Journal articles on the topic 'Canada – Economic conditions – 21st century'
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1
Jackson, Deborah Davis. "A perfect storm: embodied workers, emplaced corporations, and delayed reflexivity in a Canadian 'Risk Society'." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23138.
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At the turn of the 21st century, an occupational disease epidemic began to unfold in Sarnia, Ontario, home to the petrochemical complex known as Canada's 'Chemical Valley.' Given the long latency periods for these diseases, the hazardous exposures that produced them would have occurred over a period of decades during the latter 20th century. This suggests a paradox: what accounts for unionized Canadian men working for decades in conditions that posed such grave risks to their health? Or, put in terms of Ulrich Beck's compelling and influential model: given that Chemical Valley during the second half of the 20th century constituted a quintessential "risk society" of the modern West, where were the forces of "political reflexivity" – resistance leading to change – typically provoked by the excesses of such societies? In this article, I seek to resolve this paradox with a political ecology approach that focuses on workers' embodied experience in the micro-environment of their workplace and community, as well as on the material and social emplacement of petrochemical facilities in the region. The analysis reveals a 'perfect storm' of converging ecological, cultural, political, and economic conditions that allowed local corporations to achieve extraordinary power. Consequently, even as activism for occupational and environmental justice was effecting change in similar industrial centers throughout Ontario and the Great Lakes region, these changes failed to take hold in Chemical Valley. The article concludes by suggesting that those 20th century power dynamics have continued into the 21st century, where reflexivity delayed might well have atrophied into reflexivity denied.Keywords: embodiment, emplacement, risk society, petrochemical corporations, industrial workers, Canada, Great Lakes region
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Pytel, Sławomir, Wioletta Kamińska, Iwona Kiniorska, and Patryk Brambert. "Migrations of elderly people in the world and in Poland." European Spatial Research and Policy 27, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.27.2.10.
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Migrations of seniors in the 21st century accurately reflect the socio-demographic changes in developed countries. Their intensity increases in various parts of the world. In Europe, pensioners from the north move to the region of the Mediterranean Sea. Seniors from the United States and Canada are attracted to the countries of Central and South America. The goal of this study is to identify the trends in foreign migrations of seniors in selected countries of the world, with special regard to the migration of Polish pensioners. The study shows that contemporary seniors can afford to purchase property abroad and the driving forces for the migration movement include: warm climate, beautiful landscape, and a healthier and slower pace of living at the final destination. However, when it comes to Polish pensioners, the main reason for their migrations is their attempt to improve their economic conditions.
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Doherty, Jean-François, Jean-Frédéric Guay, and Conrad Cloutier. "Temperature-manipulated dynamics and phenology ofMindarus abietinus(Hemiptera: Aphididae) in commercial Christmas tree plantations in Québec, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 6 (September 7, 2017): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.41.
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AbstractThe balsam twig aphidMindarus abietinusKoch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major pest of economic importance for the Christmas tree industry. Global warming during the 21st century could potentially increase local population densities and reinforce the pest status of this aphid in commercial fir (AbiesMiller; Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. During this study, we tested the effects of a warmer environment on colony growth rates ofM. abietinusand aphid morph composition during the second generation of its cycle, which is key to colony size growth and potential damage to Christmas trees. We monitoredM. abietinuspopulations on two host fir species and one host fir variety, in order to understand the early season dynamics of this aphid and its host tree. It was possible to distinguish the two overlapping generations of winged aphids leaving colonies, which led to observing a much higher proportion of wingless daughters, produced by the stem mother, than what had previously been reported. Colony growth rates were significantly higher in a warmer environment than in the nearby plantation, suggesting that warmer temperatures in late spring and early summer may provide the suitable conditions required forM. abietinuscolonies of greater density.
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Bodrug, Anatoliy. "THE PHENOMENON OF UKRAINIAN DIASPORIC CINEMA IN THE CONTEXT OF CANADIAN MULTICULTURALISM POLICY." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 1 (46) (June 27, 2022): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257132.
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The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the genesis and development of Ukrainian cinema in the conditions of being outside the ethnic territory. The author explores cinema as one of the essential aspects of the national and cultural movement of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada from the second quarter of the 20th – to the beginning of the 21st century. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of Canadian multiculturalism and its role in the development of both Anglo-French and Ukrainian cultural traditions. The relevance of this work is related to the current geopolitical, economic and cultural state of Ukraine in the world. Today, in the conditions of military aggression, ethnic genocide, and information chauvinism, which caused a new wave of Ukrainian emigration, it is necessary to take steps to preserve the national heritage and acquaint the world community with the achievements and urgent needs of Ukraine. Therefore, cultural and strategic cooperation between Ukraine and Canada is too important. This publication summarizes the main aspects of the history of Ukrainian and Canadian cinema, formulates standard and distinctive features of Western – Anglo-Saxon, French, and East Slavic – Ukrainian film tradition, analyzes various manifestations of Ukrainian diaspora cinema in Canada, and studies acculturation trends. We included the necessary source base to achieve this goal, containing Canadian and Ukrainian periodicals, the vast majority of which were put into scientific circulation for the first time. Based on carefully studied relevant historiography, the author draws the appropriate conclusions necessary for the entire disclosure of the topic of the scientific article. It is essential to compare the vision of the creative process from the standpoint of historians, cultural study researchers, and artists - actors, directors, and screenwriters who have influenced the development of domestic and foreign cinema. The article's methodology consists of analysis, historical-comparative, and historical-genetic methods. The object of the work is the culture of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada, and the subject is the analysis of the history and development of Ukrainian cinema in Canada as a multicultural state. This article attempts to supplement and summarize various aspects of the problem.
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Holechek, Jerry L. "Global trends in population, energy use and climate: implications for policy development, rangeland management and rangeland users." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 2 (2013): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12077.
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Increasing world human population, declining reserves of cheaply extracted fossil fuels, scarcity of supplies of fresh water and climatic instability will put tremendous pressure on world rangelands as the 21st century progresses. It is expected that the human population of the world will increase by 40% by 2050 but fossil fuel and reserves of fresh water will be drastically reduced. Avoiding food shortages and famine could be a major world challenge within the next 10 years. Under these conditions, major changes in policies relating to economic growth and use of natural resources seem essential. Stabilisation of the human population, development of clean and renewable energy, enhanced supplies of water and its quality, increased livestock production, and changed land-use policies, that minimise agricultural land losses to development and fragmentation, will all be needed to avoid declining living conditions at the global level. The health and productivity of rangelands will need to receive much more emphasis as they are a primary source of vital ecosystem services and products essential to human life. Changes in tax policies by developed, affluent countries, such as the United States, Australia and Canada, are needed that emphasise saving and conservation as opposed to excessive material consumption and land development. Extreme levels of debt and chronic deficits in trade by the United States and European Union countries need to be moderated to avoid a devastating collision of debt, depletion of natural resources, and environmental degradation. Over the next 10 years, livestock producers of the rangelands will benefit from a major increase in demand and prices for meat. Rapidly increasing demand for meat in China and other Asian countries is driving this trend. Rangeland managers, however, will also likely encounter greater climatic, financial, biological and political risks. Higher interest rates, higher production costs and higher annual variability in forage resources are major challenges that will confront rangeland managers in the years ahead. Under these conditions, a low risk approach to livestock production from rangelands is recommended that involves conservative stocking, use of highly adapted livestock, and application of behavioural knowledge of livestock to efficiently use forage resources.
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A. A., Elaev. "BURYAT ETHNOS IN THE 21st CENTURY." Human research of Inner Asia 3 (2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/2305-753x-2022-3-6-16.
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The article discusses the prospects for preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat people in the 21st century. Under the conditions of the transformation of Russian society over the past twenty years and the impact of global integration processes taking place in the world the opportunities for preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat ethnic group and its language are rapidly declining. Based on the analysis of vari-ous environmental factors, we have considered the possible scenarios for the development of the Buryat ethnos in the conditions of the socio-economic crisis and in the economic stability and growth, and summed up the total prospects for preserving its ethno-cultural identity in the 21st century. The “negative” scenario for the development of the Buryat ethnic group covers the crisis period of the 1990s and early 2000s. Predictive assessments are based on an analysis of the impact of crisis phenomena on the agricultural sector and the social sphere of the village, which led to the outflow of the Buryat population from the village to the city. The economic crisis has a negative impact on the institutions of reproduction and transmission of the Buryat culture: it leads to a reduction in funding and commercialization of their ac-tivities and separation from the needs of the bulk of the ethnic group. Thus, the socio-economic crisis accelerates the process of de-ethnization and acculturation of the ethnos. The “positive” scenario reflects the development of the ethnic group in the context of eco-nomic growth, however, its consequences also negatively affect the preservation of ethnic identity and language, since the needs of the economic development of the ancestral terri-tory of the Buryat ethnic group will entail an influx of labour resources, that is, a popula-tion of other ethnicities, which will reduce the demographic power of the Buryat ethnic group. Thus, the economic growth, as well as the economic crisis will contribute to the ac-culturation and assimilation of the Buryats. In the context of global integration processes taking place in the world and the current policy of Russia, the opportunities of preserving the ethno-cultural identity of the Buryat ethnos and its language due to objective reasons will gradually decrease in the 21st century.
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Tagliamonte, Sali A. "“So cool, right?”: Canadian English Entering the 21st Century." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 51, no. 2-3 (November 2006): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004126.
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AbstractA socially stratified sample—the Toronto English Corpus—together with the construct of apparent time (with speakers aged 10–90 years) reveal that certain features are declining, including future will, deontic have got to, possessive have got, intensifier very, and the sentence tag you know. On the other hand, some features are on the rise, including future going to, deontic have to, possessive have, intensifiers really and so, and sentences tags such as whatever, so, and stuff like that. The younger generation is pushing these changes forward more rapidly. While some developments date back hundreds of years in the history of English, they are not particular to Canada, and are consistent with research on other English corpora. Other changes appear to be progressing in a unique way in Canada, including deontic and possessive have. I argue that the broader socio-historical context is a critical factor: geographic and economic mobility as well as changes in communication technology may explain the rapid acceleration of certain types of linguistic change.
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Simeon, Christell. "Oddities in the Canadian Labour Force in the 21st Century." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 5 (October 1, 2014): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v5i0.4407.
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A paradox is a term that can be used to describe an economic climate where there are many unemployed persons and yet still a large influx of temporary foreign workers? This is the labour dynamics currently existing in Canada; growing numbers of unemployed persons in provinces where simultaneously thousands of temporary foreign workers are entering the labour market to fill job vacancies. Some researchers have rationalized that this phenomenon is caused by a skills mismatch – the imbalance between the skills employees possess and those skills required to perform a particular task or role in a job (Lundberg, 2007).
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Erkan, Hakan Sezgin. "Transformation of Migration Rules from Local to Global." BORDER CROSSING 8, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v8i2si.657.
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In the 21st century, the scope and the size of migration are more different than previous centuries. The reason behind this is that there are no more global wars or conflicts between states and the economic developments reached the highest levels for some of the countries. Moreover, states try to increase their industrial level. Hence, the conflicts and the economic development level shape migration routes and the destination country. In this context, I will utilize geopolitics and economic development levels to classify countries. As a result of the end of global conflicts and global war, economic conditions became main determinant for migrations in the globalized world in the 21st century. In the 20th century, the scope of migration was small compared to 21st century because of various reasons. Standardized education and high level industrialization are of two main reasons. In the 21st century, the industrialization hit the top level of the world history and education took standardized structure among particular countries. In this research, all countries will be examined in detail with respect to UN Data. Furthermore, the following questions are targeted to be answered: Does migration flow from less developed countries to developed countries? Do developed countries accommodate more immigrants in their borders?
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SOLODOVNIKOV, S. "PROPERTY AS A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CATEGORY IN THE 21ST CENTURY." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 10 (December 11, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2019-10-5-14.
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The article systematically considers traditional and modern approaches to the definition of property as an economic phenomenon. The general and special in relation to property in the 21st century are shown. In particular, the author notes an increase in the value of ownership of functions and “dispersed” forms of ownership in the network economy, as well as a wide range of objects of property relations, which includes the entire set of economic goods — material means of production, the natural environment, and consumer values, information and social conditions of production, production and social abilities of individuals and the production and socio-economic functions themselves, information and knowledge. The definition of property as a political and economic category is given.
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Greenan, B., L. Zhai, J. Hunter, T. S. James, and G. Han. "Estimating sea-level allowances for Atlantic Canada under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 365 (March 2, 2015): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-365-16-2015.
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Abstract. This paper documents the methodology of computing sea-level rise allowances for Atlantic Canada in the 21st century under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise. The sea-level rise allowances are defined as the amount by which an asset needs to be raised in order to maintain the same likelihood of future flooding events as that site has experienced in the recent past. The allowances are determined by combination of the statistics of present tides and storm surges (storm tides) and the regional projections of sea-level rise and associated uncertainty. Tide-gauge data for nine sites from the Canadian Atlantic coast are used to derive the scale parameters of present sea-level extremes using the Gumbel distribution function. The allowances in the 21st century, with respect to the year 1990, were computed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1FI emission scenario. For Atlantic Canada, the allowances are regionally variable and, for the period 1990–2050, range between –13 and 38 cm while, for the period 1990–2100, they range between 7 and 108 cm. The negative allowances in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence region are caused by land uplift due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA).
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Isaeva, Ekaterina. "Saskatchewan Francophone language and culture in the 21st century." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 5 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760022714-2.
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The study of the problems of linguistic territorial variation is associated with an understanding of the historical and geographical causes and conditions of the existence of the same language in various regions of the planet. The French language is not homogeneous not only on the territory of different countries, but also within one country, for example, Canada. Residents of the French-speaking province of Québec speak and write in the French-Québec version, in Ontario - in French-Ontario, in Manitoba - French-Manitoba, etc. The province of Saskatchewan, formed in 1905, has a minor community of Francophones, who for a century resisted the policy of suppression of the French language and language assimilation imposed by the federal government, preserving their native French at the level of home and communal communication, creating Francophone educational and cultural societies. Today, Franco-Saskatchewans (Fransaskois) continue to develop linguistic and cultural traditions, defend their linguistic rights, and position themselves as original representatives of the Francophone world.
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Wassenaer, P. J. E. van, L. Schaeffer, and W. A. Kenney. "Strategic planning in urban forestry: A 21st century paradigm shift for small town Canada." Forestry Chronicle 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76241-2.
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The pressures created by urban sprawl are leading to a reduction in forested land in Canada and North America. Poorly controlled land-use planning contributes to the haphazard urbanization of many small communities within commuting distance of major urban centres. Urban forests are largely ignored as an asset and the potential benefits they can offer to communities are often not acknowledged in the planning process. Relatively few communities across Canada have any form of urban forest management. A new definition of the urban forest is proposed that recognizes the need for an ecosystem approach to urban forest management and the integral role that humans play in that ecosystem. To facilitate the implementation of urban forest management plans in small communities, a simple strategic planning framework is presented. Using this approach, many small towns can maintain their rural character and benefit from a wealth of environmental, social and economic benefits. Key words: urban forestry, community planning, forest benefits, strategic planning, ecosystem approach, forest fragmentation
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Muñoz, Oscar González, and Milagros Cano Flores. "Basic principles of economic policy and public decision in the 21st century." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2020.9.1.21.31.
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In the midst of the new contributions to economic theory and the new challenges that represent globality as a means of integrating markets through the economic policy of the neoliberal order, versus the consolidation of a neo-institutional system through the defense of the Sovereignty as a nationalism of attention to the conditions of political life, it is necessary to conduct a respectful analysis of the new scenario of international life through current economic theory. The objective of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the known economic policy models through the theoretical contribution of classical economists. It is a theoretical exercise and bases its result on the concretion of the complexity of the economic model currently known.
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Khilchevskyi, V. "GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES: CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 76-77 (2020): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2020.76-77.1.
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The article provides an analytical overview of the state of global water resources and their use in the world. The focus is on the most important component of water resources – freshwater, which on the planet is only 2.5 % of the total. The most accessible renewable water resources are river runoff, which is distributed unevenly on the surface of the planet: Asia (32 %), South America (28 %), North America (18 %), Africa (9 %), Europe (7%), Australia and Oceania (6 %). Along with the characteristics of the known components of freshwater resources (river runoff, groundwater, glaciers), attention is also focused on trends in attracting unconventional sources (recovered wastewater or gray water, desalinated, specially collected rainwater). The total use of fresh water in the world is only 9 % of the total river flow of the planet. At the same time, the problem of water scarcity was included in the list of the World Economic Forum 2015, as one of the global risks in terms of the potential impact on human society in the next decade. Among the causes of global water, scarcity are geographical and socio-economic. Geographical reasons are the spatial and temporal (seasonal) mismatch of the demand for fresh water and its availability. Socio-economic reasons are the growth of the world’s population, urbanization, improving living standards, changes in consumption patterns, and an increase in irrigated land. The latter has become key to the growth of global water demand. Experts forecast that the limited access to fresh water in 2050 can be felt by 3.3 billion more people than in 2000. The article gives examples of a methodology for the hydrological assessment of water scarcity (calculation of the ratio of the volume of annual renewable water resources to the population) and the methodology of economic and geographical assessment. Other approaches to assessing water resources by creating new paradigms (water – blue, green, virtual, water footprint) have been characterized. Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conflicts related to water. Active water cooperation between countries today reduces the risk of military conflicts. This conclusion was made after studying transboundary water relations in more than 200joint river basins, covering 148 countries. The right to safe water and sanitation is a fundamental right of everyone (UN, 2010). Therefore, among the 17 sustainable development goals adopted by the UN for implementation for the period 2015-2030, Global Goal 6 “Clean Water and Good Sanitary Conditions” is aimed at ensuring sustainable management of water resources and sanitation for all. This will save people from diseases, and society will be given the opportunity to be more productive in economic terms.
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Terziev, Venelin, and Preslava Dimitrova. "SOCIAL POLICY DEVELOPLMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF 21ST CENTURY." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801273t.
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The social policy of a country is a set of specific activities aimed at regulating the social relations between different in their social status subjects. This approach to clarifying social policy is also called functional and essentially addresses social policy as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality in society. It provides an opportunity to look for inequalities in the economic positions of individuals in relation to ownership, labor and working conditions, distribution of income and consumption, social security and health, to look for the sources of these inequalities and their social justification or undue application.The modern state takes on social functions that seek to regulate imbalances, to protect weak social positions and prevent the disintegration of the social system. It regulates the processes in society by harmonizing interests and opposing marginalization. Every modern country develops social activities that reflect the specifics of a particular society, correspond to its economic, political and cultural status. They are the result of political decisions aimed at directing and regulating the process of adaptation of the national society to the transformations of the market environment. Social policy is at the heart of the development and governance of each country. Despite the fact that too many factors and problems affect it, it largely determines the physical and mental state of the population as well as the relationships and interrelationships between people. On the other hand, social policy allows for a more global study and solving of vital social problems of civil society. On the basis of the programs and actions of political parties and state bodies, the guidelines for the development of society are outlined. Social policy should be seen as an activity to regulate the relationship of equality or inequality between different individuals and social groups in society. Its importance is determined by the possibility of establishing on the basis of the complex approach: the economic positions of the different social groups and individuals, by determining the differences between them in terms of income, consumption, working conditions, health, etc .; to explain the causes of inequality; to look for concrete and specific measures to overcome the emerging social disparities.
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Puślecki, Zdzisław W. "Nowe zjawiska w stosunkach handlowo-ekonomicznych Unii Europejskiej z Chińską Republiką Ludową." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2012.17.1.3.
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The topic of these considerations concerns the development of trade and economic relations between the European Union and the People’s Republic of China. Their purpose is to indicate new phenomena in these relations. Analysis has shown that mutual economic relations in the first decade of the 21st century expanded considerably on account of common interests. The economic crisis at the turn of the first decade of the 21st century inspired plans to stimulate the economies of both parties, and tighten mutual relations. On both sides there are the conditions and prerequisites to further develop and intensify broad economic cooperation. The Chinese competitive challenge, resulting from its dynamic development, is particularly topical and important for the prospects of the European Union’s global position.
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DENISOV, S. N., A. V. ELISEEV, and I. I. MOKHOV. "MODEL ESTIMATES FOR CONTRIBUTION OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 AND CH4 EMISSIONS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA, CHINA, CANADA, AND THE USA TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE 21ST CENTURY." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 10 (October 2022): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2022-10-18-32.
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Model estimates of the contribution of anthropogenic and natural fluxes of greenhouse gases from the territories of different countries to global climate change in the 21st century under different scenarios of anthropogenic forcing were obtained. Quantitative estimates were made for the effect of changes in regional climatic conditions on the intensity of the greenhouse gas exchange between the atmosphere and natural ecosystems over different time horizons in comparison with anthropogenic emissions. For Russia, China, Canada, and the United States, the CO2 uptake by natural ecosystems in the second half of the 21st century decreases under all scenarios of anthropogenic forcing, with a weakening of the corresponding climate-stabilizing effect. At the same time, the methane emission to the atmosphere by wetlands in the analyzed regions increases significantly in the 21st century according to the model estimates. As a consequence, the cumulative effect of natural fluxes of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere for some regions may accelerate the warming.
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Jacobson, Erik. "Workforce Development Rhetoric and the Realities of 21st Century Capitalism." Literacy and Numeracy Studies 24, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/lns.v24i1.4898.
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Increasingly, the provision of adult education (including literacy and training programs) is influenced by a rhetoric of workforce development that tasks education with closing a supposed ‘skills gap’ between the skills that workers have and what employers are looking for. This deficit model of education blames adult learners for their own condition, as well as for larger problems in the economy. In addition to arguing for broader goals for adult education, those in the field also need to question the economic premises of this rhetoric. A review of current economic conditions points to fundamental aspects of capitalism as the source of instability, which means that education and training programs have a limited ability to move large numbers of people out of poverty. For this reason, students and teachers in adult education should focus on developing structural analyses of the situation and push for substantive changes in the economy.
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Qureshi, Sarfraz Khan. "Economic Development: Pakistan's Policy Choices for the 21st Century (Presidential Remarks)." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4I (December 1, 1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4ipp.19-23.
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It is an honour for me as President of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists to welcome you to the 14th Annual General Meeting and Conference of th~ Society. As we prepare to enter the new millennium, we find ourselves at a crucial moment in history. It is time to take stock of our past achievements and to assess the new challenges. To deal with the future would require not only thorough knowledge of the evolving nature of development thinking but also a good sense of the policy choices available to a country in its national, international and regional position. What are the main challenges that require our urgent attention? A few words are in order at the very outset about Pakistan's current difficult economic situation. The slow-down in export expansion, capital inflows and foreign direct investment was an expected consequence of the imposition of sanctions. The pessimistic assessment of Pakistan's prospects is based largely on the recent negative trends of these economic parameters. The optimists are of the view that Pakistan has survived the imposition of sanctions rather well. Economic growth has remained positive and inflation has been kept under reasonable control. The optimists further maintain that Pakistan's current economic situation is no worse than that of the East Asian countries when. they started their economic climb and engineered major institutional and policy changes. Lessons from the initial years of the East Asian miracle clearly show that development is decidedly possible no matter what adverse initial conditions obtain in any developing country. Sustained, rapid and equitable growth is possible through the implementation of wide-ranging social and economic reforms. Lessons from'the recentEast Asian Crises are also before us-guiding us on what not to do and how best to protect ourselves in these rapidly changing times.
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Robert, Pierre C. "643 Site-specific Management for the 21st Century." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 558D—558. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.558d.
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The new agricultural system called soil/site specific crop management (SSCM), now more generally named precision agriculture (precision farming) is the start of a revolution in natural resource management based on INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CONTROL: it is bringing agriculture in the digital and information age. New technologies in the early 80s, particularly the microprocessor, made possible the development in the United States of farm machinery computers and controllers, the electronic acquisition and process of spatial field data to build farm geographic record keeping systems, the production of soil/site specific condition and management maps using GIS, the positioning of machines using GPS, and the development of real-time soil and crop sensors, particularly yield sensors. The concept of precision agriculture originated from a better awareness of soil and crop conditions variability within fields. The variability of soil conditions within parcels in the U.S. has been demonstrated in many ways (soil survey, soil sampling, and remote sensing) for both soil nutrients and soil physical properties (e.g., available water and compaction). It is progressively found that the concept of precision agriculture can be applied to a variety of crops and practices; management technological levels; and farm types and sizes. For example, in addition to grain crops (corn, soybeans, and wheat), applications are now developed for sugar beet and sugar cane, potato, cotton, peanut, vegetables, turf, or- chard, livestock, tree plantation, etc. Precision agriculture is still in infancy but it is the agricultural system of the future because it offers a unique variety of potential benefits in profitability, productivity, sustainability, crop quality, food safety, environmental protection, on-farm quality of life, and rural economic development.
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Ershov, Vitalii F. "FINANCIAL POLICY OF THE USA AND CANADA IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY (THE CASE OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION MEMBERS)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, no. 2 (2021): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2021-2-10-27.
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The paper deals with the development of financial and economic relations of the United States and Canada with post-Soviet states in the context of geopolitical processes in the Eurasian space. The author analyzes the nature of the North American investment capital impact on the internal development of the countries of Eurasia and on the dynamics of Eurasian integration. The paper highlights the most important events in the field of economic diplomacy of the United States and Canada, dynamics of volumes and sectoral focus of North American investments in the Eurasian region. A distinctive feature of the United States and Canada investment policy in the post-Soviet space is its politicization, its involvement in the global geopolitical projects of the West of the 21 st century. American business is most active in the countries of Eurasian Economic Union that already have developed the market institutions – Re- public of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Armenia, but it also acts in the Central Asia countries interested in attracting foreign capital. The work focuses on an analysis of the development of financial and economic rela- tions of the United States and Canada with post-Soviet states by the example of the Eurasian Economic Union members – Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic (except of Russian Federation, whose relationship with the United States and Canada should be the subject of a separate study).
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Pakhar, Lyudmila I. "«Superfluous people» as social and philosophical problem of the 21st century." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 3 (2020): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-3-448-458.
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The article deals with the problem of «superfluous people» in the contemporary socio-cultural reality. This term appeared in Russian literature and journalism in the middle of the 19th century to describe people who, with all their external well-being, were dissatisfied with their own life. In contrast to this interpretation, the English economist T. Malthus defined «superfluous people» as the population that consumes resources with minimal profit. The author of the article is in search for the answer to the question why in the contemporary world there is an increase in the number of «superfluous people» in the Malthus’s sense, that is the outcasts, the unemployed, and people who do not fit the standards of consumer society. According to the author, the reason is the distortion of social attitudes in developed countries of the West. The global economic crisis, especially in the context of COVID-19, requires a change in the liberal economic course. The author suggests adjusting the Russian economic policy taking into account the constant sanctions imposed by the West against the Russian Federation. In these conditions, the most appropriate option is the mobilization economic policy. The government should ensure the creation of enterprises for manufacturing import-substituting products, which would protect the country’s economy from the inevitable collapse. Significant attention and support should also be given to the social sphere, which would provide the population with a sufficient number of jobs. These actions of the government would support the country’s economic and social stability, thus making it possible to avoid mass unemployment.
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Tungohan, Ethel. "The Transformative and Radical Feminism of Grassroots Migrant Women's Movement(s) in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2 (June 2017): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423917000622.
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AbstractI argue in this article that migrant workers’ resistance to neoliberalism, as seen through their participation in the migrant organizations highlights their ability to establish ‘spaces of power’ amid debilitating living and working conditions. This, then, illustrates how feminism in the 21st century is alive and well. In fact, the strengths of their activism show the transformative and radical possibilities of feminism by highlighting that structural transformations, and not only liberal attempts at inclusion, are necessary for gender justice.
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Feng, Lin, Longfang Liu, and He Zhang. "Game Theory-Based Pathway Selection for Fair and Reciprocal Cooperation among Ports along the Maritime Silk Road." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (October 23, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2812418.
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The transport infrastructure connection is the fundamental base for the promotion of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road under the background of the Belt and Road Initiative. Ports, as the core elements in the connection, contribute to the practical infrastructure connections along the maritime road. A multihierarchical cooperation framework in between the ports and based on the fair and mutual benefit concept is the cornerstone of constructing the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and the engine fuelling the updation of Chinese seaports and growth. This paper first defines the port cooperation along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and analyses the opportunity and challenges from the perspectives of the port-industrial and the port-region interaction. Then, it develops research into port cooperation, path selection, cooperation mechanisms, and application conditions in analysing port FDI, BOT, port alliances, multimode transport, and the institutional innovation of China’s ports. In conclusion, we develop a game theory selection analysis to study multiwin cooperation for port FDI in host countries along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
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Hanasaki, N., S. Fujimori, T. Yamamoto, S. Yoshikawa, Y. Masaki, Y. Hijioka, M. Kainuma, et al. "A global water scarcity assessment under shared socio-economic pathways – Part 1: Water use." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2012): 13879–932. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-13879-2012.
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Abstract. A novel global water scarcity assessment for the 21st century is presented in a two-part paper. In this first paper, water use scenarios are presented for the latest global hydrological models. The scenarios are compatible with the socio-economic scenarios of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which are a part of the latest set of scenarios on global change developed by the integrated assessment, IAV (climate change impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment), and climate modeling community. The SSPs depict five global situations based on substantially different socio-economic conditions during the 21st century. Water use scenarios were developed to reflect the key concepts underpinning each situation. Each scenario consists of five factors: irrigation area, crop intensity, irrigation efficiency, industrial water withdrawal, and municipal water withdrawal. The first three factors are used to estimate agricultural water withdrawal. All factors were developed using simple models based on a literature review and analysis of historical records. The factors are grid-based at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and cover the whole 21st century at 5-yr intervals. Each factor displays a wide variation among the different global situations depicted: the irrigation area in 2085 varies between 270 and 450 km2, industrial water between 246 and 1714 km3 yr−1, and domestic water withdrawal between 573 and 1280 km3 yr−1. The water use scenarios can be used for global water scarcity assessments by identifying the regions vulnerable to water scarcity and analyzing the timing and magnitude of scarcity conditions.
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Warrich, Haseeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad Rehman, and Sahrish Jamil. "World Domination Games and its Impact on the 21st Century." Global Mass Communication Review II, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2017(ii-i).03.
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No other element impacted the historical conditions of the preceding 100 years to such an extent as the war to secure and control the world's reserves of petroleum. Sustainable economic growth after 1873, that discouraged British Empire, arose mechanical economies in Europe. Central Asia remained the object of rivalries and machination by the giant countries of the Europe. World Domination Games started from Pillage Games that lead towards many “Games” such as Great Game, New Great Game, Game Changer and New Game Changer. All prefect countries desire to have a control over the world for the last two centuries. Their efforts turn into numerous clashes and clashes led towards wars. In the twentieth century wars transformed not only their names but also their genetics that has profound impact on the 21st Century. This laid foundation of the emerging new superpowers in every century.
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Hanasaki, N., S. Fujimori, T. Yamamoto, S. Yoshikawa, Y. Masaki, Y. Hijioka, M. Kainuma, et al. "A global water scarcity assessment under Shared Socio-economic Pathways – Part 1: Water use." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 2375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2375-2013.
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Abstract. A novel global water scarcity assessment for the 21st century is presented in a two-part paper. In this first paper, water use scenarios are presented for the latest global hydrological models. The scenarios are compatible with the socio-economic scenarios of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which are a part of the latest set of scenarios on global change developed by the integrated assessment, the IAV (climate change impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment), and the climate modeling community. The SSPs depict five global situations based on substantially different socio-economic conditions during the 21st century. Water use scenarios were developed to reflect not only quantitative socio-economic factors, such as population and electricity production, but also key qualitative concepts such as the degree of technological change and overall environmental consciousness. Each scenario consists of five factors: irrigated area, crop intensity, irrigation efficiency, and withdrawal-based potential industrial and municipal water demands. The first three factors are used to estimate the potential irrigation water demand. All factors were developed using simple models based on a literature review and analysis of historical records. The factors are grid-based at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and cover the whole 21st century in five-year intervals. Each factor shows wide variation among the different global situations depicted: the irrigated area in 2085 varies between 2.7 × 106 and 4.5 × 106 km2, withdrawal-based potential industrial water demand between 246 and 1714 km3 yr−1, and municipal water between 573 and 1280 km3 yr−1. The water use scenarios can be used for global water scarcity assessments that identify the regions vulnerable to water scarcity and analyze the timing and magnitude of scarcity conditions.
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TIMENKO, M. "21 ST CENTURY SKILLS IN SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM." ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, no. 26 (April 7, 2021): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2020.26.227654.
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The author of the article considers and characterizes the main current trends in the development of school education in the UK. The author describes the necessary skills of the XXI century for students of secondary schools in Great Britain and the conditions of their formation. These are skills such as: joint problem solving, responsibility, critical thinking, creativity, emotional intelligence, cooperation, decision making, IT skills, self-regulation, communication, flexibility and adaptability, respect, information and economic literacy, etc. The author also describes the so-called soft skills (flexible) and hard skills (hard). The article notes the role of the 21st century teacher, which today cannot be limited to knowledge transfer, but to focus, discuss and, of course, evaluate students' progress so that they know when more support is needed, as today's innovative schools design classes for knowledge. , not its transportation.
It is argued that modern and relevant and key skills of the 21st century include: problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, decision making, IT skills, self-regulation, communication, respect, information and economic literacy, which in turn require appropriate teaching methods of the 21st century. The role of teachers can no longer be limited to knowledge transfer, but should be well-guided, discussed and, of course, evaluated by students' progress so that they know when more support is needed. Today, innovative schools design classrooms for the pursuit of knowledge, not its transportation.
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Johnson, Karin. "21st Century International Higher Education Hotspots." Journal of International Students 10, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): v—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.1851.
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The Institute of International Education (IIE) 2018 Open Doors report highlighted that the United States is the leading international education destination, having hosted about 1.1 million international students in 2017 (IIE, 2018a). Despite year over year increases, U.S. Department of State (USDOS, 2018) data show that for a third year in a row, international student visa issuance is down. This is not the first decline. Student visa issuance for long-term academic students on F visas also significantly dropped following the 9/11 attacks (Johnson, 2018). The fall in issuances recovered within 5 years of 2001 and continued to steadily increase until the drop in 2016.
Taken together, the drops in international student numbers indicate a softening of the U.S. international education market. In 2001, the United States hosted one out of every three globally mobile students, but by 2018 it hosted just one of five (IIE, 2018b). This suggests that over the past 20 years, the United States has lost a share of mobile students in the international education market because they’re enrolled elsewhere.
The Rise of Nontraditional Education Destination Countries
Unlike the United States, the percentage of inbound students to other traditional destinations such as Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, has remained stable since the turn of the 21st century. Meanwhile, nontraditional countries like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Russia are garnering more students and rising as educational hotspots (Knight, 2013). The UAE and Russia annually welcome thousands of foreign students, respectively hosting over 53,000 and 194,000 inbound international university students in 2017 (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2019). This is not happenstance. In the past 5 years, these two countries, among others, have adopted higher education internationalization policies, immigration reforms, and academic excellence initiatives to attract foreign students from around the world.
The UAE is one of six self-identified international education hubs in the world (Knight, 2013) and with 42 international universities located across the emirates, it has the most international branch campuses (IBCs) worldwide (Cross-Border Education Research Team, 2017). Being a country composed of nearly 90% immigrants, IBCs allow the UAE to offer quality higher education to its non-Emirati population and to attract students from across the Arab region and broader Muslim world. National policy and open regulations not only encourage foreign universities to establish IBCs, they alsoattract international student mobility (Ilieva, 2017). For example, on November 24, 2018, the national government updated immigration policy to allow foreign students to apply for 5-year visas (Government.ae, 2018). The Centennial 2071 strategic development plan aims for the UAE to become a regional and world leader in innovation, research, and education (Government.ae, 2019), with the long-term goal of creating the conditions necessary to attract foreign talent.
Russia’s strategic agenda also intends to gain a greater competitive advantage in the world economy by improving its higher education and research capacity. Russia currently has two higher education internationalization policies: “5-100-2020” and “Export Education.” The academic excellence project, known as “5-100-2020,” funds leading institutions with the goal to advance five Russian universities into the top 100 globally by 2020 (Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 2018). The “Export Education” initiative mandates that all universities double or triple the number of enrolled foreign students to over half a million by 2025 (Government.ru, 2017). These policies are explicitly motivated by boosting the Russian higher education system and making it more open to foreigners. Another growing area is international cooperation. Unlike the UAE, Russia has few IBCs, but at present, Russian universities partner with European and Asian administrators and government delegates to create dual degree and short-term programs. Historically, Russia has been a leading destination for work and education migrants from soviet republics in the region, but new internationalization policies are meant to propel the country into the international education market and to attract international students beyond Asia and Europe.
Future Trends in 21st Century International Education
Emerging destination hotspots like the UAE and Russia are vying to become more competitive in the global international higher education market by offering quality education at lower tuition rates in safe, welcoming locations closer to home. As suggested by the softening of the U.S. higher education market, international students may find these points attractive when considering where to study. Sociopolitical shifts that result from events such as 9/11 or the election of Donald Trump in combination with student mobility recruitment initiatives in emerging destinations may disrupt the status quo for traditional countries by rerouting international student enrollment to burgeoning educational hotspots over the coming decades.
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Bush, Raymond C. "Making the twenty first century its own: Janus faced African (under) development." Afrika Focus 26, no. 1 (February 26, 2013): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02601005.
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This article critiques the idea that Africa under existing conditions of globalisation can take control of its own destiny in the 21st century. It does so by interrogating the empirical economic evidence for recent growth figures on the continent. It argues the optimism that Africa is on the verge of an economic breakthrough is misplaced and needs to be set in the historical context of recurrent optimism that quickly fades under the realities of exploitation and underdevelopment in the continent. Opportunities for sustainable growth and development lie not with greater integration with the world economy but with, among other things, local political and economic struggles in Africa for greater participation in local decision making and control of international capital.
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Lola, Yu. "Economic Content of the Potential to Overcome the Crisis." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 1 (67) (2022): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2022-1(67)-85-89.
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The global challenges of the 21st century are transforming people's lives, all socio-economic and political processes in the state and regions. Emphasis, composition and interrelationships are changing in the process of formation and use of the economic potential of the region in crisis conditions, which is primarily characterized by the ability of a person to adapt the use of available resources to new adverse factors and quickly rebuild the usual socio-economic systems. In conditions of uncertainty and constant upheavals, human, intellectual, innovative capital acquires leading importance, which largely depends on the level of education in the sciences in the country, which in times of crisis needs special attention and state support.
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Zincenko, A., S. Petrovskii, and V. Volpert. "An economic-demographic dynamical system." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 13, no. 3 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018035.
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Human population growth has been called the biggest issue the humanity faces in the 21st century, and although this statement is globally true, locally, many Western economies have been experiencing population decline. Europe is in fact homeland for population decline. By 2050 many large European economies are predicted to lose large parts of their population. In this work, we consider the dynamical system that corresponds to the model introduced by Volpert et al. [Nonlinear Anal. 159 (2017) 408–423]. With the help of this model, we illustrate scenarios that can lead, in the long-run, to sharp population decline and/or deterioration of the economy. We also illustrate that even when under certain conditions the population will go extinct, temporarily it might experience growth.
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Buono, R. A. Dello. "Technology and Development in Latin America: Urgent Challenges for the 21st Century." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 11, no. 3 (2012): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914912x651523.
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Abstract Capitalist globalization has accelerated technological development but the result has been to intensify global inequalities and reproduce the structures of underdevelopment in entire world regions. In Latin America, the era of Keynesian developmentalism sought to overcome foreign domination that prevailed in modernization-style development regimes. Advances made in that era were halted and later reversed through the imposition of neoliberalism throughout the region. Neoliberal development increased developing country dependency upon foreign technologies and reproduces the structures of underdevelopment. Anti-neoliberal alternatives are possible even under conditions of severe economic crisis as illustrated by the Cuban socialist model. Other countries will likewise need to pursue more endogenously oriented technology policies if they are to overcome the crippling impact of the neoliberal period.
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Manzetti, Luigi. "The Political Economy of MERCOSUR." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 35, no. 4 (1994): 101–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165956.
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Recent literature on regional integration has stressed the key role that emerging trading blocs will have in shaping the world economy of the 21st-century. With the end of the Cold War, policymakers have refocused their attention on economic issues. Economic trends — such as rapid changes in research, technology, capital flow, and trade patterns — have assumed a new importance. Increasing competition in world markets has induced industrialized countries to cluster together in regional economic blocs. This has been the case with the European Community (EC), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signatories (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), and possibly Japan and its East Asian neighbors. However, these experiments in regional integration differ appreciably in nature. For instance, the EC explicitly seeks an economic and political union, whereas the NAFTA is simply a free trade area whose goal is the eventual elimination of restrictions on investment flows.
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Guo, Yuhan. "Analysis of Enterprise Management Mode under Market Economy Condition." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 5, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v5n3p194.
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<em>Economic mode is the basis of the development of enterprise management mode. Ecotype circular </em><em>economic model is the most ideal model of 21st century, which mainly realizes management innovation </em><em>and management planning of modern enterprise under circular economy through evolution process </em><em>analyzing of modern enterprise management mode. Cross and amalgamation management model is the </em><em>objective requirement of circular economy development under enterprise economy conditions. With </em><em>social economic development and change of economic model, enterprise management mode must </em><em>achieve thorough revolution for further development. Therefore, effective management mode of </em><em>enterprise has become the only way to healthy develop 21st economy.</em>
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Ignatskaya, Marina A., and Daniyil R. Malykhin. "Extremely High Environmental Turbulence as a Challenge to 21st Century System Management." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2021-8-2-115-127.
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The article actualizes the challenges of developing the theoretical and methodological basis for managing environmental turbulence in the 21st century under the unprecedented changes that have taken place both in the interpretation of the category of turbulence itself and the ability to manage it between the end of 2019 and the present in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the analysis of the category of turbulence of the new type are presented, as well as its nature and content are determined. Conceptual approaches to the criteria for the effectiveness of turbulence management have been developed. The vector of the direction of the evolution of national systems of government in the era of total turbulence at the level of public policy has been defined. The experience of the best management practices at the beginning of 2021 is noted, which, however, shows that without the use of an arsenal of hard technologies it is not yet possible to curb the challenges of extremely high environmental turbulence. Based on the study, the authors made the conclusion about the key role of general civil consent and cooperation in the implementation of manual management regime under the conditions of extremely high environmental turbulence of the early twenties of the 21st century. The peculiarities of forming the international socio-economic context of the period of extremely high turbulence, its problems and contradictions are highlighted. The main features of this context of the newest period include the ongoing systemic crisis of the world economy, permanent structural financial and economic crises, as well as the characteristics of globalization and deglobalization processes as major long-term trends. The trend towards general deglobalization, expressed in the strengthening of national protectionism and manifested in the economic policy of nation-states, has become the most pronounced at the current stage. New international platforms have been sought to implement regulatory management actions in the face of new type of turbulence.
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Rajib Mallik. "Regulated Agricultural Markets in 21st Century: An Outline of their Future Role in Tripura." Restaurant Business 118, no. 11 (November 21, 2019): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i11.11546.
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Agricultural regulated markets are immensely important for economic growth of a state and as well as for a country. In many India states, Government has taken several steps to streamline the regulated market system; however, improper functioning of most of the regulated markets and other handicaps has not changed the conditions noticeably. Yet, a major part of rural markets are working outside the frame of regulated market. As a matter of fact, many Indian states are mostly dominated by private traders causing a hassle in the overall development of the regulated markets. To improve the prevailing conditions of these markets, a study on market regulation becomes very essential. The paper overviewed the present status, growth and development, overall performances, problems and prospects of the regulated markets of Tripura. It provides few guidelines for the primary producers to get the best possible returns from the agricultural regulated markets. An outline of their (regulated markets) future role in 21st Century has also discussed in this paper.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. "Economic sustainability of Russia under the Conditions of Technological Transformations." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 9, no. 6 (February 10, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2019-9-6-45-52.
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Climate change and the development of digital technologies have prompted a rethinking of the dominated model of economic growth. In 2011 American publicist and economist Jeremy Rifkin has published the book “The third industrial revolution”, in which the author describes a new scientific picture of the world, which implies a transition from an “ownership economy” to a “sharing economy”. In 2016 the president of the World Economic Forum in Davos Klaus Schwab put forward the idea of a “fourth industrial revolution”, which, in his opinion, opens up new opportunities for collective innovation and the creation of shared value systems by connecting the physical, digital and biological worlds. The purpose of the article is to generalize the features of modern world technological transformations and determine the degree of Russia’s involvement in the development of the main directions of science and technology of the 21st century. The methods of analysis used include synthesis, abstraction, generalization and an integrated approach to cognition. The author considered the trajectories of modern technological transformations and discussed the role of the USSR in the design of techno-centric foundations of the sustainable development model. Also, the author analyzed the main provisions of state programs of Russia in the medium-term development of information, bio- and nanotechnologies.
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Jamal, Audrey C. "Coworking spaces in mid-sized cities: A partner in downtown economic development." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 4 (February 26, 2018): 773–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18760857.
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The 21st century economy is knowledge-intensive, creative and flourishing in larger urban centres. Less is known about how smaller urban centres are faring in this new economy. This research aims to fill that gap by exploring whether mid-sized cities, in a designated growth area in Ontario, Canada, can leverage the knowledge economy and foster local economic development to help revitalize their ailing downtowns. Through a case study approach, this research looks at the role that coworking, or shared workspaces, can play in the local economy of mid-sized cities in Ontario. Recognizing the role that community-based actors play in urban affairs, this paper uses a local economic development framework to explore the role of coworking spaces in the urban economic fabric of mid-sized city downtowns. Survey responses and interviews, coupled with insights from global surveys on coworking and a literature review, begin to tell the story of how economic change is playing out in mid-sized cities, illustrating the importance of an innovative, collaborative and inclusive approaches to city building and local economic development.
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Belausteguigoitia, Jone, Jon Laurenz, and Alberto Gómez. "Modular Ecotechnological Architecture: A Response to The Demands of the 21st Century." Open House International 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2011-b0011.
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Constant change in current market and social conditions has triggered the demand for a more adaptable building stock. The capacity to assume and accommodate change has thus become a new requirement for buildings. At the same time, there is a growing demand for more environmentally conscious buildings. New protocols, building codes, and certification systems are becoming stricter regarding buildings’ CO2 emissions, energy efficiency, and other environmental aspects. The current building industry fails to satisfy these two demands; conventional buildings rarely enable change, unless undergoing complex renovations, and rarely consider environmental features beyond mandatory legislation. In this context, this paper proposes Modular Ecotechnological Architecture as a response to both demands. The basis is an integrated design that looks at energy, water, and materials’ efficiency altogether, combined with a modular industrialized building system. The system allows buildings to grow or reduce in size according to their needs, with little impact for their inhabitants, enabling versatility for a variety of uses within the same space and over time. This paper presents the concept of this new building system together with the technical, building code-related, and economic challenges encountered throughout recent experimental projects.
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Hart, Paul. "Environmental Education in Canada: Contemporary Issues & Future Possibilities." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 6 (1990): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600002019.
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Environmental education has become a major concern for many politicians, educators, and parents in Canada. The politics of resource scarcity, environmental deterioration, and failed economic theories have combined to force nations such as Canada to reassess their priorities. Environmentalism has matured to the degree that large numbers of environmentally related contradictions in Canadian society can be traced to patterns of western intellectual thought and debated in terms of differing ideologies relating to population, economic development, government policy making, the legal system, and to education. As we face the 21st century with growing uncertainty and threats to our understandings, our ideas, and our institutions, an environmental perspective may well come to dominate our consciousness and our education.This paper develops an argument for reform in current environmental education practices within Canada at a time when educational systems in this country are becoming serious about incorporating an environmental perspective. After setting the context within systems of Canadian education, the paper attempts to capture the essence of environmental education activities by means of some broadly based Canadian contributions to the field and by two specific examples. The purpose of these sections is to throw into relief a number of tensions and contradictions in the contemporary theory and practice of environmental education in Canada and to identify a number of issues for debate in light of this experience. Finally, a proposal consistent with authentic principles of socially critical environmental education is suggested as a means of reconceptualising future environmental education activities within Canadian contexts.
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CİHAN TEMİZER, Nihal. "Comparative efficiency and capacity analysis of Waqf Agricultural Enterprises (19th century Ottoman and the 21st century Turkey: Aegean Example)." Journal of Life Economics 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.8.3.02.
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In the study, the foundation olive groves as the foundation agricultural enterprises in the 19th century Ottoman Empire Aegean Region and the 21st century Ayvalik Waqf Olive Groves Management Directorate are examined in terms of productivity and capacity. When the Aegean Region waqf agricultural enterprises were examined in the 19th century, generally waqf olive groves were found. In addition, today's Ayvalık agricultural waqf enterprise is examined. When doing research, Ottoman Archive documents and Ayvalık Waqf Olive Groves reports are used. In the waqf olive groves; When we make a comparison on the basis of villages, today's productivity has increased three times at most in some villages, sometimes the same, sometimes less, compared to the 19th century. Although today's socio-economic conditions and technology are in a better state, there has not been a serious difference in productivity. In the Ottoman Empire, foundation agricultural enterprises were operated by the method of tax-farming. Since today’s waqf agricultural enterprises are operated in a similar way to the tax farming method, we can say that olive groves are operated by modern tax-farming method.
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Grabelnykh, T. I., N. A. Sablina, and E. V. Lesnikovskaya. "Socio-demographic factors of social development in the conditions of post-global reality." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 7, no. 2 (May 22, 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2022-7.2.8.
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The article considers the system-wide impact of socio-demographic factors in the social development of countries and regions in the context of post-global reality. It is emphasized that modern demographic changes are the result of global transformation processes. The permanent relationship of demographic processes with climate change on the planet, the emergence and spread of new infectious diseases, the development of digital technologies, etc. is shown. The meaning of the concept of “post-global reality” is clarified in terms of the uniqueness of modern conditions of social development, in which the desire of a person and society for “openness” is traced in the conditions of growing “social closeness” and “social tension”, which indicates the limited possibilities of society in regulating sociodemographic processes. It is concluded that the spread of new infectious diseasesin the 21st century, especially the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, has contributed to the emergence of new groups of problems associated with a deterioration in health status, an increase in mortality, a decrease in the reproductive and labor potential of the population. The authors substantiate the formation of the concept of “global determinism” in terms of the role of socio-demographic factors in the social development of countries and regions in the context of post-global reality. Among the most influential concepts that contribute to its development are “geographical determinism”, “economic determinism” and actually “demographic determinism”. Based on the materials of a sociological study, it is shown that new external and internal challenges and new crises of a systemic order in the 21st century contribute to social upheaval and profound transformations. It was revealed that the sustainability of social development in the focus of public opinion is directly related to effective public administration and regulation, the effectiveness of national security strategies and strategies for the socio-economic and socio-demographic development of countries and regions.
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Szilovics, Csaba. "Experience in Tax Changes in Certain Central European Countries in the Past Two Decades." Polgári szemle 16, no. 4-6 (2020): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24307/psz.2020.1010.
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This study reviews the tax regimes of four Central European countries. A hundred years ago, these countries were part of a single economic and political unit, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (which included the entire territory of today’s Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia, and a significant part of Romania: Transylvania, Banat and Partium). Already then, different regions had different economic strengths, but their legal and cultural conditions were the same. By the end of the 20th century, despite their different historical development models, these four countries became once again part of a legal, economic and cultural entity, i.e. the system of the European Union, and then during the first decade of the 21st century, they became its full members. The tax changes implemented by these countries in the recent decades and their success in catching up with the level of welfare in the European Union are studied in this context.
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Melnychuk, Halyna. "Integration of Republica Moldova to the EU: Real Conditions and Perspectives (the 1990ʼs of the 20th – early of the 21st century)." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 18, 2018): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.287-295.
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This article presents important steps and achievements accomplished by the Republic of Moldova towards integration, by analysing its collaboration with the European Union.
The development of relations with the EU is the priority goal that Moldova strives for, which means not only economic, but also political and cultural integration. The first steps of the Republic of Moldova towards the EU were encouraging. After years of isolation, this process was difficult and required a lot of efforts. This is due to many reasons, the most important of which are Russia's political and economic pressure, theunresolved issue in Transnistria, the ideological and geopolitical schisms of the population, some of which see their future with Russia, and the other part with Europe. Despite the existing problems, cooperation with the EU has yielded tangible results: the EU-Moldova Association Agreement has been signed, the visa regime has been abolished and financial support for the socioeconomic and public sectors is provided.
Moldova, for its part, is making great efforts to form a single political, economic and cultural educational space with the EU, which supports its efforts in the process of European integration. Its speed and success largely depend on the country itself, its economic and political development. A strong statepolicymaking aimed at strengthening reforms and stimulating the transition to a market economy in accordance with the international principles is inherent in the future development of Moldova.
Keywords: Republic of Moldova, European Union,European Integration, foreign policy, Transniestrian conflict
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Sardak, Sergii, Maxim Korneyev, Vladimir Dzhyndzhoian, Tatyana Fedotova, and Olha Tryfonova. "Current trends in global demographic processes." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.05.
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Current local and national demographic trends have deepened the existing and formed new global demographic processes that have received a new historical reasoning that requires deep scientific research taking into account the influence of the multifactorial global dimension of the modern society development. The purpose of the article is to study the development of global demographic processes and to define the causes of their occurrence, manifestations, implications and prospects for implementation in the first half of the 21st century. The authors have identified and characterized four global demographic processes, namely population growth, migration, increase of tourism, and change in population structure. It is projected that in the 30’s of the 21st century, the number and growth rates of the world population will reach the objective growth and these dynamics over the next two decades will begin to change in the direction of reducing the growth rates, which will lead to gradual stabilization, and eventually reduce the size of the world population. By the middle of the 21st century, one can observe the preservation of the growth rates of international and domestic migration, the growth of international migration flows from the South to the North and from the East to the West, the strengthening of new economically developed centers of gravity (Canada, Australia and New Zealand), the increase in migration of rural population to cities, as well as urbanization and activation of the metropolises development. The share of international tourists in comparison with the world population will be constantly increasing, and the annual growth rate of the number of international tourists will significantly depend on the world economy and may vary at the several percent level. Permanent change will occur in the age, religious-cultural and socio-economic structure of the population.
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Awan, Abdul Ghafoor. "Changing World Economic and Financial Scenario." Asian Accounting and Auditing Advancement 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/4ajournal.v2i1.15.
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The dawn of the 21st century has changed the scene of the world economy and shifted the center of economic growth from the Western hemisphere to the Asian Continent. The global financial crisis of 2008 and the European debt crisis of 2010 have exposed the inherent weakness of G-7 economies, which are facing the challenges of twin deficits, falling productivity, rising debts, and an aging population. In contrast, the emerging economies particularly, China, India, and Brazil, have shown robust economic growth from 2000 to 2010. The objective of this paper is to measure the changes taking place in the world economy from 2000 to 2010 and their impact on asset allocation, employment, poverty, and allocation of resources. For this purpose, the author has selected total of 14 countries as a sample and divided them into two groups: G-7 and E-7. The G-7group Includes the USA, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Japan, and Canada while E-7 contains China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Turkey, and Pakistan.
The methodology used in the study is to compare different economic and financial indicators of these two groups of countries in order to obtain desired results. Mostly time series and cross-sectional secondary data, collected from the database of IMF, World Bank, US Federal reserves, relevant international research journals, and books, have been used. Different statistical techniques such as trend analysis and ratio analysis have been applied to measure the changes in selected variables. The results of the study are very encouraging. We found that increase in the national income of emerging economies has brought trickle-down effects and reduced poverty and inequality level in emerging economies. Only in China, about 400 million people have come out of the poverty trap due to rising employment opportunities. The share of E-7 economies in the world R & D has increased from14% in 2001 to 20.1% in 2007, while the share of G-7 economies has declined by 2.4% during the same period.
The study found the declining trend of productivity levels in G-7 countries vis-à-vis E-7 countries. The anti-migrants policy of G-7 countries is one of the contributing factors to the decline of productivity. This study endorses the views of Blanchard (1997), David Romer (2001), Yuan Langwiler (2004), David C. Colander (2004), Andrew Glyn(2006), and John Hawksworth (2007) who contended that the USA will no more be a world economic power and China will likely to overtake her as world economic leader by mid of 21st century.
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Kovrikov, Roman V. "Reorganization of the “Peterhof ” State Museum-Reserve in the 21st century." Issues of Museology 11, no. 2 (2020): 114–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu27.2020.201.
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The article reveals the content of the “Peterhof ” State Museum-Reserve’s stages of modernization in 2009–2020, analyzes the effectiveness of measures developed by the management of the museum-reserve to support new areas of development, and presents the stages of transformation of a linear management system to a multi-level museum complex. The basis for the article are reports and a number of program documents from the “Peterhof ” State Museum-Reserve, made available for scientific circulation for the first time. The key document of the analysis is the Concept of Development of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Culture “State Museum- Reserve” Peterhof “for the period 2012–2016, which formulates the main theses of the museum’s transition to a strategic planning system. Along with the preservation of traditional museum functions, in the practical activities of the Peterhof State Museum-Reserve special attention is paid to the innovations introduced in museum practices of the 21st century: creating a museum management system and museum policy in general, a system of external museum communications, a museum positioning system and organizing sustainable interaction with visitors. Relevant components of the concept “image of a modern museum-reserve” are revealed, which correlate with the practical activities of the departments and divisions of the museum under analysis. The author proposes and substantiates an innovative system of continuous visitor support, in which it becomes possible to effectively manage the interaction of the museum and the visitor. The most important economic result of the modernization of the museum-reserve is the formation of effective mechanisms that improve the work of the museum in the conditions of market relations and allow for the establishment of a stable system of interaction with visitors. The presented experience of the Peterhof State Museum-Reserve can become a guide for Russian regional museums-reserves when choosing directions for the development of museum complexes.
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Puyu, V., M. Bakhmat, Y. Khmelianchyshyn, V. Stepanchenko, O. Bakhmat, and H. Pantsyreva. "Social-and-Ecological Aspects of Forage Production Reform in Ukraine in the Early 21st Century." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p221.
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On the basis of the "three sigma" rule, a statistical stratification of the Ukrainian effective community into economic welfare groups according to their social and economic status has been carried out, thus creating the basis for substantiating the expediency of reforming the forage production sector in order to further expand the production of organic livestock products through the up-to-date approaches to the formation and use of climate adaptive feed-related phytocenoses. In order to increase the productivity of grass fodder, an innovative model of the grass-grazing complex has been developed. Its structure includes a cyclic wedge of long-term cereal-bean pasture which involves perennial grasses of the botanical species adapted to the zonal ecological and technological conditions, a satellite wedge of traditional mixtures of annual crops and atypical pasture plants – burnet polygamous (Poterium poligamum Woldst. et Kit.), prairie dock (Silphium perfoliatum L.) and others, whose herbage is used during the off-season, when the main cyclic wedge is found to be low-yielding, as well as a sheltered base, equipped with outdoor hoppers and shelters designed to protect animals in bad weather. The introduction of meadows and pastures in the system of zonal fodder production will contribute to the improvement and stabilization of the production of cheap and adequately nutritious herbal feeds thus increasing the resource potential of the area.