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1

Miller, Anthony B., ed. Diet and the Aetiology of Cancer. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74376-4.

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2

Choi, Alice. The role of occupational factors in brain cancer aetiology: An epidemiological study. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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3

Meanwell, Clive Arthur. Age and cervical cancer: An investigation of incidence, aetiology and prognosis in young women. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1987.

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4

MacKie, Rona M. Skin cancer: An illustrated guide to the aetiology, clinical features, pathology and management of benign and malignant cutaneous tumours. London: M. Dunitz, 1989.

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5

MacKie, Rona M. Skin cancer: An illustrated guide to the aetiology, clinical features, pathology and management of benign and malignant cutaneous tumors. London: Dunitz, 1989.

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6

Miller, Anthony B. Diet and the Aetiology of Cancer. Springer, 2012.

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7

B, Miller A., ed. Diet and the aetiology of cancer. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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8

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Aetiology and epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0001.

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Describes how cancer care is structured and explains rationale and components of multidisciplinary teams. This runs through cancer care from diagnosis to terminal care and has resulted in better quality and outcomes for patients
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9

Patel, Nilay, David Cranston, and Mark Sullivan. The aetiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and investigation of kidney cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0083.

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Over 270,000 patients worldwide are diagnosed with renal cancer every year. It is the most lethal of all urological malignancies, with 33–44% of patients dying as a result of the disease. The past three decades has seen the incidence of renal cancer increasing by approximately 2% per year. This increased incidence has predominantly been within localized tumours, detected incidentally due to the increased use of cross-sectional imaging in medical practice. Despite an increase in the number of patients undergoing surgery for renal cancer, mortality rates have continued to rise. There is some evidence to suggest this may be a consequence of the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of small renal masses. At present, there is no justification for national screening programmes for renal cancer.
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10

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Anal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0016.

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Outlines the symptoms, epidemiology, aetiology, pathology and metastatic patterns of the disease. Guides to diagnosis, staging and planning therapy. Outlines surgical, radiotherapy and chemotherapy options for both early stage and metastatic disease. Describes the more commonly used chemotherapy regimens and the rationale for choice between them. Illustrates some of the controversial aspects of care.
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11

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Upper gastrointestinal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0017.

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Outlines the epidemiology, aetiology, pathology and metastatic patterns of the disease. Guides to symptoms,diagnosis, staging and planning therapy. Outlines surgical, radiotherapy and chemotherapy options for both early stage and metastatic disease.
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12

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. The genetics of cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0002.

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13

(Editor), J. P. Wolff, and James Steel Scott (Editor), eds. Hormones and Sexual Factors in Human Cancer Aetiology (International congress series). Elsevier, 1985.

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14

Mayr, Roman, and Maximilian Burger. Squamous cell bladder cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0080.

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In the developed countries, over 90% of the bladder cancer cases are transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinomas, and rare types of bladder cancer comprising the remaining 10% of bladder cancer cases. In Western regions, pure SCC of the bladder constitutes 1.2–4.5% of all bladder tumours. SCC can occur in both non-bilharzial and bilharzial bladders; the two subtypes differ in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical outcome. Squamous cell carcinoma in the bilharzial bladder is an endemic disease in many regions of the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. The knowledge of SCC of the bladder is nevertheless important due to different aetiology, clinical pathways, and clinical outcome.
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15

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Breast cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0014_update_001.

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Thoracic cancer examines the epidemiology, aetiology, and role of screening and prevention in the reduction of deaths from lung cancer, the majority caused by cigarette smoking. The pathology and genetics of lung cancer, with particular note of the driver mutations, are followed by the symptoms and signs of the disease. Appropriate investigations are described to stage the tumour. The optimum treatment for localised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgical resection, followed in some cases by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, most cases present with disease too advanced for surgery, and for these chemotherapy and radiotherapy are appropriate. Metastatic NSCLC can be treated with platinum based doublet chemotherapy with modest palliative benefits. Metastatic NSCLC with specific driver mutations are amenable to control by targeted therapy. Locally advanced NSCLC is often treated with similar chemotherapy and radiotherapy, ideally administered concurrently, to achieve symptom relief but also improved survival rates. Short course simple radiotherapy offers symptom relief in patients not fit for chemotherapy. Patients with localised NSCLC who are not fit for surgery, may benefit from radical radiotherapy, particularly stereotactic radiotherapy. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by almost universal systemic spread, so that surgery is rarely appropriate. Staging is similar to NSCLC, and chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, usually cisplatin or carboplatin combined with etoposide. When possible, this is combined with concurrent thoracic irradiation covering all radiological sites of disease. Prophylactic cranial irradiation reduces the risk of CNS disease. Malignant pleural mesothelioma is caused by occupational asbestos exposure. Symptoms and signs, investigation and staging, and management are discussed. Thymic tumours, their pathology, presenting symptoms including paraneoplastic syndromes, investigation, staging and treatment are reviewed.
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16

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Amen Sibtain. Colorectal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0015_update_001.

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Breast cancer reviews the epidemiology and aetiology of this malignancy, with particular attention to the genetics underlying familial breast cancer, its pathology along with its receptors, oestrogen receptor (ER), the growth factor receptor HER2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the bearing these have on treatment and prognosis. The benefits of breast cancer screening in the population and families at higher risk are discussed. Presenting symptoms and signs are followed by investigation including examination, bilateral mammography, and core biopsy of suspicious lesions. Management of non-invasive in situ disease is considered. Invasive breast cancer is staged according to TNM guidelines. Early breast cancer is defined, managed frequently by breast conserving surgery and sentinel node biopsy from the axilla. A positive sentinel node biopsy requires clearance of the axilla. Larger lesions may require mastectomy. Breast radiotherapy is indicated after breast conserving surgery. Following surgery, the risk of systemic micrometastatic disease is estimated from the primary size, lymph node spread, and tumour grade. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves treatment outcome in all but very good prognosis premenopausal breast cancer, and intermediate or poor prognosis postmenopausal breast cancer. This is combined with trastuzumab in HER2 positive disease. Adjuvant endocrine therapy is recommended for all ER positive breast cancer, tamoxifen in premenopausal, aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be used in large operable breast cancers to facilitate breast conserving surgery. Locally advanced breast cancer is defined, its high risk of metastatic disease requiring full staging before treatment. Systemic therapy is often best first treatment, according to receptor profile. Metastatic breast cancer although incurable can be controlled for years using endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, trastuzumab, palliative radiotherapy, and bisphosphonates as appropriate. Male breast cancer is uncommon, but management similar.
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17

Skin Cancer: An Illustrated Guide to the Aetiology, Clinical Features, Pathology and Management of Benign and Malignant Cutaneous Tumours. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, 1996.

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18

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Thromboembolic and cardiac emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0034.

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Describes the incidence and aetiology of excessive clotting and / or bleeding diathesis in cancer. This includes descriptions of disseminated intravascular coagulation, deep vein thrombosis. Outlines investigations and immediate therapy options.Also discusses cardiac events including pericardial effusions. Describes aetiology, pathophysiology, investiagation and therapy of this medical emergency.
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19

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Genitourinary cancers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0019.

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20

Wager, Julia, and Boris Zernikow. Pain in children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0041.

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Pain management in children is a specialized service. Pain aetiology, assessment, and treatment vary at every age from pre-term foetuses at 23 weeks gestation to adolescence. In this chapter of European Pain Management advances in our understanding of pain assessment are reviewed, particularly in the use of developmentally relevant technology. Advances in acute pain, cancer pain, and in chronic pain are also reviewed, with a special focus on innovations in multidisciplinary treatments for chronic pain. There is a need to raise awareness and understanding of the needs of paediatric pain patients, and their family members. Education for all professionals who interact with pain patients is essential, as is the need to invest in specialized pain management services, and professionals, across Europe.
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21

Mitchell, David A., and Laura Mitchell. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199679850.001.0001.

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Concise and practically focused, this new edition of the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry balances a pragmatic approach alongside evidence-based clinical knowledge, guidelines and protocols. With even more images and diagrams to aid understanding, it has been fully updated with sources and further reading, including the most up-to-date e-learning and web resources. This online resource includes revised chapters on fast-moving areas of dental practice such as therapeutics and anaesthesia, as well as updates on the aetiology and management of cancer, reflecting recent discoveries. New material also includes the impact of bisphosphonates, and new approaches to the management of Class III malocclusions in the growing child. Sections on the differences in healthcare and legal requirements of the UK devolved countries have been added, and all life support protocols have been updated.
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22

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Endocrine cancers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0018.

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This chapter examines the aetiology, diagnosis, and management of malignant tumours of the oesophagus, stomach, and small intestine as well as those of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and the biliary tree. It highlights the multidisciplinary approach to these tumours and illustrates the improved results now being seen through this approach.
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23

Zeppetella, Giovambattista. Clarifying the concept of breakthrough pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0054.

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The 1990 publication ‘Breakthrough pain: Definition, prevalence and characteristics’ was the first to study to describe breakthrough pain as a discrete pain state. Using the definition that ‘breakthrough pain is a transient increase in the intensity of moderate or severe pain, occurring in the presence of well-established baseline pain’ the authors interviewed 90 cancer pain patients and identified 51 types of breakthrough pain; these varied widely with respect to severity, location, temporal characteristics, relationship to scheduled analgesia, precipitating events, predictability, pathophysiology, aetiology, and palliative factors. As a result of Portenoy and Hagen’s survey, breakthrough pain has been studied as a discrete pain state for almost 30 years, and recognized as an important clinical problem in its own right. An increasing number of published studies exist, with ongoing debate about the breakthrough pain definition, pain assessment, and pain management.
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24

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Head and neck cancers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0021.

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Outlines the epidemiology, aetiology, pathology and metastatic patterns of the common gynaecological diseases. Includes ovarian, uterine, cervical, vulval and trophoblastic cancers. Guides to diagnosis, staging and planning therapy. Outlines surgical, radiotherapy and chemotherapy options for both early stage and metastatic disease. Highlights the common dilemmas in planning therapy in women of child bearing potential and older women with concurrent illneses.
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25

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Skin cancers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0023_update_001.

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Tumours of the central nervous system examines the epidemiology, aetiology, genetics and pathology of these heterogeneous tumours. Clinical presentation reflects the site of origin and rate of growth. Investigation usually comprises imaging (MRI superior to CT for most), and biopsy; requirement for additional staging depends on pathology. The treatment of low-grade gliomas may be delayed if small with few symptoms, otherwise surgery and/or radiotherapy. High grade gliomas may be managed with surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy in fit patients. Unfit patients should be offered supportive care only. Brief summaries are provided for management of ependymoma, pineal tumours, meningioma, germ-cell CNS tumours, pituitary tumours, CNS lymphoma, acoustic neuroma, medulloblastoma, and spinal cord tumours. Radiotherapy for primary CNS tumours is described along with its side effects, and chemotherapy for these diseases is reviewed. Brain metastases far outnumber primary brain tumours, with generally poor prognosis, but this relates both to the pathology and patient performance status. Appropriate treatment may include surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy.
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26

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Haematological malignancies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0024.

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27

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Tumours of the central nervous system. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0022.

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28

Chinoy, Hector, and Robert G. Cooper. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0124.

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Polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM) form part of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), a heterogeneous group of rare autoimmune diseases characterized by an acquired proximal muscle weakness, raised muscle enzymes (including creatine kinase), inflammatory cell infiltrates in muscle biopsy tissue, electrophysiological abnormalities, and presence of circulating myositis-specific/myositis-associated autoantibodies. The underlying aetiology of IIM is poorly understood, but likely involves interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors. Myositis may also manifest in association with other connective tissue disorders. The predominant clinical presentation of IIM is skeletal muscle weakness, but many extramuscular features can also occur. Access to good neuropathological support is essential in securing an accurate IIM diagnosis and excluding non-inflammatory myopathies, although IBM is often difficult to distinguish from PM. Antibody testing can help define IIM clinical subtypes, including cancer-associated myositis, predict prognosis, and help in optimizing treatment decisions. MRI can be invaluable for differentiating disease activity from damage, and detecting treatment-induced interval changes. Therapeutic effectiveness of new and existing treatments (where the evidence base remains poor) depends on making a prompt diagnosis and initiating early and appropriately aggressive treatment to prevent establishment of muscle damage. This chapter attempts to summarize the salient features of IIM and update the reader about currently used diagnostics and treatment paradigms in this rare and understudied disease.
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29

Lee, Olivia T., Jennifer N. Wu, Frederick J. Meyers, and Christopher P. Evans. Genitourinary aspects of palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0084.

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Genitourinary tract diseases in the palliative care setting most commonly involve urinary tract obstruction, intractable bleeding, fistulae, and bladder-associated pain. Sources of obstruction in the lower urinary tract include benign prostatic hyperplasia, invasive prostate or bladder cancer, urethral stricture, or bladder neck contracture. Upper tract obstruction includes intraluminal or extraluminal blockage of the renal collecting system and ureters, such as transitional cell carcinoma, fibroepithelial polyps, stricture, stones, pelvic or retroperitoneal malignancy, fibrosis, or prior radiation. Untreated, obstructive uropathy leads to elevated bladder, ureter, and kidney pressures, bladder dysfunction, urolithiasis, renal failure, pyelonephritis, or urosepsis. Intractable haematuria can cause problematic anaemia, frequent transfusions, clot retention, haemorrhagic shock, and death. In addition, urinary tract fistulae such as vesicovaginal and vesicoenteric fistulae are common in patients who have had prior pelvic surgery or radiation especially in the setting of immunocompromise, poor nutrition, and infection. Untreated, these symptoms lead to rash, skin breakdown, ulcers, chronic infection, and sepsis. Lastly, pelvic and bladder pain, depending on aetiology can be treated with oral medications, intravesical therapies, or surgical therapies such as palliative resection or urinary diversion. Selection of tests and treatment modalities in the palliative care setting should be based on using the least invasive means to achieve the most relief in suffering. Some genitourinary conditions are potentially fatal, and in the acute or subacute setting, require re-evaluation of the end-of-life goals and wishes of the patient and family.
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30

Radović, Milan, and Adalbert Schiller. Balkan endemic nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0090_update_001.

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Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, slowly progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis, with familial clustering, occurring in several endemic rural regions in countries of the Balkan Peninsula. BEN is characterized by anaemia, tubular proteinuria, renal shrinkage, and slowly declining glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Up to one-third of patients may also develop upper urothelial tumours. The aetiology of BEN is unclear; chronic exposure to aristolochic acid and a polygenic predisposition are the most likely contributing factors. The major pathological characteristics of BEN are symmetrically shrunken, smooth-shaped kidneys, with interstitial fibrosis, mild interstitial inflammation, and tubular atrophy. Diagnosis is usually based upon positive family history of BEN, past or current residence in endemic regions, tubular proteinuria, tubular dysfunctions (such as urine acidification defects, salt wasting, and impaired excretion of ammonia, uric acid, and phosphate), scant urinary sediment, bilateral and symmetrically reduced kidney size, accompanied by severe anaemia, disproportionate to the degree of GFR reduction. There is no specific therapy for BEN; patients should therefore be treated as all patients with chronic kidney disease, in general. The use of distant water supplies or moving to another residence area should be advised to affected families. Careful evaluation for urothelial cancers is mandatory in patients with haematuria.
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