as capture antigens; they are specific for prostasomes. Clusterin, a prostasomal surface-bound protein, was used as antigen for the secondary antibody in the assay. With this experimental setup the detection limit was 2500ng/mL, which is probably not enough to detect prostasomes in cancer. The development of the ELISA did not reach its final stage, a ready-to-use assay, during this project. We have not yet the knowledge of optimal antibody concentrations and the other test parameters are also at experimental state.
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Ayabei, Kiplagat. "Fabrication of luminescent nanocomposites for diagnosis of breast cancer." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5716.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Chemistry)In this study we were able to synthesize separately iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, InP/ZnSe and CdTe/ZnS quantum dots. The iron oxide nanoparticles were coupled with InP/ZnSe QDs to form the luminescent magnetic nanocomposite. The magnetic nanoparticles of the type iron oxide (?-Fe2O3) were synthesized using co-precipitation method owing to its advantages. The fluorescing material InP/ZnSe quantum dots were synthesized using hot injection technique. Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and L-cysteine were used to functionalize the iron oxide nanoparticles. The synthesized InP/ZnSe quantum dots were made water soluble by carrying out ligand exchange processes. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The quantum dots were characterized using photoluminescence Nanolog (PL), HRTEM, XRD, and FTIR. The fluorescent nanocomposite (?-Fe2O3-InP/ZnSe) was characterized using PL, SQUID, and HRTEM.
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Nordemar, Sushma. "Methods for early diagnosis of head and neck cancer /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-872-6/.
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Kassianos, Angelos. "Understanding lifestyle-related psychosocial processes after prostate cancer diagnosis." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/805144/.
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Prostate cancer diagnosis can result in patients losing control who then make efforts to cope by seeking information, social and medical support and changing their health behaviour. The objective of the Thesis is to investigate the psychosocial processes that influence prostate cancer patients’ coping process with an emphasis on dietary change. A mixed methods approach was used comprising of five studies. The first (Chapter 4) recruited 98 patients and significant others who completed an online survey. It found significant others to develop a need for treatment and interaction-specific information earlier than patients who were more in need for treatment and disease-specific information. Education predicted the time of information needs’ development. The second study (Chapter 5) recruited 126 GPs to an online survey and compared their responses to patients’ and significant others’. It found that GPs’ underestimate the time patients develop an interest in information whereas gender and years of practice can explain GPs’ perceptions of patients’ information needs. The third study (Chapter 6) systematically reviewed the literature to identify an association between dietary changes and quality of life identifying ten randomised-control trials and proposing that an association exists which needs further establishment on the pathways of the relationship. The fourth study (Chapter 7) recruited 95 patients on an online and paper survey and found that socio-demographic factors, cognitive functioning, external locus of control and cancer symptoms (dyspnea) can explain whether patients will change their diet after diagnosis but only cognitive functioning can explain changes after therapy has started. Finally, the fifth study (Chapter 8) used semi-structured interviews with eight patients and found that they develop an underlying mechanism that includes the determinants and the resulted evaluations of dietary change. Findings from the Thesis suggest that a holistic and patient-centred approach when targeting prostate cancer patients’ needs should be considered.
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Baillie-Hamilton, Paula. "Applications of magnetic resonance in cancer diagnosis and therapy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72d25d7c-4f5a-4bc4-9fb0-45f758c09d7b.
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Ali, Alaa Mostafa Galal. "Factors affecting prognosis after a diagnosis of breast cancer." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648891.
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Edwards, Nicola. "Experiences of support following a diagnosis of breast cancer." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/75773/.
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The literature review aimed to provide a greater understanding of male partners’ experiences of their female partner’s breast cancer. A comprehensive search for relevant qualitative studies was conducted which identified fourteen studies. The findings were synthesised using a meta-ethnography approach. Male partners were found to mirror the emotional reactions and responses of their partner’s and also found to manage difficult feelings by gathering information in order to re-establish balance within the family system. Providing male partners with information in accordance with their individual needs may help male partners meet the expectations of their role, reduce uncertainty and enable them to approach the diagnosis from a more informed position. The research paper aimed to explore the experience of friendships following a diagnosis of breast cancer. Using a qualitative design, ten women who had received a diagnosis of primary breast cancer were interviewed. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three super-ordinate themes were selected and discussed. The first theme explored ways in which breast cancer tested women’s expectations of their friendships, causing them to re-evaluate their quality and value; the second theme related to the importance of the proximity of their friends during the treatment phase of their illness; and the third described how time with friends post active treatment was re-evaluated based on the time and effort they had received from friends during their illness. Receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer therefore provided individuals with an opportunity to learn about the value and quality of their friendships. The critical appraisal reflects upon issues that arose while completing the research for this doctoral thesis. Obstacles and dilemmas faced during the different stages of the research process were discussed, the limitations of the research were explored and the potential implications for future research in this area were also considered.
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Hembury, Mathew Thomas. "Gold-silica quantum rattles for cancer therapy and diagnosis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14493.
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The Holy Grail of cancer research is to find effective treatments that can be easily delivered to diseased cells with minimal collateral damage to healthy tissue. In this context, recent developments in nanoparticle technology have aroused considerable interest with the promise of multifunctional vectors for both diagnostic and treatment of cancer. Recently, new emphasis has been placed on hybrid nanoparticle (NP) systems, where combinations of different types of nanostructured materials are used to create multimodal systems that exhibit the combined beneficial properties of the component modules. In particular, nanorattles, which are NPs with a core-shell structure containing a distinctive void separating the core material from the shell, constitute promising launch platforms for many biomedical applications. Current hybrid NP systems tend to concentrate on adding extra properties by increasing the number of modules and therefore, system complexity. However, added complexity in itself does not guarantee higher effectiveness. Therefore, in this thesis, a more holistic approach is proposed whereby simplicity, efficiency and usefulness of the design are not overlooked. The work presented here describes a gold-silica rattle-type particle, the Quantum Rattle (QR), made of a hollow mesoporous silica shell (HS) hosting two classes of hydrophobic gold nanostructures: gold quantum dots (AuQDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The HS stabilises the gold nanostructures, making them dispersible in water and thereby enables biomedical applications. It also allows passive targeting for the QR via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The AuQDs absorb and emit light in the near-infrared (NIR) biological window where blood and soft tissue are relatively transparent (650 nm - 900 nm). With their NIR photonics, the AuQDs mediate both photothermal therapy (PPT) and live infrared imaging. Finally, the hydrophobic AuNPs optimise the system’s drug carrying performance by increasing the payload’s loading efficiency as well as controlling its release profile. This thesis exhibits the first evidence of the intrinsic and efficient therapeutic and diagnostic potential of this new class of hybrid NP system and discusses how these results could have a significant impact on the growing field of nanosystems used for cancer treatment.
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Xu, Liang. "Giant magnetoresistive sensor for biomolecule detection and cancer diagnosis /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Larrieu, Jean-Charles. "Towards Instrumented Catheter for In Vivo Lung Cancer Diagnosis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/273074.
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Nowadays, to diagnose a lung cancer, a bronchoscopy is performed and a biological sample is extracted and analyzed by the anatomical pathology department of the hospital. Currently, there are no commercially available techniques allowing a real-time, in vivo, label-free diagnosis of lung cancer. The PREDICTION project aims to develop a biosensing tool gathering all the attributes mentioned above by combining optics, biochemistry and mechanics. The role of my research is to focus on the mechanics and to develop an instrumented catheter, acting as a shield of the biosensor. The choice of the material and the design were made based on the optical properties (visible under fluoroscopy) and the mechanical characteristics (trade-off between rigidity and compliance). In order to provide a stable measurement, the distal extremity of the instrumented catheter was shaped in the form of a conical needle. A window was patterned on the side of the instrumented catheter to expose the biosensor to the targeted tissue. The instrumented catheter was designed to be able to embed one biosensor and one control fibre. Its measurement integrity has been validated through in vitro and ex vivo experiments. In order to improve navigation outside the scope of the working channel of the bronchoscope, i.e. add one degree of freedom to the catheter, Shape Memory Polymers were investigated. Two prototypes were designed. The first prototype combines a soft pneumatic actuator with a shape memory polymer strip acting as a stiffness tuner. The Shape Memory Polymer structure proved to be efficient to fix the shape of the soft pneumatic actuator and also to increase the force it can provide. The second prototype combines a catheter with a Shape Memory Polymer strip. The experimental results proved the ability of the Shape Memory Polymer strip to develop a force high enough to bend a catheter with an adequate bending angle for in vivo lung navigation. To conclude, the work produced during this PhD resulted in the development of an instrumented catheter allowing real time, ex vivo, label-free diagnosis of lung cancer. Further work should be done on the instrumented catheter dimensions and sterilization to apply these results to in vivo diagnosis.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Waldon, Eric G. "School attendance following cancer diagnosis: A report based on the childhood cancer survivor study." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2621.
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Medical advances in the area of pediatric oncology have resulted in significantly increased rates of survivorship among children diagnosed with cancer. Accordingly, there has been increasing emphasis placed on long-term, quality-of-life issues for this population. Many agree that maintaining a typical or normalized lifestyle following diagnosis is important for positive adaptation and functioning during adulthood: many agree that, for children, school attendance is seen as an especially important developmental task. However, little attention has been paid to which variables are related to school absence and attendance following a cancer diagnosis. This study explored the extent to which illness-related and personal/environmental factors affect absence rates among a cohort of long-term survivors of pediatric cancer. Two samples ( n = 3039; n = 307) from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, a multi-institutional longitudinal investigation, were subjected to analysis. Findings suggest that: (1) The hypothesized set of illness-related factors do predict membership in either a high or low absence group; (2) Additional medical problems account for a significant proportion of the variance explaining school absence; (3) Several personal/environmental factors predict absence beyond that which is explained by the presence of additional medical problems; and (4) Self-esteem serves as a protective factor in terms of school absence, especially for those children receiving central nervous system treatment. Findings are discussed with regard to future research and recommendations aimed towards supporting school reentry for pediatric cancer patients.
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Cartwright, Laura A. "CANCER HEALTH LITERACY AND HOSPITALIZATION IN THE FIRST FIVE YEARS FOLLOWING A CANCER DIAGNOSIS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4429.
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BACKGROUND: The field of health literacy research has been focused recently on developing more accurate measurement tools and understanding the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes. Individuals with lower levels of health literacy have worse health outcomes, including hospitalization rates, compared to those with adequate health literacy. This relationship has yet to be examined in the cancer patient population, although significant relationships between health literacy and cancer knowledge, screening behavior and quality of life have been found. This study is the first to examine the relationship between health literacy and hospitalization rates in a cancer patient population, and the first to examine the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes using the recently developed Cancer Health Literacy Tests (CHLT-30, CHLT-6).
METHOD: These secondary data analyses matched data collected during the larger Cancer Health Literacy Study (CHLS) to hospital data from electronic medical records. This study examined the data of 778 CHLS participants interviewed within the first five years of their cancer diagnosis. The outcomes of interest were the number of inpatient hospital admissions, the total number of days spent hospitalized, and the number of 30-day hospital readmissions. Multivariate multiple negative binomial regression modeling was done to identify predictors of the three hospitalization outcomes.
RESULTS: The CHLT-30 was found to significantly predict number of inpatient admissions when controlling for confounding variables, total days hospitalized, and number of readmissions. The CHLT-6 significantly predicted total days spent hospitalized when controlling for number of inpatient admissions, number of 30-day readmissions, treatment, race, stage, number of comorbidities, dying, and education level, with those with limited health literacy spending more days in the hospital as compared to those with adequate health literacy.
CONCLUSION: This study produced mixed results regarding the significance of health literacy in predicting hospitalization rates in a cancer patient population. However, this study provides evidence that health literacy may be a mediator in this relationship and further work should be done to test a full or partial mediation model.
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Hellström, Ann-Cathrin. "Primary fallopian tube cancer : a clinical, histopathological, biological and prognostic study /." Stockholm, 1997. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1997/91-628-2742-1.
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Eaton, Michael Campbell. "Assessment of CD44 and K19 as markers for circulating breast cancer cells using immunobead RT-PCR /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09mde14.pdf.
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Lau, Suk-sze, and 劉淑思. "Comparison on clinical and pathological characteristics between screening detected and self discovery of breast cancer of a cohort ofHong Kong breast cancer patients." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46938527.
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Li, Siyue, and 李思越. "Novel theranostics based on hybrid nanoparticles for early cancer detection and treatment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207163.
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Nanoscience and nanotechnology have advanced rapidly in recent years and have made a profound impact in the medical field. Nanoparticles have attracted great attention for their potential as diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools in oncology owing to their unique properties. Theranostics are nanodevices with diagnostic, therapeutic and possibly treatment-monitoring functions for treating cancers. Different noble metal nanoparticles can provide the basic unit for theranostics. Suitably designed and developed noble metal nanoparticle-based theranostics will have multiple functions. In this project, the design, fabrication and performance of novel multifunctional nanodevices for cancer detection and treatment were investigated.
The foundation of this project was laid by investigating different types of hybrid nanoparticles for novel theranostics. Different approaches were developed for fabricating core-shell structured hybrid nanoparticles. Highly branched gold and gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles were firstly made. pH-sensitive folic acid-chitosan (CS-FA) conjugate was then introduced on these nanoparticles to form hybrid nanoparticles with a metal core (Au@CS-FA and Au-Ag@CS-FA). Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) micro- or nanoparticles were also produced to serve as the polymer core for forming hybrid particles with a gold or gold-silver nanoshell (PLGA@Au, CS@Au and PLGA@Ag-Au). Furthermore, Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles having both magnetic and plasmonic properties were investigated. Thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) polymer or pH-sensitive CS-FA was then coated on Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles, forming new hybrid nanoparticles. The formation mechanisms of nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles were studied.
Raman reporters (Rhodamine B or 4-mercaptobenzoic acid) and anti-cancer drugs (paclitaxel or 5-fluorouracil) were loaded into the polymer core or shell of hybrid nanoparticles to form multifunctional nanodevices. While the noble metal unit in the nanodevices provided high light-scattering enhancement for achieving photothermal effect, the polymer component encapsulated Raman reporter molecules and put them close to the metal nanoparticles for generating high surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals. These nanodevices could also serve as excellent drug carriers, and the stimulus-triggered release of incorporated drug was studied.
It was shown in this project that the conjugation of targeting ligand (e.g. folic acid) or antibody (e.g. anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody) on hybrid nanoparticles had formed novel theranostics which allowed selective detection, continuous imaging of intracellular behavior and killing of targeted cancer cells. These theranostics could be taken up by specific cancer cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and internalized into cytoplasma of the cell. These theranostics as stable SERS-active tags and imaging agents for HeLa cells, SK-BR-3 cancer cells or MCF-7 cancer cells were demonstrated. The targeting ability and intracellular uptake of these theranostics were studied. The photothermal effect of the theranostics was investigated using different laser irradiation powers. The anti-cancer treatment could be significantly improved by the synergistic effects of chemo- and photothermal therapy when these theranostics were also tasked as the carrier of anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, combining plasmonic metal nanoparticles with targeting ligand or antibody, magnetic nanoparticles, polymer shell or core, and anti-cancer drug has created advanced theranostics for the early detection and effective treatment of cancers. These novel theranostics have greatly improved capability for cancer detection and can provide multifunctions for cancer cell targeting, sensing/imaging and combined therapy.published_or_final_version
Mechanical Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Ho, Ashley See Lok. "Direct quantification of cancer biomarkers by fluorescence microscopy." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/164.
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As a high-resolution wide-field near-surface microscopy, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) has been widely applied for the study of biomolecules. Unlike those costly, sample consuming and time consuming traditional detection assays, the application of TIRFM enable the direct quantification of biomolecules in a sample pretreatment and enrichment free fashion. Taking advantages of the TIRFM imaging system, in this thesis we have applied the TIRFM imaging system to directly quantify the content of different cancer associated biomarkers. Four different detection approaches for direct cancer biomarkers quantification with the aid of TIRFM were herein presented respectively. In Chapter 2, a direct quantification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated miRNAs was described. In the assay, five different miRNAs were chosen as the target analytes, which hybridized with the synthetic complementary LNA, probe in solution. The duplex was labeled with intercalating fluorescence dye YOYO-1 and the signal was then detected by the TIRFM-EMCCD imaging system. The LNA probe exhibited a high binding affinity towards the complementary target miRNAs and a limit of detection of 8 pM was achieved. Since the LOD is far below the reported concentration of miRNAs found in body fluids, this developed assay is of high potential to serve as a tool for non-invasive detection of miRNAs for early disease diagnosis. In Chapter 3, an advanced single-molecule based assay for direct circulating miRNAs detection was developed. The assay was demonstrated to be capable of differentiating the expression of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) up-regulator hsa-mir-205 (mir-205) in serum collected from patients of different stages of NPC. To overcome the background matrix interference in serum, locked nucleic acid modified molecular beacon (LNA/MB) was applied as the detection probe to hybridize, capture and detect target mir-205 in serum matrix with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. A detection limit of 500 fM was achieved. The as-developed method was capable of differentiating NPC stages by the level of mir-205 quantified in serum with only 10 μL of serum and the whole assay can be completed in an hour. The experimental results agreed well with reported and while the quantity of mir-205 determined by our assay was found comparable to that of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), supporting that this assay can be served as a promising non-invasive detection tool for early NPC diagnosis, monitoring and staging. In chapter 4, a self-assembled protein nanofibril based online pre-concentrating sensor was developed. This solution-based hybridization assay was applied to quantified the amount of target miRNAs, mir-196a. Biotinylated locked nucleic acid (LNA) of complimentary sequence was served as the probe to capture the target miRNA analyte. The target hybridization duplex was immobilized on the backbone of the nanofibril through the biotin-streptavidin interaction. The quantification was achieved by the fluorescence intensity measured with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. A detection limit of 1 pM was achieved with trace amount of sample consumption. This assay showed efficient single-base mismatch discrimination. The applicability of quantifying circulating mir-196a in both normal and cancer patient’s serums was also demonstrated. In chapter 5, a magnetic nanoparticles based sandwich immunosensor with carbazole-based cyanine as the fluorescence labeling dye for the direct quantification of prostate cancer related antigen, PSA, was developed. Taking benefit of the magnetic property of the nanoparticles, the target sandwich immunocomposites can be easily online separated from the sample matrix. The as-developed assay can efficiently discriminate the target PSA from other disease related antigens and achieve a LOD of 400 fM (13 pg/mL) and a LOQ of 2 pM (0.66 ng/mL). As the whole detection assay can be completed in 1 h with only 10 μL of sample, this assay is fast and cost effective and of high potential for early disease and cancer diagnosis, staging and monitoring
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Cheung, Nga-yin Annie, and 張雅賢. "Cervical cancer screening: evolution from Paptest to molecular markers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46540465.
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Denton, William Edward. "Boundary and shape recognition for automated skin tumour diagnosis." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263973.
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Dawson, Sarah-Jane. "Molecular biomarkers in breast cancer." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609742.
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Chaudry, Qaiser Mahmood. "Improving cancer subtype diagnosis and grading using clinical decision support system based on computer-aided tissue image analysis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47745.
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This research focuses towards the development of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) based on cellular and tissue image analysis and classification system that improves consistency and facilitates the clinical decision making process. In a typical cancer examination, pathologists make diagnosis by manually reading morphological features in patient biopsy images, in which cancer biomarkers are highlighted by using different staining techniques. This process is subjected to pathologist's training and experience, especially when the same cancer has several subtypes (i.e. benign tumor subtype vs. malignant subtype) and the same cancer tissue biopsy contains heterogeneous morphologies in different locations. The variability in pathologist's manual reading may result in varying cancer diagnosis and treatment.
This Ph.D. research aims to reduce the subjectivity and variation existing in traditional histo-pathological reading of patient tissue biopsy slides through Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD). Using the CAD, quantitative molecular profiling of cancer biomarkers of stained biopsy images are obtained by extracting and analyzing texture and cellular structure features. In addition, cancer sub-type classification and a semi-automatic grade scoring (i.e. clinical decision making) for improved consistency over a large number of cancer subtype images can be performed. The CAD tools do have their own limitations and in certain cases the clinicians, however, prefer systems which are flexible and take into account their individuality when necessary by providing some control rather than fully automated system. Therefore, to be able to introduce CDSS in health care, we need to understand users' perspectives and preferences on the new information technology. This forms as the basis for this research where we target to present the quantitative information acquired through the image analysis, annotate the images and provide suitable visualization which can facilitate the process of decision making in a clinical setting.
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Pedro, Sónia Isabel Neto. "Concentration and purification of prostate cancer biomarkers envisaging an early diagnosis." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17499.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Bioquímica, ramo de Bioquímica ClínicaNowadays, prostate cancer is the third most common cause of death among men. Currently, there is no effective treatment when the tumor is diagnosed at an advanced stage. Given the high mortality rates associated with cancer, the identification and quantification of tumor biomarkers in human fluids and tissues have been the subject of intense research aiming more reliable diagnoses and to avoid excessive invasive treatments. In recent years, a special interest was also raised on the simultaneous analysis of several biomarkers for the same purpose, i.e., in order to make a more accurate diagnosis. Therefore, certain tumor markers, such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) widely used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, should be considered together with other relevant biomarkers, like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which has recently been indicated as an excellent prognostic and monitoring tool of treatment of the same type of cancer. Considering the current methods for the quantification and purification of these biomarkers, and since both are proteins and are present in complex biological media, they usually exhibit low selectivity and may lead to false positives or negatives. In this context, it is crucial to develop efficient and selective analytical methods for the identification and quantification of several tumor biomarkers present in the same biological sample. For this purpose, aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated as an alternative extraction and purification technique for these biomarkers from synthetic and real biological fluids. In this work, novel ABS capable of extracting and concentrating PSA from human urine, and SAB capable of extracting and purifying LDH from human serum, in a single-step, were identified, allowing thus the identification and quantification of both biomarkers in biological fluids using more expedite analytical equipment, such as size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC).
O cancro da próstata representa nos dias de hoje a terceira causa de morte mais comum entre os homens, sendo que, atualmente, não existe nenhum tratamento eficaz quando o tumor é diagnosticado já num estado avançado. Tendo em conta as elevadas taxas de mortalidade associadas ao cancro, a identificação e quantificação de biomarcadores tumorais em fluidos e tecidos humanos têm sido alvo de uma investigação intensa no sentido de efetuar diagnósticos mais fiáveis e evitar tratamentos invasivos excessivos. Alguns biomarcadores tumorais, como o antigénio prostático específico (PSA) amplamente utilizado para o diagnóstico do cancro da próstata, podem ser avaliados em conjunto com outros biomarcadores relevantes, surgindo neste sentido a identificação e quantificação da enzima lactato desidrogenase (LDH), que recentemente tem sido sugerida como uma excelente ferramenta de prognóstico e monitorização do tratamento do mesmo tipo de cancro. Tendo em conta que ambos os biomarcadores são proteínas e que os fluidos humanos são matrizes muito complexas, os métodos atuais de identificação e quantificação apresentam pouca seletividade e podem conduzir a falsos positivos ou negativos. Neste sentido, torna-se fundamental desenvolver alternativas eficientes para a identificação e quantificação de vários biomarcadores tumorais presentes na mesma amostra. Para este efeito, avaliaram-se sistemas aquosos bifásicos (SAB) constituídos por líquidos iónicos (LIs) como uma técnica alternativa de extração e purificação de PSA e LDH a partir de fluídos biológicos sintéticos e reais. Neste trabalho identificaram-se SAB promissores capazes de extrair e concentrar PSA a partir de amostras de urina, e SAB capazes de extrair e purificar LDH a partir de amostras de soro humano, num único passo, permitindo portanto a sua identificação e quantificação de ambos os biomarcadores em fluidos humanos por métodos analíticos mais expeditos, tal como cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência por exclusão molecular (SE-HPLC).