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Journal articles on the topic 'Canary upwelling'

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Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Lachkar, Z., and N. Gruber. "What controls biological productivity in coastal upwelling systems? Insights from a comparative modeling study." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 14, 2011): 5617–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-5617-2011.

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Abstract. The magnitude of the biological productivity in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) is traditionally viewed as directly reflecting the upwelling intensity. Yet, different EBUS show different sensitivities of productivity to upwelling-favorable winds (Carr and Kearns, 2003). Here, using a comparative modeling study of the California Current System (California CS) and Canary Current System (Canary CS), we show how physical and environmental factors, such as light, temperature and cross-shore circulation modulate the response of biological productivity to upwelling strength. To this end, we made a series of eddy-resolving simulations of the California CS and Canary CS using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), coupled to a nitrogen based Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model. We find the nutrient content of the euphotic zone to be 20 % smaller in the Canary CS relative to the California CS. Yet, the biological productivity is 50 % smaller in the latter. This is due to: (1) a faster nutrient-replete growth in the Canary CS relative to the California CS, related to a more favorable light and temperature conditions in the Canary CS, and (2) the longer nearshore water residence times in the Canary CS which lead to larger buildup of biomass in the upwelling zone, thereby enhancing the productivity. The longer residence times in the Canary CS appear to be associated with the wider continental shelves and the lower eddy activity characterizing this upwelling system. This results in a weaker offshore export of nutrients and organic matter, thereby increasing local nutrient recycling and enhancing the coupling between new and export production in the Northwest African system. Our results suggest that climate change induced perturbations such as upwelling favorable wind intensification might lead to contrasting biological responses in the California CS and the Canary CS, with major implications for the biogeochemical cycles and fisheries in these two ecosystems.

2

Lachkar, Z., and N. Gruber. "What controls biological production in coastal upwelling systems? Insights from a comparative modeling study." Biogeosciences 8, no. 10 (October 21, 2011): 2961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2961-2011.

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Abstract. The magnitude of net primary production (NPP) in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) is traditionally viewed as directly reflecting the wind-driven upwelling intensity. Yet, different EBUS show different sensitivities of NPP to upwelling-favorable winds (Carr and Kearns, 2003). Here, using a comparative modeling study of the California Current System (California CS) and Canary Current System (Canary CS), we show how physical and environmental factors, such as light, temperature and cross-shore circulation modulate the response of NPP to upwelling strength. To this end, we made a series of eddy-resolving simulations of the two upwelling systems using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS), coupled to a nitrogen-based Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model. Using identical ecological/biogeochemical parameters, our coupled model simulates a level of NPP in the California CS that is 50 % smaller than that in the Canary CS, in agreement with observationally based estimates. We find this much lower NPP in the California CS despite phytoplankton in this system having nearly 20 % higher nutrient concentrations available to fuel their growth. This conundrum can be explained by: (1) phytoplankton having a faster nutrient-replete growth in the Canary CS relative to the California CS; a consequence of more favorable light and temperature conditions in the Canary CS, and (2) the longer nearshore water residence times in the Canary CS, which permit a larger buildup of biomass in the upwelling zone, thereby enhancing NPP. The longer residence times in the Canary CS appear to be a result of the wider continental shelves and the lower mesoscale activity characterizing this upwelling system. This results in a weaker offshore export of nutrients and organic matter, thereby increasing local nutrient recycling and reducing the spatial decoupling between new and export production in the Canary CS. Our results suggest that climate change-induced perturbations such as upwelling favorable wind intensification might lead to contrasting biological responses in the California CS and the Canary CS, with major implications for the biogeochemical cycles and fisheries in these two ecosystems.

3

Barton, E. D., D. B. Field, and C. Roy. "Canary current upwelling: More or less?" Progress in Oceanography 116 (September 2013): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.007.

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4

Polonsky, A. B., and A. N. Screbrennikov. "Low-frequency variability of the wind field, geostrophic velocities and ocean surface temperature in Сanary upwelling according to satellite data." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2017-1-75-82.

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The effect of long-period variability of the speed and direction of sea surface winds, absolute geostrophic velocities on the sea surface temperature (SST) and thermal upwelling index (TUI) trends in the Canary upwelling region is considered using satellite data from 1980 to 2016. Despite the statistically significant intensification of the surface wind in the region, there were no long-term trends in the upwelling intensity (expressed in SST terms), as well as in the geostrophic velocities. It is concluded that the absence of a significant intensification of the Canary upwelling with the increase of the drift wind in the region is associated with a general weakening of the northeast trade wind due to the observed global warming.

5

Gómez-Gesteira, M., M. de Castro, I. Álvarez, M. N. Lorenzo, J. L. G. Gesteira, and A. J. C. Crespo. "Spatio-temporal Upwelling Trends along the Canary Upwelling System (1967-2006)." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1146, no. 1 (December 2008): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1446.004.

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6

Mason, Evan, Francois Colas, and Josep L. Pelegrí. "A Lagrangian study tracing water parcel origins in the Canary Upwelling System." Scientia Marina 76, S1 (August 31, 2012): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03608.18d.

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7

Sylla, Adama, Emilia Sanchez Gomez, Juliette Mignot, and Jorge López-Parages. "Impact of increased resolution on the representation of the Canary upwelling system in climate models." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 8245–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8245-2022.

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Abstract. We investigate the representation of the Canary upwelling system (CUS) in six global coupled climate models operated at high and standard resolution as part of the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP). The models' performance in reproducing the observed CUS is assessed in terms of various upwelling indices based on sea surface temperature (SST), wind stress, and sea surface height, focusing on the effect of increasing model spatial resolution. Our analysis shows that possible improvement in upwelling representation due to the increased spatial resolution depends on the subdomain of the CUS considered. Strikingly, along the Iberian Peninsula region, which is the northernmost part of the CUS, the models show lower skill at higher resolution compared to their corresponding lower-resolution version in both components for all the indices analyzed in this study. In contrast, over the southernmost part of the CUS, from the north of Morocco to the Senegalese coast, the high-ocean- and high-atmosphere-resolution models simulate a more realistic upwelling than the standard-resolution models, which largely differ from the range of observational estimates. These results suggest that increasing resolution is not a sufficient condition to obtain a systematic improvement in the simulation of the upwelling phenomena as represented by the indices considered here, and other model improvements notably in terms of the physical parameterizations may also play a role.

8

Barton, E. D., J. Arı́stegui, P. Tett, M. Cantón, J. Garcı́a-Braun, S. Hernández-León, L. Nykjaer, et al. "The transition zone of the Canary Current upwelling region." Progress in Oceanography 41, no. 4 (October 1998): 455–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(98)00023-8.

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9

Arístegui, Javier, Eric D. Barton, Xosé A. Álvarez-Salgado, A. Miguel P. Santos, Francisco G. Figueiras, Souad Kifani, Santiago Hernández-León, Evan Mason, Eric Machú, and Hervé Demarcq. "Sub-regional ecosystem variability in the Canary Current upwelling." Progress in Oceanography 83, no. 1-4 (December 2009): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.031.

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10

Sydeman, W. J., M. García-Reyes, D. S. Schoeman, R. R. Rykaczewski, S. A. Thompson, B. A. Black, and S. J. Bograd. "Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems." Science 345, no. 6192 (July 3, 2014): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1251635.

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In 1990, Andrew Bakun proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support Bakun’s hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun’s hypothesis of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.

11

deCastro, M., M. Gómez-Gesteira, X. Costoya, and F. Santos. "Upwelling influence on the number of extreme hot SST days along the Canary upwelling ecosystem." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119, no. 5 (May 2014): 3029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jc009745.

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12

Georg, Tina, Maria C. Neves, and Paulo Relvas. "The signature of NAO and EA climate patterns on the vertical structure of the Canary Current upwelling system." Ocean Science 19, no. 2 (March 30, 2023): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-19-351-2023.

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Abstract. The current study aims to analyse the vertical structure of the ocean during upwelling events using in situ and modelled data. Additionally, the influence of climate patterns, namely the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, on the vertical structure and their impact on the upwelling activity are assessed for a period of 25 years (1993–2017). The study focuses on the central part of the Canary Current (25–35∘ N) with persistent upwelling throughout the year, with an annual cycle and the strongest events from June to September. Upwelling is determined using two different approaches: one index is calculated based on temperature differences between the coastal and the offshore area, and the other is calculated based on wind data and the resulting Ekman transport. Different datasets were chosen according to the indices. Stable coastal upwelling can be observed in the study area for the analysed time span, with differences throughout the latitudes. A deepening of the isothermal layer depth and a cooling of temperatures are observed in the vertical structure of coastal waters, representing a deeper mixing of the ocean and the rise of cooler, denser water towards the surface. During years of a positive NAO, corresponding to a strengthening of the Azores High and the Icelandic Low, stronger winds lead to an intensification of the upwelling activity, an enhanced mixing of the upper ocean, and a deeper (shallower) isothermal layer along the coast (offshore). The opposite is observed in years of negative NAO. Both effects are enhanced in years with a coupled, opposite phase of the EA pattern and are mainly visible during winter months, where the effect of both indices is the greatest. The study therefore suggests that upwelling activities are stronger in winters of positive North Atlantic Oscillation coupled with a negative East Atlantic pattern and emphasizes the importance of interactions between the climate patterns and upwelling.

13

Marrero-Betancort, Nerea, Javier Marcello, Dionisio Rodríguez Esparragón, and Santiago Hernández-León. "Wind variability in the Canary Current during the last 70 years." Ocean Science 16, no. 4 (August 6, 2020): 951–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-951-2020.

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Abstract. Climate evolves following natural variability, and knowledge of these trends is of paramount importance to understand future scenarios in the frame of global change. Obtaining local data is also of importance since climatic anomalies depend on the geographical area. In this sense, the Canary Current is located in one of the major eastern boundary current systems and is mainly driven by the trade winds. The latter promote Ekman transport and give rise to one of the most important upwelling zones of the world on the northwest African coast. Nearly 30 years ago, Bakun (1990) raised a hypothesis contending that coastal upwelling in eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) might be intensified by global warming due to the enhancement of the trade winds, increasing pressure differences between the ocean and the continent. Using available NCEP/NCAR wind data north of the Canary Islands from 1948 to 2017, we show that trade wind intensity experienced a net decrease of 1 m s−1. Moreover, these winds are strongly influenced, as expected, by large-scale atmospheric patterns such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In addition, we found a relationship between the wind pattern and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), indicating that the ocean contributes to multidecadal atmospheric variability in this area of the ocean with a considerable lag (>10 years).

14

Varela, Rubén, Maite DeCastro, Laura Rodriguez-Diaz, João Miguel Dias, and Moncho Gómez-Gesteira. "Examining the Ability of CMIP6 Models to Reproduce the Upwelling SST Imprint in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2022): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121970.

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Knowing future changes in the sea surface temperature (SST) is of vital importance since they can affect marine ecosystems, especially in areas of high productivity such as the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS). In this sense, it is key to have fine resolution models to study the SST patterns as close as possible to the coast where the upwelling influence is greater. Thus, the main objective of the present work is to assess the ability of 23 General Circulation Models (GCMs) from phase six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in reproducing the upwelling SST imprint in the EBUS through a comparison with the Optimum Interpolation of Sea Surface Temperature (OISST ¼) database of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the common period of 1982–2014. The results have shown that most of the CMIP6 GCMs overestimate nearshore SST for all the EBUS with the exception of Canary. Overall, the models with better resolution showed lower Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) and Normalized Bias (NBias), although the ability of the models is dependent on the study area. Thus, the most suitable models for each EBUS are the CNRM-HR, GFDL-CM4, HadGEM-MM, CMCC-VHR4, and EC-Earth3P for Canary; CESM1-HR, CMCC-VHR4, ECMWF-HR, and HadGEM-HM for Humboldt; and HadGEM-HH and HadGEM-HM for California. In the case of Benguela, no model adequately reproduces the SST imprint under the conditions established in the present study.

15

Bonino, Giulia, Elisa Lovecchio, Nicolas Gruber, Matthias Münnich, Simona Masina, and Doroteaciro Iovino. "Drivers and impact of the seasonal variability of the organic carbon offshore transport in the Canary upwelling system." Biogeosciences 18, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 2429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021.

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Abstract. The Canary upwelling system (CanUS) is a productive coastal region characterized by strong seasonality and an intense offshore transport of organic carbon (Corg) to the adjacent oligotrophic offshore waters. There, the respiration of this Corg substantially modifies net community production (NCP). While this transport and the resulting coupling of the biogeochemistry between the coastal and open ocean has been well studied in the annual mean, the temporal variability, and especially its seasonality, has not yet been investigated. Here, we determine the seasonal variability of the offshore transport of Corg, its mesoscale component, latitudinal differences, and the underlying physical and biological drivers. To this end, we employ the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) coupled to a nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton–detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model. Our results reveal the importance of the mesoscale fluxes and of the upwelling processes (coastal upwelling and Ekman pumping) in modulating the seasonal variation of the offshore Corg transport. We find that the region surrounding Cape Blanc (21∘ N) hosts the most intense Corg offshore flux in every season, linked to the persistent, and far reaching Cape Blanc filament and its interaction with the Cape Verde Front. Coastal upwelling filaments dominate the seasonality of the total offshore flux up to 100 km from the coast, contributing in every season at least 80 % to the total flux. The seasonality of the upwelling modulates the offshore Corg seasonality hundreds of kilometers from the CanUS coast via lateral redistribution of nearshore production. North of 24.5∘ N, the sharp summer–fall peak of coastal upwelling results in an export of more than 30 % of the coastal Corg at 100 km offshore due to a combination of intensified nearshore production and offshore fluxes. To the south, the less pronounced upwelling seasonality regulates an overall larger but farther-reaching and less seasonally varying lateral flux, which exports between 60 % and 90 % of the coastal production more than 100 km offshore. Overall, we show that the temporal variability of nearshore processes modulates the variability of Corg and NCP hundreds of kilometers offshore from the CanUS coast via the offshore transport of the nearshore production.

16

Barton, E. D., and J. Arístegui. "The Canary Islands coastal transition zone – upwelling, eddies and filaments." Progress in Oceanography 62, no. 2-4 (August 2004): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.08.003.

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17

Abrantes, Fatima, Pedro Cermeno, Cristina Lopes, Oscar Romero, Lélia Matos, Jolanda Van Iperen, Marta Rufino, and Vitor Magalhães. "Diatoms Si uptake capacity drives carbon export in coastal upwelling systems." Biogeosciences 13, no. 14 (July 18, 2016): 4099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4099-2016.

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Abstract. Coastal upwelling systems account for approximately half of global ocean primary production and contribute disproportionately to biologically driven carbon sequestration. Diatoms, silica-precipitating microalgae, constitute the dominant phytoplankton in these productive regions, and their abundance and assemblage composition in the sedimentary record is considered one of the best proxies for primary production. The study of the sedimentary diatom abundance (SDA) and total organic carbon content (TOC) in the five most important coastal upwelling systems of the modern ocean (Iberia–Canary, Benguela, Peru–Humboldt, California, and Somalia–Oman) reveals a global-scale positive relationship between diatom production and organic carbon burial. The analysis of SDA in conjunction with environmental variables of coastal upwelling systems such as upwelling strength, satellite-derived net primary production, and surface water nutrient concentrations shows different relations between SDA and primary production on the regional scale. On the global scale, SDA appears modulated by the capacity of diatoms to take up silicic acid, which ultimately sets an upper limit to global export production in these ocean regions.

18

Sousa, Magda Catarina, Ines Alvarez, Maite deCastro, Moncho Gomez-Gesteira, and João Miguel Dias. "Seasonality of coastal upwelling trends under future warming scenarios along the southern limit of the canary upwelling system." Progress in Oceanography 153 (April 2017): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.002.

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19

Benazzouz, Aïssa, Khalid El Had, Hassan Mabchour, Samira Mellass, and Hervé Demarcq. "Potential Roles Of Eddy Kenetic Energy And Turbulence In Controlling The Bio-optical Ocean Proprieties." E3S Web of Conferences 279 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127904001.

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In the Canary Current System (CCS), coherent structures and concurrent movements of surface waters such as meanders, filaments and eddies strongly control the ocean bio-optical proprieties response to the coastal upwelling process. One of the outstanding problems is to understand the mechanisms of the bio-optical proprieties transfer and the connection mechanism between the coastal band and the ocean interior. We use a combination of satellite data and derived mesoscale indicators to provide a comprehensive view of the relationship between the physical and bio-optical proprieties off Moroccan upwelling region (part of the CCS) in terms of wind impulse responsible of sea turbulence, sea surface temperature (SST) response of the wind stress and ocean color proprieties considered as bio-optical ocean proxy response. To optimize the predicted ranges of these parameters, Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was applied. We conclude that the energetic mesoscales structures as seen from the satellite climatology observations can provide insight into dominant transport pathways controlling the bio-optical exchange from the coastal area to the ocean interior structured as an oceanic corridor connecting the Moroccan area to the Canary archipelagos.

20

Grecian, W. James, Matthew J. Witt, Martin J. Attrill, Stuart Bearhop, Peter H. Becker, Carsten Egevang, Robert W. Furness, et al. "Seabird diversity hotspot linked to ocean productivity in the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem." Biology Letters 12, no. 8 (August 2016): 20160024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0024.

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Upwelling regions are highly productive habitats targeted by wide-ranging marine predators and industrial fisheries. In this study, we track the migratory movements of eight seabird species from across the Atlantic; quantify overlap with the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) and determine the habitat characteristics that drive this association. Our results indicate the CCLME is a biodiversity hotspot for migratory seabirds; all tracked species and more than 70% of individuals used this upwelling region. Relative species richness peaked in areas where sea surface temperature averaged between 15 and 20°C, and correlated positively with chlorophyll a , revealing the optimum conditions driving bottom-up trophic effects for seabirds. Marine vertebrates are not confined by international boundaries, making conservation challenging. However, by linking diversity to ocean productivity, our research reveals the significance of the CCLME for seabird populations from across the Atlantic, making it a priority for conservation action.

21

Bentamy, Abderrahim, Semyon A. Grodsky, Gildas Cambon, Pierre Tandeo, Xavier Capet, Claude Roy, Steven Herbette, and Antoine Grouazel. "Twenty-Seven Years of Scatterometer Surface Wind Analysis over Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050940.

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More than twelve satellite scatterometers have operated since 1992 through the present, providing the main source of surface wind vector observations over global oceans. In this study, these scatterometer winds are used in combination with radiometers and synthetic aperture radars (SAR) for the better determination and characterization of high spatial and temporal resolution of regional surface wind parameters, including wind speed and direction, wind stress components, wind stress curl, and divergence. In this paper, a 27-year-long (1992–2018) 6-h satellite wind analysis with a spatial resolution of 0.125° in latitude and longitude is calculated using spatial structure functions derived from high-resolution SAR data. The main objective is to improve regional winds over three major upwelling regions (the Canary, Benguela, and California regions) through the use of accurate and homogenized wind observations and region-specific spatial and temporal wind variation structure functions derived from buoy and SAR data. The long time series of satellite wind analysis over the California upwelling, where a significant number of moorings is available, are used for assessing the accuracy of the analysis. The latter is close to scatterometer wind retrieval accuracy. This assessment shows that the root mean square difference between collocated 6-h satellite wind analysis and buoys is lower than 1.50 and 1.80 m s−1 for offshore and nearshore locations, respectively. The temporal correlation between buoy and satellite analysis winds exceeds 0.90. The analysis accuracy is lower for 1992–1999 when satellite winds were mostly retrieved from ERS-1 and/or ERS-2 scatterometers. To further assess the improvement brought by this new wind analysis, its data and data from three independent products (ERA5, CMEMS, and CCMP) are compared with purely scatterometer winds over the Canary and Benguela regions. Even though the four products are generally similar, the new satellite analysis shows significant improvements, particularly in the upwelling areas.

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Lachkar, Z., and N. Gruber. "A comparative study of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems using an artificial neural network." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (October 4, 2011): 9901–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-9901-2011.

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Abstract. Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are highly productive ocean regions. Yet, substantial differences in net primary production (NPP) exist within and between these systems for reasons that are still not fully understood. Here, we explore the leading physical processes and environmental factors controlling NPP in EBUS through a comparative study of the California, Canary, Benguela, and Humboldt Current systems. The identification of NPP drivers is done with the aid of an artificial neural network analysis based on self-organizing-maps (SOMs). We show that in addition to the expected NPP enhancing effect of stronger alongshore wind, three factors have an inhibiting effect: (1) strong eddy activity, (2) narrow continental shelf, and (3) deep mixed layer. The co-variability of these 4 drivers defines in the context of the SOM a continuum of 100 patterns of NPP regimes in EBUS. These are grouped into 4 distinct classes using a Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) method. Our objective classification of EBUS reveals important variations of NPP regimes within each of the four EBUS, particularly in the Canary and Benguela Current systems. Our results show that the Atlantic EBUS are generally more productive and more sensitive to upwelling favorable winds because of a weaker factors inhibiting NPP. Perturbations of alongshore winds associated with climate change may therefore lead to contrasting biological responses in the Atlantic and the Pacific EBUS.

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Lachkar, Z., and N. Gruber. "A comparative study of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems using an artificial neural network." Biogeosciences 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-293-2012.

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Abstract. Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are highly productive ocean regions. Yet, substantial differences in net primary production (NPP) exist within and between these systems for reasons that are still not fully understood. Here, we explore the leading physical processes and environmental factors controlling NPP in EBUS through a comparative study of the California, Canary, Benguela, and Humboldt Current systems. The NPP drivers are identified with the aid of an artificial neural network analysis based on self-organizing-maps (SOM). Our results suggest that in addition to the expected NPP enhancing effect of stronger equatorward alongshore wind, three factors have an inhibiting effect: (1) strong eddy activity, (2) narrow continental shelf, and (3) deep mixed layer. The co-variability of these 4 drivers defines in the context of the SOM a continuum of 100 patterns of NPP regimes in EBUS. These are grouped into 4 distinct classes using a Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) method. Our objective classification of EBUS reveals important variations of NPP regimes within each of the four EBUS, particularly in the Canary and Benguela Current systems. Our results show that the Atlantic EBUS are generally more productive and more sensitive to upwelling favorable winds because of weaker factors inhibiting NPP. Perturbations of alongshore winds associated with climate change may therefore lead to contrasting biological responses in the Atlantic and the Pacific EBUS.

24

Mills, Lara, João Janeiro, and Flávio Martins. "Baseline Climatology of the Canary Current Upwelling System and Evolution of Sea Surface Temperature." Remote Sensing 16, no. 3 (January 28, 2024): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16030504.

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Global climate change has induced a rise in sea surface temperature (SST), although this increase is not uniform across the world. Significant variations exist between coastal and offshore waters, particularly in regions affected by upwelling processes. This study focuses on the Canary Current Upwelling System (CCUS), stretching from Northwest Iberia to Northwest Africa. High-resolution remotely sensed SST data (0.05°) from the ODYSSEA Level 4 Sea Surface Temperature Reprocessed dataset were validated with in situ measurements and employed to establish a regional climatological baseline for 1982–2012. Subsequent years were compared to this baseline to construct SST anomaly maps, revealing SST changes since 2012. The study area was further divided into sub-regions for comparative analysis. Results indicate that SST consistently increased at a higher rate offshore compared to the adjacent nearshore regions. A reference dataset spanning 1951–1981 was used to gauge SST variability between the two baselines. SST exhibited a 0.59 °C increase from 1951–1981 to 1982–2012, with a slowing of SST trends beyond the 1982–2012 baseline. This research offers valuable insights into the climatological dynamics of the CCUS. These findings enhance our understanding of this critical coastal system’s climatology, laying the groundwork for future investigations into evolving climate patterns in coastal regions.

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Machu, E., X. Capet, P. A. Estrade, S. Ndoye, J. Brajard, F. Baurand, P. ‐A Auger, A. Lazar, and P. Brehmer. "First Evidence of Anoxia and Nitrogen Loss in the Southern Canary Upwelling System." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 5 (March 2019): 2619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079622.

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Santana-Falcón, Yeray, Evan Mason, and Javier Arístegui. "Offshore transport of organic carbon by upwelling filaments in the Canary Current System." Progress in Oceanography 186 (July 2020): 102322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102322.

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Benazzouz, Aïssa, Soumia Mordane, Abdellatif Orbi, Mohamed Chagdali, Karim Hilmi, Abderrahman Atillah, Josep Lluís Pelegrí, and Demarcq Hervé. "An improved coastal upwelling index from sea surface temperature using satellite-based approach – The case of the Canary Current upwelling system." Continental Shelf Research 81 (June 2014): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.03.012.

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Hailegeorgis, Derara, Zouhair Lachkar, Christoph Rieper, and Nicolas Gruber. "A Lagrangian study of the contribution of the Canary coastal upwelling to the nitrogen budget of the open North Atlantic." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-303-2021.

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Abstract. The Canary Current System (CanCS) is a major eastern boundary upwelling system (EBUS), known for its high nearshore productivity and for sustaining a large fishery. It is also an important but not well quantified source of nitrogen to the adjacent oligotrophic subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic. Here, we use a Lagrangian modeling approach to quantify this offshore transport and investigate its timescales, reach and contribution to the fueling of productivity in the offshore regions. In our Lagrangian model, we release nearly 10 million particles off the northwestern African coast and then track all those that enter the nearshore region and upwell along the coast between 14 and 35∘ N. We then follow them as they are transported offshore, also tracking the biogeochemical transformations, permitting us to construct biogeochemical budgets along the offshore moving particles. The three-dimensional velocity field as well as the biogeochemical tracers and fluxes are taken from an eddy-resolving configuration of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Our Lagrangian model analysis reveals a very intense offshore transport of nitrogen, with about 20 %–40 % in the form of organic nitrogen. The transport varies greatly along the coast. Even though the central CanCS (21–28∘ N) transports the largest amount of water offshore, its offshore transport of nitrogen is somewhat smaller than that in the southern CanCS (14–21∘ N), primarily because of the higher nitrogen content of the upwelling waters there. Around one-third of the total offshore transport of water occurs around major capes along the CanCS. The persistent filaments associated with these capes are responsible for an up to 4-fold enhancement of the offshore transport of water and nitrogen in the first 400 km. Much of this water and nitrogen stems from upwelling at quite some distance from the capes, confirming the capes' role in collecting water from along the coast. North of Cape Blanc and within the first 500 km from the coast, water recirculation is a dominant feature of offshore transport. This process, likely associated with mesoscale eddies, tends to reduce the efficiency of offshore transport. The Canary upwelling is modeled to supply around 44 and 7 mmol N m−2 yr−1 to the North Atlantic Tropical Gyral (NATR) and the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyral East (NASE) Longhurst provinces, respectively. In the NATR, this represents nearly half (53 ± 26 %) of the estimated total new production, while in the NASE, this fraction is small (4 ± 2 %). Our results highlight the importance of the CanCS upwelling as a key source of nitrogen to the open North Atlantic and stress the need for improving the representation of EBUS in global coarse-resolution models.

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Landeira, J. M., F. Lozano-Soldevilla, S. Hernández-León, and E. D. Barton. "Spatial variability of planktonic invertebrate larvae in the Canary Islands area." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 6 (August 10, 2009): 1217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409990750.

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In October 1991, invertebrate larvae abundances were analysed to study the influence of the disturbance of the Canary Current flow by the Canary Islands archipelago on the variability of larval distribution. Two transects and two time-series stations located to the north (non-perturbed zone) and the south (perturbed zone) of the Canary Islands were sampled. Oceanographical data showed a highly stratified water column and zonally uniform salinity and temperature seaward of the African upwelling in the non-perturbed zone, while the perturbed zone presented strong turbulence in the form of mesoscale eddies. Invertebrate larval abundances were lower for most taxa studied in the non-perturbed zone and northern time-series station. Significant differences (P < 0.001) of invertebrate larval abundance between the two zones sampled were found. Decapod larvae were the most abundant larval group in both zones. Stations located in eddy structures presented the highest values of larval densities. Specifically, the larvae collected at Station 18, located in the core of an anticyclonic eddy, represented 60±18% of total larvae collected in the south transect. Finally, our results suggest that eddies, mainly anticyclonic eddies, act as a strong larval retention zone south of the islands, and that there is a local northward transport from the Canary Islands.

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Seliverstova, A. M., O. A. Zuev, A. L. Chultsova, A. A. Polukhin, A. V. Masevich, and E. G. Morozov. "SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF WATERS OF TROPICAL LATITUDES OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN." Journal of Oceanological Research 50, no. 3 (November 28, 2022): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2022.50(3).5.

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The work is devoted to the modern distribution of hydrochemical parameters in the surface layer of waters of tropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean. The materials were collected based on the results of two expeditions onboard the R/V “Academik Mstislav Keldysh” – AMK 79 (2019–2020) and AMK 87 (2021–2022). Four longitudinal transatlantic sections were considered. The hydrochemical characteristics of the Canary upwelling areas, the zones of aerosol transport from the desert regions of Africa, the areas of influence of the river discharge of the Rio de la Plata are described in detail.

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Polonsky, A. B., and A. N. Serebrennikov. "Long-Term Sea Surface Temperature Trends in the Canary Upwelling Zone and their Causes." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 54, no. 9 (December 2018): 1062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433818090281.

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Calero, Belén, Ana Ramos, and Fran Ramil. "Distribution of suspension-feeder brittle stars in the Canary Current upwelling ecosystem (Northwest Africa)." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 142 (December 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.11.001.

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Lachkar, Zouhair. "Effects of upwelling increase on ocean acidification in the California and Canary Current systems." Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058726.

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Otero, Pablo, Águeda Cabrero, Fernando Alonso-Pérez, Jesús Gago, and Enrique Nogueira. "Temperature and salinity trends in the northern limit of the Canary Current Upwelling System." Science of The Total Environment 901 (November 2023): 165791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165791.

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Martins, José M. Matos, Alfredo Mederos Martín, Paulo J. Cesário Portela, and António M. Monge Soares. "Improving the 14C Dating of Marine Shells from the Canary Islands for Constructing More Reliable and Accurate Chronologies." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047585.

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Radiocarbon dating of closely associated marine mollusk shells and terrestrial material (charred wood or bone) collected from archaeological contexts on Tenerife and Fuerteventura islands allowed us to quantify the marine 14C reservoir effect (ΔR) around the Canary Archipelago. Coastal Fuerteventura has a positive weighted mean ΔR value of +185 ± 30 14C yr, while for Tenerife a range of negative and positive values was obtained, resulting in a ΔR weighted mean value of 0 ± 35 14C yr. These values are in accordance with the hydrodynamic system present off the Canary Islands characterized by a coastal upwelling regime that affects the eastern islands (Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) but not the other islands of the archipelago, namely Tenerife. Because of this oceanographic pattern, we recommend the extrapolation of these results to the remaining islands of the archipelago, i.e. the first value must be used for the eastern islands, while for the central and western islands the acceptable ΔR value is 0 ± 35 14C yr.

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Sarmiento-Lezcano, Airam N., María Couret, Antoni Lombarte, María Pilar Olivar, José María Landeira, Santiago Hernández-León, and Víctor M. Tuset. "Stranding of Mesopelagic Fishes in the Canary Islands." Animals 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243465.

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Most mesopelagic fishes perform large diel vertical migrations from the deep-sea zone to the surface. Although there is a trade-off between a higher food availability at the upper layers and an energy cost and predation risk, incursion towards the surface also implies a transport by currents, where the fish are exposed to a stranding risk on the coast. Here, we reported the first documented stranding of mesopelagic fishes along the southeast shore of Gran Canaria Island. Our study hypothesized that (1) the influence of the Canary Current, (2) the dominant incidence of the Trade Winds during summer, and (3) the presence of an upwelling filament coupled with an anticyclonic eddy south of Gran Canaria Island were the causative mechanisms of the strandings. Diaphus dumerilii (Myctophidae family) was the main species found as observed from an external morphological analysis using traditional taxonomy. The otolith contour analysis suggested the presence of other Diaphus spp. and Lobianchia dofleini. Nevertheless, the otolith morphological features described in the literature suggested that all the specimens were actually D. dumerelii. Errors in the identification were mainly due to the high intraspecific variability found in the otolith morphology. Even so, two patterns of oval and elliptic shapes were described with significant differences in its morphometry.

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Romero, Oscar E., Karl-Heinz Baumann, Karin A. F. Zonneveld, Barbara Donner, Jens Hefter, Bambaye Hamady, Vera Pospelova, and Gerhard Fischer. "Flux variability of phyto- and zooplankton communities in the Mauritanian coastal upwelling between 2003 and 2008." Biogeosciences 17, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-187-2020.

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Abstract. Continuous multiyear records of sediment-trap-gained microorganism fluxes are scarce. Such studies are important to identify and to understand the main forcings behind seasonal and multiannual evolution of microorganism flux dynamics. Here, we assess the long-term flux variations and population dynamics of diatoms, coccolithophores, calcareous and organic dinoflagellate cysts, foraminifera and pteropods in the eastern boundary upwelling ecosystem of the Canary Current. A multiannual, continuous sediment trap experiment was conducted at the mooring site CBeu (Cap Blanc eutrophic; ∼20∘ N, 18∘ W; trap depth is ca. 1300 m) off Mauritania (northwest Africa), between June 2003 and March 2008. Throughout the study, the reasonably consistent good match of fluxes of microorganisms and bulk mass reflects the seasonal occurrence of the main upwelling season and relaxation and the contribution of microorganisms to mass flux off Mauritania. A clear successional pattern of microorganisms, i.e., primary producers followed by secondary producers, is not observed. High fluxes of diatoms, coccolithophores, organic dinoflagellate cysts, and planktonic foraminifera occur simultaneously. Peaks of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts and pteropods mostly occurred during intervals of upwelling relaxation. A striking feature of the temporal variability of population occurrences is the persistent pattern of seasonal groups contributions. Species of planktonic foraminifera, diatoms, and organic dinoflagellate cysts typical of coastal upwelling, as well as cooler-water planktonic foraminifera and the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica, are abundant at times of intense upwelling (late winter through early summer). Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous dinoflagellate cysts are dominant in warm pelagic surface waters, and all pteropod taxa are more abundant in fall and winter when the water column stratifies. Similarly, coccolithophores of the upper and lower photic zones, together with Emiliania huxleyi, and organic dinoflagellate cysts dominate the assemblage during phases of upwelling relaxation and deeper layer mixing. A significant shift in the “regular” seasonal pattern of taxa relative contribution is observed between 2004 and 2006. Benthic diatoms strongly increased after fall 2005 and dominated the diatom assemblage during the main upwelling season. Additional evidence for a change in population dynamics is the short dominance of the coccolithophore Umbilicosphaera annulus, the occurrence of the pteropod Limacina bulimoides and the strong increase in the flux of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts, abundant in warm tropical oligotrophic waters south of the study area after fall 2005. Altogether, this suggests that pulses of southern waters were transported to the sampling site via the northward Mauritania Current. Our multiannual trap experiment provides a unique opportunity to characterize temporal patterns of variability that can be extrapolated to other eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems (EBUEs), which are experiencing or might experience similar future changes in their plankton community.

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Landeira, José M., Timothée Brochier, Evan Mason, Fernando Lozano-Soldevilla, Santiago Hernández-León, and Eric D. Barton. "Transport pathways of decapod larvae under intense mesoscale activity in the Canary-African coastal transition zone: implications for population connectivity." Scientia Marina 81, no. 3 (September 21, 2017): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04599.06a.

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We investigate the transport dynamics of decapod larvae in the Canary-African coastal transition zone (C-ACTZ), where larval assemblages are poorly known. In August 1999, during the FAX99 cruise, the waters downstream of the Canary Island archipelago displayed intense mesoscale activity, with numerous cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies as well as upwelling filaments. Our results illustrate a close relationship between these mesoscale oceanographic structures and the distribution of decapod larvae, using both field observations and Lagrangian transport modelling. Analysis of plankton samples shows that larvae of pelagic species were excluded from filament waters, whereas larvae of neritic species were heterogeneously distributed, suggesting that the C-ACTZ is a mixing area where larvae originating from both the Canary Islands and the African coast may be present at the same time. This finding was supported by the simulations, which suggested that the larvae collected in the offshore waters south of Gran Canaria came mainly from the African population (between Cape Bojador and Cape Juby) during early August, whereas during the second half of August the targeted area was dominated by larvae released from Fuerteventura populations. Our observations introduce new insights into our understanding of marine population connectivity, the dispersal pathways of the terrestrial biota, and general biogeography in the region.

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Moyano, M., J. M. Rodríguez, V. M. Benítez-Barrios, and S. Hernández-León. "Larval fish distribution and retention in the Canary Current system during the weak upwelling season." Fisheries Oceanography 23, no. 3 (February 22, 2014): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fog.12055.

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40

Thiele, Stefan, Andreas Basse, Jamie W. Becker, Andre Lipski, Morten H. Iversen, and Gesine Mollenhauer. "Microbial communities in the nepheloid layers and hypoxic zones of the Canary Current upwelling system." MicrobiologyOpen 8, no. 5 (October 11, 2018): e00705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.705.

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41

Desbiolles, F., B. Blanke, A. Bentamy, and N. Grima. "Origin of fine-scale wind stress curl structures in the Benguela and Canary upwelling systems." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119, no. 11 (November 2014): 7931–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010015.

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42

Alt, Katharina G., Thomas Kuhn, Julian Münster, Regina Klapper, Judith Kochmann, and Sven Klimpel. "Mesopredatory fishes from the subtropical upwelling region off NW-Africa characterised by their parasite fauna." PeerJ 6 (August 8, 2018): e5339. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5339.

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Eastern boundary upwelling provides the conditions for high marine productivity in the Canary Current System off NW-Africa. Despite its considerable importance to fisheries, knowledge on this marine ecosystem is only limited. Here, parasites were used as indicators to gain insight into the host ecology and food web of two pelagic fish species, the commercially important species Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758, and Nealotus tripes Johnson, 1865. Fish specimens of T. lepturus (n = 104) and N. tripes (n = 91), sampled from the Canary Current System off the Senegalese coast and Cape Verde Islands, were examined, collecting data on their biometrics, diet and parasitisation. In this study, the first parasitological data on N. tripes are presented. T. lepturus mainly preyed on small pelagic Crustacea and the diet of N. tripes was dominated by small mesopelagic Teleostei. Both host species were infested by mostly generalist parasites. The parasite fauna of T. lepturus consisted of at least nine different species belonging to six taxonomic groups, with a less diverse fauna of ectoparasites and cestodes in comparison to studies in other coastal ecosystems (Brazil Current and Kuriosho Current). The zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii occurred in 23% of the samples and could pose a risk regarding food safety. The parasite fauna of N. tripes was composed of at least thirteen species from seven different taxonomic groups. Its most common parasites were digenean ovigerous metacercariae, larval cestodes and a monogenean species (Diclidophoridae). The observed patterns of parasitisation in both host species indicate their trophic relationships and are typical for mesopredators from the subtropical epi- and mesopelagic. The parasite fauna, containing few dominant species with a high abundance, represents the typical species composition of an eastern boundary upwelling ecosystem.

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Varela, R., L. Rodríguez-Díaz, M. de Castro, and M. Gómez-Gesteira. "Influence of Canary upwelling system on coastal SST warming along the 21st century using CMIP6 GCMs." Global and Planetary Change 208 (January 2022): 103692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103692.

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44

Santos, A. Miguel P., Alexander S. Kazmin, and Álvaro Peliz. "Decadal changes in the Canary upwelling system as revealed by satellite observations: Their impact on productivity." Journal of Marine Research 63, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/0022240053693671.

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45

Nave, Sı́lvia, Pedro Freitas, and Fátima Abrantes. "Coastal upwelling in the Canary Island region: spatial variability reflected by the surface sediment diatom record." Marine Micropaleontology 42, no. 1-2 (May 2001): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8398(01)00008-1.

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46

Wild-Allen, K., P. Tett, and D. Bowers. "Observations of diffuse upwelling irradiance and chlorophyll in case i waters near the canary islands (Spain)." Optics & Laser Technology 29, no. 1 (February 1997): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-3992(96)00047-3.

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47

Maréchal, Chloé, Antoine Boutier, Marie-Antoinette Mélières, Thibault Clauzel, Juan Francisco Betancort, Alejandro Lomoschitz, Joaquin Meco, et al. "Last Interglacial sea surface warming during the sea-level highstand in the Canary Islands: Implications for the Canary Current and the upwelling off African coast." Quaternary Science Reviews 234 (April 2020): 106246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106246.

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48

Santos, F., M. deCastro, M. Gómez-Gesteira, and I. Álvarez. "Differences in coastal and oceanic SST warming rates along the Canary upwelling ecosystem from 1982 to 2010." Continental Shelf Research 47 (September 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.07.023.

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Lovecchio, Elisa, Nicolas Gruber, and Matthias Münnich. "Mesoscale contribution to the long-range offshore transport of organic carbon from the Canary Upwelling System to the open North Atlantic." Biogeosciences 15, no. 16 (August 27, 2018): 5061–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5061-2018.

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Abstract. Several studies in upwelling regions have suggested that mesoscale structures, such as eddies and filaments, contribute substantially to the long-range transport of the organic carbon from the nearshore region of production to the offshore region of remineralization. Yet a comprehensive analysis of this mesoscale flux and of its impact across the Canary Upwelling System (CanUS) has not been provided. Here, we fill this gap using simulations with the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) coupled to a Nutrient, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model. We run climatological simulations on an Atlantic telescopic grid with an eddy-resolving resolution in the CanUS. Using both a Reynolds flux decomposition and structure-identification algorithms, we quantify and characterize the organic carbon fluxes driven by filaments and eddies within the upper 100 m and put them in relationship to the total offshore transport. Our analysis reveals that both coastal filaments and eddies enhance the offshore flux of organic carbon, but that their contribution is very different. Upwelling filaments, with their high speeds and high concentrations, transport the organic carbon offshore in a very intense, but coastally confined manner, contributing nearly 80 % to the total flux of organic carbon at 100 km offshore. The filament contribution tapers off quickly to near zero values at 1000 km off the coast, leading to a strong offshore flux divergence that is the main lateral source of organic carbon in the coastal waters up to 1000 km offshore. Some of this divergence is also due to the filaments inducing a substantial vertical subduction of the organic carbon below 100 m. Owing to the temporal persistence and spatial recurrence of filaments, the filament transport largely constitutes a time-mean flux, while the time-varying component, i.e., the turbulent flux, is comparatively small. At distances beyond 500 km from the coast, eddies dominate the mesoscale offshore transport. Although their contribution represents only 20 % of the total offshore flux and its divergence, eddies, especially cyclones, transport organic carbon offshore to distances as great as 2000 km from the coast. The eddy transport largely represents a turbulent flux, but striations in this transport highlight the existence of typical formation spots and recurrent offshore propagation pathways. While they propagate slowly, eddies are an important organic carbon reservoir for the open waters, as they contain, on average, a third of the organic carbon in this region, two thirds of which is found in cyclones. Our analysis confirms the importance of mesoscale processes for the offshore organic carbon transport and the fueling of the heterotrophic activity in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic, and highlights the need to consider the mesoscale flux in order to fully resolve the three-dimensionality of the marine organic carbon cycle.

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Romero, Oscar E., Simon Ramondenc, and Gerhard Fischer. "A 2-decade (1988–2009) record of diatom fluxes in the Mauritanian coastal upwelling: impact of low-frequency forcing and a two-step shift in the species composition." Biogeosciences 18, no. 5 (March 18, 2021): 1873–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1873-2021.

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Abstract. Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems (EBUEs) are among the most productive marine regions in the world's oceans. Understanding the degree of interannual to decadal variability in the Mauritania upwelling system is crucial for the prediction of future changes of primary productivity and carbon sequestration in the Canary Current EBUE as well as in similar environments. A multiyear sediment trap experiment was conducted at the mooring site CBmeso (“Cape Blanc mesotrophic”, ca. 20∘ N, ca. 20∘40′ W) in the highly productive coastal waters off Mauritania. Here, we present results on fluxes of diatoms and the species-specific composition of the assemblage for the time interval between March 1988 and June 2009. The temporal dynamics of diatom populations allows the proposal of three main intervals: (i) early 1988–late 1996, (ii) 1997–1999, and (iii) early 2002–mid 2009. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) appears to be an important driver of the long-term dynamics of diatom population. The long-term AMO-driven trend is interrupted by the occurrence of the strong 1997 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The extraordinary shift in the relative abundance of benthic diatoms in May 2002 suggests the strengthening of offshore advective transport within the uppermost layer of filament waters and in the subsurface and in deeper and bottom-near layers. It is hypothesized that the dominance of benthic diatoms was the response of the diatom community to the intensification of the slope and shelf poleward undercurrents. This dominance followed the intensification of the warm phase of AMO and the associated changes of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Transported valves (siliceous remains) from shallow Mauritanian coastal waters into the bathypelagic should be considered for the calculation and model experiments of bathy- and pelagic nutrients budgets (especially Si), the burial of diatoms, and the paleoenvironmental signal preserved in downcore sediments. Additionally, our 1988–2009 data set contributes to the characterization of the impact of low-frequency climate forcings in the northeastern Atlantic and will be especially helpful for establishing the scientific basis for forecasting and modeling future states of the Canary Current EBUE and its decadal changes.