Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Camus, Albert'

Cette thèse propose une lecture de la création de Camus sous l’angle démocratique et antitotalitaire pour démontrer l’aspect innovant de sa pensée qui est plus que jamais d’actualité. Cent ans après la naissance de l’écrivain prix Nobel de littérature, son œuvre ouvre de nouveaux axes de réflexion à mi-chemin entre la philosophie, la science-politique et la littérature. Après une introduction générale aux concepts de totalitarisme et de démocratie, nous passerons plus spécifiquement à l’étude de l’auteur. Nous esquisserons un portrait de Camus en tant que journaliste engagé dans les batailles de son temps et nous aborderons une analyse comparative entre Camus et les intellectuels ou penseurs qui ont influencé sa pensée démocratique et inspiré sa réflexion sur les totalitarismes. Ensuite, nous focaliserons l’analyse sur certaines œuvres : les essais journalistiques (Actuelles I, II, III) et philosophiques (L’Homme révolté) ; les œuvres de fiction, comme La Peste, ainsi que trois pièces de théâtre Caligula, Les Justes et L’État de siège. En nous basant sur ce choix d’œuvres, nous examineront la technique adoptée par Camus pour transférer dans la fiction le débat démocratique contre les totalitarismes de son époque. Enfin, nous étudierons du point de vue lexicologique les termes de totalitarisme et démocratie, ainsi que tous leurs synonymes entrant dans le champ sémantique du débat antitotalitaire
This thesis proposes a reading of Camus’ creation from the democratic and antitotalitarian perspective in order to demonstrate the innovative aspect of his thought, which is more actual than ever. One hundred years after the birth of the writer, Nobel Prize for literature, his work opens up new lines of thought halfway between philosophy, science, politics and literature. After a general introduction to the concepts of totalitarianism and democracy, we will proceed to the more specifically study of the author. We sketch a portrait of Camus as a committed journalist in the battles of his time and we will discuss a comparative analysis between Camus and intellectuals and thinkers who influenced his democratic thought and inspired his thinking on totalitarianism. Then, we will focus the analysis on certain works : journalistic (Actuelles I, II, III ) and philosophical essays (The Rebel), fictional works, such as The Plague, and three plays Caligula, The Just Assassins and The State of siege. Based on this selection of works, we will examine the technique adopted by Camus to transfer into the fictional the democratic debate against the totalitarianism of his era. Finally, we will study from a lexicological point of view the terms of totalitarianism and democracy, and all their synonyms within the semantic field of anti-totalitarian debate

This essay examines The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), The Plague (1947), and The Rebel (1951). I have chosen these three works in an effort to triangulate Camus' intellectual development, his persistent interest in literature, and the historical background against which these take place. Sisyphus and The Rebel are Camus' two major philosophical essays. The former belongs to Camus' "First Cycle" of writing, in which he focused on the concept of "the Absurd"; the latter belongs to Camus' "Second Cycle", in which he focused on the theme of "revolt." Camus wrote The Myth of Sisyphus during the Nazi occupation of Paris, an event which he witnessed and experienced and which also served as the inspiration for his novel The Plague. Though the two books are connected by this event, thematically The Plague belongs to Camus' Second Cycle. For this reason, it serves as an illuminating work, demonstrating the importance of fiction to Camus' intellectual process and his particular way of thinking. From Sisyphus to The Rebel, Camus' argument for fiction comes down to the opportunity it offers to describe life rather than explain it. In his opinion, the best novelists exhibit the very philosophy that should generally govern human behavior. These novelists limit themselves to what they can be sure of – namely, their personal experiences; they patiently explore what it is like to live on this earth – how human beings deal with each other, manage their environments, and cope with the often tremendous complexities of life. Not co-incidentally, Camus' fiction took special interest in death of all kinds – from murder to sickness to suicide – in order to remind his readers that life is finite. According to Camus, writing fiction is a way to keep the reader conscious of the human condition, because good fiction plainly exhibits life as it is and death as our common fate. By reflecting on good literature, readers may form their own life ethic.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Filosofia, 2010.
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Em nossa dissertação, procuramos pensar a ação a partir do itinerário filosófico de Albert Camus. A princípio, investigaremos as possibilidades da ação a partir da fratura entre o homem e o mundo, ao que Camus denomina absurdo. Ação que não pode redundar em suicídio filosófico ou físico, posto que esses são modos de trair a constatação da absurdidade da vida. A ação absurda não pode mais visar o absoluto e se fiar em valores transcendentes e absolutos. Ela tem que respeitar os limites agora descobertos: a relatividade e a ignorância humana frente ao futuro. Por isso, a atitude coerente ao absurdo é “viver mais”, “bater todos os recordes”, já que o homem tem apenas o presente. Mas tal atitude não pode fundamentar uma regra de conduta, não pode oferecer uma referência para a ação frente aos outros homens. A ação tem de ser pensada a partir da revolta, pois ela pode nos revela um valor, em nome do qual o homem pode agir. Pela revolta, o homem toma consciência de um valor comum a todos os homens; é a descoberta de uma natureza humana. É a fidelidade a essa natureza que deve conduzir e limitar a ação revoltada. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
In this dissertation we try to think actions from the philosophic itinerary of Albert Camus. At first, we investigate the possibilities of actions from the rupture of man and the world, what Camus denominates 'absurd'. Actions that cannot end in some kind of philosophical ou physical suicide, given that those are ways of betraying the verification of the absurdity of life. The absurd action cannot look for the absolute nor trust transcendental and absolute values. It has to respect the limits now discovered: human relativity and ignorance in face of the future. As a result, a coherent attitude towards the absurd is to 'live more', 'brake all records', given that man has only the present. But such an attitude cannot found a rule of conduct, cannot offer a reference for an action with regard to other men. The action has to be thought from the revolt itself, since it can reveal us a value, in the name of which man can act. By the revolt man becomes aware of a common value to all men; and that is the discovery of a human nature. It is the fidelity with respect to that nature that has to conduct and limit the revolted action.

A revolta se situa no pensamento de Albert Camus como uma das atitudes fundamentais da existência humana. Do movimento de negação, com o qual a revolta é geralmente identificada, Camus resgata sua tensão regeneradora. Analisa o estabelecimento de limites às situações opressivas como um processo criador e ressalta, em tal conduta, o carater gerador de valores.

The aim of this thesis is to introduce a renowned French author Albert Camus and subsequently develop my own conclusion on one of his major works - The Stranger (1942). In the first part I introduce the personality of Albert Camus's in the context of philosophical history, literature and drama. I aim to explain the background of his life in the first part of the 20th century, particularly the influence of his origin in Algiers, at that time politically and culturally dominated by the French, in contrast with later residence in France itself. These influences promoted the principle of individuality in the work of Albert Camus and clearly directed him to his own interpretation of literary expression and existentialism. Further I outline the basic principles of this philosophy and I present his most important literary and dramatic works. More specifically I deal with the analysis of the novel The Stranger itself. The topic of next chapter is the presentation of Camus's selected work on the Czech as well as international stages and their specifications. In brief mention I present film adaptations as well. The second part goes in to analysing my own conclusions of The Stranger with a particular attention to the set design. This is closely related to the practical work of the thesis - designs of chosen scenes and scale models are included in the photographic documentation. I aim to explain how I use the actual text of the novel whilst adjusting its structure in relation to the stage design. Then I analyze in detail the various dramatic situations and scenes in terms of set design solutions. In short I present technical and lighting solutions of this production. Conclusion of this thesis refers to the contribution of Camus's work and its influence on the art scene of the 20th century.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Literatura
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Tese (doutorado)- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura.
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A tese "Albert Camus e a revolta marginal" identifica relações e intersecções entre o pensamento do escritor Albert Camus (1913-1960), sobretudo quanto ao que denominou "movimento de revolta", e textos da ficção brasileira contemporânea, marcados por representações do cotidiano nas periferias de grandes cidades.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université de Montréal, 2002.
"NQ-75892." "Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de doctorat (Ph. D.) en études françaises." Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Filosofia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2013.
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No discurso que se seguiu o Prêmio Nobel de Literatura em 1957, Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) apresenta a ideia que então justificava seu ofício. Ao se perguntar não apenas como o escritor deve agir, mas em busca de uma razão de ser da arte mesma, ele apresenta o que ele chama, então, de “o papel do escritor” (CAMUS, 1957, p.14). Na busca de uma compreensão aprofundada dessa expressão e do discurso, desenvolvemos, na presente dissertação, a exploração de algumas obras com valor estratégico na elaboração de um panorama da obra camusiana como um todo e, mais precisamente, do lugar que ocupa a arte no pensamento que lhe dá origem. Nesse sentido, o estudo das três ideias centrais do pensamento camusiano – o absurdo, a revolta e a justiça – foram feitas através de seus ensaios, peças e romances indistintamente. Com isso, definimos uma interpretação que desafia a leitura tradicional de sua obra ficcional como simples ilustração da não ficcional ou, por outro lado, que tome a obra não ficcional como mera explicação da obra ficcional. Definimos essa perspectiva como o “pensamento em imagens” e a tomamos como base para todo o trabalho. Começamos então uma análise do conceito de absurdo, por meio das obras O estrangeiro (1942) e O mito de Sísifo (1942), e, nelas, estudamos o conflito fundamental entre a sensibilidade humana e a indiferença do mundo. Em seguida, tratamos da ideia de revolta em Calígula (1944) e O homem revoltado (1951), e da necessidade do reconhecimento do outro no enfrentamento da condição absurda da existência humana. E, por fim, buscamos na peça Os justos (1949), um elemento que regule a revolta, impedindo que a justiça que ela pretende estabelecer não se configure no seu oposto. Definidas as bases teóricas desse pensamento, buscamos então entender como Camus posiciona o artista em tempos de crise. Nesse ponto, adentramos o discurso mesmo e buscamos compreender que sentido ele dá para arte em um mundo absurdo, como ele justifica a escrita em função da solidariedade encontrada no outro e em função de que valores tal prática deve se estabelecer. Em seguida, procedemos a um estudo de caso, assumindo a possibilidade da exploração de um caso ficcional, que focalizou o conto Jonas ou o artista no trabalho (1957), com o objetivo de ilustrar a tensão dessa posição a partir da perspectiva do artista. E, por fim, retornamos ao Mito de Sísifo e de Calígula, em busca de uma comparação das ideias apresentadas nesse discurso, feito no final da vida do autor, com as primeiras ideias desenvolvidas por ele acerca da arte e do seu papel no mundo, expressas nas obras inicialmente investigadas. Com esse percurso, esperamos enfim estabelecer uma leitura que faça justiça ao equilíbrio delicado exigido por essa ideia que Camus fazia do “papel do escritor”, a forma e as razões de seu engajamento forçoso em seu tempo e as condições que esse impõe. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
In the speech that followed the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957, Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) presents the idea that then justified his craft. When asking not only how the writer should act, but searching for a reason of being for art itself, he presents what he then called "the role of the writer" (CAMUS, 1957, p.14). In search of a deeper understanding of this expression and of the speech, we developed, in the present master dissertation, the exploration of some works with strategic value in developing an overview of Camus’s works as a whole and, more precisely, of the place of art in this thought from which it originates. In this sense, the study of the three central ideas of Camus thought – absurdity, revolt and justice – were made through his essays, plays and novels alike. This way we define an interpretation that challenges the traditional reading of his fiction as a simple illustration of non-fictional works or, on the other hand, that takes his nonfiction as mere explanation of his fictional works. We define this approach as “images thought” and took it as the basis for the whole of the present work. We then began an analysis of the concept of absurdity, through the works The Stranger (1942) and The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) and there studied the fundamental conflict between the human sensibility and the indifference of the world. Then we worked on the idea of revolt in Caligula (1944) and The Rebel (1951), and the necessity of recognizing the other in confronting the absurd condition of human existence. Finally we seek, in the play The Just Assassins (1949), an element that could regulate the revolt, preventing the justice it seeks to establish not become its opposite. Having defined the theoretical basis of this way of thinking, we seek to understand how Camus then places the artist in times of crisis. At this point we enter the discourse itself and seek to understand which sense it gives to art in an absurd world, how he justifies writing according to the solidarity found in the other and in which values such practice should establish itself. We have performed a case study, assuming the possibility of the exploration of a fictional case that focused in the short-story Jonas or the artist at work (1957) with the objective of illustrating the tension present in this position from the perspective of the artist. And, finally, we will return to The Myth of Sisyphus and Caligula, in search of a comparison between the ideas presented in this speech, given at the end of his life, and the first ideas he developed about art and its role in the world. In taking this course, we ultimately hope to establish a reading that would do justice to the delicate balance demanded by this idea that Camus made of the “role of the writer”, the form and reasons for his forcible engagement in his time and the conditions that comes with it. _______________________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÉ
Dans le discours qui a suivi le Prix Nobel de Littérature en 1957, Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) a présentée l'idée que justifie alors son métier. Lors de se demander non seulement comment l'écrivain doit agir, mais étant aussi à la recherche d'une raison pour l’art même, il présente ce qu'il appelait alors «le rôle de l'écrivain » (CAMUS, 1957, p.14). À la recherche d'une meilleure compréhension de cette expression et du discours, on a développée, dans la présente dissertation de Master, l'exploration des oeuvres ayant une valeur stratégique dans l'élaboration d'un aperçu de l’oeuvre de Camus dans son ensemble et, plus précisément, de la place de l'art dans la pensée qui l’origine. En ce sens-là , l'étude des trois idées centrales de la pensée de Camus – l'absurdité, la révolte et de la justice – fut réalisé à travers ses essais, ses pièces de théâtre et ses romans indistinctement. Ainsi, nous définissons une interprétation qui conteste la lecture traditionnelle de sa fiction comme une simple illustration de sa non-fiction ou, d'autre part, qui prend ses non-fictions par simple explication de ses oeuvres de fiction. Nous définissons cette approche comme «penser en images» et nous l'avons pris pour base de tout ce travail. Nous avons, ensuite, réalisé une analyse de la notion d'absurdité, à travers les oeuvres L’étranger (1942) et Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942) et nous y avons étudié le conflit fondamental entre la sensibilité humaine et l'indifférence du monde. Subséquemment, nous avons traité l'idée de révolte dans Caligula (1944) et L’Homme révolté (1951), et nous avons observé la nécessité de reconnaître l'autre face à la condition absurde de l'existence humaine. Après quoi, nous cherchons dans la pièce Les Justes (1949), un élément qui pourrait réguler la révolte, en empêchant la justice qu’elle cherche à établir de devenir son contraire. Ayant défini le fondement théorique de cette pensée, nous cherchons à comprendre comment Camus situe alors l'artiste en temps de crise. Ici, nous entrons dans le discours lui-même et cherchons à comprendre quel sens il donne à l'art dans un monde absurde, comme il justifie l'écriture sur la base de la solidarité trouve dans l'autre et en fonction de quelles valeurs telle pratique devrait être établi. Nous avons réalisé, donc, une étude de cas, en supposant la possibilité d'exploration d’un cas fictif, que a focalisé la nouvelle Jonas ou l'artiste au travail (1957), afin d’illustrer la tension de cette position du point de vue de l’artiste. Et, enfin, nous nous avons dédier au Mythe de Sisyphe et Caligula, à la recherche d'une comparaison entre les idées présentées dans ce discours, prononcé à la fin de la vie de l’auteur, les premières idées qu'il a développées à propos de l'art et de son rôle dans le monde, exprimée dans les oeuvres de l’enquête initiale. Avec cette route, nous chercions enfin d’établir une lecture qui rend justice à l’équilibre délicat nécessaire par cette idée que Camus fasait du « rôle de l’écrivain>, la forme et les raisons de leur engagement forcé dans son temps et les conditions que cela impose.

Mise en evidence d'analogies linguistiques, dramatiques et thématiques entre l'oeuvre d'Albert Camus et la bible, afin de montrer qu'en définitive l'auteur fut toujours préoccupé par une certaine forme de sacralite du monde et par un souci de redéfinir le rôle de l'écrivain en son époque : la quête de l'auteur s'organise dès ses premiers écrits et s'interrompt alors que l'oeuvre n'était pas achevée ; tout ceci contribue à former ce que nous appellerions les paraboles du secret d'Albert Camus
To bring to light linguistic, dramatic and thematic analogies between the works of Albert Camus and the bible, in order to show that eventually the writer was continually preoccupied by certain aspects of the sacred in the world, and by an eagerness to refefine the role of the writer in his own time. The author's search becomes apparent right from the first works and comes to a halt before the task was finished : this is what shapes what we would call " Albert Camus's parables of secret "

This thesis focuses on the reception of ancient Greece and Rome in the literature of the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, essayist and playwright Albert Camus. It will argue that Camus’ relationship to the ancient world is a confluence of the traditions of European literature and philosophy and the cultural discourses of colonial French Algeria. It also argues that Camus’ interest in the ancient world is representative of broader patterns of reception as a form of identity creation and further explores the specific role this played in colonial societies. Camus wrote essays that engaged strongly with concepts of Greek myths, like Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942) and L’Homme révolté (1951), in other essays such as l’Été (1953), he wrote more generally about the idea of Greek values as a solution to the problems of modernity. He also wrote a play, Caligula (1942), based on the life of the Roman Emperor as well as early essays about visits to Roman ruins, published in Noces (1938). Greco-Roman antiquity was a continuous presence in his literature and imagination, from his University Diploma to works he was drafting at the time of his death in 1960. This aspect of his work has however received little critical attention. This thesis argues that to understand the importance of the ancient world in Camus’ literature one has to view it as a product of his relationships to his most importance influences and the literary culture in which he wrote. It will discuss Camus as part of a continuum of ideas about the ancient world that is subtly shaped and altered by its use in French Algeria, and how his relationship to Greece and Rome highlights critical aspects in the development of his thought. A study of Camus allows one to explore a number of questions about the lasting fascination with ancient culture in the consciousness of modernity.

Even though parallels between the philosophy of Albert Camus and The Big Lebowski have been drawn repeatedly, a sustained enquiry into several possible dimensions of the matter is yet to have been conducted.This dissertation makes an attempt to conduct the aforementioned enquiry in some detail. In doing this, the study will try to analytically compare Camusian philosophy and Dudeism and bring out the similarities between them. This does not imply that there are no differences between the two; but the focus of this study is the similarities and not the differences. Dudeism, for the purpose of this study, will not be restricted to The Dude and the literature written on The Dude and Dudeism. It will also be expanded to accommodate certain other parts of the larger discourse of Ethan and Joel Coen’s filmography as well as a few other parts of The Big Lebowski itself. It is crucial, however, to “draw a line in the sand” (Walter, The Big Lebowski) at the very outset. In embarking on a comparative analysis between Camusian philosophy and Dudeism, this study does not intend to propose that one of them is influenced by the other and “what-have-you” ("The Editorial Preface" 12). Instead, it simply attempts to point out some of the discursive elements that they share with each other as well as with several of the sub-discourses they comprise of. The analysis in the dissertation that follows is split into three major chapters: 1. ‘Well, I’ll tell you what I’m blathering about’: An analytical frame of reference. 2. ‘You can’t be worried about that shit, life goes on, man’: Life, Death and Absurdity in Camus and Dudeism. 3. ‘Somebody this square community won’t give a shit about’: Camus’ Absurd Man and Dudeism The first chapter, “‘Well, I’ll tell you what I’m blathering about’: An analytical frame of reference”, provides an analytical framework for the discussions that follow in the rest of the dissertation. It is further divided into three sections. The first section lays out a basic understanding of a few fundamental ideas of Dudeism for the readers. The second section discusses a few important aspects of the philosophy of Albert Camus. The third section briefly establishes the connections between Dudeism and the philosophy of Camus which are examined in greater detail later in the study. The second chapter, “‘You can’t be worried about that shit, life goes on, man’: Life, Death and Absurdity in Camus and Dudeism” looks at Camus’ takes on Life, Death and Absurdity while also pointing out the parallels they seem to strike with Dudeism. The chapter is further divided into four sections. The first section examines strands of Camusian thought, especially the Absurd in the other films of Ethan and Joel Coen before establishing a connection to The Big Lebowski. The second section explores the attitudes towards Death in Camusian philosophy and Dudeism. The third section compares the ideologies of Life in the works of Camus and Dudeism. The fourth and final section explores parallels between Camus’ novel The Stranger and The Stranger: the cowboy narrator of The Big Lebowski. The third chapter picks up on the Camusian trope of the Absurd Man and its relation to Happiness in both: the works of Camus as well as the discourses of Dudeism. It comprises of three sections. The first section explores the notion of Alienation in Camusian philosophy and Dudeism and looks at how it eventually leads to the trope of the Absurd Man in Camus. The second section explores Camus’ creation of the Absurd Man through the Cycle of the Absurd and looks at how it fits into Dudeism. The third and final section delves into a comparison of the Absurd Man’s quest for Happiness in Camus and Dudeism.
M.A. Honours with Research in English

Le présent travail examine l’œuvre à la fois romanesque et théâtrale d’Albert Camus dans sa réception des concepts constitutifs de la conscience telle que l’entend la tragédie grecque. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence la manière dont ces concepts sont reçus, transformés et enfin incorporés dans l’univers littéraire et philosophique de Camus. Conscience signifiant la connaissance que chacun a de soi-même (de son thumós), le mot fait appel à une connaissance susceptible d’être partagée avec les autres. Autour de la volonté de l’existence s’organisent donc des sentiments d’unité et de cohérence, d’autonomie et d’hétéronomie. Entre le retour sur soi d’un côté et l’ouverture au monde de l’autre, la conscience figure comme préoccupation essentielle de l’esprit tragique et camusien également. Au cœur d’une antithèse continuelle, l’homme doit transformer le coup du Destin et de l’Absurde en champ fécond : Revendication et Révolte constituent, dès lors, le chemin à suivre pour être et, surtout, demeurer humain. De l’affirmation du « soi » tragique au « métier d’homme » exigé par l’écrivain, conscience et identité s’entrelacent et font de l’individu le créateur du sens. À travers les éléments fondateurs de la conscience tragique, Camus envisage ainsi une identité qui, consciente de ses contradictions, ses droits et ses devoirs, demeure cohérente : l’identité de l’homme révolté
This thesis examines Albert Camus’ work, both fictional and dramatic, in its reception of conscience’s primary concepts as introduced by the Greek tragedy. The point is to find out how these concepts are received, transformed and finally incorporated in Camus’ literary and philosophic world.Conscience meaning the knowledge that everyone has of himself (thumós), it aims at a knowledge supposed to be shared with the others. Around the desire of existence therefore, feelings of unity and coherence, autonomy and heteronomy set up. Between introspection on one hand and opening to the world on the other, the conscience figures as a key theme for both tragic and camusian reflection. At the heart of enduring oppositions, the person must transform Destiny’s and Absurd’s blow into a productive range: thus, Requisition and Rebellion trace the way to go in order to be and remain human. From tragic « self » affirmation to the « human vocation » required by the author, conscience and identity interact and indicate the individual as the creator of meaning. Through Greek tragedy’s essential principles, Camus aims thereby at an identity which, aware of its contradictions, its rights and duties, remains consistent: the rebel’s identity

On n'en prend pas souvent la mesure, Albert Camus c'est à la fois une œuvre et une conduite. Dans la construction de l'identité de l'écrivain-polygraphe, la scène du périodique a été une expérience matricielle. Loin de se réduire au double paradigme de l'absurde et de la révolte, on voit ainsi poindre la figure d'un intellectuel écrivant, ancré dans la bataille des idées de son époque, et dont le jeu spéculaire postule un « agir par le dire.» Notre étude, charpentée en trois phases, tente d'abord de cerner les modèles auctoriaux qui nourrissent son engagement civique ainsi que ses chevaux de bataille au cœur du XX ème siècle en crise. Elle tente ensuite d'éclairer les modulations, les stratégies énonciatives par lesquelles se structure la poétique d'une écriture de combat intimement liée aux urgences du contexte, et en constant ajustement avec les contraintes génériques ; se profile ainsi en filigrane la manière dont l'écrivain-journaliste gère la tension constitutive à tout discours journalistique engagé : informer avec objectivité/impossibilité de dire sans prendre parti. Enfin, l'analyse s'attache à examiner par quelle scénographie auctoriale le journaliste-rhéteur, dont la parole, en prise sur un auditoire à la fois situé et virtuel, postule une efficacité rhétorique, trouve sa voie dans la polyphonie discursive du cotexte. En redécouvrant un auteur canonique par-delà le cadre contraint du « champ littéraire et intellectuel » des « années noires », on mesure non seulement ce que l'écrivain doit au journaliste, mais surtout en quoi son expérience du périodique concentre toute l’œuvre sous la plume, et éclaire du même coup la posture hétérodoxe et singulière d'un des derniers héritiers du « temps des prophètes »
Ones does not take often measurement of it, Albert Camus is at the same time a work and a control. In the construction of the identity of the writer-polygraph, the scene of the periodical was a matric experiment. Far from being reduced to the double paradigm absurdity and revolt, one sees stinging the figure of a writing intellectual, anchored in the battle of the ideas of his time, and whose specular game applies one “to act by saying it.” Our study, constructed in three phases, initially tries to determine the auctorial models which nourish its civic commitment like its hobby horses in the middle of the XX ème century in crisis. Secondly tries to clarify the modulations, the enunciative strategies by which structure the poetic one of a writing of combat closely related to the urgencies of the context, and in constant adjustment with the generic constraints; is profiled who makes in filigree of it, the way in which the writer-journalist manages the constitutive tension with any committed journalistic speech: to inform with objectivity/impossibility of saying without coming out. Lastly, the analysis attempts to examine by which scenography auctorial the journalist-rhetor, whose word, in catch on an audience at the same time located and virtual, applies a rhetoric effectiveness, finds its way in the discursive polyphony of the cotexte. By rediscovering a canonical author beyond the constrained framework of the “literary and intellectual field” of the “black years”, one measures not only what the writer owes to the journalist, but especially in what its experiment of the periodical concentrates all work under the feather, and clarifies at the same time the heterodox and singular posture of one of the last heirs to the “time of the prophets”

Au début des Carnets, exprimant ce qui le pousse à créer, Albert Camus mentionne « la nostalgie d’une pauvreté perdue ». Une nostalgie ambiguë, qui ne signifie pas un simple regret du temps perdu, mais qui se relève du « sentiment bizarre » que le fils porte à sa mère silencieuse. Elle consiste en réalité dans l’aspiration douloureuse à la tendresse, qui est liée intrinsèquement à la misère de l’existence que l’auteur a vécue dans son enfance. Dans le but de raconter son passé, il élabore sa nostalgie comme essence de sa sensibilité. Signe de complexité, une telle captivité comporte de plus le regret et la mauvaise conscience à l’égard du milieu pauvre qu’il a quitté. Quoique paraissant ambiguë, le nom de nostalgie est juste, s’agissant de la quête de l’identité au fond : dans la sensibilité déchirée s’inscrit la recherche inassouvissable d’une véritable origine de l’être. D’où le fait que, dans le contexte existentiel, la notion del’absurde s’établit sur la sensibilité nostalgique : l’homme se trouve déchiré entre sa condition limitée et son aspiration à une vie de plénitude. Il choisit de tenir sa nostalgie déchirante comme le fond de son être, son axe de vie et sa raison de vivre. Pour l’homme absurde, la création littéraire n’est pas une option, mais la volonté de lucidité et de liberté, en vue de « donner aux couleurs le pouvoir d’exprimer le vide ». L’oeuvre figure la dialectique de la présence et de l’absence, ce qu’expriment par moyens divers les romans camusiens. Enfin, le dernier Camus exprime la nostalgie de la patrie en tant que quête consciente de sonorigine, du « soleil enfoui », qui l’attire et le dirige, qu’il connaît depuis toujours
In the beginning of Carnets, Albert Camus mentions “the nostalgia for a lost poverty” as he expresses what drives him to create. Ambiguous nostalgia, which does not mean a simple regret of lost time, concerns the “strange feeling” that the son carries toward his silent mother. In reality, it consists in the painful aspiration for tenderness, which is intrinsically bound up with the misery that the author has experienced in his childhood. In order to tell his past, he elaborates his nostalgia as the essence of his sensitivity. And as a signof its complexity, such captivity includes a regret and a sense of guilt towards the poor environment which he left behind. Despite its ambiguity, the name of nostalgia is just because it concerns the quest for identity: in the torn sensitivity, there is an insatiable quest for a true source of being. Therefore, in the existential context, the concept of the absurd is established upon the nostalgic sensibility: human beings are torn between their limited condition and their desire for a full life. They choose to hold their torn nostalgia astheir existential foundation, their life axis and their raison d’être. For the absurd man, literary creation is not an option. It embodies the will of lucidity and liberty, in order to “give power of expressing vacuum to colors”. The dialectic of presence and absence is represented in the novels of Camus in various ways. In his later years, Camus expresses nostalgia for the homeland, consciously searching for his origin; the quest after his “buried sun”. He has always known this “buried sun” which had been attracting him as his guidance

Cette thèse a pour objet de retracer l’histoire de la réception de l’œuvre d’Albert Camus en Chine et de mettre au jour l’influence qu’elle a pu exercer sur les écrivains chinois. Le processus de la réception de l’œuvre de Camus en Chine étant inséparable du processus de l’évolution politique et culturelle chinoise, il est examiné sous l’angle de la sociologie, de l’histoire politique, de la littérature comparée, et de la traductologie. L’étude met ainsi en lumière les circonstances historiques, sociales, culturelles, politiques des différentes périodes au cours desquelles l’œuvre de Camus a été reçue, traduite, publiée, et critiquée en Chine
This thesis aims at retracing the history of the reception of the work of Albert Camus in China and exposing the influence it has on Chinese writers. The process of the reception of Camus' work in China is inseparable from the process of Chinese political and cultural evolution and is examined from the angle of sociology, political history, comparative literature, and Translatology. The study highlights the historical, social, cultural and political circumstances of the different periods during which Camus's work has been received, translated, published and criticized in China

Em nosso trabalho, procuramos demonstrar as fundamentações éticas de Albert Camus e de Jean-Paul Sartre perceptíveis em seus primeiros escritos. Partimos de uma análise da situação histórica dos autores no momento da composição de seus ensaios fundamentais, O ser e o Nada e O mito de Sísifo, para, em seguida, atribuir às iniciativas dramatúrgicas, As Moscas e O mal-entendido, uma fidelidade e complementareidade em relação aos ensaios. Notamos que nessa transposição de idéias para a dramaturgia não ocorrreu prejuízo no que toca às concepções ou recomendações éticas opostas surgidas na década de 1940. No entanto, a diferença fundamental entre os autores permaneceu camuflada até o momento da querela da década de 1950. Apresentar suas inconciliáveis noções éticas inscritas nos dramas concebidos e montados durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, e analisar o percurso literário e filosófico até o momento da polêmica e rompimento definitivo, nos dará a oportunidade de aventar e demonstrar que a camuflagem de ambas filosofias era provisória e que estavam, desde As Moscas e O mal-entendido, condenadas a combater-se.
We intend demonstrate the ethics fondations of Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, as we can perceive it dans the beginning of both authors . We start with an analisys of the historic situation at the time of de composition of L\'Être et le Néant , Le Mithe de Sysiphe and, after, we intend to show that the dramaturgie works, Les Mouches and Le Malentendu, maintain fidelity to the test works. We note that in dramatic discussion of the ideas there is a significate continuity in the ethic opposition and in the recomendations appeared in 1940. We think that fondamentals differences between the authours remain hidden until the polemic that ocurred in 1950. We pretend to present the inconciliable notion that appeared in the ethic dramas conceived during the Secon War; we also pretend to analyse their littéraire and philosofic journey at the moment of the controverse and rupture, and at this moment we\'ll may show that camouflage was temporary and theirs philosophies had, since Les Mouches et Le Malentendu, a contradictory destination.

O exílio é um tema recorrente, embora pouco explorado, em Albert Camus. Sua obra é organizada em dois ciclos de criação: o absurdo e a revolta. Apesar de situado pelo autor no ciclo da revolta, propõe-se neste trabalho uma nova leitura de La Peste, obra que permite captar em um único texto a multiplicidade da temática do exílio em Camus, caracterizando-a como livro de transição entre esses dois conceitos, com a lucidez como elemento comum. O homem absurdo se percebe como tal pela consciência que tem de seu universo. Para o homem revoltado, a lucidez permite o combate. Em La Peste, o exílio, sob três aspectos, físico-social, psicológico e metafísico, integra a condição humana metafísica, em contraponto à condição histórica, tornando possível compreender tanto sua perspectiva como a do reino neste autor.
Exile is a recurring subject, though little explored, in Albert Camus. His work is organized in two creation phases: absurdity and rebellion. Even though situated by the author in the rebellion phase, this work proposes a new reading of La Peste, which allows seizing in only one text the thematic multiplicity of exile in Camus, characterizing it as a book of transition between these two concepts, with lucidity as their common feature. The absurd man thus perceives himself by means of the conscience he has of its universe. For the rebellious man, lucidity allows struggle. In La Peste, exile, under three aspects, physical-social, psychological and metaphysical, integrates the metaphysical human condition, in counterpoint to the historical condition, making it possible to understand its perspective, as well as the perspective of the kingdom, in this author.

Thèse de doctorat : Littérature : Paris 12 : 2005.
Version électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. : 78 réf. Index.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
O trabalho consiste em fazer a reflexÃo Ãtico-polÃtica nas obras do escritor franco-argelino Albert Camus (1913-1960) a partir de seus textos jornalÃsticos, dramatÃrgicos e ensaios filosÃficos. Em primeiro lugar, hà a reflexÃo sobre Ãtica, engajamento e a responsabilidade do escritor e a recusa do silÃncio como forma de rompimento com a resignaÃÃo e a passividade, evocando a responsabilidade Ãtica dos intelectuais no enfrentamento das questÃes decisivas, utilizando os Discursos da SuÃcia (1957). Em seguida, o trabalho trata dos temas da recusa do assassinato legitimado como crÃtica aos totalitarismos diante do diagnÃstico de seu tempo, com a crÃtica tambÃm ao progresso cientÃfico-bÃlico, que colocou a CiÃncia a serviÃo da morte como nunca antes na HistÃria, como forma de enfrentamento do medo que se encarnou no sÃculo XX, utilizando os Editoriais jornalÃsticos do jornal Combat (Combate) intitulados Nem VÃtimas, Nem Verdugos (1948). Hà em seguida a reflexÃo Ãtico-polÃtica do engajamento a partir da peÃa de teatro Os Justos (1949), escrita no perÃodo do pÃs-guerra, abordando a questÃo do assassinato do ponto de vista do engajamento terrorista revolucionÃrio, utilizando tambÃm as reflexÃes presentes no ensaio O Homem Revoltado (1951).

La sainteté, c'est-à-dire, l'authenticité d'être et d'agir, la propension à faire du bien, est pratiquée par Camus au travers de ses oeuvres et dans sa vie d'homme engagé. Ainsi, dans L'Etranger, elle est marquée par une écriture "neutre", "blanche", confinant plutôt à une justesse qui s'apparente à une certaine justice. Dans La Peste, la sainteté est caractérisée par un style "objectif", "impartial", produisant un effet de vérité, d'authenticité, de sainteté. Tandis que dans la vie pratique de Camus, la sainteté qui semble avoir ses origines dans l'enfance de Camus, se lit notamment à partir de sa pratique journalistique objective, sa dénonciation inflexible des injustices et des violences de toute sorte. Etant donné que Camus considère l'écriture comme le témoignage d'une expérience vécue, la sienne en l'occurence, il semble en dernière analyse que la sainteté camusienne rend raison d'une façon juste d'habiter ce monde
Saintliness, it said, the authenticity to be and to act, the propensity to do good, is practised by Camus across his works and in the life of the "commited man". Thus in "l'étranger" (the foreigner), it is marked by "neutral write", writing, rather confined to an accuracy that is visible to a certain justice. In "La Peste" (the Plague), saintliness is characterised by "objective", "impartial style", producing an effect of truth, authenticity and of saintliness. Write in the practical life of Camus, saintliness seems to have his origins in the childhood of Camus notably to leave his practical journalistic objective, his inflexible denunciation of injustice and violence of any sort. Given that Camus considered writing as an account of a lived experience, as it happens to be his, it seems in the last analysis, that saintliness of Camus renders reason to a just way to live in the world

Destinée à étudier la profonde influence exercée par Dostoïevski sur Camus, ainsi que le dynamisme de la polémique fictive lancée par l'écrivain français contre son prédécesseur russe, cette thèse s'articule autour de trois axes fondamentaux. Sa première partie est consacrée à la cristallisation progressive du " mythe du nord ", cette région de la géographie mentale de camus qui détermine l'horizon d'attente dans le cadre duquel ce dernier interprétait l'œuvre de Dostoïevski. La réaction passionnelle de Camus face aux deux composantes idéologiques majeures de ce mythe (" tentation de la révolte ", " tentation de la sainteté ") se trouve abordée dans les deux parties ultérieures de notre thèse. En analysant les enjeux de cette oscillation typiquement dostoïevskienne entre la révolte et la sainteté qui anime l'univers poétique de camus, nous espérons porter un regard nouveau sur cette " face cachée, nordique " de l'écrivain que la critique littéraire française tend à négliger
Designed to study the profound influence of Dostoevsky on Camus and the dynamism of the fictitious polemics conducted by the French writer against his Russian predecessor, this thesis is constructed along three fundamental lines. Its first part is dedicated to the progressive crystallization of the «myth of the north ", the region of Camus’s mental geography which determines the horizon of expectation within the framework of which Camus interpreted Dostoevsky’s work. Camus's passionate reaction to the two major ideological components of this myth (" temptation of revolt ", “temptation of sanctity " ) is examined in the two other parts of the thesis. In analyzing the manifestations of this typically dostoevskian oscillation between revolt and sanctity that animates Camus’s poetic universe, i hope to introduce a new view of this «hidden, northern face” of the writer which French literary critics tend to neglect

"petit prince" valeureux en contact avec la misere, artiste cultive, amoureux du soleil, de la mer, de la splendeur mediterraneenne, la pauvrete ne l'atteint pas mais toute sa vie il lutte contre la maladie et la souffrance. La pensee est pour lui une compensation; la morale une revalorisation de l'existence. A l'epoque de la derniere guerre, cette jeune voix humaniste s'eleve pour defendre l'amour, la solidarite, l'amitie. Le public etranger l'adopte avec tant de faveur qu'il recoit le prix nobel de litterature. Son oeuvre reste inachevee mais "sisyphe est mort heureux, ecrit andre maurois, laissant son rocher au plus haut"
Valorous "little prince" in contact with misery, cultured artist, in love with sun, with sea and mediterranean splendour. Poverty doesn't reach him; but he fights against illness and pain all his life. Thought is a compensation for him and ethics an existence revalorization. In the last war time, this young humanist voice goes up to support love, solidarity and friendship. The foreign readers borrows him so much favourably he gets the literature nobel prize. His production remains unfinished but "sisyphe is dead happy, andre maurois writes, and left his rock perched high up

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The present study aims to reveal the existential analysis undertaken by Albert Camus in sight of the constitution, in his thought, of an éthos that corresponds to the therms of the human demand for sense that is recognized as frustrated. Since his essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe posits as its fundamental problem the suicide as a possible action originated from the question for the sense of the existence, we must follow the development of the camusian construction of his anthropological discourse which has as its centre the notion of Passion in its three expressions -, as well as on the human condition that shows itself as opposite to the complete achievement of the human desire, featuring human experience as Absurd. Therefore, the question for the legitimacy of the suicide becomes even more radical. However, the distinguishing mark of the camusian thought is exactly the disbelief towards the human condition but an affirmation of the human desire for sense. Thus, after the invalidation of the suicide as a correlative práxis to the observation of the existential absurdity, it is necessary to develop an ethos of simultaneously confrontation of the human condition based on a deep acceptance of the Passion. Therefore, we follow the analysis of the three types or figures that express such attitude towards that one which, for Camus, properly embodies all the demands and limits of human Revolt: The Artist-Creator whose actions identifies fully with the revolted one s in the task of assynthotically modeling his existential experience intending to correct, within its own limits, the absurd condition, making the proposed camusian éthos for excelence an authentic aesthetic of the existence
Este trabalho tem por objetivo explicitar a análise existencial empreendida por Albert Camus em vista da constituição, em seu pensamento, de um éthos que seja correspondente aos termos da demanda humana por sentido que se reconhece como frustrada. Dado que seu ensaio Le mythe de Sisyphe postula como problema fundamental o suicídio como possível atitude derivada da pergunta pelo sentido da existência, devemos acompanhar o desenvolvimento da construção do discurso antropológico camusiano que possui como seu centro a noção de Passion em suas três manifestações , bem como sobre a condição humana que se mostra oposta à efetivação completa do desejo humano, configurando a experiência do homem como Absurda. Assim, a pergunta pela legitimidade do suicídio se radicaliza ainda mais. Entretanto, a marca do pensamento camusiano é justamente a descrença para com a condição do homem mas uma afirmação do valor do desejo humano por sentido. Dessa forma, após a refutação do suicídio como práxis correlata à constatação de absurdidade existencial, há a necessidade de se elaborar um éthos de simultâneo enfrentamento da condição humana a partir de uma aceitação profunda da Passion. Com isso, seguimos as análises dos tipos ou figuras que manifestam tal postura até aquela que para Camus encarna propriamente todas as exigências e limites da Revolta humana: o Artista-Criador cujo fazer se identifica plenamente com o do revoltado na tarefa de modelar assintoticamente sua experiência existencial a fim de corrigir, dentro de seu limites próprios, a condição absurda, fazendo da proposta de éthos camusiana por excelência uma autêntica estética da existência

El siguiente trabajo es un intento por mostrar y analizar parte de la filosofía de Albert Camus a partir de conceptos claves en su obra como son el absurdo y la angustia y su posterior relación con los temas de la elección, el suicidio, la muerte y, finalmente, la existencia. Es pertinente comentar que la redacción de las siguientes páginas se llevó a cabo mediante la consulta no sólo de textos de tipo filosófico sino también literario

Cette étude se propose d'établir, à la lumière du thème principal du mal, une corrélation entre Melville et Camus. Tous deux étaient obsédés par le problème du mal, chacun trouve la propre manière d'exprimer cette obsession. Malgré toutes les différences, la comparaison entre les deux auteurs est, non seulement possible, mais s'impose presque en raison des nombreux parallèles. Ainsi, nous avons poursuivi une analyse comparative à plusieurs niveaux : le plan formel, le plan artistique littéraire et le plan philosophique. Notre recherche s'est ensuite orientée vers une analyse concrète des ouvrages des deux auteurs. Nous avons constaté que le thème du mal a déjà trouvé sa place dans les premiers ouvrages (Typee, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White jacket, et L'Envers et l'endroit, et Noces). Le concept du mal dans Moby Dick et la peste est la partie centrale de cette étude. Ensuite nous avons essayé d'établir les comparaisons entre Achab et Caligula, ainsi qu'une analyse des correspondances entre Bartelby, L'Étranger et Billy Budd. Notre dernier point porte sur les mondes ambigus de The Confidence man et La Chute. Une fois de plus on constate que le mal est omniprésent dans l'œuvre de Melville et Camus
This study proposes to demonstrate, in light of the theme of evil, a correspondence between Herman Melville and Albert Camus. Both were obsessed by the problem of evil, and each found a way of expressing that obsession. In spite of their many differences, the comparison between the two is not only possible, but invited by the many parallels in their life and work. This entails a comparative analysis on several levels: formal, literary and philosophical. There follows a comparison of selected works from the authors respective oeuvres. The theme of evil is shown to be present in the early works (Typee, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White jacket, L'Envers et l'endroit, and Noces). An analysis of evil in Moby Dick and La Peste is the main focus of the study. The subject is then examined as it is manifested in the characters of Achab and Caligula, and pursued in the correspondences between Bartelby, L'Étranger and Billy Budd. The final section is devoted to the confidence man and la chute, followed by a conclusion asserting the omnipresence of evil in both authors' work

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Government and Politics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Literary criticism has traditionally associated the work of Albert Camus with a very specific conception of literature. His more "philosphical" works (namely, his essays) are thus seen as demonstrations of the "message" that his truly literary works seek to transmit. As such, Le Mythe de Sisyphe and L'Homme revolte are considered to provide the driving themes (l'Absurde and la Revolte) of the author's fictive writings. This image (that of the "romancier a message") becomes problematic, however, in face of Camus' intransigent refusal to surrender to any form of dogma. Indeed, for the author, this possibility of surrender constitutes the greatest threat to la Revolte, representing its potential capitulation into Revolution and Terror. We believe that this notion of literature as a vehicle for philosophical beliefs is precisely the concept against which Camus was fighting.
Through the theme of "le juste", or more specifically the question of how we know what is just, Camus challenges this idea of literature and the act of writing. By exposing the mechanisms of self-justification underlying all universal values (and hence of all transcendental "truths" upon which they are necessarily based) the writer reveals them to be social and discursive constructs which permit and perpetuate the imposition of norms in a given domaine, including that of literature. This study proposes to examine Camus' rapport with this element of self-justification in literature, and the ways in which he calls the latter into question.