Academic literature on the topic 'Canary upwelling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Canary upwelling":
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Lachkar, Z., and N. Gruber. "What controls biological productivity in coastal upwelling systems? Insights from a comparative modeling study." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 14, 2011): 5617–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-5617-2011.
Abstract:
Abstract. The magnitude of the biological productivity in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) is traditionally viewed as directly reflecting the upwelling intensity. Yet, different EBUS show different sensitivities of productivity to upwelling-favorable winds (Carr and Kearns, 2003). Here, using a comparative modeling study of the California Current System (California CS) and Canary Current System (Canary CS), we show how physical and environmental factors, such as light, temperature and cross-shore circulation modulate the response of biological productivity to upwelling strength. To this end, we made a series of eddy-resolving simulations of the California CS and Canary CS using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), coupled to a nitrogen based Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model. We find the nutrient content of the euphotic zone to be 20 % smaller in the Canary CS relative to the California CS. Yet, the biological productivity is 50 % smaller in the latter. This is due to: (1) a faster nutrient-replete growth in the Canary CS relative to the California CS, related to a more favorable light and temperature conditions in the Canary CS, and (2) the longer nearshore water residence times in the Canary CS which lead to larger buildup of biomass in the upwelling zone, thereby enhancing the productivity. The longer residence times in the Canary CS appear to be associated with the wider continental shelves and the lower eddy activity characterizing this upwelling system. This results in a weaker offshore export of nutrients and organic matter, thereby increasing local nutrient recycling and enhancing the coupling between new and export production in the Northwest African system. Our results suggest that climate change induced perturbations such as upwelling favorable wind intensification might lead to contrasting biological responses in the California CS and the Canary CS, with major implications for the biogeochemical cycles and fisheries in these two ecosystems.
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Lachkar, Z., and N. Gruber. "What controls biological production in coastal upwelling systems? Insights from a comparative modeling study." Biogeosciences 8, no. 10 (October 21, 2011): 2961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2961-2011.
Abstract:
Abstract. The magnitude of net primary production (NPP) in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) is traditionally viewed as directly reflecting the wind-driven upwelling intensity. Yet, different EBUS show different sensitivities of NPP to upwelling-favorable winds (Carr and Kearns, 2003). Here, using a comparative modeling study of the California Current System (California CS) and Canary Current System (Canary CS), we show how physical and environmental factors, such as light, temperature and cross-shore circulation modulate the response of NPP to upwelling strength. To this end, we made a series of eddy-resolving simulations of the two upwelling systems using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS), coupled to a nitrogen-based Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model. Using identical ecological/biogeochemical parameters, our coupled model simulates a level of NPP in the California CS that is 50 % smaller than that in the Canary CS, in agreement with observationally based estimates. We find this much lower NPP in the California CS despite phytoplankton in this system having nearly 20 % higher nutrient concentrations available to fuel their growth. This conundrum can be explained by: (1) phytoplankton having a faster nutrient-replete growth in the Canary CS relative to the California CS; a consequence of more favorable light and temperature conditions in the Canary CS, and (2) the longer nearshore water residence times in the Canary CS, which permit a larger buildup of biomass in the upwelling zone, thereby enhancing NPP. The longer residence times in the Canary CS appear to be a result of the wider continental shelves and the lower mesoscale activity characterizing this upwelling system. This results in a weaker offshore export of nutrients and organic matter, thereby increasing local nutrient recycling and reducing the spatial decoupling between new and export production in the Canary CS. Our results suggest that climate change-induced perturbations such as upwelling favorable wind intensification might lead to contrasting biological responses in the California CS and the Canary CS, with major implications for the biogeochemical cycles and fisheries in these two ecosystems.
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Barton, E. D., D. B. Field, and C. Roy. "Canary current upwelling: More or less?" Progress in Oceanography 116 (September 2013): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.007.
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Polonsky, A. B., and A. N. Screbrennikov. "Low-frequency variability of the wind field, geostrophic velocities and ocean surface temperature in Сanary upwelling according to satellite data." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2017-1-75-82.
Abstract:
The effect of long-period variability of the speed and direction of sea surface winds, absolute geostrophic velocities on the sea surface temperature (SST) and thermal upwelling index (TUI) trends in the Canary upwelling region is considered using satellite data from 1980 to 2016. Despite the statistically significant intensification of the surface wind in the region, there were no long-term trends in the upwelling intensity (expressed in SST terms), as well as in the geostrophic velocities. It is concluded that the absence of a significant intensification of the Canary upwelling with the increase of the drift wind in the region is associated with a general weakening of the northeast trade wind due to the observed global warming.
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Gómez-Gesteira, M., M. de Castro, I. Álvarez, M. N. Lorenzo, J. L. G. Gesteira, and A. J. C. Crespo. "Spatio-temporal Upwelling Trends along the Canary Upwelling System (1967-2006)." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1146, no. 1 (December 2008): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1446.004.
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Mason, Evan, Francois Colas, and Josep L. Pelegrí. "A Lagrangian study tracing water parcel origins in the Canary Upwelling System." Scientia Marina 76, S1 (August 31, 2012): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03608.18d.
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Sylla, Adama, Emilia Sanchez Gomez, Juliette Mignot, and Jorge López-Parages. "Impact of increased resolution on the representation of the Canary upwelling system in climate models." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 8245–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8245-2022.
Abstract:
Abstract. We investigate the representation of the Canary upwelling system (CUS) in six global coupled climate models operated at high and standard resolution as part of the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP). The models' performance in reproducing the observed CUS is assessed in terms of various upwelling indices based on sea surface temperature (SST), wind stress, and sea surface height, focusing on the effect of increasing model spatial resolution. Our analysis shows that possible improvement in upwelling representation due to the increased spatial resolution depends on the subdomain of the CUS considered. Strikingly, along the Iberian Peninsula region, which is the northernmost part of the CUS, the models show lower skill at higher resolution compared to their corresponding lower-resolution version in both components for all the indices analyzed in this study. In contrast, over the southernmost part of the CUS, from the north of Morocco to the Senegalese coast, the high-ocean- and high-atmosphere-resolution models simulate a more realistic upwelling than the standard-resolution models, which largely differ from the range of observational estimates. These results suggest that increasing resolution is not a sufficient condition to obtain a systematic improvement in the simulation of the upwelling phenomena as represented by the indices considered here, and other model improvements notably in terms of the physical parameterizations may also play a role.
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Barton, E. D., J. Arı́stegui, P. Tett, M. Cantón, J. Garcı́a-Braun, S. Hernández-León, L. Nykjaer, et al. "The transition zone of the Canary Current upwelling region." Progress in Oceanography 41, no. 4 (October 1998): 455–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(98)00023-8.
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Arístegui, Javier, Eric D. Barton, Xosé A. Álvarez-Salgado, A. Miguel P. Santos, Francisco G. Figueiras, Souad Kifani, Santiago Hernández-León, Evan Mason, Eric Machú, and Hervé Demarcq. "Sub-regional ecosystem variability in the Canary Current upwelling." Progress in Oceanography 83, no. 1-4 (December 2009): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.031.
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Sydeman, W. J., M. García-Reyes, D. S. Schoeman, R. R. Rykaczewski, S. A. Thompson, B. A. Black, and S. J. Bograd. "Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems." Science 345, no. 6192 (July 3, 2014): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1251635.
Abstract:
In 1990, Andrew Bakun proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support Bakun’s hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun’s hypothesis of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Canary upwelling":
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Timoncini, Andrea. "Phytoplankton silica uptake under different artificial upwelling conditions in the Canary Islands." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20626/.
Abstract:
Climate change is affecting pelagic ecosystems with repercussions on fish production. In particular, global change is increasing oceanic temperature and stratification with decrease in nutrient input in euphotic layer leading to a decline in primary production. The mesocosm-based project Ocean Art-Up, conducted in Gran Canaria, is aimed to increase fish production and to enhance carbon sequestration through an artificial upwelling system. Diatoms dominate the phytoplankton community in upwelling systems and they need to take up silicates to grow. The abundance and nutritional value of diatoms determine the fate of phytoplankton biomass with transport to the upper level of the pelagic food web or to the deeper layer of the ocean with potential carbon sequestration. Here, data about experiments performed in 2018 and 2019 are reported. The first mesocosm experiment investigated the differences between pulsed and continuous upwelling mode, while the second experiment was conducted with a gradient in Si:N ratio along the mesocosms. The phytoplankton community takes up and incorporate silica about at the same rate in continuous mode, while in pulsed mode its peak occurred only after the deep-water addition. The diatom silica content is not affected by mode and amount of water added but by the Si:N ratio. Diatoms grown in an environment with high Si:N ratio values show higher abundance, biogenic silica production, silica uptake and silica content than the ones that experienced low Si:N values. In addition from literature, euphotic zone rich in silicate may produce high silica containing-diatoms who will produce repercussions on copepods community regarding feeding, hatching and growth, thus continuous upwelling with high Si:N ratio favours diatoms who will tend to sink and to be converted by copepods into fecal pellet rich in silica with increasing in potential carbon sequestration. Fish production may increase with continuous artificial upwelling showing low Si:N values.
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Correa, Khassoum. "Réponse des groupes fonctionnels de phytoplancton à la dynamique du plateau sénégalais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2023. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2023/These-2023-SML-Oceanographie_physique_et_environnement-CORREA_Khassoum.pdf.
Abstract:
Les capteurs de couleur de l'eau mesurent des rayonnements ascendants provenant de l'eau et de l'atmosphère. Nous avons adapté un algorithme de correction atmosphérique, SOM-NV, aux observations brutes du capteur MODIS-Aqua sur la région océanique ouest-africaine, pour générer simultanément les propriétés des aérosols et de l'eau. Les valeurs d’épaisseur optique observées sont mieux représentées par le traitement SOM-NV que pour MODIS standard (STD). Parallèlement, les réflectances marines (Rrs) de SOM-NV sont plus cohérentes avec la théorie du signal que les Rrs STD. SOM-NV améliore la couverture jusqu’à plus de 35% à certaines périodes de l’année. La couverture est meilleure à la côte et au sud du Cap-Vert. Les observations de Chla montrent des maximas côtiers qui s’étendent vers le large en fonction des saisons et de la latitude. La région est marquée par une alternance des classes d'anomalie de réflectance qui caractérisent les communautés de phytoplancton. La plupart des classes sont associées à des mélanges de pigments caractéristiques des groupes fonctionnels. Une classe algale proche des algues brunes et une autre des algues vertes dominent en automne et au début de l’hiver. De février à mai, les classes liées aux algues brunes sont très présentes et associées à une forte biomasse. Elles alternent avec une classe mixte associée aux pigments fucoxanthine 19'HF et chlorophylle-b. Cette classe semble être favorisée lorsque les biomasses sont plus faiblesWater color sensors measure upward radiation that includes contributions from the sea and atmosphere. We have adapted an atmospheric correction algorithm, SOM-NV, to raw observations from the MODIS-Aqua sensor over the West African ocean region, to generate aerosol and water properties simultaneously. The observed optical thickness values are better represented by SOM-NV processing than by standard MODIS (STD). At the same time, SOM-NV marine reflectances (Rrs) are more consistent with signal theory than STD Rrs. SOM-NV improves coverage by up to 35% at certain times of the year. Coverage is best at the coast and south of Cape Verde. Observations in Chla show coastal maxima that extend offshore according to season and latitude. The region is marked by alternating classes of reflectance anomaly that characterize phytoplankton communities. Most classes are associated with pigment mixtures characteristic of functional groups. An algal class close to brown algae and another to green algae dominate in autumn and early winter. From February to May, brown algae classes are very present and associated with high biomass. They alternate with a mixed class associated with the pigments fucoxanthin 19'HF and chlorophyll-b. This class seems to be favored when biomasses are lower
3
Brochier, Timothée. "Stratégie de reproduction des petits poissons pélagiques dans les zones d'upwelling : une approche par modélisation individu-centrée appliquée aux systèmes de courants de Humboldt et des Canaries." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066015.
Abstract:
Les écosystèmes d’upwelling de bord est des océans sont des zones très productives et soutiennent les pêches les plus abondantes du monde. Les petits poissons pélagiques y sont dominants en biomasse, principalement des espèces de sardines et anchois, dont la dynamique des populations est liée à la très forte variabilité physique de l’upwelling. La compréhension des mécanismes liant les fluctuations environnementales au recrutement de ces espèces est un des défis majeurs de l’halieutique dans ces régions. Dans le cadre de cette problématique, il est proposé ici une approche de modélisation individu-centrée des premiers stades de vie des petits pélagiques. L’évolution des individus dans leur environnement est étudiée grâce au couplage avec un modèle hydrodynamique. Les résultats obtenus renseignent sur le taux de survie de l’ichthyoplancton en fonction des lieux et dates de ponte. L’impact de la migration verticale des larves est également évalué. Un modèle individu-centré « évolutionnaire » a également été développé pour explorer les contraintes sélectives façonnant la distribution spatio-temporelle de la ponte. Dans une optique comparative, cette méthode est appliquée à la fois dans le courant de Humboldt, qui abrite le plus grand stock d’anchois au monde, et dans celui des Canaries, ou la production primaire est la plus forte. La comparaison suggère un antagonisme entre l’optimisation de la rétention de l’ichthyoplancton sur le plateau continental et l’optimisation de la nourriture disponible dans le courant des Canaries. Au contraire, dans le Humboldt une bonne adéquation entre ces deux contraintes pourrait être responsable du plus grand stock de petits pélagiques.
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Georg, Tina. "Links between climate and the upper ocean structure : the Canary current upwelling system case." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/15276.
Abstract:
Upwelling in the Eastern Boundary Currents is wind-driven. Ekman transport off the coast of the
Canary Current Upwelling System (CCUS) is induced by equatorward, alongshore trade winds
leading to persistent upwelling of cooler subsurface water throughout the year. This study uses
Upwelling Indices (UI) between 25 and 35°N to assess upwelling in the CCUS and relates it to
the changes in the upper ocean structure as well as climate indices. Upwelling was determined
using different approaches such as differences in the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) at the coast
and offshore (UISST), and the prevailing wind conditions with the resulting Ekman transport
(UIw). Within the study area, the detection of upwelling varies on a temporal and spatial scale
depending on the different determination methods of the UI’s. These results imply that the
existing indices need an adaptation to be more reliable. Nevertheless, all indices revealed strong
upwelling events along a wider shelf between 25 and 33°N and some downwelling events along
a narrow shelf between 33 and 35°N. A significant correlation was found between the UI’s
and the vertical structure of the upper ocean which is especially represented by the isothermal
layer depth (ILD). In regards to the prevailing climate, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
influences the location and strength of the westerly and trade winds in the study area. Its strong
signal during winter (December to March) is reflected in significant correlations between the
NAO and all parameters, however, when considering the correlations for the whole year, its
signal is ambiguous. The NAO correlates well with the UI’s and the ILD. During its positive
phase, cooler temperatures can be observed at the coast indicating upwelling. Simultaneously,
the ILD deepens at the coast and becomes shallower offshore which is reversed in NAO- years
and enhanced during coupled, opposite phases with the East Atlantic pattern. Still, upwelling
occurs in years of a neutral NAO so it cannot be ascribed as the main driver for upwelling
processes in the area. The interplay of upwelling, vertical structure and climate is rather due to a
complex system of different forcings and cause-effect relationships. Ocean dynamics related to
the kinetic and potential energy as well as the thermohaline circulation in its long-term variability
may have an impact on these variables on different temporal and spatial scales.O afloramento nas fronteiras leste dos oceanos é induzido pelo vento. O transporte de Ekman ao largo da costa do Canary Current Upwelling System (CCUS) é induzido por ventos alísios ao longo da costa, em direção ao equador, que levam ao afloramento persistente de águas subsuperfícies mais frias ao longo do ano. Este estudo usa índices do afloramento (UI) entre 25 e 35°N para avaliar o afloramento no CCUS e relaciona-o com as mudanças na estrutura das camadas superiores do oceano, bem como os índices climáticos. O afloramento foi inferido usando diferentes abordagens, como as diferenças na temperatura da superfície do mar (SST, UISST), as condições de vento prevalecentes e o transporte de Ekman resultante (UIw). Na área de estudo, a deteção do afloramento varia com a escala temporal e espacial dependendo dos diferentes métodos de determinação dos UI. Esses resultados implicam que os índices existentes necessitam de uma adaptação para serem mais confiáveis. No entanto, todos os índices revelaram fortes eventos do afloramento ao longo de uma plataforma mais ampla entre 25 e 33°N e alguns eventos do afloramento ao longo de uma plataforma estreita entre 33 e 35°N. Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre a UI e a estrutura vertical da camada superior do oceano que é especialmente representada pela profundidade da camada isotérmica (ILD). Em relação ao clima predominante, a Oscilação do Atlântico Norte (NAO) influência a localização e intensidade dos ventos de oeste e alísios na área de estudo. A sua maior intensidade no inverno (dezembro a março) se reflete em correlações significativas entre o NAO e a IU e a ILD. Durante a sua fase positiva, temperaturas podem ser observadas mais baixas na costa indicando afloramento. Simultaneamente, a ILD torna-se mais profunda ao longo da costa e mais superficial ao largo, o que é revertido em anos NAO- e mais intensificado durante as fases opostas acopladas ao padrão do Atlântico Leste. A correlação entre o NAO e as UI’s e a ILD não é clara quando olha-se para o ano todo e o afloramento ocorre mesmo em anos de NAO neutra, portanto NAO não pode ser considerado a principal causa dos processos de afloramento na área. A interação entre o afloramento, a estrutura vertical do oceano e o clima é mais devida a um sistema complexo de diferentes forças e relações de causa-efeito, como a dinâmica do oceano em relação à energia cinética e potencial, bem como a circulação termohalina e sua variabilidade de longo prazo em diferentes períodos de tempo e escalas espaciais.
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Laurent, Arnaud. "Examining the influence of meteorological events on plankton dynamics in a coastal ecosystem (Lunenburg Bay, Canada)." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13707.
Abstract:
Pelagic ecosystems are inherently complex in coastal inlets where they are controlled by physical processes and influenced by biogeochemical and foodweb interactions. Meteorological events are important drivers of this ecological variability. This thesis investigates their effect on the plankton dynamics of Lunenburg Bay, an inlet on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia (Canada). In this region, meteorological events are dominated by upwelling in summer, which are a dominant source of flushing and nutrient variability for the inlets. Despite these events, which induce phytoplankton blooms in other regions, the concentration of phytoplankton as chlorophyll remains relatively low throughout the summer in Lunenburg Bay. To reveal the underlying processes limiting the development of phytoplankton biomass, and therefore to improve our understanding of the factors regulating plankton dynamics in this inlet, the objectives of this thesis are to determine the main drivers of variability in phytoplankton biomass and plankton community structure, and to identify the factors limiting the development of phytoplankton biomass in Lunenburg Bay. For that, I use a dataset collected at a coastal observatory located in Lunenburg Bay that covers the years 2003–2006, complemented by a series of transects carried out in summer 2006. The dataset covers physical, chemical and biological properties of the bay, including plankton taxonomy. Two types of physical-biological coupled models are developed: a low-resolution box model of Lunenburg Bay with steady-state wind forcing, and a high-resolution nested model of Lunenburg Bay using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) to hindcast a series of upwelling events in 2006. The results reveal that four factors regulate the phytoplankton response to upwelling events in Lunenburg Bay, namely (1) the duration of an upwelling event, (2) the low nitrate concentration in source waters, (3) the flushing rate of the inlet (hence transport), and (4) the bathymetry along the inshore-offshore axis of the bay. In addition, (5) the occurrence of upwelling and (6) the inshore-offshore gradient of increasing depth influence the structure of respectively phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, indicating a dissimilarity in the processes structuring plankton communities in the lower food web. A conceptual model is then developed to describe the role of transport and nitrate concentration in source waters in controlling plankton dynamics in an inlet.
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O'Brien, Mary C. "Physical processes and biogeochemistry of particle fluxes over the Beaufort slope and in Canada Basin." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1669.
Abstract:
Sedimentation rates and compositions of sinking particles were investigated at three sites on the Beaufort slope and one in Canada Basin during the period 1990-1994 using moored sequential sediment traps. A method was developed to identify the terrigenous and biogenic components of the fluxes. The physical context including ice cover, ocean currents, river inputs, winds, air temperature, incident light, and nutrient availability provide essential information to the interpretation of the particle fluxes and to the understanding of shelf-basin sediment transport in this area. Eddies, internal waves, upwelling and downwelling, and the state of the ice cover all played important and overlapping roles in the pattern of observed fluxes. A peak in the flux of highly terrigenous material under complete ice cover in mid-winter to the northwest of Mackenzie Trough was associated with predominantly downwelling conditions and the passage of a series of eddies and internal waves. A prolonged spring diatom bloom occurred in the mid-slope area and was clearly associated with an early opening of the ice on the east side of the shelf. Higher fluxes at the Canada Basin site were associated with a large eddy clearly identifiable from the current-T-S record and also from the composition of the suspended material carried with it. At the base of the slope (2700 m), the composition was highly terrigenous and remarkably consistent. Higher up the slope (700 m), biogenic peaks in the summer diluted the terrigenous material briefly, but it appears that there is a constant background of highly terrigenous material. There was a high degree of variability between sites and over the slope there was not enough data to asses the inter-annual variability. In Canada Basin, the inter-annual variability was closely linked to the extent of open water in the summer period. At all sites, lateral transport is clearly indicated by the increase in flux with depth. The data robustly demonstrate the need for detailed knowledge of physical processes for informed interpretation of particle fluxes and sediment transport in this area.
Book chapters on the topic "Canary upwelling":
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Kämpf, Jochen, and Piers Chapman. "The Canary/Iberia Current Upwelling System." In Upwelling Systems of the World, 203–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42524-5_6.
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Vazquez, Ruben, Ivan Parras-Berrocal, William Cabos, Dmitry V. Sein, Rafael Mañanes, Juan I. Perez, and Alfredo Izquierdo. "Climate Evaluation of a High-Resolution Regional Model over the Canary Current Upwelling System." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 240–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22747-0_19.
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Fréon, Pierre, Jürgen Alheit, Eric D. Barton, Souad Kifani, and Patrick Marchesiello. "9 Modelling, forecasting and scenarios in comparable upwelling ecosystems: California, Canary and Humboldt." In Benguela - Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem, 185–220. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-0461(06)80014-5.
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BRANDLEY, RICHARD T., and FEDERICO F. KRAUSE. "UPWELLING, THERMOCLINES AND WAVE-SWEEPING ON AN EQUATORIAL CARBONATE RAMP: LOWER CARBONIFEROUS STRATA OF WESTERN CANADA." In Cool-Water Carbonates, 365–90. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.97.56.0365.
Conference papers on the topic "Canary upwelling":
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Simmer, C., and S. A. W. Gerstl. "Influence of the Atmosphere on Remotely Sensed Reflection from Vegetation Surfaces." In Optical Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ors.1985.wc18.
Abstract:
One purpose of vegetation canopy modelling is to predict the solar radiation reflection distribution produced by the canopy, in order to use it as an identifier in remote sensing. For remote sensing by satellite or aircraft the measured reflectance pattern also contains the signature of the atmosphere, which changes both the radiation distribution of the downwelling solar source before it reaches the canopy, as well as the reflected upwelling signal before it reaches the sensor.