Relevant bibliographies by topics / Canada – Foreign relations

Academic literature on the topic 'Canada – Foreign relations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Canada – Foreign relations"

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Shchukina, Tatiana. "Cultural Diplomacy in Canadian Foreign Policy." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015924-3.

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In furthering its foreign policy, Canada, as other countries, uses its reputation, advantage and assets to enhance its national interest, and to strengthen its state-to-state, regional and international relations. Comprising a range of instruments, a country's culture and arts stand out as having the unique potential to enrich its foreign policy. Culture and arts have long played a role in Canada's international relations. Government of Canada should develop and implement a comprehensive cultural diplomacy strategy that establish its objectives within the context of Canada's foreign policy, articulate roles and responsibilities, and identify the budgetary resources necessary for the strategy's realization.
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Leigh, Monroe. "Decisions of Foreign Courts: Canada." American Journal of International Law 79, no. 1 (January 1985): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202674.

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Komarov, Andrey N. "US-Canada Relations in the 1950s - 1980s: Consensus or Disagreement?" RUDN Journal of World History 15, no. 2 (June 2, 2023): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-2-115-125.

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The purpose of the article is to finalize the impact of the relationship between the USA and Canada on the Canadian foreign policy in 1957-1984. The author focuses the reader’s attention on analysis of trends in the relations between USA and Canada, as well as the identification of the patterns of their further development. Based on the use of an appropriate historical sources and scientific literature, the article gives an idea of the characteristic features of the relationship between the USA and Canada during the premierships of John Diefenbaker, Lester Pearson, Pierre Trudeau. When writing an article, the author uses a comparative historical method, as well as an interdisciplinary approach. The first allows us to compare the development of the relations between USA and Canada in 1957-1984. The latter shows the influence of the relationship between USA and Canada on the activities of political parties in Canada. The scientific contribution of the author of the article is that for the first time in Russian historiography, he considers not just the general directions of Canada’s foreign policy, but analyzes the key of them - the relationship between USA and Canada, its evolution and dynamics. The author comes to the conclusion that the periodization of the relationship between USA and Canada reflected the complexity of their development, and the anti-americanism of Diefenbaker and Trudeau had no deep foundation. Firstly, it was the result of Diefenbaker’s personal grievances against Kennedy. Secondly, Trudeau demonstrated that Canada’s foreign policy has an independent character. However, this did not mean his departure from the relationship between USA and Canada as a major.
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Wai, Robert. "Trade law as foreign relations law." University of Toronto Law Journal 74, Supplement 1 (May 1, 2024): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utlj_2024_0010.

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This article reflects on the normal frame for international trade law in times of resurgent assertions of national interest in domestic politics and in foreign relations. An emphasis on national interest poses special problems when legal and economic relations are fundamentally transnational, necessarily involving multiple and complex connections across national borders and reflecting a diverse and complex pluralism within each national tradition. This is especially true in Canada, which is a society foundationally built on flows of people, goods, capital, and ideas from around the world as well as Indigenous and First Nations societies. A turn to foreign relations law, if made with a critical and transnational perspective, might offer a valuable new frame for trade law in challenging times.
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Nemova, L. "Foreign Investment Regulation in Canada." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (2014): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-7-45-54.

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The article analyzes recent changes in the principles, mechanisms and practices of the FDI regulation in Canada. Since 2010, this country has been rated by the international experts as one of the best places to invest. Most of the recent FDI is flocking into the country’s resource sector – in particular into mining and oil and gas. At the same time, there’s been a radical shift in the origins of the FDI. The state-owned corporations and sovereign funds from the Asian emerging markets, mostly from China, are demonstrating their willingness and readiness to become the major foreign investors in the Canadian resource sector.
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Jeffrey, Leslie Ann. "Canada and migrant sex‐work: Challenging the ‘foreign’ in foreign policy." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 12, no. 1 (January 2005): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2005.9673387.

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Khoroshilov, Evgeny. "Trade Relations between Canada and China in the XXI century." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 6 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760023500-7.

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In recent decades, China has moved up among the countries that are Canada's main trading counterparties and today is its second most important economic partner after the United States. At the same time, for China, Canada's role as a supplier and a market is not so great. To the Chinese market Canada supplies mainly raw materials, agricultural and forestry products. Moreover, over the past 20 years, the structure of Canada's exports to China has changed markedly in favor of the raw materials sector. The opposite trend is characteristic of Chinese supplies to the Canadian market, where an increasing weight is enjoyed by high value-added goods, including high-tech products, as well as products of the metalworking and chemical industries. The balance of Canadian-Chinese trade is traditionally positive for China. In the first months of 2022, there were noticeable changes in the dynamics and structure of Canada's foreign trade turnover with China. There is a drop in Canadian exports to China, in particular, a reduction in the supply of agricultural and mechanical engineering products. In general, Canadian-Chinese trade relations are becoming hostage to the intensification of confrontation between China and the United States, Canada's main military-political ally and foreign economic partner.
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Finn, T. D'Arcy. "Does Canada need a foreign intelligence service?" Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 1, no. 3 (January 1993): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.1993.9673015.

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Dimock, Blair. "Review: Canadian Foreign Policy: Canada among Nations." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 46, no. 3 (September 1991): 571–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209104600312.

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Keenleyside, T. A. "Review: Canada: Foreign Servicea, a Rich Broth." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 49, no. 3 (September 1994): 686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209404900313.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Canada – Foreign relations"

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Kohn, Edward P. (Edward Parliament) 1968. "This kindred people : Canadian-American relations and North American Anglo-Saxonism during the Anglo-American rapprochement, 1895-1903." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36625.

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At the end of the nineteenth century, English-Canadians and Americans faced each other across the border with old animosities. Many Canadians adhered to familiar ideas of Loyalism, imperialism and anti-Americanism to differentiate the Dominion from the republic. In the United States, on the other hand, lingering notions of anglophobia and "Manifest Destiny" caused Americans to look upon the British colony to the north as a dangerous and unnatural entity. America's rise to world power status and the Anglo-American rapprochement, however, forced Americans and Canadians to adapt to the new international reality. Emphasizing their shared language, civilization, and forms of government, many English-speaking North Americans drew upon Anglo-Saxonism to find common ground. Indeed, Americans and Canadians often referred to each other as members of the same "family" sharing the same "blood," thus differentiating themselves from other races. As many of the events of the rapprochement had a North American context, Americans and English-Canadians often drew upon the common lexicon of Anglo-Saxon rhetoric to undermine the old rivalries and underscore their shared interests. Though the predominance of Anglo-Saxonism at the turn of the century proved short-lived, it left a legacy of Canadian-American goodwill, as both nations accepted their shared destiny on the continent and Canada as a key link in the North Atlantic Triangle.
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McKercher, Asa. "Canada, Britain, the United States, and the Cuban revolution, 1959-1968." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648348.

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Lomas, Donna Louise. "Canada’s evolution towards dominion status : an analysis of American-Canadian relations, 1919-1924." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25458.

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The purpose of this study has been to address an imbalance existing in the historiography relating to American-Canadian relations in the period between 1919-1924. Relying primarily on American sources, this study has attempted to argue that the Canadian government had a unique opportunity to inititiate and execute an independent foreign policy by exploiting her position within the British Empire as well as her close relationship with the United States. In contrast to a number of Canadian studies which have argued that the United States impeded Canada's diplomatic growth in the post World War I period, this work maintains that the United States tried to encourage Canada to assume a more autonomous position because it was in America's interest to do so. Canada's similar attitudes with the United States towards the questions of the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Asian immigration and Article Ten in the League of Nations' Covenant convinced the United States that the Canadian government was potentially useful to the American government in helping to protect its international interests in institutions where it was not represented. The evidence presented in this study maintains that it was the Canadian and British governments that were reluctant to carry out the final steps of appointing a separate Canadian representative to Washington in the early 1920s. As a result, Canada lost her opportunity to establish an independent policy because the United States found alternative methods of protecting its international interests.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Зінченко, Катерина, and Kateryna Zinchenko. "Investment relations between Canada and the United States." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43562.

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In the context of global transformation in the economic integration of Canada and the USA, there is a tendency towards the internationalization of economic rela-tions and the internationalization of capital. Very close relations between Canada and the United States contributed to the geographical proximity, historical and cultural similarities of the two countries.
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McKercher, Asa. ""Not easy, smooth, or automatic": Canada-US relations, Canadian nationalism, and American foreign policy, 1961--1963." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28409.

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An historical consensus has coalesced around the view that Canadian-American relations reached a nadir from 1961-1963. The argument is that due to differences of both personality and policy John Diefenbaker, Canada's Prime Minister, and US President John Kennedy loathed each other. Scholars have subsequently debated over who was more to blame for this, but their analyses have been incomplete because the American side has largely been ignored. As most, if not all, of the historians who have examined the Diefenbaker-Kennedy era have been Canadian, American archival sources have been used sparingly. Drawing upon the rich documentary collection in the US National Archives and the Kennedy Presidential Library, this thesis argues, in contrast to what many have contended, that US foreign policy was in fact quite complimentary towards Diefenbaker's government. This was primarily because American policy-makers were aware of the potent force of Canadian nationalism, which their experiences with Diefenbaker only confirmed.
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Court, Erin. "How transnational actors change inter-state power asymmetries : the role of the Indian diaspora in Indo-Canadian relations on migration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8501d594-e5c1-47e0-9a08-24b7645f29f2.

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The overall aim of this thesis is to explore what emigration state power means in relation to the rules that govern international migration. This thesis challenges the conventional view that within a bilateral migration relationship the migrant-sending state is a 'rule-taker' compelled to accept the consequences of the migrant-receiving state's immigration and integration policies. Using India-Canada migration relations as its empirical case, this thesis examines how diaspora populations can serve as a transnational resource for the sending state to mitigate power asymmetries with the receiving state in bilateral migration relations. Part I of this thesis examines the Indo- Canadian diaspora's use of Canadian tribunal, electoral and lobby channels to advance immigration and integration policy outcomes that further both the interests of the diaspora and the Indian state. Part II considers the diffuse and ideational mechanisms through which the Indian state influences the diaspora's political mobilisation abroad. The diaspora's political activities in the host state, combined with the sending state's transnational influence over facets of diaspora identity, interests and organisational capacity, register important effects on Canadian migration policy that bear on the distribution of power between sending and receiving states. These effects cannot be explained on a purely inter-state model of migration relations, but are accounted for by the framework developed and applied in this thesis. The Conclusion addresses the scope conditions under which this thesis' theoretical framework and conclusions derived within it from the single-case study may allow for a wider comparative approach across other cases in future research.
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Durflinger, Serge Marc. "The Royal Canadian Navy and the Salvadorean crisis of 1932 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66159.

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Kellett, Ken. "Bilateral aid in Canada's foreign policy : the human rights rhetoric-practice gap." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Political Science, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3298.

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Successive Canadian federal governments have officially indicated their support of human rights in foreign policy, including as they relate to aid-giving. This thesis quantitatively tests this rhetoric with the actual practice of bilateral aid-giving in two time periods – 1998-2000 and 2007-2009. This, however, revealed that Canada has actually tended to give more bilateral aid to countries with poorer human rights records. A deeper quantitative analysis identifies certain multilateral memberships – notably with the Commonwealth, NATO, and OECD – and the geo-political and domestic considerations of Haiti as significant and confirms a recipient state’s human rights performance is not a consideration. These multilateral relationships reflect state self-interests, historical connections, security, and a normative commitment to poverty reduction. It is these factors that those promoting a human rights agenda need to contemplate if recipient state performance is to become relevant in bilateral aid decisions. Thus, it is necessary to turn to international relations theory, in particular liberal institutionalism, to explain Canada’s bilateral aid-giving in these periods.
vi, 141 leaves ; 29 cm
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Bélanger, Damien-Claude 1976. "Pride and prejudice : Canadian intellectuals confront the United States, 1891-1945." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100320.

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This study compares how English and French Canadian intellectuals viewed American society from 1891 to 1945. During the period under study, the Dominion experienced accelerated industrialization and urbanization, massive immigration, technological change, and the rise of mass culture. To the nation's intellectuals, many of these changes found their source and their very embodiment in the United States. America, it was argued, was the quintessence of modernity, having embraced, among other things, secularism, democracy, mass culture, and industrial capitalism.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Canadian hostility to the United States and continental integration was expressed in two conservative discourses: that of English Canadian imperialism and French Canadian nationalism. Despite their fundamental divergence on the national question; both imperialists and nationalistes shared an essentially antimodern outlook, and anti-Americanism was their logical point of convergence.
By contrast, the most passionate Canadian defenders of American society could be found among liberal and socialist intellectuals like F. R. Scott and Jean-Charles Harvey. They saw continental integration and Canadian-American convergence as both inevitable and desirable. Intellectual continentalism reached its summit of influence during the 1930s and 1940s.
The present study is based on the analysis of some 520 texts found essentially in the era's periodical literature. Each, at least in part, explores some aspect of American life or of the relationship between Canada and the United States. Unlike most previous scholarship, which has tended to view anti-American sentiment merely as an expression of Canadian nationalism, this study is more concerned with Canadian intellectuals as thinkers on the left, the right, and the centre.
The comparative, pan-Canadian nature of this study reveals that English and French Canadian intellectuals shared common preoccupations with respect to the United States. However, the tone and emphasis of their commentary often differed. In English Canada, where political institutions and the imperial bond were viewed as the mainstays of Canadian distinctiveness, writing on the United States tended to deal primarily with political and diplomatic issues, in Quebec, where political institutions were not generally viewed as vital elements of national distinctiveness, social and cultural affairs dominated writing on the United States.
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Gillies, David 1952. "Between ethics and interests : human rights in the north-south relations of Canada, The Netherlands, and Norway." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41264.

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This study examines human rights in the North-South relations of three internationalist countries: Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway. It pays special attention to the integration of human rights in development aid policy, particularly the use of political conditionality. The theoretical framework examines the explanatory power of political Realism. A hypothesis linking policy assertiveness with the perceived costs to other national interests is tested by selecting Western states most likely to disprove Realist assumptions, and by choosing at least two Third World cases for each aid donor: one where economic, political and strategic interests are high, and another where the same interests are minimal or low. Three frameworks to (1) document human rights abuses; (2) evaluate national human rights performance; and (3) gauge foreign policy assertiveness serve as the methodological lenses to analyze Western statecraft and test the hypothesis.
Each donor's search for moral opportunity is visible in an emerging agenda to promote human rights and democratic development. However, if the resolve to defend human rights beyond national borders is gauged by a state's willingness to incur harm to other important national interests, then Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway are seldom disposed to let human rights trump more self-serving national interests. The potential for consistent and principled human rights statecraft is frequently undermined by Realism's cost-benefit rationality.
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Books on the topic "Canada – Foreign relations"

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Gupta, S. D. India-Canada relations. Jaipur: Jaipur Pub. House, 1990.

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Gupta, S. D. India-Canada relations. Jaipur: Jaipur Pub. House, 1990.

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(Canada), European Commission Delegation. European Union-Canada relations. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999.

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European Commission. Directorate-General I--External Relations: Commercial Policy and Relations with North America, the Far East, Australia, and New Zealand. and European Commission Delegation (Canada), eds. European Union relations Canada. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999.

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Pierre, Touchette, ed. Canada-France maritime relations. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, 1987.

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1947-, Shin Myungsoon, and Jeong Kap-young, eds. Canada-Korea economic relations. [Seoul]: Center for Canadian Studies, Institute of East and West Studies, Yonsei University, 1994.

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Touchette, Pierre. Canada-France maritime relations. [Ottawa]: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1987.

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Canada. Library of Parliament. Research Branch. Canada-France Maritime Relations. Ottawa, Ont: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1987.

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Mexico-Canada Colloquium (3rd 1983 Colegio de México). Relations between Mexico and Canada. Edited by Martínez Legorreta Omar, York University (Toronto, Ont.) Centre for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean., and Colegio de México. México, D.F: Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1990.

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Shultz, George Pratt. Peace, friendship, and U.S.-Canada relations. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Canada – Foreign relations"

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Buckley, Peter J., Christopher L. Pass, and Kate Prescott. "Foreign Market Servicing Strategies." In Canada-UK Bilateral Trade and Investment Relations, 161–235. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13308-6_8.

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Buckley, Peter J., Christopher L. Pass, and Kate Prescott. "Foreign Trade: Theory, Policies and Institutions." In Canada-UK Bilateral Trade and Investment Relations, 67–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13308-6_4.

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Buckley, Peter J., Christopher L. Pass, and Kate Prescott. "Foreign Direct Investment: Theory, Policies and Institutions." In Canada-UK Bilateral Trade and Investment Relations, 95–112. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13308-6_5.

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Buckley, Peter J., Christopher L. Pass, and Kate Prescott. "Canada, the UK and Foreign Direct Investment: An Overview." In Canada-UK Bilateral Trade and Investment Relations, 36–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13308-6_3.

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Blank, Stephen, and Monica Gattinger. "Canada-US Relations Under President Trump: Stop Reading the Tweets and Look to the Future." In Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy, 83–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73860-4_5.

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Sprink, Thorben, and Ralf Wilhelm. "Genome Editing in Biotech Regulations Worldwide." In A Roadmap for Plant Genome Editing, 425–35. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46150-7_25.

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AbstractSince the introduction of genome editing techniques in breeding and the first commercial products on the market, various governments or jurisdictions have attempted to clarify the legal classification of genome editing in relation to their genetic engineering regulations. Only a few countries, including Europe, fully apply their strict genetic engineering laws to genome-edited organisms or products derived from them. Most countries with liberal regulations base classification on the absence of foreign DNA in the final product (including the USA and Canada, which de facto have no specific GMO laws). Countries such as Australia and Japan have introduced subcategories when sequence templates have been used in the genome editing process. Several countries, including Europe, are in the process of revising their GMO legislation. The international legislative landscape is thus dynamic. The heterogeneity of regulatory regimes poses a challenge for international trade. This chapter summarises the status as of June 2023 and provides a brief introduction to the main legal concepts.
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Verellen, Thomas. "Conflict Resolution in the US, Canada, and Belgium." In Foreign Relations Federalism, 75–100. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844569.003.0004.

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Abstract Chapters 4 and 5 cover the second dimension of self-rule: conflict resolution. This chapter, Chapter 4, looks at how conflicts between the federal and member unit governments in the conduct of foreign relations are resolved in the US, Canada, and Belgium. The next chapter, Chapter 5, looks at how the same issue plays out in the EU. Chapter 4 compares the different conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of their degree of formality, and in terms of the institution that holds responsibility for resolving the conflict (the courts or the political institutions). It shows that in Canada conflict resolution mechanisms are informal and political; in Belgium they are formal and political; and in the US they are formal and judicial. Overall, the chapter demonstrates how conflict resolution plays a central role, in particular in the US where, in keeping with the principles of dual sovereignty, the supremacy of federal law and policy over conflicting state law carries much weight. By contrast, the scarcity of conflict resolution mechanisms in both Canada and Belgium, and their informal nature in Canada, help to explain why intergovernmental relations have become so important in both Belgium and Canada. Because the Belgian and Canadian federal governments cannot easily impose their preferences on the member units, collaboration and cooperation become all the more important.
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Lecours, André. "Canada." In Foreign Relations in Federal Countries, 115–41. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780773576186-007.

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Verellen, Thomas. "Power Allocation in the US, Canada, and Belgium." In Foreign Relations Federalism, 17—C2N129. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844569.003.0002.

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Abstract Chapters 2 and 3 cover the first dimension of self-rule: power allocation. Chapter 2 looks at the allocation of foreign relations powers in the US, Canada, and Belgium, whereas Chapter 3 looks at the allocation of those powers in the EU. The chapters look at how the powers to negotiate, conclude, and implement international agreements (the ‘treaty-making power’) are allocated, and at how the constitution allocates the power to engage in external representation. The picture that emerges in the US, Canada, and Belgium is one of significant diversity: the foreign affairs constitutions of the US and Canada centralize most powers in the hands of the federal government, whereas in Belgium the constitution establishes a parallelism between internal and external powers. In this sense, the US and Canada can be considered closed federal unions. By contrast, Belgium adheres to a more open model of foreign relations federalism.
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Verellen, Thomas. "Intergovernmental Relations in the US, Canada, and Belgium." In Foreign Relations Federalism, 195—C8N102. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844569.003.0008.

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Abstract Intergovernmental relations represent the second dimension of shared rule as defined in the introduction to this book. This chapter, Chapter 8, explores intergovernmental relations in foreign relations in the US, Canada, and Belgium. The next chapter, Chapter 9, turns to the EU. For each federation, the chapters start by briefly describing patterns of intergovernmental relations. In a second step, the chapters look at the constitutional rules and principles governing those patterns. The analysis reveals that in federal unions where political safeguards are weak, as in the US and Canada, intergovernmental relations are an important technique to manage shared rule. Belgium is an interesting case in this regard: formal political safeguards are strong in Belgium. Nonetheless, these strong political safeguards are supplemented with a highly formalized system of intergovernmental relations through which decision-making by consensus is imposed on all governments.
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Conference papers on the topic "Canada – Foreign relations"

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Johnston, George B., and Wenbo Guo. "Cross Cultural Currents in Early 20th Century Chinese Architectural Practice." In 109th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.42.

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This paper considers the transplantation of the Western concept of architecture to China set against the backdrop of Western colonization from the mid-19th century. With the increasing presence of foreign populations, the urgent demand for a considerable number of new building types greatly spurred the Chinese construction market. Beyond consideration of the physical artifacts, this paper focuses upon the story behind the scenes, the mode of architectural production, and particularly how the intricate relationships among different professionals helped to shape the physical world. The West China Union University, constructed from 1915 through 1940s in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, serves as an apt case study to exemplify this process. A cooperative product of five missionary organizations from the United States, Britain and Canada, this project was designed by a British architect whose practice was based in England, super-intended on-site by an American architect, and constructed by local Chinese workmen. How were these professionals able to communicate and cooperate over such a long distance and across huge cultural gaps in architectural and building practice? This case study demonstrates that the relations among different actors in the field of architecture, specifically the tripartite interactions among client, architect and builder, were far more complex and nuanced than we might otherwise assume. This paper offers critical insights into the dramatic changes in the system of Chinese architectural practice under the sway of Western influence during the first half of 20th century.
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Reports on the topic "Canada – Foreign relations"

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Rodríguez, Ennio, and Anneke Jessen. The Caribbean Community: Facing the Challenges of Regional and Global Integration. Inter-American Development Bank, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008676.

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On 4 July 1998, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary. CARICOM is one of the oldest integration schemes in the Western Hemisphere, the largest in terms of membership, yet by far the smallest in economic and geographic terms. In the wake of its historic anniversary, many have reflected on the Community's past achievements and future prospects. Has CARICOM served the development goals of its member states? Will it assist them in pursuing those goals into the next century? How can regional integration facilitate CARICOM's successful insertion into the global economy? The aim of this study is to answer those questions and, in doing so, to contribute to the ongoing debate on the future of CARICOM. With some exceptions, CARICOM economies have either stagnated or grown very slowly, and high unemployment has become chronic. Despite important policy changes, export diversification has been limited and insufficient for generating satisfactory growth rates. Size constraints have always hampered the potential for growth based on domestic markets and intra-CARICOM trade; decreased protectionism makes the size limitations even more evident. The region's overall export performance has been unsatisfactory despite privileged market access conditions. Today those conditions are becoming less favorable. Foreign aid, a key contributor to development in past decades, is also diminishing. CARICOM is clearly at a crossroads. Chapter I provides a general overview of the Caribbean Community, key features of its economies and the challenges facing the region on the eve of the new millenium. Chapter II offers an overview of the regional integration process, including progress on intra-regional trade liberalization, the deepening and the widening of CARICOM. Chapter III examines the external challenges facing the region today, particularly as regards its trade relations with Europe, the United States, Canada and Latin America. Chapter IV examines key areas of the services sector, both in terms of enhancing the region's export potential and supporting the establishment of a functioning single market. Chapter V briefly examines the Community's institutional structure, outlining existing bottlenecks to the effective design, implementation and enforcement of common policies. Chapter VI provides an analytical justification for promoting integration and cooperation initiatives in the region, and suggests a number of actions that could be taken to enhance the development prospects of CARICOM. The study argues that despite the limited contribution of regional integration efforts to economic development in the region so-far, integration can play a beneficial role if pursued under the right framework and with the right instruments.
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