Journal articles on the topic 'Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Centre'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Centre.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Centre.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Fothergill, Robert. "Canadian Film-Makers’ Distribution Centre: A Founding Memoir." Canadian Journal of Film Studies 3, no. 2 (October 1994): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjfs.3.2.81.
Full text
2
Adams, Paul C., Iain Murray, and Gordon Bierbrier. "Distribution and Career Choices of Canadian Trainees in Gastroenterology." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 9, no. 2 (1995): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/543750.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVES: To study the career choices, academic productivity and geographical distribution of trainees in gastroenterology from Canadian training programs from 1984-91.METHODS: The names and current locations of trainees in gastroenterology were requested from program directors. Data were obtained from CD-ROM on the publications of the trainees during their fellowship. Migration patterns and trends were analyzed over the study period.RESULTS: Data were obtained on 170 trainees. Forty-one per cent of trainees were working in a hospital affiliated with a university medical centre. Most Canadian trainees continue to practise gastroenterology in the province in which they trained. Trainees who pursued an academic career had an average of 1.1 peer-reviewed publication compared with community-based gastroenterologists who averaged 0.40 publications during their fellowship (P=0.02).CONCLUSIONS: Many Canadian gastroenterology trainees continue to be affiliated with an academic medical centre. Those trainees who published during their fellowship were associated with a career at an academic centre. Migration to other provinces or countries is uncommon and did not significantly change over the study period.
3
Léger, Danielle. "Le Centre d’information Artexte: Medi(t)ations autour du catalogue d’exposition et de la francophonie." Art Libraries Journal 21, no. 3 (1996): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200009962.
Full textAbstract:
Founded in Montréal in 1980, the Centre d’information Artexte is a non-profit organisation devoted to the collection and distribution of information on all aspects of contemporary visual arts. The organisation has developed two subject areas in support of its objective (the exhibition catalogue and Canadian art) and sponsors activities on 3 fronts (documentation, distribution and publication). The Centre d’information Artexte’s collections are noted for their comprehensive holdings in contemporary art (1965-). A bibliographic database was developed by the Centre to support advanced research in contemporary art. A bilingual tool, it indexes indepth information found within the exhibition catalogue. Artexte serves both the French and English communities in Canada and promotes Canadian publications in contemporary art abroad.
4
Lin, Hai, Normand Gagnon, Stephane Beauregard, Ryan Muncaster, Marko Markovic, Bertrand Denis, and Martin Charron. "GEPS-Based Monthly Prediction at the Canadian Meteorological Centre." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 12 (November 29, 2016): 4867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0138.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Dynamical monthly prediction at the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) was produced as part of the seasonal forecasting system over the past two decades. A new monthly forecasting system, which has been in operation since July 2015, is set up based on the operational Global Ensemble Prediction System (GEPS). This monthly forecasting system is composed of two components: 1) the real-time forecast, where the GEPS is extended to 32 days every Thursday; and 2) a 4-member hindcast over the past 20 years, which is used to obtain the model climatology to calibrate the monthly forecast. Compared to the seasonal prediction system, the GEPS-based monthly forecasting system takes advantage of the increased model resolution and improved initialization. Forecasts of the past 2-yr period (2014 and 2015) are verified. Analysis is performed separately for the winter half-year (November–April), and the summer half-year (May–October). Weekly averages of 2-m air temperature (T2m) and 500-hPa geopotential height (Z500) are assessed. For Z500 in the Northern Hemisphere, limited skill can be found beyond week 2 (days 12–18) in summer, while in winter some skill exists over the Pacific and North American region beyond week 2. For T2m in North America, significant skill is found over a large part of the continent all the way to week 4 (days 26–32). The distribution of the wintertime T2m skill in North America is consistent with the influence of the Madden–Julian oscillation, indicating that a significant part of predictability likely comes from the tropics.
5
Pohle, Gerhard W. "First Canadian record of Paralomis bouvieri Hansen, 1908 (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae), infected by the rhizocephalan Briarosaccus callosus (Cirripedia: Peltogastridae) and carrying a hyperparasitic cryptoniscinid isopod (Epicaridea)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-224.
Full textAbstract:
The stone crab Paralomis bouvieri is reported for the first time from Canadian Atlantic waters. Combined records now indicate a continuous boreal circum-Atlantic distribution. This is also the first documentation of the rhizocephalan parasite Briarosaccus callosus infecting P. bouvieri. Growth rings on the cuticular shield of B. callosus showed an age of about 4 years. A secondary hyperparasitic infection by a cryptoniscinid isopod was also noted. The crabs were found in much shallower waters than previously recorded. Host, parasite, and hyperparasite specimens have been deposited at the Atlantic Reference Centre, Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada.
6
Friesner, Michael. "Une prononciation «tsipéquement» québécoise?: La diffusion de deux aspects stéréotypés du français canadien." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 55, no. 1 (March 2010): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100001365.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article considers the origin of distinctly “québécois” phonological traits. Using data from the Atlas linguistique de l’Est du Canada (1980), the analysis examines the geographic distribution and history of two variables—/t/ and /d/ affrication and high vowel laxing — establishing that both are innovations of Canadian French, spreading from the influential urban centre of Montreal. In addition, the supposed uniformity of Canadian French and the robustness of the east-west dialect boundary are disputed. Finally, the article draws from data on two additional variables — the replacement of apical [r] by posterior [R] and the diphthongization of/ε:/ and /e:/ — to tie the nature of linguistic diffusion to the degree of consciousness of the change in question. The findings and model are relevant not only for the study of the origin and description of Canadian French, but also more broadly for the field of dialect geography.
7
Warkentin, T., B. Taran, S. Banniza, and A. Vandenberg. "CDC Vanguard desi chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08204.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Vanguard, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2006 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Vanguard has a pinnate leaf type, fair resistance to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.], medium maturity, medium seed size and high yield potential in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
8
Warkentin, Tom, Sabine Banniza, and Albert Vandenberg. "CDC Frontier kabuli chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 909–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-185.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Frontier, a kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2003 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Frontier has a pinnate leaf type, fair ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] resistance, medium maturity, medium-large seed size and high yield potential in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
9
Warkentin, Tom, Sabine Banniza, and Albert Vandenberg. "CDC ChiChi kabuli chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 907–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-187.
Full textAbstract:
CDC ChiChi, a kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2002 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC ChiChi has a pinnate leaf type, poor ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] resistance, medium maturity, large seed size and good yielding ability in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
10
Taran, B., T. Warkentin, R. Malhotra, S. Banniza, and A. Vandenberg. "CDC Luna kabuli chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08205.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Luna, a kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2007 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Luna has a pinnate leaf type, fair resistance to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.], medium-late maturity, medium-large seed size and similar yield potential with the check cultivar Amit in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
11
Taran, B., T. Warkentin, S. Banniza, and A. Vandenberg. "CDC Corinne desi chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08206.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Corinne, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2008 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Corinne has a pinnate leaf type, fair resistance to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.], medium maturity, medium seed size and higher yield potential than Myles in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
12
Vandenberg, Albert, Tom Warkentin, and Al Slinkard. "CDC Desiray desi chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-051.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Desiray, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 1999 by the Crop Development Centre (CDC), University of Saskatchewan for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Desiray has pinnate leaf type, fair ascochyta blight resistance, early maturity, medium-sized plump seeds with a light tan coloured seed coat and good yielding ability in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
13
Vandenberg, A., T. Warkentin, and A. Slinkard. "CDC Anna desi chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-052.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Anna, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2000 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Anna has a pinnate leaf type, fair ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] resistance, medium maturity, medium-sized plump seeds with a tan coloured seed coat and good yielding ability in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
14
Vandenberg, A., T. Warkentin, and A. Slinkard. "CDC Nika desi chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 799–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-053.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Nika, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2000 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Nika has a pinnate leaf type, fair ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] resistance, medium maturity, large, plump seeds with a tan coloured seed coat and good yielding ability in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
15
Warkentin, Tom, Sabine Banniza, and Albert Vandenberg. "CDC Cabri desi chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-186.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Cabri, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2003 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Cabri has a pinnate leaf type, fair ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.] resistance, medium maturity, large, plump seeds with tan coloured seed coat and good yielding ability in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
16
Wang, Jiafeng, and Xuebin Zhang. "Downscaling and Projection of Winter Extreme Daily Precipitation over North America." Journal of Climate 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2008): 923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1671.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Large-scale atmospheric variables have been statistically downscaled to derive winter (December–March) maximum daily precipitation at stations over North America using the generalized extreme value distribution (GEV). Here, the leading principal components of the sea level pressure field and local specific humidity are covariates of the distribution parameters. The GEV parameters are estimated using data from 1949 to 1999 and the r-largest method. This statistical downscaling procedure is found to yield skill over the southern and northern West Coast, central United States, and areas of western and eastern Canada when tested with independent data. The projected changes in covariates or predictors are obtained from transient climate change simulations conducted with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Coupled General Circulation Model, version 3.1 (CGCM3.1) forced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A2 forcing scenario. They are then used to derive the GEV distribution parameters for the period 2050–99. The projected frequency of the current 20-yr return maximum daily precipitation for that period suggests that extreme precipitation risk will increase heavily over the south and central United States but decrease over the Canadian prairies. The difference between the statistical downscaling results and those estimated using GCM simulation is also discussed.
17
Riahinezhad, Marzieh, Augusta Eve, Marianne Armstrong, Peter Collins, and J. F. Masson. "Field temperature and moisture loads from a building envelope as the basis for accelerated aging of barrier membranes." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46, no. 11 (November 2019): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0757.
Full textAbstract:
Temperature and relative humidity (RH) data within the building envelope of a single-family home at the National Research Council of Canada’s Canadian Centre for Housing Technology were collected over five years. We report on the distribution, rate of change, and the limits of temperature and moisture variations for south-easting wall and south-facing wall and roof systems to better understand the in-situ environmental conditions to which building materials and components typical of homes in North America may be subjected. Over an average year, wall temperature varied from −25 °C to +45 °C, and temperature followed a bimodal distribution, with maxima at 0 °C to 5 °C and 15 °C to 20 °C. Each maximum represented about 1100 h of field exposure. Roof temperatures, which spanned a temperature range from −35 °C to 75 °C, did not show a Gaussian distribution but were characterized as being multi-modal. From values of temperature and RH, absolute moisture contents within the building envelope were found to range between 1 and 55 g/m3, with the most common values being 6–8 g/m3. The application of this information is discussed and related to the development of realistic accelerated aging conditions to obtain a more accurate durability assessment of building envelope materials used in Canadian dwellings.
18
Shao, Fei Fei, Jody Andody, April Reed, and Guido Filler. "Clinical telemedicine utilization in paediatric nephrology at a tertiary care centre." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 86, no. 1 (August 29, 2017): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v86i1.2132.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: Telemedicine is an emerging tool that offers medical consultations to patients with limited access to subspecialty care. To date, the use of telemedicine in Canadian medical practices has not been studied in depth. This study aims to characterize the three different telemedicine clinic models in use at the paediatric nephrology program at the Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario and the patient population they served.
Methods: To complete this retrospective study, all paediatric nephrology telemedicine consultations provided by one physician from September 30, 2010 to July 13, 2016 were analyzed, which comprised 264 separate consultations with 87 patients.
Results: The number of consults increased from 0.25 per month to 8.78 per month between 2010 and 2016, with the most substantial increase seen from 2014 onwards with the establishment of the Windsor block clinics. The patient population had a bimodal age distribution across a geographical distance of 220.3 km to 1371.31 km. Urinary tract infections were the most frequent reason for the consultation.
Conclusion: Of the three models described in this study, the block clinic model had the most substantial impact on increasing telemedicine services for paediatric nephrology patients.
CORRECTION, September 7, 2017: In the Methods section of this article, the author AR is incorrectly referred to as a nurse practitioner. AR is in fact a registered nurse (RN). We regret that this error was included.
19
Warren, SA, W. Janzen, KG Warren, LW Svenson, and D. Schopflocher. "Geographic distribution of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) mortality rates in Canada, 1975-2009." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 42, S1 (May 2015): S34—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.161.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Our study examined whether there are differences in MS mortality rates across regions of Canada, which might suggest differences in environment or health care practice that influence outcome. Methods: Statistics Canada data on deaths due to MS and populations at risk, 1975-2009, were derived from the Research Data Centre, University of Alberta. Mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated per 100,000 population for the Atlantic Provinces, Quebec, Ontario and Western Provinces (including Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut), age-standardized to the 2006 population. Results: The average annual MS mortality rates for 1975-2009 per 100,000 population (CIs) were: Atlantic Provinces 1.09 (0.43,1.74); Quebec 1.30 (0.89,1.71); Ontario 1.08 (0.77,1.38); Western Provinces 1.39 (0.99,1.78). Female mortality rates were consistently higher than male rates but there were no differences in the female:male mortality rate ratios across regions. Trend analysis showed that rates were stable over the 35 year time span in 3 regions with non-significant average annual per cent increases/decreases of: Atlantic Provinces –0.43%; Quebec +0.12%; and Western Provinces +0.27%. Only Ontario showed a slight but significant increase of +0.81% (p<0.05). Conclusions: MS mortality rates are similar across the Canadian regions, suggesting that patients are not disadvantaged in terms of mortality by their place of residence.
20
Cooke, Janice E. K., and Stewart B. Rood. "Trees of the people: the growing science of poplars in Canada and worldwideThis commentary is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Poplar Research in Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 12 (December 2007): 1103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-125.
Full textAbstract:
Poplars are trees of the angiosperm genus Populus , a group of generally diploid, dioecious, and deciduous pioneers that are widespread in forests around the Northern Hemisphere. Canada is a centre of poplar abundance and diversity, with 7 of the 29 global Populus species occurring naturally, and other species being introduced. Numerous interspecific hybrids also occur, including native hybrids that create centres of biodiversity, and artificial hybrid poplars that are planted for wood and fiber production, as well as for environmental and landscape applications. This paper introduces poplars and their distribution across Canada and explores Canadian and international contributions to poplar research. It also discusses papers of the special issue Poplar Research in Canada in the November 2007 and December 2007 issues of the Canadian Journal of Botany, which contains a collection of 19 contributions from Canadian institutions that report on a diverse range of topics including genomics and molecular biology, physiology, ecology, population genetics, and systematics. Many of these contributions address issues pertinent to silviculture and other applications, and one article chronicles poplar research and poplar utilization in Canada. These studies that appear in this special issue reflect the growing international emphasis on poplar, not only as an important and widespread group of trees, but also as a model that provides broader insights relevant to fundamental and applied sciences involving trees and forest systems.
21
Perrotta, Samantha, and Bruno Losier. "Report on the Distribution of the Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity in a Forensic Psychiatry Program." International Journal of Risk and Recovery 4, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v4i2.4545.
Full textAbstract:
The social determinants of health are important factors that shape a person’s well-being, life expectancy, and quality of life. The environments in which people live, work, and play are paramount in determining their overall health. As such, viewing health as an outcome, not only of individual choices and biomedical factors but also of socioenvironmental influences, can be an important lens to guide health-care practice. This report examined the social determinants of health of people admitted to inpatient units in a forensic psychiatry program in a major Canadian urban centre. Twenty health variables were collected from the Resident Assessment Instrument–Mental Health form. A deprivation scale was created to understand social and material inequality on a gradient. Findings showed that those surveyed had high rates of poor social determinant of health factors, such as low educational attainment, insecure housing, and lack of secure employment before their admission to the program. Chi-square tests showed associations between material deprivation, race, and comorbidity status. The findings may influence a multisectorial approach to mental illness prevention, management, and recovery practices.
22
Embil, John M., Amin Kabani, George Zhanel, and Lindsay E. Nicolle. "Low Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Colonization with Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in High Risk Units in a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 7, no. 5 (1996): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/636575.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among patients receiving care in high risk units in a Canadian tertiary care centre.DESIGN: Prevalence study over a four-month period in 1995 with rectal swab or freshly passed stool specimen collected from each patient included in study. Standardized record data extraction for selected patient variables was used.SETTING: Units at high risk for antimicrobial-resistant organisms at the Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, including neonatal (NICU), pediatric (PICU), surgical (SICU) and medical intensive care units (MICU), central dialysis unit (CDU), and the in-patient oncology ward (ONC).PATIENTS: One hundred and fifty-seven patients admitted to the high risk care units for at least 72 h were screened. Ward distribution was NICU 13 (8.3%), PICU nine (5.7%), SICU 24 (15.3%), MICU 19 (12.1%), CDU 62 (39.5%) and ONC 30 (19.1%). Fifty-one of 157 (32.5%) patients had urinary drainage devices, 108 (68.8%) had invasive vascular devices, and 57 (36.3%) had had a surgical procedure within the month before specimen collection. In the month before sampling, 114 (72.6%) had received antimicrobial therapy, including 21 (13.3%) who had received vancomycin, and 81 (51.5%) were receiving antimicrobials, seven (10.8%) vancomycin, on the day of sampling.RESULTS: Antimicrobial susceptibilities were performed on 371 bacterial isolates. There were no vancomycin-resistant enterococci or methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. Eleven (10.8%) enterococci were resistant to ampicillin, none of which were β-lactamase producers, 19 (18.6%) and five (4.9%) demonstrated high level resistance to gentamicin and streptomycin, respectively. One (0.7%)Escherichia coliwas resistant to ciprofloxacin and another to gentamicin. Six (20.7%)Enterobacter cloacaesamples were resistant to cefotaxime. One (2.4%)Klebsiellaspecies was resistant to ciprofloxacin and another to cefotaxime. Two (16.6%)Citrobacterspecies were resistant to cefotaxime. One of 11 (9%)Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates was resistant to ceftazidime; none were resistant to piperacillin, aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin or imipenem.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract in patients in these high risk units is low. The reasons for this low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance require further exploration.
23
Chapman, K., C. Doherty, SG Bristol, R. O’Connor, and MJ Berger. "P.057 Multidisciplinary Care for Optimal Management of Complex Nerve Injuries In Canada." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 48, s3 (November 2021): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2021.338.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Recent advances in management of peripheral nerve injuries is leading to a paradigm shift in the treatment of Canadian patients. Multi-disciplinary care models provide diagnostic, surgical and rehabilitative consultations within a single clinical encounter. Involvement of allied health care professionals has been shown to improve outcome. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the distribution and composition of multidisciplinary teams, and identify regional disparities. Methods: Representatives from clinics across Canada were invited to participate in a survey at the Annual Canadian Peripheral Nerve Symposium in London, Ontario in November 2019, with telephone follow up. Results: Delegates from 17 programs responded to the survey (12 academic centre and 5 community setting). Program provides electrodiagnostic testing, neuromuscular, rehabilitation and surgical assessment. Access to the following services was reported: occupational therapy=53% (9/17), physiotherapy 29% (5/17), research assistant=17% (3/17), social work=12% (2/17), mental health=6% (1/17). Conclusions: Complex nerve injury clinics are being established throughout Canada. Allied health care and research support are limited in many multi-disciplinary complex nerve injury programs. There is variable access, likely resulting in disparities in patient care across Canada. This data will be valuable for lobbying for resources for resources to improve the care of these complex patients.
24
Pitt, Doug, and John Pineau. "Forest inventory research at the Canadian Wood Fibre Centre: Notes from a research coordination workshop, June 3–4, 2009, Pointe Claire, QC." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85859-6.
Full textAbstract:
As part of its mandate to improve forest sector competitiveness, the Canadian Wood Fibre Centre (CWFC) has directed its research program towards the enhancement of forest inventory tools and systems to enable the spatial identification and forecasting of forest value. A June 2009 workshop attended by inventory researchers and provincial specialists from across the country reviewed current research needs and made recommendations for improvement of the CWFC-funded research program over the next 2- to 5-year period. Current efforts appear well positioned to improve stand-level inventory detail through cost-effective, semi-automated interpretation and quantification of tree species, size, and distribution. Means of incorporating specific attributes to better convey value, such as branch size and wood density, are being actively explored. More effort and resources are required to meet needs for better predictive models, sampling systems that incorporate data from a wide array of available sources, and proactive technology transfer and uptake of research results. Key words: forest inventory, value chain optimization, fibre quality, LiDAR, multispectral digital imagery
25
Vaillancourt, C., M. Charette, K. Cyr, S. Hodges, V. Thiruganasambandamoorthy, K. Dainty, L. Morrison, et al. "MP50: National survey of 9-1-1 ambulance communication centers’ resources related to prehospital recognition of agonal breathing and cardiac arrest." CJEM 21, S1 (May 2019): S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.185.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: 9-1-1 telecommunicators receive minimal education on agonal breathing, often resulting in unrecognized out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We successfully piloted an educational intervention that significantly improved telecommunicators’ OHCA recognition and bystander CPR rates in Ottawa. We sought to better understand the operations of Canadian 9-1-1 communications centers (CC) in preparation for a multi-centre study of this intervention. Methods: We conducted a National survey of all Canadian CCs. Survey domains included information on organizational structure, dispatch system used, education curriculum, and performance monitoring. It was peer-reviewed, translated in French, pilot-tested, and distributed electronically using a modified Dillman method. We designated respondents in each CC before distribution and used targeted follow-up and small incentives to increase response rate. Respondents also described functioning of neighboring CCs if known. Results: We received information from 51/51 provincial and 1/25 territorial CCs, representing 99.7% of the Canadian population. CCs largely utilize the Medical Dispatch Priority System (MPDS) platform (93%), many are Province/Ministry regulated (50%) and most require a High School diploma as minimum entry level education (78%). Telecommunicators receive initial in-class training (median 1.3 months, IQR 0.3-1.9; range 0.1-2.2), often followed by a preceptorship (84.4%) (median 1.0 months, IQR 0.7-1.7; range 0.4-6.0). Educational curriculum includes information on agonal breathing in 41% of CC, without audio examples in 34%. Among responding CCs, over 39,000 suspected OHCA 9-1-1 calls are received annually. Few CCs maintain local performance statistics on OHCA recognition (25%), bystander CPR rates (25%) or survival rates (50%). Most (97%) expressed interest in future research collaborations. Conclusion: Most Canadian telecommunicators receive no or minimal education in recognizing agonal breathing. Further training and improved OHCA monitoring may assist recognition and enhance outcomes.
26
Marilena, Furno, and Caracciolo Francesco. "Beyond the mean: Estimating consumer demand systems in the tails." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 10 (October 11, 2017): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2016-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
The study proposes a novel approach to estimate price demand elasticities at the various levels of expenditures. Through the expectile estimator, the demand system can be estimated not only at the mean, as is generally done when implementing the OLS, but also at the lower and higher levels of expenditure. A simple demand system of equations focusing on five basic goods: Food, Recreation, Clothing, Transport, Rent, using the Canadian Family Expenditure Survey data was estimated. The comparison of the estimated elasticity of each commodity at the selected expectiles is tested to verify the statistical relevance of any difference among the estimates in the tails and those computed at the centre of the conditional distribution. The results show with a strong evidence that the elasticity of Food and Recreation grows across the expectiles. Clothing variations are less evident, while the Transport and Rent elasticity is basically constant across the expectiles.
27
Lacroix, L., I. G. Stiell, L. Thurgur, and A. Orkin. "P071: Emergency physician attitudes and perceived barriers to take-home naloxone programs in Canadian emergency departments." CJEM 18, S1 (May 2016): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.247.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Unintentional overdose is the leading cause of injurious death among Americans aged 25-64 years. A similar epidemic is underway in Canada. Community-based opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution (OOEND) programs distribute take-home naloxone kits to people at risk of overdose in several cities across Canada. Due to the high rate of drug-related visits, recurrent opioid prescribing, and routine encounters with opioid overdose, Emergency Departments (ED) may represent an under-utilized setting to deliver naloxone to people at risk of opioid overdose or likely to witness overdose. The goal of this study was to identify Canadian emergency physician attitudes and perceived barriers to the implementation of take-home naloxone programs. Methods: This was an anonymous web-based survey of physician and trainee members of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians. Survey questions were developed by the research team and piloted for face validity and clarity. Two reminder emails were sent to non-responders at 2-week intervals, per the modified Dillman method. Respondent demographics were collected and Likert scales used to assess attitudes and barriers to the prescription of naloxone from the ED. Results: A total of 347/1658 CAEP members responded (20.9%). Of the respondents, 62.1% were male and residents made up 15.6%. The majority (48.2%) worked in Ontario and 55.7% worked in an urban tertiary centre. Overall attitudes to OOEND were strongly positive: 86.6% of respondents identified a willingness to prescribe naloxone from the ED. Perceived barriers included allied health support for patient education (56.4%), access to follow-up (40.3%), and inadequate time in the clinical encounter (37.7%). In addition to people at risk of overdose, 78% of respondents identified that friends and family members may benefit from OOEND programs. Conclusion: Canadian emergency physicians are willing to prescribe take-home naloxone to at-risk patients, but better systems and tools are required to facilitate opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution implementation. This data will inform the development of these programs, with emphasis on allied health support, training and education.
28
Melton, J. R., and V. K. Arora. "Competition between plant functional types in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v. 2.0." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 323–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-323-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) is the interactive vegetation component in the Earth system model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. CTEM models land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 through the response of carbon in living vegetation, and dead litter and soil pools, to changes in weather and climate at timescales of days to centuries. Version 1.0 of CTEM uses prescribed fractional coverage of plant functional types (PFTs) although, in reality, vegetation cover continually adapts to changes in climate, atmospheric composition and anthropogenic forcing. Changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation occur on timescales of years to centuries as vegetation distributions inherently have inertia. Here, we present version 2.0 of CTEM, which includes a representation of competition between PFTs based on a modified version of the Lotka–Volterra (L–V) predator–prey equations. Our approach is used to dynamically simulate the fractional coverage of CTEM's seven natural, non-crop PFTs, which are then compared with available observation-based estimates. Results from CTEM v. 2.0 show the model is able to represent the broad spatial distributions of its seven PFTs at the global scale. However, differences remain between modelled and observation-based fractional coverage of PFTs since representing the multitude of plant species globally, with just seven non-crop PFTs, only captures the large-scale climatic controls on PFT distributions. As expected, PFTs that exist in climate niches are difficult to represent either due to the coarse spatial resolution of the model, and the corresponding driving climate, or the limited number of PFTs used. We also simulate the fractional coverage of PFTs using unmodified L–V equations to illustrate its limitations. The geographic and zonal distributions of primary terrestrial carbon pools and fluxes from the versions of CTEM that use prescribed and dynamically simulated fractional coverage of PFTs compare reasonably well with each other and observation-based estimates. The parametrization of competition between PFTs in CTEM v. 2.0 based on the modified L–V equations behaves in a reasonably realistic manner and yields a tool with which to investigate the changes in spatial distribution of vegetation in response to future changes in climate.
29
Melton, J. R., and V. K. Arora. "Competition between plant functional types in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v. 2.0." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2015): 4851–948. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-4851-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) is the interactive vegetation component in the Earth system model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. CTEM models land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 through the response of carbon in living vegetation, and dead litter and soil pools, to changes in weather and climate at timescales of days to centuries. Version 1.0 of CTEM uses prescribed fractional coverage of plant functional types (PFTs) although, in reality, vegetation cover continually adapts to changes in climate, atmospheric composition, and anthropogenic forcing. Changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation occur on timescales of years to centuries as vegetation distributions inherently have inertia. Here, we present version 2.0 of CTEM which includes a representation of competition between PFTs based on a modified version of the Lotka–Volterra (L–V) predator–prey equations. Our approach is used to dynamically simulate the fractional coverage of CTEM's seven natural, non-crop PFTs which are then compared with available observation-based estimates. Results from CTEM v. 2.0 show the model is able to represent the broad spatial distributions of its seven PFTs at the global scale. However, differences remain between modelled and observation-based fractional coverages of PFTs since representing the multitude of plant species globally, with just seven non-crop PFTs, only captures the large scale climatic controls on PFT distributions. As expected, PFTs that exist in climate niches are difficult to represent either due to the coarse spatial resolution of the model, and the corresponding driving climate, or the limited number of PFTs used. We also simulate the fractional coverages of PFTs using unmodified L–V equations to illustrate its limitations. The geographic and zonal distributions of primary terrestrial carbon pools and fluxes from the versions of CTEM that use prescribed and dynamically simulated fractional coverage of PFTs compare reasonably well with each other and observation-based estimates. The parametrization of competition between PFTs in CTEM v. 2.0 based on the modified L–V equations behaves in a reasonably realistic manner and yields a tool with which to investigate the changes in spatial distribution of vegetation in response to future changes in climate.
30
Hamill, Thomas M., and Michael Scheuerer. "Probabilistic Precipitation Forecast Postprocessing Using Quantile Mapping and Rank-Weighted Best-Member Dressing." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 12 (November 14, 2018): 4079–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0147.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Hamill et al. described a multimodel ensemble precipitation postprocessing algorithm that is used operationally by the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS). This article describes further changes that produce improved, reliable, and skillful probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts (PQPFs) for single or multimodel prediction systems. For multimodel systems, final probabilities are produced through the linear combination of PQPFs from the constituent models. The new methodology is applied to each prediction system. Prior to adjustment of the forecasts, parametric cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of model and analyzed climatologies are generated using the previous 60 days’ forecasts and analyses and supplemental locations. The CDFs, which can be stored with minimal disk space, are then used for quantile mapping to correct state-dependent bias for each member. In this stage, the ensemble is also enlarged using a stencil of forecast values from the 5 × 5 surrounding grid points. Different weights and dressing distributions are assigned to the sorted, quantile-mapped members, with generally larger weights for outlying members and broader dressing distributions for members with heavier precipitation. Probability distributions are generated from the weighted sum of the dressing distributions. The NWS Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS), the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) global ensemble, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble forecast data are postprocessed for April–June 2016. Single prediction system postprocessed forecasts are generally reliable and skillful. Multimodel PQPFs are roughly as skillful as the ECMWF system alone. Postprocessed guidance was generally more skillful than guidance using the Gamma distribution approach of Scheuerer and Hamill, with coefficients generated from data pooled across the United States.
31
Acharya, S. N. "AAC Meadowview alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 1 (January 2014): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-2491.
Full textAbstract:
Acharya, S. N. 2014. AAC Meadowview alfalfa. Can J. Plant Sci. 94: 187–189. AAC Meadowview alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was developed by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta. This cultivar, tested as AT05 in Western Forage Trials, is derived from parental clones selected for high forage yield under low pH conditions and resistance to both bacterial wilt (BW) (caused by Corynebacterium insidiosum) or Verticillium Wilt (VW) (caused by Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold). When grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions of western Canada AT05 out yielded Beaver (check) by 5%. AAC Meadowview is well suited to forage and seed production in western Canada where VW and acidic soil conditions may be of concern. AAC Meadowview received Canadian Food Inspection Agency's registration number 7402 on 2013 Jun. 06. Breeder seed for the cultivar will be produced by AAFC and the multiplication and distribution rights were awarded to Northstar Seeds through a competitive process.
32
Young, Sympascho, Sierra Williams, Michael Otterstatter, Jennifer Lee, and Jane Buxton. "Lessons learned from ramping up a Canadian Take Home Naloxone programme during a public health emergency: a mixed-methods study." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e030046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030046.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesThis study describes the 2016 expansion of the British Columbia Take Home Naloxone (BCTHN) programme quantitatively and explores the challenges, facilitators and successes during the ramp up from the perspectives of programme stakeholders.DesignMixed-methods study.SettingThe BCTHN programme was implemented in 2012 to reduce opioid overdose deaths by providing naloxone kits and overdose recognition and response training in BC, Canada. An increase in the number of overdose deaths in 2016 in BC led to the declaration of a public health emergency and a rapid ramp up of naloxone kit production and distribution. BCTHN distributes naloxone to the five regional health authorities of BC.ParticipantsFocus groups and key informant interviews were conducted with 18 stakeholders, including BC Centre for Disease Control staff, urban and rural site coordinators, and harm reduction coordinators from the five regional health authorities across BC.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTake Home Naloxone (THN) programme activity, qualitative themes and lessons learnt were identified.ResultsIn 2016, BCTHN responded to a 20-fold increase in demand of naloxone kits and added over 300 distribution sites. Weekly numbers of overdose events and overdose deaths were correlated with increases in THN kits ordered the following week, during 2013–2017. Challenges elicited include forecasting demand, operational logistics, financial, manpower and policy constraints. Facilitators included outsourcing kit production, implementing standing orders and policy changes in naloxone scheduling, which allowed for easier hiring of staff, reduced paperwork and expanded client access.ConclusionFor THN programmes preparing for potential increases in naloxone demand, we recommend creating an online database, implementing standing orders and developing online training resources for standardised knowledge translation to site staff and clients.
33
Hannington, Madeline, Tyler Tait, Sean Docking, Jill Cook, Oluwatoyosi Owoeye, Christian Bonello, Carolyn Emery, Kati Pasanen, Suzi Edwards, and Ebonie Rio. "Prevalence and Pain Distribution of Anterior Knee Pain in Collegiate Basketball Players." Journal of Athletic Training 57, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0604.20.
Full textAbstract:
Context Causes of anterior knee pain (AKP) in jumping athletes include patellofemoral pain and patellar tendinopathy. The differential diagnosis of AKP is challenging, with variations in clinical presentations. No previous research has used pain location to describe AKP in basketball players. Objective To (1) describe the prevalence and pain distribution of AKP in collegiate basketball players and (2) report the prevalence of focal inferior pole pain using 2 outcome measures. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting University and collegiate basketball facilities in Alberta, Canada. Patients or Other Participants A total of 242 collegiate basketball athletes (138 women, 104 men). Main Outcome Measure(s) The single-legged decline squat test (SLDS) was used to capture pain location via pain mapping (dichotomized as focal or diffuse) and pain severity (numeric rating scale). The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Knee questionnaire (OSTRC-Knee) and adapted version for patellar tendinopathy (OSTRC-Patellar Tendinopathy Questionnaire [OSTRC-P]) were used to report the prevalence of AKP and patellar tendinopathy, respectively. Focal inferior pole pain during the SLDS was used to classify patellar tendinopathy. Results Of the 242 players, 146 (60%) reported pain with the SLDS (unilateral = 64 [26%]; bilateral = 82 [34%]). A total of 101 (43%) described knee pain using the OSTRC-Knee. Pain mapping captured the variability in pain locations. Diffuse pain was more prevalent (left, 70%; right, 72%) than focal pain (left, 30%; right, 28%). Low prevalence of patellar tendinopathy was noted using the OSTRC-P (n = 21, 8.7%) and inferior pole pain during the SLDS (n = 25, 10.3%). Conclusions Diffuse AKP was common in Canadian basketball players; however, pain mapped to the inferior pole of the patella was not common. Few players reported tendinopathy using the OSTRC-P, suggesting that patellar tendinopathy was not a primary knee pain presentation in this jumping cohort. Pain location, rather than the presence or severity of pain alone, may better describe the clinical presentation of AKP in jumping athletes.
34
Losier, J. H., F. Myslik, K. Van Aarsen, K. Cuddy, and C. Quinonez. "P085: Dental complaints in the emergency department: a national survey of Canadian EM physicians." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.287.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Dental complaints and emergencies are a common emergency department (ED) issue that has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to provide an evaluation of Canadian practice patterns and clinical training relating to dental emergencies in the ED. Methods: We conducted an electronic survey inviting 1520 Canadian emergency medicine (EM) physicians from CAEP’s physician distribution network. Thirty-three questions were asked regarding ED physician training with dental emergencies, practice patterns and comfort with dental care, current available ED dental resources, and how dental care may be improved in Canadian EDs. Standard descriptive statistics were calculated. Results: Survey response rate was 15.1%. Respondents were predominantly male (62.8%) with a mean 15.3 years (SD: ±9.8) of practice, and were primarily CCFP-EM (50.7%) or FRCP-trained (25.6%) in either tertiary (48.0%) or community (36.3%) teaching hospitals. They received broad training on dental issues, but this was limited in scope to ≤1 day of residency (61.4%). A combined majority (59.6%) felt their residency left them somewhat to very unprepared for treating dental complaints, and <40% of physicians reported feeling comfortable with specific, common dental emergency procedures, with the exception of avulsed tooth storage (61.1%). For pain management and local trauma exploration, 36.9% felt somewhat to very uncomfortable performing oral and facial nerve blocks. Many respondents do not have access to any dental emergency supplies (48.0%), or do not know if they have any access (14.2%). Furthermore, 18.9% have no access to any professional support for help with dental emergencies requiring advanced management. Respondents believe dental emergency consultant support is an issue at their centre (62.5%). EM physicians want more training with dental emergencies (79.5%) and improved access to dental-specific emergency materials in their departments (63.7%). The greatest barriers to providing good ED dental care were cost to patients (72.7%), physician comfort treating complaints (54.7%), and clear follow-up with outpatient dental professionals (54.3%). Conclusion: ED physicians feel relatively unprepared by their residency training to treat dental complaints, and professional dental support is an issue in the majority of EDs. Dental care may be improved with more access to training, to dental ED resources and professional support.
35
He, Yanping, Norman A. McFarlane, and Adam H. Monahan. "The Influence of Boundary Layer Processes on the Diurnal Variation of the Climatological Near-Surface Wind Speed Probability Distribution over Land*." Journal of Climate 25, no. 18 (May 1, 2012): 6441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00321.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Knowledge of the diurnally varying land surface wind speed probability distribution is essential for surface flux estimation and wind power management. Global observations indicate that the surface wind speed probability density function (PDF) is characterized by a Weibull-like PDF during the day and a nighttime PDF with considerably greater skewness. Consideration of long-term tower observations at Cabauw, the Netherlands, indicates that this nighttime skewness is a shallow feature connected to the formation of a stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer. The observed diurnally varying vertical structure of the leading three climatological moments of near-surface wind speed (mean, standard deviation, and skewness) and the wind power density at the Cabauw site can be successfully simulated using the single-column version of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) fourth-generation atmospheric general circulation model (CanAM4) with a new semiempirical diagnostic turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) scheme representing downgradient turbulent transfer processes for cloud-free conditions. This model also includes a simple stochastic representation of intermittent turbulence at the boundary layer inversion. It is found that the mean and the standard deviation of wind speed are most influenced by large-scale “weather” variability, while the shape of the PDF is influenced by the intermittent mixing process. This effect is quantitatively dependent on the asymptotic flux Richardson number, which determines the Prandtl number in stable flows. High vertical resolution near the land surface is also necessary for realistic simulation of the observed fine vertical structure of wind speed distribution.
36
Kharin, Viatcheslav V., and Francis W. Zwiers. "Estimating Extremes in Transient Climate Change Simulations." Journal of Climate 18, no. 8 (April 15, 2005): 1156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3320.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes are examined in transient climate change simulations performed with the second-generation coupled global climate model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. Three-member ensembles were produced for the time period 1990–2100 using the IS92a, A2, and B2 emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The return values of annual extremes are estimated from a fitted generalized extreme value distribution with time-dependent location and scale parameters by the method of maximum likelihood. The L-moment return value estimates are revisited and found to be somewhat biased in the context of transient climate change simulations. The climate response is of similar magnitude in the integrations with the IS92a and A2 emission scenarios but more modest for the B2 scenario. Changes in temperature extremes are largely associated with changes in the location of the distribution of annual extremes without substantial changes in its shape over most of the globe. Exceptions are regions where land and ocean surface properties change drastically, such as the regions that experience sea ice and snow cover retreat. Globally averaged changes in warm extremes are comparable to the corresponding changes in annual mean daily maximum temperature, while globally averaged cold extremes warm up faster than annual mean daily minimum temperature. There are considerable regional differences between the magnitudes of changes in temperature extremes and the corresponding annual means. Changes in precipitation extremes are due to changes in both the location and scale of the extreme value distribution and exceed substantially the corresponding changes in the annual mean precipitation. Generally speaking, the warmer model climate becomes wetter and hydrologically more variable. The probability of precipitation events that are considered extreme at the beginning of the simulations is increased by a factor of about 2 by the end of the twenty-first century.
37
Cadotte, David W., Shobhan Vachhrajani, and Farhad Pirouzmand. "The epidemiological trends of head injury in the largest Canadian adult trauma center from 1986 to 2007." Journal of Neurosurgery 114, no. 6 (June 2011): 1502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.12.jns10808.
Full textAbstract:
Object This study documents the epidemiology of head injury over the course of 22 years in the largest Level I adult trauma center in Canada. This information defines the current state, changing pattern, and relative distribution of demographic factors in a defined group of trauma patients. It will aid in hypothesis generation to direct etiological research, administrative resource allocation, and preventative strategies. Methods Data on all the trauma patients treated at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (SHSC) from 1986 to 2007 were collected in a consecutive, prospective fashion. The authors reviewed these data from the Sunnybrook Trauma Registry Database in a retrospective fashion. The aggregate data on head injury included demographic data, cause of injury, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). The collected data were analyzed using univariate techniques to depict the trend of variables over years. The authors used the length of stay (LOS) and number of deaths per year (case fatality rate) as crude measures of outcome. Results A total of 16,678 patients were treated through the Level I trauma center at SHSC from January 1986 to December 2007. Of these, 9315 patients met the inclusion criteria (ISS > 12, head Abbreviated Injury Scale score > 0). The median age of all trauma patients was 36 years, and 69.6% were male. The median ISS of the head-injury patients was 27. The median age of this group of patients increased by 12 years over the study period. Motorized vehicle accidents accounted for the greatest number of head injuries (60.3%) although the relative percentage decreased over the study period. The median transfer time of patients sustaining a head injury was 2.58 hours, and there was an approximately 45 minute improvement over the 22-year study period. The median LOS in our center decreased from 19 to 10 days over the study period. The average case fatality rate was 17.4% over the study period. In multivariate analysis, more severe injuries were associated with increased LOS as was increasing time from injury to hospital presentation. Age and injury severity were independently predictive of mortality. Conclusions These data will provide useful information to guide future studies on the changing patterns of head injury, possible mechanisms of injury, and efficient resource allocation for management of this condition.
38
Loukas, A., L. Vasiliades, and N. R. Dalezios. "Climatic impacts on the runoff generation processes in British Columbia, Canada." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2002): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-211-2002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The potential impact of future climate change on runoff generation processes in two southern British Columbia catchments was explored using the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling Analysis General Circulation Model (CGCMa1) to estimate future changes in precipitation, temperature and cloud cover while the U.B.C. Watershed Model was used to simulate discharges and quantify the separate runoff components, i.e. rainfall, snowmelt, glacier melt and groundwater. Changes, not only in precipitation and temperature but also in the spatial distribution of precipitation with elevation, cloud cover, glacier extension, altitude distribution of vegetation, vegetation biomass production and plant physiology were considered. The future climate of the catchments would be wetter and warmer than the present. In the maritime rain-fed catchment of the Upper Campbell, runoff from rainfall is the most significant source of flow for present and future climatic conditions in the autumn and winter whereas runoff from groundwater generates the flow in spring and summer, especially for the future climate scenario. The total runoff, under the future climatic conditions, would increase in the autumn and winter and decrease in spring and summer. In contrast, in the interior snow-covered Illecillewaet catchment, groundwater is the most significant runoff generation mechanism in the autumn and winter although, at present, significant flow is generated from snowmelt in spring and from glacier runoff in summer. In the future scenario, the contribution to flow from snowmelt would increase in winter and diminish in spring while the runoff from the glacier would remain unchanged; groundwater would then become the most significant source of runoff, which would peak earlier in the season. Keywords: climatic change, hydrological simulation, rainfall, snowmelt, runoff processes
39
Ben Alaya, M. A., F. Zwiers, and X. Zhang. "Probable Maximum Precipitation: Its Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification Using Bivariate Extreme Value Analysis." Journal of Hydrometeorology 19, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0110.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is the key parameter used to estimate the probable maximum flood (PMF), both of which are important for dam safety and civil engineering purposes. The usual operational procedure for obtaining PMP values, which is based on a moisture maximization approach, produces a single PMP value without an estimate of its uncertainty. We therefore propose a probabilistic framework based on a bivariate extreme value distribution to aid in the interpretation of these PMP values. This 1) allows us to evaluate estimates from the operational procedure relative to an estimate of a plausible distribution of PMP values, 2) enables an evaluation of the uncertainty of these values, and 3) provides clarification of the impact of the assumption that a PMP event occurs under conditions of maximum moisture availability. Results based on a 50-yr Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Regional Climate Model (CanRCM4) simulation over North America reveal that operational PMP estimates are highly uncertain and suggest that the assumption that PMP events have maximum moisture availability may not be valid. Specifically, in the climate simulated by CanRCM4, the operational approach applied to 50-yr data records produces a value that is similar to the value that is obtained in our approach when assuming complete dependence between extreme precipitation efficiency and extreme precipitable water. In contrast, our results suggest weaker than complete dependence. Estimates from the operational approach are 15% larger on average over North America than those obtained when accounting for the dependence between precipitation efficiency and precipitable water extremes realistically. A difference of this magnitude may have serious implications in engineering design.
40
Harris, Richard, Christine Tchao, Natalie Prystajecky, Jennifer Cutler, and John W. Austin. "A summary of surveillance, morbidity and microbiology of laboratory-confirmed cases of infant botulism in Canada, 1979–2019." Canada Communicable Disease Report 47, no. 7/8 (July 8, 2021): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v47i78a05.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Infant botulism is a rare toxicoinfectious disease caused by colonization of the infant’s intestine with botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia (i.e. Clostridium botulinum or neurotoxigenic strains of C. butyricum or C. baratii). Our goal was to examine data from laboratory-confirmed cases of infant botulism reported in Canada to summarize incidence over time, over geographic distribution by province or territory, and by sex, and to compare these parameters with data from the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS). The average age of onset, serotype of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), case outcomes, length of hospitalization and suitability of clinical specimens for laboratory confirmation were also determined. Methods: We examined laboratory records from the Health Canada Botulism Reference Service and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) Public Health Laboratory. The Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) and the Hospital Morbidity Database (HMDB) of the Canadian Institute of Health Information (CIHI) were queried for data on hospitalization of infant botulism cases. The CNDSS was queried for data on reported cases of infant botulism. Results: From 1979 to 2019, 63 laboratory-confirmed cases of infant botulism were confirmed by the Health Canada Botulism Reference Service and the BCCDC Public Health Laboratory for an annual rate of 4.30 cases per million live births. From 1983 to 2018, 57 cases of infant botulism were reported to the CNDSS. Of the 63 cases confirmed by the reference laboratories, the median age of onset was 16 weeks with a range of 2 to 52 weeks. The majority of cases were type A (76%) and B (21%), with single cases of type F and type AB. Of the 23 laboratory-confirmed cases with matched hospital records, 13 were transferred to special care and eight needed ventilator support; no deaths were reported. Conclusion: Spores of C. botulinum are present naturally in the environment, thus diagnosis of infant botulism does not require a history of exposure to high-risk foods such as honey. Stool samples are the most useful diagnostic specimen.
41
Pinto, Miguel M., Carlos C. DaCamara, Isabel F. Trigo, Ricardo M. Trigo, and K. Feridun Turkman. "Fire danger rating over Mediterranean Europe based on fire radiative power derived from Meteosat." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-515-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We present a procedure that allows the operational generation of daily forecasts of fire danger over Mediterranean Europe. The procedure combines historical information about radiative energy released by fire events with daily meteorological forecasts, as provided by the Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis (LSA SAF) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Fire danger is estimated based on daily probabilities of exceedance of daily energy released by fires occurring at the pixel level. Daily probability considers meteorological factors by means of the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) and is estimated using a daily model based on a generalized Pareto distribution. Five classes of fire danger are then associated with daily probability estimated by the daily model. The model is calibrated using 13 years of data (2004–2016) and validated against the period of January–September 2017. Results obtained show that about 72 % of events releasing daily energy above 10 000 GJ belong to the “extreme” class of fire danger, a considerably high fraction that is more than 1.5 times the values obtained when using the currently operational Fire Danger Forecast module of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) or the Fire Risk Map (FRM) product disseminated by the LSA SAF. Besides assisting in wildfire management, the procedure is expected to help in decision making on prescribed burning within the framework of agricultural and forest management practices.
42
Lupu, A., J. W. Kaminski, L. Neary, J. C. McConnell, K. Toyota, C. P. Rinsland, P. F. Bernath, et al. "Hydrogen cyanide in the upper troposphere: GEM-AQ simulation and comparison with ACE-FTS observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 23, 2009): 2165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-2165-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the upper troposphere through numerical simulations and comparison with observations from a space-based instrument. To perform the simulations, we used the Global Environmental Multiscale Air Quality model (GEM-AQ), which is based on the three-dimensional global multiscale model developed by the Meteorological Service of Canada for operational weather forecasting. The model was run for the period 2004–2006 on a 1.5°×1.5° global grid with 28 hybrid vertical levels from the surface up to 10 hPa. Objective analysis data from the Canadian Meteorological Centre were used to update the meteorological fields every 24 h. Fire emission fluxes of gas species were generated by using year-specific inventories of carbon emissions with 8-day temporal resolution from the Global Fire Emission Database (GFED) version 2. The model output is compared with HCN profiles measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) instrument onboard the Canadian SCISAT-1 satellite. High values of up to a few ppbv are observed in the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere; the enhancement in HCN volume mixing ratios in the upper troposphere is most prominent in October. Low upper-tropospheric mixing ratios of less than 100 pptv are mostly recorded at middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere in May–July. Mixing ratios in Northern Hemisphere peak in the boreal summer. The amplitude of the seasonal variation is less pronounced than in the Southern Hemisphere. Our model results show that in the upper troposphere GEM-AQ performs well globally for all seasons, except at Northern high and middle latitudes in summer, where the model has a large negative bias, and in the tropics in winter and spring, where it exhibits large positive bias. This may reflect inaccurate emissions or possible inaccuracies in the emission profile. The model is able to explain most of the observed variability in the upper troposphere HCN field, including the interannual variations in the observed mixing ratio. The estimated average global emission equals 1.3 Tg N yr−1. The average atmospheric burden is 0.53 Tg N, and the corresponding lifetime is 4.9 months.
43
Ernst, Richard, and Wouter Bleeker. "Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dyke swarms, and mantle plumes: significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2.5 Ga to the PresentThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the the theme Lithoprobe—parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.Lithoprobe Contribution 1482. Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20100072." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 5 (May 2010): 695–739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-025.
Full textAbstract:
Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are high volume, short duration pulses of intraplate magmatism consisting mainly of flood basalts and their associated plumbing system, but also may include silicic components and carbonatites. Many LIPs have an associated radiating diabase dyke swarm, which typically converges on a cratonic margin, identifies a mantle plume centre, and is linked to breakup or attempted breakup to form that cratonic margin. We hypothesize that every major breakup margin in Canada can be associated with a LIP, and we attempt to identify this LIP. To this end, we focus mainly on high-precision age determinations and the distribution of diabase dyke swarms, which are uniquely valued for preserving the record of magmatic events. The analysis extends from the Phanerozoic to the Neoarchean, but our most complete information is for the Superior craton. There, events at 2.50–2.45, 2.22–2.17, and 2.12–2.08 Ga (LIP and plume) are linked with rifting and breakup or attempted breakup of the south-southeastern, northeastern, and southern margins, respectively. Events at 2.00–1.97 Ga are probably linked with the northern margin (Ungava promontory), while the Circum-Superior event at ca. 1.88 Ga is linked to the north to northwestern margins during a time of Manikewan Ocean closure. Similar linkages for other cratons of North America improve understanding of the breakup history to help identify which blocks were nearest neighbours to Canadian crustal blocks in Precambrian supercontinents. Such interpretations provide a framework for interpreting other geological features of these margins to further test models for the timing and location of breakup.
44
Liang, Xingming, and Quanhua Liu. "Applying Deep Learning to Clear-Sky Radiance Simulation for VIIRS with Community Radiative Transfer Model—Part 2: Model Architecture and Assessment." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 3825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223825.
Full textAbstract:
A fully connected “deep” neural network algorithm with the Community Radiative Transfer Model (FCDN_CRTM) is proposed to explore the efficiency and accuracy of reproducing the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) radiances in five thermal emission M (TEB/M) bands. The model was trained and tested in the nighttime global ocean clear-sky domain, in which the VIIRS observation minus CRTM (O-M) biases have been well validated in recent years. The atmosphere profile from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and sea surface temperature (SST) from the Canadian Meteorology Centre (CMC) were used as FCDN_CRTM input, and the CRTM-simulated brightness temperatures (BTs) were defined as labels. Six dispersion days’ data from 2019 to 2020 were selected to train the FCDN_CRTM, and the clear-sky pixels were identified by an enhanced FCDN clear-sky mask (FCDN_CSM) model, which was demonstrated in Part 1. The trained model was then employed to predict CRTM BTs, which were further validated with the CRTM BTs and the VIIRS sensor data record (SDR) for both efficiency and accuracy. With iterative refinement of the model design and careful treatment of the input data, the agreement between the FCDN_CRTM and the CRTM was generally good, including the satellite zenith angle and column water vapor dependencies. The mean biases of the FCDN_CRTM minus CRTM (F-C) were typically ~0.01 K for all five bands, and the high accuracy persisted during the whole analysis period. Moreover, the standard deviations (STDs) were generally less than 0.1 K and were consistent for approximately half a year, before they significantly degraded. The validation with VIIRS SDR data revealed that both the predicted mean biases and the STD of the VIIRS observation minus FCDN_CRTM (V-F) were comparable with the VIIRS minus direct CRTM simulation (V-C). Meanwhile, both V-F and V-C exhibited consistent global geophysical and statistical distribution, as well as stable long-term performance. Furthermore, the FCDN_CRTM processing time was more than 40 times faster than CRTM simulation. The highly efficient, accurate, and stable performances indicate that the FCDN_CRTM is a potential solution for global and real-time monitoring of sensor observation minus model simulation, particularly for high-resolution sensors.
45
Barbic, David, Brian Klinkenberg, Brian Grunau, and Jim Christenson. "Do neighbourhoods in Vancouver and surrounding areas demonstrate different rates of bystander CPR and survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest?" CJEM 20, no. 1 (October 17, 2016): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.384.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveNo prior work exists examining the relation between the geographic distribution of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the city of Vancouver and surrounding areas that may exhibit a clustering of cases. The primary objective of this study was to describe the distribution of OHCA within the Vancouver Coastal Health region using a geographic information system (GIS) analysis and appropriate statistical analyses.MethodsThis study was a post-hoc GIS-based analysis of OHCA patients in the city of Vancouver and surrounding areas, using data collected by the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium between September 2007 and December 2011. The kernel density techniques and regression tree analysis using binary recursive partitioning were used.ResultsWe examined 1617 cases of OHCA with a mortality rate of 86.5% (95% CI 84.8-88.2). The mean age of OHCA cases was 66.6 years (95% CI 65.7-67.5), and 33.6% (95% CI 31.3-35.9) were female. The proportion with an initial shockable rhythm (VF or pulseless VT) was 22.2% (95% CI 20.2-24.2); 42.3% (95% CI 39.9-44.7) of all cases received bystander CPR, and 49.7% (95% CI 47.3-52.1) were transported to the hospital by paramedics. The rate of survival to hospital discharge with favourable neurological status (FNS) Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) 1 or 2 was 10.4% (8.9-11.9). Distance of transport to the hospital (less than 2.7 km) was a significant predictor of survival with FNS, but income did not predict survival with FNS. Areas with higher proportions of commuters by car demonstrated lower rates of survival with FNS.ConclusionThis is the first GIS-based study to examine OHCA in a single large Canadian centre. Clustering of OHCA consistent with areas of high population density was observed. Distance of transport was a significant predictor of survival with FNS for patients with OHCA. This may have important implications for future emergency medical services deployment and dispatch decision-making, and public policy initiatives.
46
Pirouzmand, Farhad. "Epidemiological trends of spine and spinal cord injuries in the largest Canadian adult trauma center from 1986 to 2006." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 12, no. 2 (February 2010): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.9.spine0943.
Full textAbstract:
Object In this study the author documents the epidemiology of spine and spinal cord injuries (SCIs) over 2 decades at the largest Level I adult trauma center in Canada. He describes the current state of spine injuries (SIs), their changing patterns over the years, and the relative distribution of different demographic factors in a defined group of trauma patients. Methods Data on all trauma patients admitted to Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre between 1986 and 2006 were collected from the Sunnybrook Trauma Registry Database. Aggregate data on SIs and SCIs, including demographic information, etiology, severity of injuries (injury severity score [ISS]), and associated injuries, were recorded. The data were analyzed in a main category of spinal fracture and/or dislocation with or without SI and in two subgroups of patients with SIs, one encompassing all forms of SCIs and the other including only complete SCIs (CSCIs). Collected data were evaluated using univariate techniques to depict the trend of variables over the years. The number of deaths per year and the length of stay (LOS) were used as crude measures of outcome. Several multivariate analysis techniques, including Poisson regression, were used to model the frequency of death and LOS as functions of various trauma variables. Results There were 12,192 trauma patients in the study period with 23.2% having SIs, 5.4% having SCIs, and 3% having CSCIs. The SCIs constituted 23.3% of all SIs. The respective characteristics of the SI, SCI, and CSCI groups were as follows: median age 36, 33, and 30 years; median LOS 18, 27, and 29 days; median ISS 29, 30, and 34; female sex ratio 34, 24, and 23%; and case fatality rate 16.7, 16.6, and 21%. Seventy-nine percent of patients had associated head injuries; conversely, 24% of patients with head injuries had SIs. The mean admission age of patients increased by ~ 10 years over the study period, from the early 30s to the early 40s. The relative incidence of SIs remained stable at ~ 23%, but the incidence of SCIs decreased ~ 40% over time to 4.5%. Motor vehicle accidents remained the principal etiology of trauma, although falling and violence became more frequent contributors of SIs. The average annual ISS remained stable over time, but the LOS was reduced by 50% in both the SI and SCI groups. Age, ISS, and SCIs were associated with a longer LOS. The case fatality rate remained relatively unchanged over time. Poisson analysis suggested that the presence of an SCI does not change the case fatality rate. Conclusions Data in this analysis will provide useful information to guide future studies on changing SI patterns, possible etiologies, and efficient resource allocation for the management of these diseases.
47
Bachir, Bassel G., Armen G. Aprikian, Yves Fradet, Joseph L. Chin, Jonathan Izawa, Ricardo Rendon, Eric Estey, et al. "Regional differences in practice patterns and outcomes in patients treated with radical cystectomy in a universal health care system." Canadian Urological Association Journal 7, no. 11-12 (November 8, 2013): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.201.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Our objective is to assess differences in practice patterns and outcomes across 3 regions in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy under a universal healthcare system.Methods: In total, we included 2287 patients treated with radical cystectomy at 8 Canadian centres from 1998 to 2008. Variables included various clinico-pathologic parameters, recurrence, and death stratified into different regions.Results: In total, 1105 patients were from the east region (group1), 601 from the centre region (group 2), and 581 from the west region of Canada (group 3). The median follow-up of groups 1, 2, and 3 was 22.1, 17.1, and 28.6 months, respectively. Although the overall rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was low (3.1%), rates were higher in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.07). Continent diversions and extended lymphadenectomy were performed in 23.5%, 8.5%, 23.9% and 39.7%, 27.7%, 12.6% across groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in gender distribution, performance of lymphadenectomy, presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ and lymphovascular invasion across the 3 groups. There were no differences among the 3 geographical locations in terms of stage, surgical margin status, and use of adjuvant chemotherapy. The mean number of days from the transurethral resection of the bladder tumour to cystectomy was 50, 79, 69 days for groups 1, 2, 3, respectively (p = 0.0006). The 5-year overall survival was 53.6%, 66.8%, and 52.4% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p < 0.0001).Conclusions: Significant variations in practice patterns were noted across different geographic regions in a universal healthcare system. Use of continent diversions, extended lymphadenectomy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains low across all 3 regions. Treatment delays are significant.
48
Brooks, Gregory Robert. "An Integrated Stratigraphic Approach to Investigating Evidence of Paleoearthquakes in Lake Deposits of Eastern Canada." Geoscience Canada 42, no. 2 (April 10, 2015): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.063.
Full textAbstract:
Seismic shaking can generate mass movements, turbidites, and soft-sediment deformation within lake basins. These ‘disturbed’ deposits may be preserved, and provide a stratigraphic record of paleoearthquakes. A three-dimensional seismo-stratigraphy of the lake deposits can be constructed from a high-density, sub-bottom acoustic profile (SAP) survey, allowing disturbed deposits within the basin to be identified and mapped. Event layers composed of one or more disturbed deposits can be identified within the seismo-stratigraphy, and targeted coring of the lake deposits provides ground-truthing of the disturbed deposits. Analysis of organic or sediment materials sampled from recovered cores allow ages to be assigned to the event layers. Maps depicting the distribution, extent and types of disturbed deposits within each event layer can be compiled by integrating the event layer stratigraphy and the three-dimensional architecture of the lake deposits. An intrabasin, multi-deposit event layer is the likely signature of significant past earthquake shaking, but possible non-seismic triggers also need to be assessed. An earthquake catalogue spanning 16 000 years for central Switzerland exemplifies the results of an integrated seismo- and chrono-stratigraphic approach to paleoseismic investigation. This approach to the investigation of eastern Canadian lake basin(s) has the potential to significantly augment the eastern Canadian earthquake catalogue. Conversely, the absence of seismically-induced disturbed deposits in SAP profiles and in lake core within a given area can help establish negative evidence of paleoseismicity.RÉSUMÉLes secousses sismiques peuvent provoquer des mouvements de terrain, des turbidites, ainsi que la déformation de sédiments meubles dans les bassins lacustres. Ces dépôts « perturbés » lorsque préservés constituent des archives stratigraphiques de ces paléoséismes. Une sismostratigraphie tridimensionnelle des dépôts lacustres peut être élaborée par sondage acoustique haute densité de sédiment (SAP), permettant ainsi de détecter et de cartographier les dépôts perturbés du bassin. Les couches événementielles composées d'un dépôt perturbé ou plus peuvent être détectées par sismostratigraphie, et le carottage ciblé de dépôts lacustres permet de les valider. L’analyse de matériaux organiques ou de sédiments prélevés à partir des carottes permettent de dater les couches événementielles. Des cartes illustrant la distribution, l'étendue et les types de dépôts perturbés au sein de chaque couche événementielle peuvent être compilées en intégrant la stratigraphie de la couche événementielle et l'architecture tridimensionnelle des dépôts lacustres. Une couche événementielle multi-dépôt est la signature probable d’importants tremblements sismiques anciens, sans perdre de vue que d’autres déclencheurs non sismiques puissent être en cause. Un catalogue de séismes couvrant 16 000 ans d’événements dans le centre de la Suisse illustre les résultats d'une approche sismologique et chrono-stratigraphique intégrée de l’histoire paléosismique. Cette approche d’étude de bassins lacustres de l'Est canadien permet d'augmenter considérablement le nombre de séismes du catalogue de l'Est canadien. Inversement, l'absence de dépôts perturbés induits par séisme dans les profils SAP et dans des carottages d’une zone donnée peut contribuer à constituer une preuve de l’absence de paléosismicité.
49
Huang, Xianglei, Jason N. S. Cole, Fei He, Gerald L. Potter, Lazaros Oreopoulos, Dongmin Lee, Max Suarez, and Norman G. Loeb. "Longwave Band-By-Band Cloud Radiative Effect and Its Application in GCM Evaluation." Journal of Climate 26, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 450–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00112.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The cloud radiative effect (CRE) of each longwave (LW) absorption band of a GCM’s radiation code is uniquely valuable for GCM evaluation because 1) comparing band-by-band CRE avoids the compensating biases in the broadband CRE comparison and 2) the fractional contribution of each band to the LW broadband CRE (fCRE) is sensitive to cloud-top height but largely insensitive to cloud fraction, thereby presenting a diagnostic metric to separate the two macroscopic properties of clouds. Recent studies led by the first author have established methods to derive such band-by-band quantities from collocated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) observations. A study is presented here that compares the observed band-by-band CRE over the tropical oceans with those simulated by three different atmospheric GCMs—the GFDL Atmospheric Model version 2 (GFDL AM2), NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5), and the fourth-generation AGCM of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma CanAM4)—forced by observed SST. The models agree with observation on the annual-mean LW broadband CRE over the tropical oceans within ±1 W m−2. However, the differences among these three GCMs in some bands can be as large as or even larger than ±1 W m−2. Observed seasonal cycles of fCRE in major bands are shown to be consistent with the seasonal cycle of cloud-top pressure for both the amplitude and the phase. However, while the three simulated seasonal cycles of fCRE agree with observations on the phase, the amplitudes are underestimated. Simulated interannual anomalies from GFDL AM2 and CCCma CanAM4 are in phase with observed anomalies. The spatial distribution of fCRE highlights the discrepancies between models and observation over the low-cloud regions and the compensating biases from different bands.
50
Lupu, A., J. W. Kaminski, L. Neary, J. C. McConnell, K. Toyota, C. P. Rinsland, P. F. Bernath, et al. "Hydrogen cyanide in the upper troposphere: GEM-AQ simulation and comparison with ACE-FTS observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 13 (July 3, 2009): 4301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4301-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the upper troposphere through numerical simulations and comparison with observations from a space-based instrument. To perform the simulations, we used the Global Environmental Multiscale Air Quality model (GEM-AQ), which is based on the three-dimensional global multiscale model developed by the Meteorological Service of Canada for operational weather forecasting. The model was run for the period 2004–2006 on a 1.5°×1.5° global grid with 28 hybrid vertical levels from the surface up to 10 hPa. Objective analysis data from the Canadian Meteorological Centre were used to update the meteorological fields every 24 h. Fire emission fluxes of gas species were generated by using year-specific inventories of carbon emissions with 8-day temporal resolution from the Global Fire Emission Database (GFED) version 2. The model output is compared with HCN profiles measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) instrument onboard the Canadian SCISAT-1 satellite. High values of up to a few ppbv are observed in the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere; the enhancement in HCN volume mixing ratios in the upper troposphere is most prominent in October. Low upper-tropospheric mixing ratios of less than 100 pptv are mostly recorded at middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere in May–July. Mixing ratios in Northern Hemisphere peak in the boreal summer. The amplitude of the seasonal variation is less pronounced than in the Southern Hemisphere. The comparison with the satellite data shows that in the upper troposphere GEM-AQ performs well globally for all seasons, except at northern high and middle latitudes in summer, where the model has a large negative bias, and in the tropics in winter and spring, where it exhibits large positive bias. This may reflect inaccurate emissions or possible inaccuracies in the emission profile. The model is able to explain most of the observed variability in the upper troposphere HCN field, including the interannual variations in the observed mixing ratio. A complementary comparison with daily total columns of HCN from two middle latitude ground-based stations in Northern Japan for the same simulation period shows that the model captures the observed seasonal variation and also points to an underestimation of model emissions in the Northern Hemisphere in the summer. The estimated average global emission equals 1.3 Tg N yr−1. The average atmospheric burden is 0.53 Tg N, and the corresponding lifetime is 4.9 months.