Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Campus de Ciències de la Salut'
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Bello, Pigem Natàlia. "Desarrollo de marcadores moleculares en el avestruz (Struthio camelus)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3642.
Full textLa tesis se desarrolla en 5 puntos:
1. Obtención de ADN a partir de plumas.
2. Identificación de un marcador sexado.
3. Identificación individual, test de paternidad y control de genealogías.
4. Identificación genética de subespecies.
5. Identificación de SNPs en el gen de la hormona de crecimiento.
Ostrich breeding is being developed in Spain in the last 10 years. This PhD thesis devoted to the development of DNA markers of utility in breeding this birds. The objectives of this work were accorded in collaboration with ostrich breeders regarding to its practical application and scientific interest.
The thesis includes 5 points:
1. Isolation of genomic DNA from feathers.
2. Identification of a sex marker.
3. Individual identification, paternity test and pedigree control.
4. Genetic identification of subspecies.
5. Identification of SNPs in the growth homone gene.
Kirchner, Teresa. "Estilo cognitivo de dependencia-independencia de campo y proceso lector." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2551.
Full textLa DIC es uno de los Estilos Cognitivos surgidos a raíz de las investigaciones que sobre la percepción de la verticalidad realizaban Witkin y Asch a finales de los años 40, y que derivó finalmente en un modelo explicativo de las diferencias individuales, basado en el grado de diferenciación organísmica. La DIC se constituye en una dimensión, en uno de cuyos polos se situarían los sujetos «Independientes de campo» (lC), caracterizados por su mayor aptitud reestructuradora, analítica, su autonomía frente a los referentes externos y su tendencia a adoptar un rol constructivo e inferencial frente al campo estimular. En el polo opuesto de esta dimensión se encuentra el sujeto «Dependiente de campo» (DC), con una forma preferencial de procesamiento de información de tipo holística, con baja capacidad reestructuradora y con tendencia a acceder a los conceptos por acumulación pasiva de datos. No obstante, su menor autonomía frente a los referentes externos, parecen incidir en unas relaciones interpersonales más competentes.
La actividad lectora, desde las perspectivas cognitivas ejemplificadas por los paradigmas «ascendentes» (Bottom-up) «descendentes» (Top-Down) e «interactivos», suponen que la lectura implica una buena capacidad analítica, un buen sistema mnemónico, habilidad reestructuradora, de aislar un elemento clave con respecto al contexto desenmascarador en el que se ubica: también un perfil activo, inferencial, con capacidad constructiva y de emisión y verificación de hipótesis favorece la adquisición de una buena lectura.
El paralelismo que se vislumbraba entre el perfil del sujeto IC y las exigencias cognitivas implícitas en el acto lector nos llevaron a formalizar nuestra hipótesis conceptual.
Presupuesto conceptual
La aptitud de reestructuración que es uno de los componentes de la DIC covariará con el proceso lector. Concretamente asumimos que los sujetos IC, por su peculiar perfil cognitivo, serán más aptos para asimilar las exigencias que implica el acto lector.
Proceso empírico
Los tres ejes centrales que constituyen el proceso empírico del estudio son: a) elección de la muestra, b) Introducción de las variables de estudio y control de variables perturbadoras; c) procesamiento estadístico de los datos.
a) La muestra se compone de 100 niños de 8 años de edad y que cursan 3er curso de EGB en escuelas públicas de Barcelona. Su idioma materno y de aprendizaje lector es el castellano. Su nivel socioeconómico es medio. De estos 100 niños 50 son mujeres y 50 varones. Se dividió la muestra en 25 varones y 25 niñas buenas lectoras y 25 varones y 25 niñas malas lectoras. (Como criterio de buen lector se tomó el obtener promedios superiores a los obtenidos por el grupo normativo; el criterio de mal lector corresponde en realidad a un perfil medio-bajo con respecto al rango medio obtenido por la población de las mismas características).
b) Las variables introducidas en el estudio la DIC (en su habilidad de reestructuración) y la Lectura. La DIC fue estimada mediante el «Children's Embedded Figures Test» (CEFT), versión infantil del conocido test «EFT». A su vez, la lectura fue evaluada mediante la prueba de T.A.L.E. (de Toro y Cervera) y se estimaron diferentes subpruebas lectoras: lectura de letras, de sílabas, de palabras, de Textos y Comprensión lectora. A ellas se añadió una de elaboración propia a la que se denominó «prueba de palabras complejas». Se estima la lectura a dos niveles: rapidez y precisión.
La inteligencia se controló inicialmente mediante la tríada categorial de la escala EDEI y se desestimaron todos aquellos niños que no alcanzaban un CI medio. No se desestimaron, no obstante, los el superiores y su posible efecto interventor en el proceso de lectura se controló mediante la técnica estadística de regresión lineal múltiple.
Las variables que se controlaron fueron la edad (8 años), el nivel socioeconómico (medio), el nivel de escolarización (3º de EGB), la personalidad (mediante la técnica del dibujo de la Figura Humana de Machover) el idioma (el castellano) y el método de aprendizaje lector (el fonético).
Resultados
Los resultados indican que el CEFT cavaría con la lectura, pero sólo entre la población de varones. Entre las niñas el hecho de ser IC ó OC no es determinante para tener éxito en la actividad lectora. Entre ellas es la prueba de conceptualización verbal (una medida de la inteligencia lógico-categorial) la que mantiene correlaciones más altas con la lectura y el CEFT no alcanza en casi ninguna de las subpruebas lectoras estimadas, significación estadística.
Por el contrario, los varones buenos lectores son mayoritariamente IC y el CEFT alcanza en casi todas las subpruebas lectoras significación estadística, compartiendo en algunas ocasiones la varianza con la prueba de conceptualización verbal y, en otras, constituyéndose en el único coeficiente de regresión "standard" con significación estadística. La habilidad reestructuradora, pues, parece covariar con la lectura eficaz, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la rapidez de lectura. Este hecho lo relacionamos positivamente con factores de índole motivacional.
El hecho de que en la prueba de comprensión lectora, en la parte referida a precisión comprensiva, no se den diferencias tan pronunciadas entre sujetos IC y DC como en otras pruebas, nos hace presuponer que el rol activo, inferencial, emisor y verificador de hipótesis que sustentan los niños IC incide en una mayor rapidez en alcanzar el significado del texto ya que, presumiblemente, la lectura se convierte para estos niños en una tarea de «reconocimiento» en contraste con la tarea de «conocimiento» que bien pudiera ser para los niños DC con una actitud más pasiva frente al campo estimular.
Otro grupo de resultados parecen indicar que la alta habilidad resolutoria del CEFT covaría tanto con la prueba de palabras de alto nivel de complejidad como con las de alta frecuencia. Dado que, como sustenta numerosa bibliografía empírica, las palabras de alta frecuencia pueden ser captadas de forma holística, cabía presuponer que en ellas la intervención del CEFT sería menor; pero no es así: la DIC covaría tanto con las palabras que requieren la puesta en juego del proceso analítico e inferencial, como la captación holítica. De ello se podría derivar la presuposición de que el niño IC es aquel con una mayor plasticidad estratégica, plasticidad que tendría su correlato neurofisiológico en la mayor lateralización cerebral sustentada por los sujetos IC.
También las diferencias observadas entre niñas y niños en cuanto a la intervención del CEFT en el proceso lector versus capacidad de conceptualización verbal se podrían explicar desde la perspectiva neurofisiológica, ya que numerosos estudios apoyan una más temprana maduración del hemisferio izquierdo cerebral en la mujer que en el varón, hemisferio en el que se asientan las funciones verbales y lingüísticas. Al coincidir el desarrollo de esta área cerebral con el momento de iniciación lectora (5-6 años) podría incidir en una mayor apoyatura verbal entre las niñas que e1ntre sus compañeros masculinos.
Implicaciones educativas
Dado que la actividad analítica-reestructuradora inherente a la DIC parece covariar significativamente con la lectura eficaz, se propone entrenar a los niños DC en aquellas actividades, estrategias y actitudes propias de sus compañeros IC; ejercicios que requieren reestructuración, descentración, reorganización y, sobre todo, la adopción de un rol activo, inferencial, emisor y verificador de hipótesis puede beneficiar su calidad lectora y ayudarles a obtener el máximo beneficio de su potencial.
Elejabarrieta, Francisco. "Trazos de libertad. Análisis sociohistórico sobre el ejercicio de libertad moderna en relatos autobiográficos de esclavos libertos, prisioneros liberados de campos de concentración y presos excarcelados." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/381252.
Full textFreedom is often mentioned in the proclamations and rallies of politicians of all types, who invoke it to defend various causes. Nevertheless, it is not so simple to find moments of utterance in everyday life which can make freedom a possibility of pertinent speech, as if it were only reserved for conversations worthy of its use. Freedom tends to be approached as a philosophical or a political problem, given that these are fields of inquiry generally assumed to be elevated enough to properly study it. However, such studies, in general, have tended to define freedom by elucidating the meanings that the term has held over time or those which various authors have advanced, in an attempt to generate a final synthesis capable of making it intelligible. Ultimately, such analyses have resulted in proposals which reify the definition used. The present research, situated within a possible social psychology, is intended to provide a socio-historical analysis of the exercise of modern freedom, which means that said analysis is carried out from a perspective that accepts the historical nature of objects and which focuses its analytic efforts on the discontinuities which can emerge in the historical production of freedom. In order to do this, the utterance has been employed as an analytic element which stands in contrast with the phrase and the proposition, that is, with the analysis of meanings and with the analysis of the sense of what is said. The present research does not cover the implicatures of the perlocutionary effects of messages according to communication theory, either. The analytic work conducted using utterances, by means of a game of relays between the field of sayability and that of visibility, makes it possible to focus on the enunciative function; that is, on the truth effects of what is uttered. Upon the basis of this analytic work, we studied autobiographical narrations of freed slaves, freed concentration camp prisoners, and released prisoners in order to track those utterances where freedom is put into play not as an idea, as a meaning, but as an exercise of freedom. Once they are freed, what do they do? How do they do it? What effects of subjection do they still display? In this regard, our intention is to track all those practices, no matter how small and humble, which are associated with the exercise of freedom in order to delineate their historical relationships and to consider, based on such practices, the event about which they inform us, in other words, the turning point which has made modern freedom a possibility of saying. The main finding yielded by this analytic process is the identification of multiple associations among heterogeneous practices located within the framework of a literate/lettered city, and which produce alliances with each other to the rhythm of the exercise of freedom. The event which the present research has discussed ultimately leads us to configure the free subject as that which has turned temporality into a way of life, propelled by the future. An educated subject, but, above all things, a subject made of temporality. This does not simply involve being able to read and write, or being capable of making decisions, or possessing any of the elements discussed here, regardless of their relevance. Rather, all of this makes it possible to sustain a future-oriented life. Ultimately, the free subject is that which never stops wondering how to live: creating, as he or she walks, a past to leave behind, a present to stabilize, and a future to design.
Recasens, Fusté Marc. "Source localization of deviance detection and regularity encoding in the auditory brain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396286.
Full textOur auditory system is continuously encoding acoustic regularities and comparing them with incoming sensory inputs. Novel sounds or acoustic changes must be detected fast in an automatic and unconscious fashion, thus allowing for the reallocation of attentional resources and the proper adjustment of our behaviour. The present thesis encloses three studies that employ Magnetoencephalography and source localization of auditory evoked fields as generated in oddball paradigms to assess the neural correlates of deviance detection and regularity encoding in early stages of the human auditory system. The first study, conducted at the Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group (University of Barcelona), shows distinct neuronal generators involved in the encoding of novel sounds in early and late time intervals; as respectively indexed by Middle Latency-Responses (MLR) evoked between 20 and 50 milliseconds after sound onset, and the later Mismatch component (MMN) generated between 100 and 250 milliseconds. The second study, conducted at the Institut fur Biomagnetismus & Biosignalanalys (University of Munster), shows that deviant acoustic features involving different levels of complexity are processed in distinct time ranges and generated in separated neuronal sources, thus suggesting a hierarchical organization of deviance detection and regularity encoding. The third study, conducted in the Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group using a roving-standard paradigm, indicates that neural repetition-related suppression and repetition enhancement underlie auditory memory trace formation, and that neural generators involved in this process are located in both auditory and non-auditory high-order regions. In sum, results from this thesis suggest that auditory perception is based on a hierarchically organized sensory system whose goal is to predict future events on the basis of previously encoded regularities.
Solà, Santesmases Josep. "Tàctica, tècnica i estratègia. un enfocament funcional." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4752.
Full textEl concepte de funcionalitat no significa el concepte positivista de tenir utilitat, sinó que significa l'estudi de dinamismes diferenciats de la naturalesa. En aquest sentit, es concep el funcionalisme psicològic com a comportament associatiu en base a la reactivitat biològica que en constitueix el seu basament material. La tesi abandona els models teòrics dualistes per abordar l'explicació de la tàctica esportiva en base al criteri comportamental que, deixant el criteri cartesià d'extensió, explica naturalment el comportament humà en línia aristotèlica. Així, s'ofereix una explicació del comportament motor humà respectant els dos nivells funcionals de l'associació, rígida (seqüències cícliques i acícliques intra-repetició) o canviant (acícliques inter-repeticions). La finalitat exclusivament física d'aquest comportament aplicat a les gestualitats específiques esportives acull el concepte de tècnica i les cognicions lingüístiques en absència de propioceptivitat, el concepte d'estratègia.
La conceptualització funcional de la tàctica esportiva es vincula a la convencionalitat canviant modificació de la seqüència motriu (atac-defensa), present només en algunes relacions interpersonals esportives. No és l'harmonització perceptiva (col·laboració) ni l'assoliment d'un objectiu físic final (oposició) les convencionalitats definitòries de la tàctica. Aquestes darreres convencionalitats es presenten com a rígides durant tota la interacció motriu, mentre que la modificació de la seqüència motriu, canviant moment a moment en la seva naturalesa, caracteritza el nivell funcional interpretatiu de la tàctica esportiva amb la temporalitat com a criteri d'èxit de l'acció.
Aquest desenvolupament teòric permet la construcció d'un model didàctic d'intervenció pedagògica sense fases o etapes a superar, que tendeixen a homogeneïtzar les persones i no respecten les diferències individuals; la pròpia praxi aplicativa estructura la millor possibilitat de construcció didàctica, tot i destacant la rellevància dels mitjans bàsics de tàctica col·lectiva en ser funcionalment idèntics a la tàctica real dels esports d'equip: col·lectius i interpretatius. La tàctica com a intel·ligència en joc.
The origin of the present doctoral thesis is based on the assumption on the author's side about the necessity of a good theory in order to establish correct lines of experimental research, the relationship existing between the motor behaviour and human intelligence and lastly, in emphasizing the approach of the theoretic development to the practical application that makes sense to the sport pedagogues and reverts significantly in the society. In this context, the theoretical study goes in depth to see how the sport tactics is developed as an intelligent behaviour in the frame of the qualitative dimension of the model of functional psychological field (psychological formality, biologic materiality and adjusting finality) and a didactic model of pedagogic intervention is proposed which is a reply to different functional levels. The sport tactics as an interpretative social interaction and functional integration with the motor perceptive behaviour allows to offering a functional classification of sports depending on the physical or conventional adaptive finality and above all, depending on the basic conventionalities that allow individuals to understand themselves in the most diverse interpersonal relationships which are present in sports. Secondarily, the thesis go deep in the theoretical revision of the diverse models that have approached the phenomenon of the sport tactics and explains the functional concepts of technics and strategy.
The concept of functionality does not mean the positivist concept of being useful, but it means the study of nature's differentiate dynamisms. In this sense, it is conceived the psychological functionalism as an associative behaviour on the basis of the biological reactivity which constitutes its material base. The thesis abandons the dualist theoretical models since it approaches the explanation of the sport tactics on the basis of the behavioural criteria which, leaving out the extension's Cartesian criteria, clearly explains the human behaviour in Aristotelian line. Thus, an explanation of the human motor behaviour is offered respecting both functional levels of the association, rigid (cyclic and acyclic intra-repetition sequences) or changing (acyclic inter-repetitions). The finality exclusively physical of this behaviour applied to the sporting specific gestures takes in the concept of technics and the linguistic cognitions in the absence of propioceptivity, the concept of strategy.
The functional conceptualization of the sport tactics is linked to the changing conventionality modification of the driving sequence (attack-defence), only present in some sporting interpersonal relations. It is neither the perceptive harmonization (collaboration) nor the attainment of a final physical objective (opposition) the defining conventionalities of the tactics. These last conventionalities are presented as rigid throughout the driving interaction, while the modification of the driving sequence, changing progressively in its nature, characterizes the interpretative functional level of the sport tactics with the temporality as a successful criteria of the action.
The sport tactics has always been linked to the intellectual behaviour of the player. In this respect, the thesis makes a revision of the traditional concept of the intelligence in order to come closer to the psychosocial, interactive and interpretative context of the tactics behaviour. Thus, in the division of the natural dynamisms, a multidimensional idea of intelligence sets down roots as an adaptive behaviour to the physical behaviour (Perception), to the biological behaviour (Conditioning) and to the social conventional behaviour (Understanding), which is the intellectual dimension of the Tactics in the double modal and temporal parameter that distinguishes it.
This theoretical development allows the building of a didactic model of pedagogic intervention without phases or stages to overcome that tend to homogenise people and do not respect the individual differences; the own applicative praxis structures the best possibility of didactic construction, emphasizing the importance the basic means of collective tactisc as being functionally identical to the real tactics of the team sports: collective and interpretative. Tactics as intelligence in the play.
Llorente, Caño Marina. "Estudio comparado de la conducta nidificadora de los chimpancés ("Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii") de la comunidad de Kanyawara (Parque Nacional de Kibale, Uganda)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2724.
Full textFinalmente, los resultados conseguidos se quieren comparar con otros estudios, sobre este comportamiento en grandes simios salvajes, con el fin de establecer semejanzas y diferencias ecológicas, sociales y/o culturales.
La metodología utilizada es la usual en los trabajos etológicos de campo. El trabajo de campo va a suponer el seguimiento de la comunidad de chimpancés estudiada durante un año. El procedimiento empleado implicó el seguimiento diario (desde el amanecer hasta el crepúsculo) y el seguimiento de episodios nidificadores de los subgrupos de estudio, registrando sistemáticamente las conductas y variables relacionadas con la construcción de camas nocturnas y diurnas, además de la toma de medidas acerca de los nidos y de los sitios de anidaje conocidos, en ausencia de chimpancés, para su posterior análisis. Se presenta una amplia muestra, tanto por el número de nidos estudiados como por el número de episodios nidificadores nocturnos y diurnos observados.
Entre las aportaciones de esta investigación cabe destacar el extenso y rico conjunto de datos descriptivos sobre la construcción de nidos de los chimpancés de la comunidad de Kanyawara.
Abello, Riquelme Rubén. "Reconstrucción de la identidad de aprendiz, integración académico-social y su relación con la permanencia en estudiantes de la Universidad de Concepción, Campus Los Ángeles, Chile." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665984.
Full textSocial and academic interactions approach stands out among the perspectives that explain retention and dropout of university studies (Tinto, 1975, 1993). The interactional point of view was one of the main pillars for the development of this doctoral thesis since it created the conditions to develop research instruments and methods. In this context, one of the main contributions of this research was to propose the use of Learner Identity as an analytical tool (Coll y Falsafi, 2010a; Falsafi, 2011; Falsafi y Coll, 2011, 2015) to identify and analyze university experiences narrated by a group of students of University of Concepción. Along with the results obtained, properties of Learner Identity as an analytical tool were described, starting with questionnaire and interview design, in addition to a proposal of mechanisms that enabled the analysis of information given by students who participated in the research. Once the experience was defined -through the application and analysis of instruments- it was possible to explore the social and individual dimensions of Learner Identity in university contexts. Through the use of Learner Identity as an analytical tool (Coll y Falsafi, 2010a; Falsafi, 2011) it was possible to obtain evidence to propose its utilization for the study of learning experiences in academic and non-academic contexts, accurately determining characteristics of interactions in different university scenarios, the influence of the student’s experiences on self-perception as a more competent student and on intentions to remain studying. Along with a characterization of interactions that guided a group of students into reflecting about significant experiences they lived at university, instruments were developed as well as a methodology to operationalize the use of Learner Identity as an analytical tool in the context of retention and dropout. It is recommended that university teachers take these findings into consideration to offer acts of recognition that strengthen students’ sense of recognition (Falsafi, 2011; Valdés, 2016); to influence the creation of proposals oriented to make the most of university experiences and to produce institutional mechanisms that can mediate students’ retention until they graduate.
Llamero, Llamero María Luisa. "La credibilitat connectada. Pràctiques i representacions discursives de les audiències d'internet en els camps de la salut, l'economia i el turisme." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/314384.
Full textInternet facilita el acceso a los ciudadanos a un volumen astronómico de datos y de intercambios comunicativos, pero la calidad de lo que se publica es diversa y el rol de los intermediarios tradicionales se ha alterado. En consecuencia, las bases epistémicas del conocimiento social se están transformando. Por este motivo se hace necesario abordar los procesos mediante los cuales las audiencias evalúan la información digital. Este trabajo indaga en el uso de la noción de credibilidad como herramienta de cognición social que legitima la información de segunda mano y contribuye a transformar datos en conocimiento. El estudio de la credibilidad es complejo porque su significado es ambiguo, polisémico e incorpora una gran variabilidad en función del tipo de conocimiento donde se aplica y de otros factores contextuales. Sin embargo, un punto común es que la idea de credibilidad está condicionada por lo que se acepta como verdad. Esta tesis analiza las prácticas y las representaciones discursivas de las audiencias en torno a tres ámbitos temáticos -salud, economía y turismo- que se sitúan en una escala metafórica de descripción del conocimiento como cerrado, semi-abierto y abierto. Para ello, ha empleado una metodología cualitativa combinando las técnicas de la entrevista semi-estructurada y la observación a través del protocolo de pensamiento en voz alta. Los resultados aportan itinerarios de procesamiento de la información variados y condicionados por los discursos del conocimiento hegemónico en los diferentes campos temáticos. Asimismo permiten captar ciertas prácticas comunes de la evaluación de la información que caminan hacia representaciones de autosuficiencia informativa de los usuarios. La aportación original del trabajo es una definición de credibilidad que supera los problemas de ambigüedad teórica asociados al término en la literatura científica y en la proposición de un modelo teórico procesual.
Using the internet as a source of information is crucial to lots of people in contemporary societies. Its open and decentralized structure makes the access to data and communicative exchanges dramatically easy. The quality of what is published is diverse and the role of traditional intermediaries is altered. Consequently, the epistemic underpinnings of social cognition are changing. Therefore, addressing the processes by which audiences evaluate digital information has become a necessity. This work addresses the use of credibility as a tool for social cognition from a point of view beyond the deterministic sublimation of computers as symbolic objects of knowledge. Credibility legitimates second-hand information and it is essential for data to become knowledge. Researching credibility is very complex because its meaning is ambiguous, polysemic and includes a great variability according to the type of discipline where it is applied and other contextual factors. However, there is a consensus on the claim that credibility is conditioned by representations of what people accept as the truth. This dissertation analyses discursive representations of credibility assessments among a variety of internet audiences inside three topic domains: health, economy and tourism. This research design is influenced by a metaphoric description of knowledge in each domain as closed, semi-open and open, respectively. A qualitative methodology approach has been used, based on semi-structured interviews and observation. The last technique is a tailored adaptation of the think aloud protocol employed in usability research. Results provide a set of varied pathways of information processing that are influenced by discourses of hegemonic knowledge in the selected topic areas. Besides, they allow establishing some common habits that are close to representations of self-sufficiency in the evaluation of credibility. This self-sufficiency is built on access to primary information (raw data or testimonials) that is interpreted according to reliability criteria. The original contribution of this dissertation consists of: 1) a definition of credibility that overcomes the theoretical problems of ambiguity reported by scientific literature, 2) the proposition of a processual model for credibility assessment.
Gonzatto, Ana María. "Caminos Escolares: Un estudio psico-socio-ambiental en Barcelona y São Paulo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671639.
Full textWalk to school or Caminos Escolares (CE6) Programs are multidisciplinary and multidimensional intervention strategies that have been implemented in many countries, especially in Europe and the Anglo-Saxon world. Their objectives can assume different perspectives according to the territories and communities where they are implemented, always focusing on the stimulation of active and autonomous child mobility. Most of the previous research focused on the results of this kind of programs, but in this study, their impacts are analysed, considering them as psychosocial-environmental interventions. More specifically, these impacts refer to aspects such as the knowledge, use, enjoyment and appropriation of school environments; community management of security and coexistence in the neighborhood, as well as promoting the participation of boys and girls in decision-making in daily life and in public policies. The general approach of the thesis is deployed in some principles or methodological references, such as the collective case study (Stake, 1999), which is justified by the instrumental interest in the cases as well as in a comparative perspective. The research takes a qualitative and comparative perspective that tries to show the specificity of each context as a fundamental question, putting in value the situated nature of knowledge and application. Therefore, what was sought out in the comparison, was not mainly the convergence between results, but rather, to highlight the inter-contextual differences. In addition, the Grounded Theory constant comparison method has been used as a simultaneous data collection and analysis procedure, based on Charmaz (2006). The participating actors of both cases of the study also have carried out a validation and, likewise, the multi-method or triangulation was managed, using different techniques for data collection: observation, interviews, cognitive maps and document analysis. All this, permeated by the constructivist interpretive analysis referenced in Charmaz (2006) that characterizes an interpretive approach to Grounded Theory. This thesis is composed of three studies: 1) School paths and models of children's movements to school - analyzes children's mobility patterns, focusing on ‘Walking bus’ strategy. From the perspectives of the participants, the benefits or possible positive impacts in their contexts are analysed, but, in addition, their limits and contradictions has been focused, especially taking as a parameter the development of children's autonomy engaged in this modality. 2) Stakeholders' positions on the programs, presents the position of families on autonomous displacements, configuring it at the intersection of three aspects: parenting model, city model and perception of security. The focus is on the perception of the actors about their environment, shaping an image of the neighborhood. And, 3) Psycho-socio-environmental impacts (perceived or potential) and their dynamics - the analysis is based on four dimensions: a) Community / territorial action and involvement of local actors; b) CE as an instrument of citizen participation; c) School Path or neighborhood/city project? d) Impacts and potentialities in public policies for children. From the analysis of the impacts (perceived and potential), it becomes evident that, in addition to a practical instrumental strategy - generating safe routes to school, facilitating families to face fears regarding the displacement of their sons and daughters - these programs represent a tool to promote the inclusion of children in cities. At the same time, in the proposed interpretive theory, the incidence of psycho-socio-environmental dynamics in the management of these programs has been explained. According to this interpretation, these dynamics surrounding CE Programs, enhancing their impact on the local community and facilitating the development of active and autonomous mobility. Putting the focus on the psycho-socio-environmental dynamics in the Caminos Escolares Programs constitutes a contribution of this thesis. In this perspective, the strategic importance of the analysis of these programs are scored from the knowledge organized in the transversal perspective, having Social Environmental Psychology as a central reference, especially in its theoretical contribution to a holistic understanding of psycho-socio-environmental phenomena studied here. The importance of factors such as identity with the environment (image of the neighborhood, attachment to the place, etc.), the sense of community, social cohesion, as well as environmental aspects of the neighborhoods, as mediators and promoters of the Perceived impacts of the Camino Escolar Programs. 6 Internationally known programs with different names: Walk to school (England and other northern European countries); Safe routes to school in the Anglo-Saxon world, especially the United States; Chemin de L'école, in France and ‘Caminos Escolares’ (CE) or ‘School Paths’ in Spain and Latin countries are some examples.
Escurriol, Martínez Verònica. "Fitoesterols i salut cardiovascular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2258.
Full textEls treballs de recerca de la present tesi estan orientats a ampliar el coneixement de la implicació dels fitoesterols de la dieta i el sèrum sobre el perfil lipídic, els factors de risc cardiovascular i la malaltia cardíaca coronària, així com a investigar els factors socials que influencien el consum d'una dieta rica en fitoesterols.
Els 4 treballs presentats són:
1. "Serum sterol responses to increasing plant sterol intake from natural foods in the Mediterranean diet" on es va avaluar l'efecte hipocolesterolemiant d'un augment de la ingesta de fitoesterols amb la dieta en un subgrup d'individus de l'estudi de prevenció cardiovascular primària PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED), al cap d'un any d'intervenció dietètica.
2. "Phytosterol plasma concentrations and coronary heart disease in the prospective Spanish EPIC cohort " en el qual es va avaluar, en un estudi de caos i controls en la cohort espanyola de l'estudi EPIC, l'associació entre les concentracions de fitoesterols del plasma i la incidència de malaltia cardíaca coronària després de 10 anys de seguiment.
3. "Plasma phytosterols are inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and its components" on es va investigar les associacions entre els esterols nocolesterol plasmàtics i els components de la síndrome metabòlica, inclòs la pròpia síndrome, en una població de pacients dislipèmics i en subjectes sans de la població espanyola de l'estudi EPIC.
4. Article 4: "Plant sterol intake and education level in the Spanish EPIC cohort" en el qual es va investigar l'associació entre el nivell assolit d'educació,
com a mesura de la posició socioeconòmica, el gènere i la ingesta de nutrients, mitjançant un anàlisi transversal de la cohort espanyola de l'estudi EPIC.
La conclusió global d'aquestes treballs va ser que els fitoesterols del sèrum són marcadors d'una dieta saludable com la que es consumia preferentment a Espanya als anys 90 en les classes socials més populars. Aquests components es relacionen amb la reducció del colesterol observada després del consum d'aliments naturals rics en fitoesterols i s'associen inversament a les característiques del síndrome metabòlic. Els resultats dels estudis presentats en aquesta tesi suggereixen una reinterpretació del significat de les concentracions de fitoesterols circulants. En persones que segueixen una dieta mediterrània sense suplements de fitoesterols, els fitoesterols circulants son marcadors de l'abundància de productes vegetals en la dieta i s'associen a un perfil cardiometabòlic saludable i a un menor risc de desenvolupar malaltia cardíaca coronària, en lloc de ser biomarcadors d'un risc cardiovascular augmentat.
PhD project: "Phytosterols and cardiovascular disease"
Diet is an important health determinant and phytosterols are essential components of a plant-food based diet as Mediterranean diet. The consumption of these components increase its concentrations in plasma reflecting an habitual healthy diet. On the other hand, increased plasma phytosterol levels have been related with an increase of cardiovascular risk, although bibliography is contradictory.
Works presented in this project are focused on the study of diet and plasma phytosterols and its effects on lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease, and also social factors that influence the consumption of a diet rich in phytosterols.
The 4 works presented in this project are:
1. "Serum sterol responses to increasing plant sterol intake from natural foods in the Mediterranean diet"
2. "Phytosterol plasma concentrations and coronary heart disease in the prospective Spanish EPIC cohort "
3. "Plasma phytosterols are inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and its components"
4. Article 4: "Plant sterol intake and education level in the Spanish EPIC cohort"
The global conclusion of this work is that serum phytosterols are markers of an habitual healthy diet such as the diet that was generally consumed in Spain during 90's between people with lower socioeconomic level. These components are related with the reduction of cholesterol levels after consuming natural food rich in phytosterols and are associated inversely with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.
Raventós, Panyella Sergi. "Desigualtat socioeconòmica i salut mental: la proposta d’una renda bàsica per a protegir i promoure la salut mental." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383990.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to provide a theoretical approximation to mental health and several related concepts. The social determinants of (mental) health have shown in recent years that human beings are susceptible to economic uncertainty, precariousness of their living conditions and social inequality. This vulnerability has frequently appeared as a worsening of mental health in many different ways, for example increased anxiety, depression, greater consumption of prescription drugs and suicide. This study considers social and especially income inequalities, and how they affect mental health, drawing attention to the extraordinary importance of policies aiming at social and economic protection, which are seen as essential for offering stability and security in people’s lives and health. The political orientations of a range of health-oriented institutions and agencies working to promote mental health and to reduce social inequality are considered, while critical evaluation is made of some policies being implemented by the Spanish and Catalan governments at a time of serious economic crisis and a concomitant rise of mental health problems deriving from poverty, unemployment and job insecurity. In this situation of severe economic recession and drastically increased poverty, and with everything it entails in terms of psychological suffering and mental health problems, the Spanish and Catalan governments have resorted to the same measures they have used in periods of economic growth, obsolete strategies which have proven ineffective in the long, unabating crisis. They have failed not only because of considerable cuts in already-existing social programmes and public services but also because of the enormity of the problem: chronic, enduring unemployment in a labour market which is losing jobs owing to fast-increasing automation, and deep-rooted, longstanding poverty which has resisted attempts to abolish it by means of temporary unemployment benefits and low-level minimum income schemes. All of this has contributed towards worsening economic insecurity which, as a range of research projects have demonstrated, has serious consequences for mental health. The study concludes with a discussion of Basic Income, a social protection measure offering economic security which has been tested in several countries. Experiments whereby unconditional cash payments made over different periods to target populations in India, Namibia, North Carolina, Kenya, Alaska, for example, have provided empirical evidence of improvement in different aspects of health and mental health in particular, together with a reduction of social inequalities and poverty, advances in education, human relations, and in the economic sphere, inter alia. A policy of generalised social protection like the universal Basic Income examined in this study would benefit every citizen or registered resident in the society, irrespective of whether the person works, is old or young, male or female, and this guaranteed economic security could help to put an end to the present serious situation of precarious living conditions and the mental suffering of ever-increasing numbers of people.
Mota, Moya Pau. "Migracions i salut: Interrelacions a la immigració estrangera a Catalunya." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4970.
Full textLa present recerca ha estat duta a terme entre l'abril del 2003 i el desembre del 2006 en el si del Grup de Recerca sobre Migracions de la UAB.
Introduction: The relative new phenomenon of foreign immigation in Catalonia explains the growing research about the connection of health and immigration. Research mainly focuses on infectious deseases, mental health and cultural diversity. Objectives: To discuss the current relationship between immigration and health, both in Catalonia and international contexts. To analyse the health patterns of foreign immigrants in Catalonia and to propose -if necessary- practical measures to improve the research and medical assitance of the foreign immigrant community. Methodology: Ecological study with population data (municipalitaty registers) and clinical data (hospital discharges) for the year 2003. Data from the panel survey, Panel de Desigualtats (PaD), of the Fundació Jaume Bofill has also been used as well as a qualitative methodolgy to complete the analysis. Results: One can observe trends that support the "healthy migrant" theory versus "sick migrants". The results match previous studies eventhough the existing differences can be explained by the lack of data and population registries, and the biased nature of immigration and health publications. Conclusions: The results indicate that if socio-econonic variables are taken into account, such as life conditions of immigrants of all origins, the migration factor cannot support fully the determinants of health. There is the need to create a data collection system that will guarantee the creation of population studies about the relationship between disease and immigration. Better data collection would mean the improvement and development of medical assistance to foreign immigrants and their health.
This research has taken place between april 2003 and december 2006 by the Grup de Recerca sobre Migracions de la UAB.
Gallardo, Hernández Helena. "Estudios en la zona crítica en campos agrícolas regados con aguas depuradas: experiencias de laboratorio y de campo en el Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457694.
Full textThe use of reclaimed water for irrigation of agricultural crops is a common practice in many developed countries. In Spain, the RD 1620/2007 regulates water quality criteria depending on its use, without taking into account the type of soil or the vegetal species. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of irrigation with reclaimed water on agricultural soils and its influence on the chemical composition of mineral elements in horticultural vegetables. The study of soil-irrigation water interaction was carried out though experimental columns. Results showed that, after irrigation with reclaimed water, smectite-rich clay mineral retains some potential toxic elements, as antimonium and arsenicum, and more sodium than illite and chlorite enriched soils, which implies major risk to sodicity and possible affectation with retention of nutrients. To study irrigation water-soil-plant interactions, field works and greenhouse experiments were carried out. Different calibration routines for multielemental analysis of vegetal samples by means of EDXRF and µ-XRF were developed. µ-XRF results showed relative differences on some chemical elements distribution in root sections of Daucus carota and Raphanus sativus. EDXRF results showed differences on chemical composition in vegetables depending on the irrigation water. Concentration values of ionic species (Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, Br-) were higher on reclaimed water and these elements were also higher in vegetables irrigated with this water. One of the most relevant results is that chemical composition of the irrigation water and soils, as ionic and metal charge, are well correlated. Multielemental composition on globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) of Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park (“Carxofa Prat”), concerning major elements, is well correlated with K+, Cl-, Pb and SO 2- concentration values on irrigation water and with clay content and Na concentration on soil. Metal and metalloid concentrations on irrigation water of the Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park are below maximum allowed values by current legislation and are mainly accumulated in roots of Cynara scoluymus, whereas nutrients and other mobile elements are accumulated at aerial parts. To conclude, before procedures to design irrigation with reclaimed water in agricultural production facilities, detailed studies of the receiving environment should be included to manage the Critical Zone.
Maydana, Zeballos Edgar Humberto. "Desigualtats socioeconòmiques i salut maternoinfantil a Bolívia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4650.
Full textEn el primer estudi es va realitzar un disseny ecològic. La unitat d'anàlisi van ser els municipis de Bolívia, sobre la base de dades del cens 2001. La variable dependent és la taxa de mortalitat infantil (TMI) i les independents són els indicadors socioeconòmics categoritzats en quartils. Es va analitzar la relació entre la TMI i els indicadors socioeconòmics mitjançant correlacions de Spearman i l'ajustament de models de regressió de Poisson. En el segon es va realitzar un disseny transversal amb base individual, amb informació de l'Enquesta Nacional de Demografia i Salut de l'any 2003, que va analitzar 7.238 dones que van donar a llum entre 15 i 49 anys. Es van calcular les prevalences i van ajustar models bivariats i multivariats per tal d'estimar les associacions de les variables dependents i independents, mitjançant raons de prevalença i els intervals de confiança del 95%.
La TMI a Bolívia va ser de 67 per 1.000 nascuts vius el 2001. Les taxes van fluctuar entre: <0,1 per 1.000 en un municipi de Tarija i 170 per 1.000 en un altre de Potosí. La mitjana de població analfabeta dels municipis va ser 11,7%; d'habitatges que van tenir accés a l'aigua fora d'elles va ser de 90,4% i d'habitatges que mancaven de sanitaris va ser de 67,6%.
El 79.2% de dones que van donar a llum van rebre atenció prenatal, 58.7% almenys quatre controls i 66.2% part institucional. Els percentatges van ser inferiors en La Paz i Potosí per a dones que es van realitzar controls prenatals (66.8%); quatre controls prenatals (46.5%) i el part institucional (48.6%). Els menors percentatges dels indicadors es van donar en dones sense estudis i d'ètnia Aimara.
La situació socioeconòmica dispar en els municipis de Bolívia, està estretament associada a la TMI. L'educació, l'absència de sanejament bàsic i la precarietat d'habitabilitat, són factors claus que tripliquen el risc de mort. Respecte a l'accés i utilització dels serveis de salut maternoinfantil, poc més de la meitat de les dones ateses es realitzen quatre controls prenatals i part institucional, sent les sense estudis entre 36 i 49 anys, d'ètnia Aimara i dels Departaments de La Paz i Potosí qui menys ho realitzen.
The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the social and economic inequalities associated to maternal and child health in Bolivia, according of two recent official statistics: National Census of Population and Housing, 2001-INE, National Demographic and Health Survey ENDSA-2003.
The first study was an ecological design. The analysis unit was the municipalities of Bolivia, based on 2001 census data. The dependent variable was the infant mortality rate (IMT) and the independent socioeconomic indicators are categorized into quartiles. We analyzed the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and IMT using Spearman correlations and adjustment of Poisson regression models. The second study was conducted with a cross-sectional individual basis, using information from the National Demographic and Health Survey ENDSA-2003, which examined 7,238 women between 15 and 49 years who gave birth. Prevalence was calculated and bivariate and multivariate models were adjusted to estimate the associations between dependent and independent variables, using prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
The IMT in Bolivia was 67 per 1,000 live births in 2001. The rates were ranged from <0.1 per 1,000 in some Beni's municipal and 170 per 1,000 in another of Potosí. The average illiterate population of the municipalities was 11.7% of homes had access to drinking out of them was 90.4% homes which bathrooms were not was 67.6% .
The 79.2% of gave birth women received antenatal check-ups at least four antenatal check-ups 58.7% and 66.2% institutional child delivery. The percentages were lower in La Paz and Potosi for women who were attended antenatal check-ups (66.8%), four antenatal check-ups (46.5%) and institutional delivery (48.6%). The smaller indicators percentages were in Aymara women ethnicity with non education.
The disparate socioeconomic status in the Bolivian municipalities is closely associated with the IMT. Education, bathrooms were not and scarcities of housing are key factors that triple the risk of death. Regarding access and utilization of maternal health services, just over half the gave birth women attended antenatal checks-ups are made four and institutional side, being non education between 36 and 49 years old from Aymara ethnicity and from Departments of La Paz and Potosi were made less.
Martin, Valls Gerard Eduard. "Insights in the molecular epidemiology and antigenic characterization of influenza A viruses of pigs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117539.
Full textEn el primer estudio de esta tesis, se estudiaron diferentes brotes de enfermedad respiratoria en cerdos para detectar la presencia del virus de la influenza porcina. En catorce casos se obtuvo el aislamiento de virus influenza A. Los aislados víricos se secuenciaron en todos sus genes y las secuencias se compararon con otros virus de la influenza porcina. Los virus aislados pertenecían a los subtipos H1N1 (n=6, incluyendo un virus pandémico H1N1 humano), H3N2 (n=4), y H1N2 (n=4). En 11/14 casos se detectaron posibles reorganizaciones genéticas en los genes examinados. En una segunda parte se analizó la evolución genética de aislados H1N1 obtenidos en un estudio longitudinal de un lote de cerdos durante 6 meses. La secuenciación de 22 aislados obtenidos en esa explotación indicaron la co-circulación de dos variantes del mismo virus, así como la emergencia de virus recombinantes en diferentes momentos. Estos resultados indican que las reorganizaciones genéticas son comunes y corroboran la importancia las situaciones endémicas. En el segundo estudio de esta tesis, los aislados secuenciados previamente se analizaron mediante la inhibición de la hemaglutinación (IHA). Este análisis se hizo con el uso de sueros mono-específicos obtenidos de cerdos inmunizados con los aislados obtenidos anteriormente y con 100 sueros obtenidos de explotaciones porcinas comerciales no vacunadas. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron detectar una gran diversidad antigènica entre los virus H1N1. En cambio, los virus H1N2 y H3N2 circulantes parecen ser más homólogos al analizar su reactividad cruzada. Cuando se compararon las secuencias de aminoácidos del gen de la hemaglutinina se observó que los virus H1N1 también presentaban una mayor cantidad de cambios en los residuos aminoacídicos que los otros dos subtipos. Las causas de estas diferentes características antigénicas de cada subtipo no se conocen y probablemente son reflejo de particularidades epidemiológicas.
In the first study of the present thesis, outbreaks of respiratory disease were investigated for the presence of swine influenza virus (SIV). In 14 cases the circulating influenzaviruses were isolated, fully sequenced and compared with other known SIV. H1N1 (including human pandemic H1N1) was the most common subtype involved in the outbreaks (n=6), followed by H3N2 (n=4) and H1N2 subtypes (n=4). In 11/14 cases the phylogenetic analyses indicated the occurrence of possible reassortment events. In the second part of the study, the genetic evolution of a H1N1 isolate was assessed over a six-month period in a longitudinal study in closed group of pigs. Sequencing of 22 isolates retrieved during that follow-up indicated the co-circulation of two different variants of the same virus. Also, the emergence of SIV reassortants at certain timepoints was evidenced. These results indicate that reassortment events in SIV are common, and point towards the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology of SIV, particularly in endemic farms. In the second study of the present thesis, SIV isolates sequenced in the first study where analyzed by means of the haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) using monospecific sera obtained from pigs immunized with the different isolates. Also, 100 serum samples obtained from seropositive and unvaccinated commercial farms were analyzed. Based on those analysis, a high antigenic diversity was found when comparing the H1N1 viruses. In contrast, HN2 and H3N2 viruses circulating in Spanish swine seemed to have less antigenic diversity regarding their cross-reactivity in the HI. Comparing the amino acid sequences of the haemagglutinin of the analyzed isolates, H1N1 viruses had more changes than the other subtypes. The causes behind this different behavior depending on the subtype are unknown and probably reflect a different epidemiology.
Le, Brech Susana. "Diferencias individuales en comportamiento y respuesta de estrés en perros." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129092.
Full textThe term individual differences refers to the differences in behavioral responses that are consistent over time and between contexts. Its study attempts to identify these differences and explain the factors that predisposed the individuals of a particular species to respond in a specific way. The aims of the present work were: to identify behavioral characteristics related to aggression through a correlation analysis of the C-BARQ’s factors; to evaluate the effect of neonatal handling, the age and litter on the individual differences in the physiological response to stress in puppies; to identify individual differences in the behavioral response to stress in puppies and to evaluate and investigate the main features of cases of canine aggression towards family members in a referral practice and to determine the causal factors related to this problem. In order to reach the first objective we analyzed the correlations between the behavioural characteristics related to aggression and other C-BARQ’s factors. A possible relation between canine aggression towards the family members and anxiety was suggested. Also, aggression towards unknown people was found to be correlated to fear. In addition, we observed a correlation between predatory behavior and aggression towards unknown people and dogs. To attain the second and third objectives, we used different litters of puppies. Each puppy was randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: control group (non-handled), handled once a day and handled three times a day. Handling was performed from the 3rd until the 21st day of life. To evaluate the possible differences between handled and non handled animals, we evaluate the stress response by means of an Open Field Test. No differences were found between handled and non handled puppies neither in the physiological variables cortisol, rectal temperature and serum serotonin nor in the behavioral variables. We did find differences between litters in the physiological variables and individual differences in behavior. Also, serum serotonin was found to decline with age. The fourth objective was achieved by comparing clinical cases of dogs presenting aggression towards family members with control cases. We found that dogs adopted after 12 weeks of age presented a lower risk of being aggressive towards household members. Being fed from the table was also considered as a potential causal factor of dogs showing aggression towards family members. In addition, we observed that dogs presenting an underlying painful condition had a higher risk of being aggressive towards family members and were more likely to be impulsive during the aggressive events.
Cano, Pérez Óscar. "Sustrato electroanatómico de la taquicardia ventricular de probable origen epicárdico en pacientes con miocardiopatía dilatada no isquémica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283400.
Full textThe incidence of sustain monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) is low. However the clinical implications are very important considering that this condition is associated with a great risk of sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is currently the cornerstone for the treatment of patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Nevertheless, catheter ablation has emerged during the last years as a first-line adjuvant therapy. Endocardial ablation of VT in patients with NICM is a routine procedure in the daily clinical practice. Current data show that successful VT ablation procedures are more frequent among patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy when compared with NICM patients. These differences may be explained by the presence of epicardial VT circuits in NICM which cannot be approach with a conventional endocardial ablation procedure. The present doctoral thesis describes the electroanatomical substrate in patients with NICM and VT of probable epicardial origin. Previous studies have described the referente values for the signals obtained during endocardial electroanatomical mapping. Thus, normal endocardial signals are considered those with amplitude >1.5mV. Scar is defined by the presence of signals <1.5mV and dense scar is defined when amplitude is below 0.5 mV. However, there is a lack of reference values for the signals obtained during epicardial mapping. Traditionally the same reference values previously described for the endocardium have been applied in the epicardium, but this assumption may be inaccurate. Epicardial fat, which is normally distributed around the coronary vessels and the auriculo-ventricular groove may be responsible for low voltage signals obtained in the epicardium that are not real pathologic scars. For that reason we firstly established normal criteria for the signals obtained in the epicardium of 8 patients without structural heart disease who underwent epicardial electroanatomical mapping during ablation of idiopathic VT. These reference values were then applied to the electroanatomical endo and epicardial mapping of 22 patients with NICM and VT suspected to be of epicardial origin. Detailed mapping showed the presence of substantial epicardial substrate with confluent areas of epicardial scar in 82% of patients compared with only 54% of patients showing confluent areas of scar in the endocardium. Moreover, the epicardial scar area was significantly larger in the epicardium when compared with endocardial scar areas. Epicardial scar areas were characterized not only by the presence of low voltage but also by the presence of wide, split and late potentials. In these patients , the ablation of the epicardial substrate was associated with a high success rate of 71%. The second article configuring this doctoral thesis describes the significance of a proper delimitation of the left phrenic nerve curse during epicardial VT ablation in patients with NICM. Most patients with NICM show confluent epicardial scar areas typically located in the left lateral wall, which is also the typical left phrenic nerve course. High output pacing with the ablation catheter can deliniate the phrenic nerve course in order to avoid the phrenic nerve palsy during radiofrequency application in these areas.
Martínez-Conde, Beluzán Macarena. "¿Nuevas familias? Explorando el potencial distintivo de construcciones discursivas en situaciones de homoparentalidad." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96262.
Full textHomoparental families appear diverse just because they are formed by same-sex couples, but is this diferent enough to assure familiar diversity? The legalisation of same-sex marriage and its effects shows us that there is a chance that homoparenting becomes a social norm, thus discriminating lesbians and gays who would not fullfill that norm. Instead of changing the social order, the normalization of homoparenting could just maintain it. Through this tesis we have questioned homoparenting's capacity of maintaining or modifying the central core of heterosexual family: binary gender structure. For that we have described subject positions (Davies & Harré, 1990) available for homoparenting and their arguments, and we have analyzed their potential for change and reification. We have worked with 19 people (lesbian, gay and bisexual), from 28 to 45 years-old, living in the European Union. The information we worked with was colected through in-depth interviews (Wilton, 2005), using a flexible thematic script, which was modified through the field work. The analytic corpus was 17 conversations which were treated as argumentative texts (Toulmin, 1958 in Santibañez Yañez, 2002). We analyzed both the participants' propositions and our own. Through the process of elaboration of the tematic script and its modifications, we did a reflexive work about our own assumptions and research question. For the analysis we took a socioconstructionist point of view (Gergen, 1985; Gergen y Gergen, 2011), using discoursive analysis (DA) with Interpretative Repertoire elements (Wetherell & Potter, 1988), and rethoric analysis (Gill & Whedbee, 1997, in van Dijk (Comp) 2000; Toulmin, 1958 in Santibañez, 2002). The main results describe five subject positions available for homoparenting: heterosexual father/heterosexual mother, gay father/heterosexual father, lesbian mother/heterosexual mother, lesbian/woman, and good gay/bad gay. Additionally, three different discourses were found: bological, normative and psychological. Finally, we realise there is not just one answer to our question. Homoparental families are, at the same time, a way to question heteronormativity as well as a way to reificate it. Key words: Homoparenting, Discourse Analysis, Subject Positions, Interpretative Repertoir, Rethoric Analysis
Pabon, Valverde Marcela. "Estudio de la neosporosis en vacuno lechero en Cataluña." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5622.
Full textJarde, Alexander. "Q-Coh A tool to assess the methodological quality of cohort studies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116205.
Full textFor decades there has been a need for reviews of the literature to summarize the knowledge that the scientific community produces. Initially, experts in the correspondent areas collected and summarized the published studies on certain topics following rather subjective and opaque methods. These were the so‐called narrative reviews. However, the need for a more objective and transparent methodology gave rise to systematic reviews and meta‐analysis, which provided clinicians, researchers, policy‐makers, and patients with a synthesis of an unmanageable and exponentially increasing number of manuscripts by linking and correlating huge amounts of information with identification of beneficial or harmful interventions. However, these methodologies still have some limitations to overcome, as is the case of the quality of the primary studies that are reviewed. Although the inclusion of experiments in systematic reviews is well established, the inclusion of observational studies is still under debate. However, much of clinical and public health knowledge is provided by observational studies, and the area of psychology is not an exception. A usual reason given for this is that observational studies, mainly because of their lack of randomized allocation procedure, are more susceptible to bias. It is true that randomized controlled studies are less prone to bias, but it is difficult to justify that evidence given by high quality observational studies is more valid than ‘evidence’ given by low quality randomized controlled trials only because of their design label. Therefore, it is of high importance to be able to validly and reliably assess the quality of observational studies. As shown in this doctoral thesis, dozens of quality assessment tools for observational studies have been developed so far, but very few meet the criteria that should be expected from an assessment instrument, especially when cohort studies are on focus. Once this gap was confirmed, a new quality assessment tool for cohort studies was developed following the standardized development criteria established by the American Psychological Association, the National Council on Measurement in Education, and the American Educational Research Association: the purpose of the test and construct to be measured were clearly defined, the test specifications were delineated, items were developed, tested and evaluated, and finally the test was assembled into an interactive spreadsheet. In order to assess the psychometric properties of this new quality assessment tool, which was named ‘Q‐Coh’, it was applied by three different raters to 21 cohort studies of diverse topics with a wide range of quality levels. Additionally, despite there is no gold standard for the methodological quality, the validity of the Q‐Coh was also studied using different approaches. The results showed that the proportion of agreement between pairs of raters was over 80% in all cases, with not only good to very good kappa values, but also being statistically significant in most inferences. This is very positive, especially considering the existing difficulties in developing a quality assessment tool with acceptable reliability scores. Also regarding the QCoh’s validity the results point to the good direction. Literature reviews have been evolving for decades, and as their relevance grew, so did the demands for more objective, precise, and reliable procedures. In this context of constant refinement, the Q‐Coh tries to help filling an important gap contributing in its small way.
Pérez, Compdepadrós Marta. "Variables moduladoras de calidad de vida en supervivientes pediátricos de tumores en el sistema central." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/305113.
Full textSurvival in childhood cancer has dramatically improved for the last decades. As a consequence, interest in the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of survivors has increased. The results on HRQoL are still inconclusive, sociodemographic and late effects variables in the survivorship explain slightly percentage in the final outcome of the CVRS. Objective: this theses aims to evaluate the HRQoL in CNS tumor survivors, reported by both survivors and parents. In addition, this research explores the role of psychological variables on the final HRQoL. These psychological variables are: coping styles of adolescent and their parents and parental distress. Method: 38 survivors of CNS tumor and 44 parents who were treated in the Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron were assessed. Adolescent ages were between 12 and 19 at the time of the study and they were a minimum of one year free of cancer treatment. Results; survivors and parents reported an average HRQoL similar to healthy population. Nevertheless, more than 40% of survivors reported one standard deviation below the average in several dimensions. Coping styles could play an important role in the outcome of the HRQoL in teenager tumor survivor specifically, productive coping style, which is used by the adolescent. According with the multiple linear regressions, the coping style explanatory value of the variance is higher in the auto-reported version. Conclusions: coping styles could have a significant role in the HRQoL of CNS tumor adolescent survivor. Therefore, follow-up with a multidisciplinary approach is essential to detect and intervene in cases with poorer HRQoL.
Moraes, Maristela de Melo. "Hombres, masculinidades y atención sanitaria en Brasil: una mirada de género sobre políticas públicas de Reducción de Daños." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117658.
Full textThe relationship between masculinity and consumption of alcohol and other drugs are not new. There are few studies focusing on this relationship. Scientific research indicates drug use among men as part of male socialization processes (Nascimento, 1999; Acioli, 2001; Franch, 2004; Moraes, 2008). On the other hand, the discourse of Health explains that men are the majority in care services for people with alcohol and drug related problems. This power game is not simple and is directly related to the self-identification of male vulnerabilities and weaknesses, threatening the superior position of men in the gender hierarchy. In this context, our research aimed to analyze, from a gender perspective as structuring of power relations (Scott, 1990), the meanings produced on men and masculinities in public health policies in Brazil, aimed at people who use alcohol and other drugs, with a focus on harm reduction, with a view at developing suggestions for a gendered way to understand and act in the context of mental health. It is situated in a discursive perspective based and driven by constructionist contributions to Social Psychology, having the notion of discourse as social practice, the linguistic turn (Ibáñez, 1979 and 1994; Iñiguez, 2006; Rorty, 1967) and feminist critiques of knowledge production that dialogue with the constructionist perspective (Harding, 1986; Haraway, 1995; Butler, 2004). It is further based on the theoretical and methodological perspective of meaning production and discursive practices (Spink & Frezza, 1999) using the notion of linguistic repertoires in the analysis process (Spink & Medrado, 1999). The study design included the identification and analysis of 11 documents of public health policies in Brazil, aimed at people who use alcohol and other drugs, the completion and analysis of 07 interviews with managers of public health policies at national and local level, performed in 05 geopolitical regions of Brazil and of 03 focus groups with professionals and public health policies managers in two states in northeastern Brazil. We analyze hoe the meanings produced on men and masculinities were characterized by fixity of binary oppositions men-women, male-female, force and fragility and by merely descriptive uses of gender in terms of policies and sanitary practices, that for example, puts men-users of the services as potentially dangerous and violent on one hand, but as weak with drug use problems on the other hand. We argue that the chain of meanings associated with the concept of harm reduction makes it a project, which leads to the idea of knowledge in construction, but on the other hand, as a political-clinician method and an emancipatory perspective that strains the knowledge-power established in the field of drugs. However, understand that men should be thought of as subjects of health policies is complex because it involves a process of individual emancipation, but rather an acknowledgment of weaknesses. In this sense, we advocate a way to understand and act that goes beyond the polarity of positions of power and admits transit, porosity, flexibility and varied ways to perform gender. We recognize the need to incorporate other risk rationality applied to these contexts, from the perspective of harm reduction, including the positive dimension of risk, helping to break the cycle risk control, which builds and makes the people who need health care. Finally, we reaffirm that the need for a project of social transformation, that is also expressed in terms of health, does not mean accepting uncritically the incorporation of gender perspectives and harm reduction as a synonym for emancipation: it is necessary to tighten the very idea of transformation to overcome ways to understand and intervene equally controlling.
Ibarra, Patiño Ricardo. "Valor del tercer nivel ganglionar, en la disección axilar, en el cáncer de mama." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283653.
Full textIn view of the increase in early diagnosis of breast cancer, the surgical therapy for this disease has undergone significant changes in the course of the last decades. Identifying the lymph node involvement and trying to obtain the regional control, axillar dissection or lymphadenectomy has become an important role in the treatment of breast cancer since the radical mastectomy. The management of the axillary lymph nodes is still the main stone in the diagnosis and prediction for our patients. However, this has been changed as a result of the use of several tools that allows us to carry out less radical lymphadenectomies, therefore achieving an important decrease in the morbidity of the process. As mentioned in the multicenter study ZO022, in comparison to patients with positive sentinel lymph node treated with surgery, radiotherapy or systemic treatment, it was found that performing a complete axillary lymphadenectomy was not associated with evidence of increased survival. Motivated for the necessity of realizing a more conservative and accurate surgery to determine the stage of the disease, the Vall d’Hebron University hospital developed in the 90’s different techniques such as partial lymphadenectomies, lymph node sampling, and the sentinel node technique. An observational, transverse, retrospective, and analytical-comparative study was developed to determine the prognostic value in the involvement of the third lymph node level of Berg, by studying the classical prognosis parameters, as well as the molecular classification of breast cancer. All of the above was done with axillary lymph node dissection in patients diagnosed with breast cancer in the Breast Pathology Unit in the Vall d’Hebron Hospital from January 2005, to December 2009. A number of 3555 patients were studied, which 194 were accepted for the mentioned project. They were divided in three groups: Group I was formed of 194 patients, which a complete axillary lymphadenectomy was realized, (Level I, II, III). Then, this group was divided in two more, both with a complete axillary lymphadenectomy: Number II with 103 patients with a clinically positive axilla, and III with 91 patients with a positive sentinel node. A total rate of positivity in level III was reported in 12,3%, in group II with a clinically positive axilla of 9,7%, and 15,3% in group III. In a similar way, the positivity in level II remained high, with a nodal positivity of 28,1% in the group with a clinically positive axilla, and 18,6% in the one with positive sentinel node, respectively. Important outcomes were obtained in the group of total analyzed lymph nodes by event and the “skip” metastases reports. It was demonstrated that the main positivity predictors of level III in the patients with a positive lymph node disease were the size of the tumor, lymphovascular invasion, extra nodal dissemination and the presence of micro metastases. The extra nodal dissemination was also associated with a high rate of nodal positivity. We obtained the percentage of lymph node involvement of the patients with axillary lymphadenectomy, which 129 (66,4%) obtained a positive result in level I, 41 (21,1%) in level II, and 24 (12,3%) in level III, respectively. It was demonstrated that the lymph node dissemination is associated with a higher number of involved nodes, thus the surgeon be alerted about the patient’s risk of higher positivity in level III. Similarly, the micro metastases in lymphovascular invasion were reported in the three study groups. Because a clinically positive axilla has a positivity rate of level III of at least 20%, a level III lymphadenectomy should be considered to perform in the presence 2 or more risk factors. Regarding to the skip metastases lesions, the development of a lymphadenectomy by this reason is not justified.
Laguna, Quiroga José Luis. "¿Kiape yamokañy Yande Reko? ¿Dónde perdimos nuestro modo de ser? Estudio de los modos de pensar y ser del pueblo guaramí-iroseño." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/312336.
Full textThis study is a dissertation about the construction of ways of thinking and being as an expression mediated by socio-cultural issues. It is been based on historical and cultural psychology and hermeneutic perspectives, postmodern, structural constructivism of social science. Throughout this work, I have tried to expose the interrelation of thoughts / language / culture / power as cultural artefacts that build ways of being. It hypothesized that thought is involved in the production of these ways of being. This concept allows to inferring that a thought is a product of the interaction of multiple dimensions: ontological, axiological, epistemological, ecological and praxeological. The same make the heterogeneity of verbal thinking (Tulviste, 1992) and modelled the ways of being. We are assuming that thinking is a human attribute that has a sociocultural genesis and allows a better social behaviours and relationships understanding, becoming the starting point holding this job, as well, it is one of the fundamental contributions of cultural psychology to social sciences. This study considers as a starting point that thinking is a sociocultural process, historically constructed and composed by various constituent dimensions, already mentioned. It would mean that mind-tools or culturally artefacts, such as language and education, express this complex process and structure; those make the social and cultural reproduction of any group. So we can say that these cultural artefacts mediated by socio-cultural issues, play a central role in the construction of a sense of being; which give the subject of objective and subjective conditions for personal and social structure, as well as provide it with senses of membership for the interaction with the world. Moreover, this investigation is a critical reflection about the permanent questioning of the State to indigenous people, with respect to inclusion and recognition as legal entities called "original indigenous peasant nations". Through the Constitution, this socio-political category prefigures complex and contradictory forms of Bolivian society; the fact in this point is that the intention to show, respect and encourage the particularities of an indigenous state are diffused and does not work at all. This is a contradiction, which help us to make this question: is this constitutional mechanism - and its various political actions, especially education – serving to the purpose of an effective inclusion or it’s becoming an alienation and acculturation process of indigenous people into old cultural and political hegemonic paradigms? If the answer is the second one, we would undercover the same conditions of cultural and social dominancy with indigenous people, using an apparently different speech, but doing the same anyway. We approach the narrative of the educational experience of the people from Isoso. The perspective mentioned above, try to analyse the narrative and speech of isoseño people, as a heuristic alternative; this way of understanding the ways if being is totally different from those traditional methodology’s in which the language was considered just as a form communication. Here we explore some developments in narrative analysis (M. Bajtin, Iñiguez, Bruner and Antaki), we also travel around the philosophy of language (JL Austin and JR Searle), hermeneutics statements (M. E. Husserl and Heidegger, Gadamer and P. Ricoeur GH) and postmodern sociology studies on the theory of communicative action, language and culture (Walter Benjamin and Jürgen Habermas). In addition, this work is been influenced by some theorists of social constructivism as Kenneth Berger, Jerome Bruner, Pierre Bourdieu, Anthony Giddens and Tulviste who based the analysis of social interactions in narrative, as a builder of realities. They choose the stories about the experiences, defined the narrative as a common form of detailed text that can construct, interpret and share everyday experience. Finally, the investigation show an ethnic preconception of Bolivian Guarani people, the Isoseño people, located in the department of Santa Cruz, in southeastern Bolivia. Their linguistic family is Tupi Guarani and the historical name of their town is Tapii-isoseños. We must emphasize, that this is a doubly dominated culture, because they are a cultural minority in the national context and less in the Bolivian Guarani cultural context, making difficult to extend their social and cultural reproduction.
Añor, Torres Sònia. "The BLINK REFLEX: Comparative Electrophysiologic Study in the domestic species." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5723.
Full textLa estimulación eléctrica unilateral del nervio supraorbitario indujo la aparición de 2 (perros) y 3 (caballos) potenciales musculares reflejos evocados ipsilaterales , y de un potencial muscular reflejo contralateral en los músculos orbiculares del ojo. Siguiendo la nomenclatura utilizada en neurofisiología humana, los potenciales musculares ipsilaterales se denominaron R1, R2 y R3. El potencial muscular contralateral se denominó Rc.
La estimulación eléctrica unilateral del nervio facial indujo la aparición de dos potenciales en el músculo orbicular del ojo ipsilateral a la estimulación. En todos los animales se observó un primer potencial muscular evocado directo (D), seguido de una respuesta refleja facio-facial (RF).
El bloqueo anestésico del nervio supraorbitario izquierdo causó ausencia bilateral de respuestas al estimular el mismo nervio, y la aparición de respuestas normales al estimular el nervio supraorbitario contralateral. El bloqueo anestésico del nervio facial derecho provocó ausencia de respuestas en el músculo orbicular del ojo derecho, cualquiera que fuera el lado de estimulación.
Los resultados de nuestro estudio demuestran que el test del reflejo palpebral puede ser inducido eléctricamente y estudiado electromiográficamente en perros y en caballos. El estudio aporta valores de referencia para los componentes electromiográficos del reflejo palpebral, así como para los potenciales musculares evocados mediante estimulación directa del nervio facial en perros y en caballos. La utilidad potencial de la prueba del reflejo palpebral en el diagnóstico de lesiones periféricas de los nervios trigémino y facial en estas especies queda demostrada por los resultados del estudio en animales con bloqueos anestésicos de estos nervios.
Electrophysiologic assessment of the blink reflex and the muscle potentials evoked by stimulation of the facial nerve were performed in 21 adult horses and 15 adult Beagle dogs sedated with detomidine hydrochloride (horses) and medetomidine hydrochloride (dogs). The tests were performed before and after left supraorbital (trigeminal) and right auriculopalpebral (horses) or facial (dogs) nerve blocks, achieved with lidocaine injections over the afore-mentioned nerves.
Unilateral electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve elicited 2 (dogs) and 3 (horses) ipsilateral reflex-evoked muscle potentials and a contralateral reflex muscle potential in the obicularis oculi muscles. The ipsilateral reflex-evoked muscle potentials were named R1, R2 and R3, following the human nomenclature. The contralateral potential was named Rc.
Unilateral electrical stimulation of the facial nerve elicited 2 muscle potentials, a direct compound motor unit action potential (D) and a reflex facio-facial response (RF) in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle in all animals.
Anesthetic block of the left suprorbital nerve resulted in bilateral lack of responses upon left supraorbital nerve stimulation, and normal bilateral responses upon right supraorbital nerve stimulation. Right facial nerve anesthetic block produced lack of responses in the right orbicularis oculi muscle regardless the side of supraorbital stimulation.
Results of this study demonstrate that the blink reflex can be electrically elicited and electromyographically assessed in dogs and horses. Reference values for the electromyographic components of the blink reflex and for the muscle potentials evoked by direct facial nerve stimulation in dogs and horses are provided. The potential usefulness of the electrically elicited blink reflex test in the diagnosis of peripheral facial and trigeminal nerve dysfunction in dogs and horses has been demonstrated.
Pareto, Onghena Deborah. "Processament d'estudis d'SPECT cerebral: reconstrucció, quantificació i estandarització." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1124.
Full textEl principal objectiu de la tesi és l'avaluació i quantificació d'estudis de SPECT cerebral. Per assolir-lo, s'han plantejat els següents objectius específics: 1) modelització de la resposta d'un col·limador convergent fan-beam; 2) implementació d'un algoritme iteratiu, basat en subconjunts ordenats de projeccions, per a la reconstrucció d'estudis de SPECT cerebral adquirits amb col·limadors fan-beam; 3) valoració de l'efecte de corregir la resposta d'un col·limador fan-beam en la quantificació de la captació específica d'estudis de neurotransmissió i 4) valoració de l'efecte de corregir la resposta d'un col·limador fan-beam en la quantificació i valoració estadística d'estudis de perfusió.
Les principals conclusions del treball realitzat són les següents:
1) s'ha posat a punt un mètode per a determinar experimentalment la distància focal dels col·limadors fan-beam i avaluar la convergència dels seus forats a la línia focal. Els valors obtinguts de la focal difereixen dels nominals en un 1.5%. Els forats convergeixen a una zona focal amb desviacions estàndard "SIGMA sub x"=2.5mm "SIGMA sub zeta"=2.5mm. Els resultats permeten concloure que la qualitat dels col·limadors està dins els marges d'acceptació requerits per a la rutina clínica.
2) s'ha caracteritzat la resposta puntual d'un col·limador fan-beam en funció dels paràmetres intrínsecs i les coordenades de la font, a partir de mesures experimentals. S'han obtingut funcions analítiques que permeten calcular la resolució i l'eficiència del col·limador, donats els seus paràmetres intrínsecs i les coordenades de la font. Els alts valors del coeficient de correlació entre els valors predits pel model i els experimentals -0.994 resolución i 0.991 eficiència- indiquen que les funcions reprodueixen correctament la resposta.
3) s'ha desenvolupat un algoritme de simulació numèrica que permet determinar la resposta puntual geomètrica d'un col·limador a partir dels seus paràmetres i la distribució dels seus forats. Aquest algoritme permet avaluar el disseny d'un col·limador o aspectes concrets com la dependència angular de l'eficiència amb la distribució dels forats. Quan la distància entre els forats és constant, aquesta varia com cos(zeta), quan augmenta segons 1/cos(zeta), varia com cos-super2(zeta).
4) s'ha implementat un algoritme de reconstrucció iteratiu que inclou la correcció de la reposta dels col·limadors fan-beam. La matriu de pesos de l'algoritme inclou les funcions analítiques obtingudes per l'eficiència i la resolució.
5) s'ha validat la simulació de projeccions realistes de SPECT cerebral amb el codi simSET.
6) s'ha avaluat la importància de la correcció de les diferents degradacions en la reconstrucció d'estudis simulats de neurotransmissió dopaminèrgica, a partir del model d'Alderson i simSET. La comparació dels valors de captació recuperats respecte els teòrics indiquen que la correcció per atenuació, dispersió i resposta col·limador milloren el càlcul en un 30% en el putamen i un 43% en el caudat.
7) s'ha avaluat la importància de la correcció de les diferents degradacions en la reconstrucció d'estudis simulats de perfusió, a partir del model de Zubal i simSET. La correcció de les degradacions millora la determinació del factor d'activació en un 12, 10 i 3% per focus de volum 1.0, 2.1 i 3.7 cm3 respectivament. També s'ha validat el Statistical Parametric Mapping en la valoració d'estudis de perfusió, estudiant la sensibilitat de detecció de petits canvis en un disseny típic de comparació de grups. La correcció de les degradacions permet disminuir el nombre de subjectes en cada grup per obtenir significació estadística.
Capellas, Puig Marta. "Aplicación de la alta presión hidrostática en mató (queso fresco de leche de cabra)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5713.
Full textPellicer, i. Cardona Isabel. "Espais de Trànsit Una lectura de la societat contemporània, des del Metro de Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126526.
Full textCurrently, one of the most used urban spaces in the city of Barcelona is the Metro (the Barcelona Underground). It is demonstrated by the data from 2011. Every day more than a million people use this means of transport. This figure shows the high mobility of citizens, and also demonstrates the importance of transits, trajectories and movements in our daily lives. Based on this consideration, and taking the social constructionist approach, we made an urban research from a critical position. From a mobile methodology, we have made an urban ethnography in the Metro of Barcelona, using participant observation and drift as research techniques. In line with the theoretical basis and the methodology, we have made a Critical Discourse Analysis of our field diary, in order to highlight the social processes involved in the social construction of this urban space. Thus, the aim of the research project is to offer a "reading" of the social practices that come into play in the Barcelona’s Metro. These practices allow us to know how this contemporary urban space is and how it is constructed, and also they give us the possibility of analyzing which social processes come into play in the basement of the city, and how they can explain the way that makes the society. The thesis is presented as a compendium of publications. Three articles are exposed, and they revealed the following arguments: 1) the importance of the Metro and the Transit Spaces in the social and urban context, showing that Transit Spaces are an excellent showcase of the society nowadays, 2) the need to study the current social phenomena, of mobile nature, using mobile methodologies and adopting a logic that is in line with the changing and ephemeral nature of new ways of understanding the world. The radicand logic is presented as an alternative to the logic of stabilities, the reification and the crystallization of the social matters, 3) the possibilities of the drift, transformed into psychosocial research technique that allows us to reach the “urban” from its "inside" and taking part of the trajectories and the movements of the city. This trilogy of arguments highlights which has been the search path route in order to integrate and develop an urban research in the context of social psychology. The results of the investigation show that the Barcelona’s Metro is a landscape of movement, a Transit Space, which explains a mobile society constantly changing. Furthermore, various mechanisms and power strategies, that manage, control and measure the social "power" of the users, come into play in the Metro, and also a very interesting dialogue emerges between power and resistance relations. Thus, we talk about the Barcelona’s Metro as an urban area where there are different types of control, a disciplinary space, a public space, a global space and an interconnection space. From this reading of the Barcelona’s Metro, an interpretation about this society can be said: the current sociability is based on the interconnection and permanent ubiquity, in many movements and shifts that cross it, and that makes that the society from the early century XXI adopts the characteristics of the radicand.
Cardoso, Louro André. "Effects of a positive emotion-based adjuvant psychological therapy in colorectal cancer patients." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/316573.
Full textValls, Ontañón Adaia. "Virus papil·loma humà en el carcinoma de cap i coll." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145401.
Full textHead and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignancy derived from squamous epithelium and is characterized by its multifactorial etiology. Although tobacco and alcohol are the most common risk factors, it is now also accepted the relationship between human papilloma virus (HPV) and HNSCC. Its true impact is still under study; its incidence, prognosis and therapeutic implications are still in dispute. Therefore, we have developed this study to demonstrate the relationship between HPV and HNSCC, which assesses 156 patients treated in the Head and Neck Oncology Unit at the Vall d'Hebron Hospital from November 2009 to December 2010. We collected epidemiological, clinical and histological data of each patient. Patients were grouped according to the result to HPV, and then both groups were statistically compared. It has been shown that HNSCC HPV + are more frequent in the oropharynx, men have a higher incidence of these tumours, patients are younger and usually less smokers and / or drinkers, they have a higher cervical lymph node stage (N2) and patients with positive p16 staining have better prognosis. In conclusion, our study indicates an epidemiological link between HPV and HNSCC. Furthermore, +HPV patient’s profile differs from the classical profile of the smoker and / or drinker patient. From the study, we suggest a HPV detection protocol for patients diagnosed with HNSCC.
García, Álvarez Mercedes. "Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) como biomarcador de disfunción renal aguda en pacientes postoperados de cirugía cardiaca." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/300734.
Full textAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious complication after cardiac surgery; the incidence of AKI can reach 40%. Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (AKI-D), the most severe form of AKI, may occur in 5% of patients following cardiac surgery. The development of AKI after cardiac surgery (CSA-AKI) has a direct impact on the prognosis of these patients and remains a cause of major short- and long-term morbidity and mortality; it is also associated with longer hospital stay and increased health care costs. Identifying patients at risk of developing CSA-AKI or early diagnosis, would allow us to prevent the onset and/or progression to more serious forms, improving significantly the prognosis of these patients. Currently, creatinine is the only available and validated biomarker for diagnosing CSA-AKI. However, creatinine is a late diagnostic biomarker (its plasma concentration increases 24 - 48 h after kidney injury) and, as a biomarker of glomerular function, it only provides information about it, but not about the existence of kidney cell injury. The protein Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), a kidney cell injury biomarker, has been proposed as one of the most promising biomarker for early diagnosis of CSA-AKI and to predict major renal outcomes as mortality and need for dialysis. Accordingly, we conducted a prospective observational study to investigate the behaviour of NGAL as a biomarker of CSA-AKI in cardiac surgical patients. During the period between March and November 2011, all patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), mini-extracorporeal circulation (mini-CPB) or without CPB (off-pump) that met the inclusion criteria and did not present any of the criteria exclusion were considered as candidates to participate in the study. The main objective of the study was to determine the ability of uNGAL and the rate of change of uNGAL concentration over time (ΔuNGAL) to accurately predict CSA-AKI and other short- and long-term outcomes as need for continuous renal replacement therapy, mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and 12 months and the presence of a composite outcome of Major Adverse Events Kidney at 365 days (MAKE365) which includes death, persistent need for dialysis or renal dysfunction. We also investigated the influence of the use of CPB and the type of circuit (conventional vs. mini-CPB) on NGAL release. We recruited 317 consecutive patients candidates who met the inclusion criteria and gave written informed consent. We obtained full data and biomarker measurements from 288 for statistical analyses. In this study we found, first, that uNGAL was only a fair biomarker for the prediction of CSA-AKI and other relevant renal outcomes as need for dialysis, mortality and the development of the composite outcome MAKE365. Second, we found that ΔuNGAL over time was not better than absolute values of uNGAL at predicting CSA-AKI and the related complications. Third, patients with longer duration of CPB and those receiving standard CPB compared to mini-CPB or off-pump surgery had significantly higher concentrations of uNGAL immediately after surgery. Therefore, our findings do not support a continued role for uNGAL measurements for the prediction of CSA-AKI or other major renal clinical outcomes.
Farietta, Varela Sandra M. "Estudio ecológico de la fiebre de la fiebre del Dengue y Dengue Hemorrafico en el municipio de Girardot (Colombia)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4600.
Full textUna vez obtenidas las asociaciones multivariantes más significativas, se analizaron a partir de esta información, que riesgos se asociaban a las mismas para discriminar entre barrios de exceso de riesgo (RME>1) y barrios con riesgo cero o deficitario (RME<1).
Los resultados de este estudio han permitido detectar el nivel de heterogeneidad espacial o patrón de la Fiebre del Dengue y el Dengue Hemorrágico en los barrios del municipio de Girardot, identificar estratos de interés para la Fiebre del Dengue de acuerdo a sus factores de riesgo asociados, permitiendo clasificar a los barrios en función de su riesgo. De importancia se observa que en los barrios pertenecientes a la clase 1, reúnen las características de tener condiciones socio-económicas malas, en los cuales la recolección de basura se hace una vez en la semana, pertenecen a un estrato bajo, la calidad de vivienda es inadecuada y casi un 70% tienen un exceso de riesgo para Fiebre del Dengue.
Se describieron un total de 7 variables relacionadas con el riesgo de transmisión de la Fiebre del Dengue en el municipio de Girardot entre las que se encuentran: Riesgo de Fiebre del Dengue por barrio, Calidad de la vivienda, Regularidad en la prestación de servicios de recogida de basuras, Regularidad en la prestación del Servicio de Acueducto, Hacinamiento, Estrato Socio-Económico e Índices Vectoriales. Se seleccionaron las variables que podrían presentar diferencias y se observó que aumenta el riesgo de presentar Fiebre del Dengue, cuando la calidad de la vivienda es inadecuada y el índice vectorial es alto.
Study whose unit of analysis was the districts (geographical aggregations). We calculate the Rate of Mobility Standardized (RME) for Dengue Fever ( DF) and Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Adequate epidemiological surveillance could serve as a basis to begin to stratify urban communities and identify the areas in then where control efforts should be focused.
In this study we stratified Girardot, Colombia, a city with hyperendemic Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic, using a Analysis de Correspondences, system and analysing the perception general of the districts, synthesizing and visualizing information by means of graphics representations, extracting tendencies. Realization of the Analysis of correspondences, realize statistic package SPAD v 4.5.. Once obtained multivariate associations more significant, they analysed from this information, that risks were associated to the same ones to discriminate between districts of excess of risk (RME>1) and districts with risk zero or deficit one (RME<1). The results of this study have allowed to detect the level of space heterogeneity or patron of the Dengue Fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever in the districts of the city of Girardot, to identify focus for the Fever of the Dengue according to its associated factors of risk, allowing to classify to the districts in strata of its risk. Was described a total of seven variables related to the risk of transmission of the DF and DHF in the city of Girardot between which they are: Risk of DF and DHF by district, Quality of the house, Regularity of the services of collection of sweepings, Regularity of the Service of Aqueduct, Ae. Aegypti infestation rate, layer Socio-Economics. Some conclusions that can be drawn from this study are as follows: Quality of the house is inadequate and Ae. Aegypti infestation rate is high can is increased the risk of the DF.
Sáiz, Satjés Margarita. "Estudio experimental de los efectos de la adición de manidipino versus amlodipino en el tratamiento de pacientes diabéticos con hipertensión y microalbuminuria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/310621.
Full textDiabetic nephropathy in hypertensive patients is a therapeutic challenge. These patients usually require a combined antihypertensive regime, based on renin-angiotensin system blockers, and the addition of other antihypertensive drugs in order to achieve therapeutic goals. According to the results of studies such as ACCOMPLISH and ASCOT, the calcium antagonists would be the best option as they seem to provide an extra benefit in this situation. It is important, however, to establish which the calcium antagonist with best therapeutic profile is. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of adding 20 mg Manidipine versus 10 mg Amlodipine to the treatment of diabetic patients with uncontrolled hypertension and persistent microalbuminuria despite receiving full doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or Angiotensin II receptor antagonist for at least 6 months. Urinary albumin excretion was monitored both during the active phase and during an additional extension phase of 18 months. Blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic tone, compliance with treatment, and incidence of side effects were also studied. To assess the relative weight of each factor on the change in albuminuria a multivariate analyses was performed. Changes in insulin requirements in those patients receiving insulin from the beginning of the study, and the rate of insulinization in those patients who were initially treated only with oral hypoglycemic agents were also performed in a post-hoc analyses. The hypothesis of this study was the additional value of Manidipine beyond BP reduction in patients with diabetes and hypertension, regarding the reduction of microalbuminuria, the influence on the adrenergic tone and the improvement of metabolic control. Favorable results could be expected, as previous studies with Manidipine had shown: reduced excretion of albumin, improvement in insulin sensitivity, and reduction in the risk of oedema and sympathetic activation. A 130/80 mmHg blood pressure target was established, according to the guidelines for diabetic patients in force during the study design. The study results showed that both the addition of Amlodipine and Manidipine proved effective in improving blood pressure control in patients reducing BP to a similar degree. However, the addition of Manidipine, not Amlodipine, produced a remarkable reduction in albuminuria, regardless of the average reduction obtained in the MBP. This difference remained without significant modifications during the extension phase A significantly higher level of compliance was obtained in the group treated with Manidipine. Analytical tolerability was favorable for both treatments. Clinical tolerability was superior in the Manidipine arm, with a significantly lower incidence of adverse effects, especially ankle oedema. In the Manidipine treated group, unlike to the Amlodipine treated group, the sympathetic nervous system was not activated. This difference may also justify the differences in terms of reduced pulse pressure, heart rate and incidence of ankle oedema. In those patients initially treated only with oral hypoglycemic drugs, a significantly lower incidence of secondary drug failure requiring insulinization was observed in the Manidipine treated group. In already insulinized patients, significantly reduced insulin requirements were observed in the Manidipine treated group, whereas these requirements were increased in the Amlodipine treated group.
Rodríguez, Pont Anna. "Pacients portadors d’stents coronaris sotmesos a cirurgia no cardíaca, avaluació del maneig i seguiment perioperatori. Estudi registrestents." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120542.
Full textBackground and Goal of Study: The aim of this study was to record perioperative events in patients with coronary stents undergoing noncardiac surgery. We assessed the perioperative management of antiplatelet therapy (APT) and its relationship with the incidence of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and major bleeding events (MBE). Methods and results: Observational, multicenter and prospective study, approved by the Ethics Committee of each participating center. Patients with coronary stents undergoing noncardiac surgery with admission were recruited from February 2010 to April 2012 I the area of Catalonia, and were followed until 3 months after surgery. We obtained data on demographic characteristics, preoperative active cardiac conditions, clinical risk factors, physical status (ASA classification), type of coronary stent, delay between implantation and surgery and APT perioperative management. Main outcomes were MACCEs, namely cardiac events (myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina and cardiac death), cerebrovascular events (arrhythmia, heart failure, stroke, or transient ischaemic attack), and MBEs (≥ 2 red blood cell units (RBC) transfused and/or haemoglobin level descent > 20 g/L, and/or postoperative intracerebral bleeding). Secondary outcomes including overall mortality and transfusion of hemoderivates were collected as well. We included 432 surgical procedures from 11 Hospitals in Catalonia. Perioperative MACCEs were recorded in 63 cases (14.6%). MBEs were present in 37.3%. Mortality was 3.0% and 20.6 % were transfused with RBC units. Presurgical APT was prescribed to 95.4% of surgeries, and was perioperatively interrupted (≥ 5 days) in 11.2% of procedures, which in any case was found to be related to an increased incidence of MACCEs. MACCEs were instead related to the following previous medical conditions: recent MI, renal failure (glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min), insulin-dependent diabetes and no previous APT therapy. On the other hand, statin therapy and obesity (body mass index >30) were associated with a lower incidence of these events. Finally, MBEs were related to MACCEs, and they were also linked to a high and intermediate surgical risk, age ≥ 70 years, and a delay between stent implantation and surgery less than 1 year. Conclusions: This population has a high incidence of perioperative events. They underwent surgery under low APT withdrawal. The MACCEs and MBEs were mainly related to previous medical conditions and to surgical risk. Preoperative chronic APT and statin therapy are protective factors.
Vila, Solà Daniel. "Valoració en un estudi prospectiu de l'estat de la membrana limitant interna a partir de tincions intraoperatòries i de l'anatomia patològica quan s'extreu la membrana epiretiniana macular." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/312849.
Full textPURPOSE: To describe the state of the ILM, based on surgical dyes and on the pathological anatomy of the samples when the MEM is removed. To analyze the consistency between the presupposed removed tissues based on surgical dyes and the pathological anatomy of the samples. DESIGN: Prospective interventional case series METHODS: An extensive assessment of the MEM current state is done. Epidemiology, pathogeny, clasification, prognosis and treatment of MEM are included. Pacients affected of idiopathic MEM are selected. They are randomly distributed in two groups. In one (group M), only the MEM is removed. In the other (group L), the ILM is also removed after the MEM. Pars plana vitrectomy and extraction of the MEM with tripan blue dye is performed in all of them. After that, the ILM is assessed with brilliant blue G (BBG) dye. In group L patients the ILM is completely removed . All the samples are analyzed with optical microscopy at the Pathologic Anatomy Department. RESULTS: The study surveys 26 patients: 11 in the group M and 15 in the group L. The patients' median age is 70,65 years old (53-81) and patients' average follow up is 15,35 months (4,86-25,10). The ILM extraction pattern is as follows. In group M: in block in 8 of 11 patients and partial in 3 of 11 patients. In group L: in block in 9 of 15 patients , partial in 5 of 15 patients and intact in 1 of 15 patients. Only in 3,8% of patients, the ILM remains intact when the MEM is removed. 32 samples are analyzed, containing both MEM and ILM, or MEM only, or ILM only. In 84,37 % of samples, exists consistency between the presupposed tissues based on surgical dyes and the pathological anatomy results. This conisitency is higher, reaching the 96,7 %, if focused on the presupposed ILM samples . CONCLUSIONS: A technical difficulty to extract the MEM in an isolated form is found, even when planning to do so. Vital dyes are essential to analyze the ILM state during surgery. High consistensy is found between the presupposed removed tissues based on surgical dyes and the pathological antomy results of the samples. This is higher in ILM than in MEM. BBG is a good vital dye to analyze the ILM state and for that reason allows for saving the pathological analysis of the samples.
Casado, i. Aijón Irina. "Parentiu i salut entre els imazighen rifenys de Catalunya." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/382817.
Full textThis thesis is an ethnographic monography. It is based on 9 years of research among Riffian people of Catalonia (especially in comarca of Osona). Riffian people are Amazigh people (berbers) from the Rif Mountains, in northern Morocco. Primarily based on participant observation, in-depth and semi-structured interviews, this research presents an ethnographic account of the reproductive process of the Riffian people. The “Reproductive Process” is understood as “the representations, conceptualizations and practices that guarantee the reproduction of a group and its social organization”. Within the reproductive process, there is the procreative process (conception, pregnancy, birth and postpartum), which, as a form of biological reproduction, becomes a central and structuring element of the reproductive process. As the core element, the procreative process is the point from which socio-cultural forms of representation and other associated practices are articulated in order to ensure its success: the birth of a new member and the achievement of social maturity for the parents. By using a folk perspective that considers some phases and events of the reproductive process as a healthcare issue, this ethnography sits between the intersection of two main theoretical domains: on one side, kinship studies (understood as the cultural regulation of procreation, affiliation, upbringing and care of children), and on the other, Medical Anthropology. From this perspective I present a model to articulate the three healthcare systems that Riffian people normally use (the biomedical, the Koranic and the Riffian approaches) and prioritize depending on their specific underlying logic and the specific moment of the reproductive process. This research has three main objectives. The first one is empirical. It accounts for the lack of ethnographic data on Riffian people living in Catalonia and, to a lesser extent, those living in Morocco. The second objective is theoretical. This ethnography takes as a theoretical frame the proposal of theoretical domain of Kinship, in particular in what the definition of Kinship calls intersection. Finally, the third objective is methodological. By favouring observant participation as my main research technique, I want to emphasize the benefits of such approach in a context where recent anthropological research is prioritizing other techniques that produce more partial data but require less time commitment. From a classical and empirical perspective, this is a descriptive, interpretative and analytical ethnography. It is structured in two volumes that can be read independently but at the same time, are complementary to each other. The first volume has 9 chapters in which analyses issues like: sociodemographic profiles of the Riffian people studied, the Riffian family composition, the processes of identity construction and gender relations, procreative and no procreative sexuality, marriage and divorce, procreative processes, motherhood, fatherhood and childcare, temporary migrations for health reasons, personhood, articulations of medical systems, culture-bound syndromes and ways to get the therapeutic gift among specialists of Riffian medical system. The second volume opens with a description of the therapeutic elements and therapies used by the Riffians during the reproductive process. Subsequently, I discuss and analyze them not only from a symbolic and ritualistic angle but also from the meaning of its practices. I then present and analyze 52 therapeutic itineraries, which have become the basis of a methodological proposal that I have developed along this process. This volume closes with the genealogies of 10 Riffian families I have been working with, an in-depth analysis of Riffian Kinship terminology, a glossary of tarifit terms and lastly, the statistical materials elaborated from semi-structured interviews and clinical histories of 410 pregnant women.
Giannoni, Pastor Anna. "Salut mental i qualitat de vida en pacients cremats." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285746.
Full textThe aim of this study is to describe the possible consequences, in terms of mental health and quality of life of patients suffering burns requiring hospitalization. In addition, we attempt to identify some of the mechanisms involved in the appearance of distress among these patients. To do so, a review of the literature was performed and also, demographic data of the participants, nature of the injury and its treatment, medical history and use of toxic substances during the six months after the time of injury, were collected using a semi-structured interview created ad-hoc specifically for this project. In addition, several assessment measurements of personality, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, general health status and quality of life were administered. This doctoral thesis confirms the presence of psychopathology secondary to burns and points to subjective variables, such as personality or those related to the creation of traumatic memories, as risk factors. These results may increase understanding of the psychosocial effects due to serious burn injuries on their victims and their relatives, and identify certain variables of vulnerability that could help to prevent more torpid evolution with respect to mental and emotional symptoms.
Lorca, Oró Cristina. "Epidemiology, vaccination and infection in wild ruminants with bluetongue virus." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117589.
Full textLa Lengua azul (LA) es una enfermedad de declaración obligatoria causada por el virus de la lengua azul (VLA) y considerada emergente y reemergente en Europa. Esta enfermedad afecta especialmente a rumiantes domésticos y salvajes y también camélidos, causando importantes pérdidas económicas en el sector ganadero. La implicación de diferentes hospedadores y vectores en el ciclo de transmisión del VLA dificulta el control de la enfermedad. Dicho ciclo está condicionado por factores externos como son el cambio climático y la alteración de ecosistemas, los cuales han favorecido la expansión de los vectores en las últimas décadas. Entre las estrategias de control destacan la vacunación, la restricción del movimiento de animales susceptibles en zonas de riesgo y los programas de vigilancia epidemiológica tanto de animales domésticos como de vectores. Aunque las vacunas comerciales actuales han demostrado ser efectivas en rumiantes domésticos, el elevado número de serotipos del VLA presentes (hasta 26 descritos actualmente), hace que sea complicado desarrollar una vacuna universal que ofrezca protección cruzada. Todas estas variables han hecho imposible hasta el momento la erradicación de la enfermedad. La mayoría de especies de rumiantes salvajes presentes en Europa, si no todos, son susceptibles a la infección por el VLA, que es mayoritariamente asintomática. Esto los hace importantes como posibles reservorios y transmisores del virus, tanto entre animales salvajes como de salvajes a domésticos. La información relativa al estudio de su implicación en el ciclo de transmisión entre salvajes y domésticos es todavía escasa. Ésto, unido al hecho de que los programas de vacunaciones masivas se apliquen exclusivamente a rumiantes domésticos, pone de manifiesto la necesidad de llevar a cabo estudios adicionales con el fin de determinar el papel de los rumiantes salvajes en la epidemiología de la LA. La presente tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de la LA en rumiantes salvajes presentes en la Península Ibérica. Su contenido se organiza siguiendo el orden habitual de un trabajo científico. Comienza con un apartado de Introducción, en el que se realiza una breve revisión actual sobre la LA y el VLA, seguido de un apartado de los Objetivos que se abordarán en cada capítulo. A continuación se presentan dos Secciones estructuradas en cinco Capítulos, que corresponden a artículos científicos en diferente estado de publicación (tres aceptados y dos enviados). En el apartado de Discusión general se pretende dar una breve visión del conjunto de capítulos y, para finalizar, se enumeran todas las Conclusiones obtenidas en la tesis doctoral. En la primera sección de la tesis (Epidemiología) se han realizado dos estudios serológicos y virológicos retrospectivos con el fin de aportar más información sobre la evolución de la LA en las especies de rumiantes salvajes presentes en la Península Ibérica. Estos estudios indican que estas especies están implicadas en el mantenimiento del VLA y que pueden actuar como reservorios del virus en la Península Ibérica. En la segunda sección (Vacunación e infección experimental) se ha demostrado la susceptibilidad a la infección con los serotipos 1 y 8 del VLA en el ciervo (Cervus elaphus) y la cabra montés (Capra pyrenaica). En estos experimentos, se ha evaluado la protección inducida por una dosis (en cabra montés) o dos dosis (en ciervo) vacunales frente a la inoculación experimental con cepas homólogas del virus. Finalmente, se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal del desarrollo de anticuerpos neutralizantes hasta 18 meses después de la inmunización en la cabra montés.
Bluetongue (BT) is a reportable disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) considered emerging and reemerging in Europe. BT affects especially domestic and wild ruminants and also camelids, causing important economic losses in the animal industry. The implication of different hosts and vectors in the transmission cycle of BTV makes difficult to control the disease. The transmission cycle is affected by external factors, as climate change and ecosystems’ alteration, which have favored vector expansion in the last decades. Among the control measures, vaccination, restricted movement of susceptible hosts during risk periods and epidemiologic surveillance programs including livestock and vectors are the most implemented. Although available commercial vaccines have proven to be effective in domestic ruminants, the high number of BTV serotypes (up to now, 26 described) makes difficult the development of a universal vaccine able to confer cross-protection. All these factors have made impossible the eradication of this disease. Most, if not all, wild ruminant species present in Europe are susceptible to BTV infection, although it is mainly asymptomatic. This fact makes wild species important as potential reservoirs and transmitters among wildlife or from wild to domestic ruminants. Data related to the implication of wild ruminants in the BTV transmission cycle between domestics and wildlife is still limited. This point, and also the fact that mass vaccination campaigns are applied exclusively to domestic ruminants highlights the need to carry out additional studies with the aim of determining the role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of BT. The present thesis is focused in the study of BT in wild ruminants present in the Iberian Peninsula. The structure is the typical of a scientific paper. It starts with an Introduction, which contains a brief review of BT and BTV, followed by the Objectives that will be developed in each chapter. Afterwards, there are two Sections structured in five Chapters. All the studies are published or submitted to publish in international peer-reviewed journals. In the General discussion section is given a summary of the main findings and, finally, all the Conclusions obtained are listed at the end of the thesis. In the first section of the thesis (Epidemiology) two retrospective serological and virological studies have been carried out in order to provide new information regarding the evolution of BT in wild ruminant species present in the Iberian Peninsula. These studies indicate that wild ruminants are implicated in maintaining BTV, and they may play a relevant role as BTV reservoirs in the Iberian Peninsula. In the second section (Vaccination and experimental infection), the susceptibility to BTV-1 and BTV-8 infection has been demonstrated in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Moreover, the efficacy of two commercial vaccines has been evaluated by means of specific neutralising antibodies and absence of viraemia in both species, vaccinated and experimentally inoculated with homologous strains. Finally, it has been carried out a longitudinal study of the development of neutralising antibodies until 18 months postimmunization in Spanish ibex.
Ballester, Casals Juan. "Efectes del tractament amb tungstat sòdic sobre la funció reproductiva en rates diabètiques induïdes amb estreptozotocina." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3733.
Full textTenint-ne en compte aquestes indicacions, s'ha estudiat les alteracions reproductives lligades a una diabetis tipus I, induïda per estreptozotocina, durant un període de tres mesos, alhora que s'ha observat la capacitat del tungstat sòdic per a contrarestar les alteracions reproductives lligades a la diabetes i si aquesta substància és capaç d'alterar la funció reproductiva "per se".
Els resultats en mascles i femelles mostren com el tungstat té un efecte normoglucemiant. En els mascles, s'observa com el tractament amb tungstat causa una pèrdua de pes, més marcat en els animals diabètics. Els nivells sèrics de totes les hormones estudiades (insulina, FSH, LH i testosterona) cauen amb la diabetis, i el tractament amb tungstat aconsegueix recuperar-los a nivells normals. Els animals diabètics tractats mostren una aturada en mosaic de l'esparmatogènesi deguda a una potenciació dels efectes tòxics de l'estreptozotocina. Amb aquest resultat es plantejaria l'ús de models animals diferents als diabètics STZ.
La cèl·lula de Leydig és la més afectada amb la diabetis, presentant acumulació de lípids, precursors dels andrògens, la síntesi dels quals està disminuïda, implicant una alteració en els nivells de testosterona, situació que afectarà negativament a la libido, la fertilitat i la prolificitat. Així mateix, aquestes cèl·lules tenen una disminució en l'expressió de diferents marcadors de funcionalitat reproductiva, com l'SCF i els receptors d'andrògens. Un altre paràmetre afectat és l'expressió del receptor d'IGF-I, el qual disminueix amb la diabetis. Amb aquests resultats es pot comprovar com hi ha efectes directes sobre el testicle i altres d'indirectes, via eix hipotàlam-hipòfisi.
L'epiteli epididimari s'ha mostrat resistent a qualsevol canvi causat per la diabetis amb els paràmetres avaluats en aquest treball.
En les femelles també s'observa una pèrdua de pes deguda al tractament amb tungstat. Els paràmetres més afectats són els hormonals. Tots cauen amb la diabetis. El tractament amb tungstat els recupera, llevat de la progesteronèmia. Aquestes alteracions hormonals condicionaran els cicles estrals i les possibles gestacions.
Les femelles diabètiques control no han obtingut descendència. El tractament amb tungstat aconsegueix millorar molt la libido, comparant amb les diabètiques control, però la prolificitat està marcadament disminuïda. Aquesta caiguda de la prolificitat estarà causada per la suma de diferents etiologies, sobretot de tipus hormonal. En el cas dels mascles, la prolificitat dels animals diabètics disminueix respecte als sans, i entre els diabètics, els tractats amb tungstat tenen menys cries, per efecte de l'aturada parcial de l'espermatogènesi que presenten aquests animals. Finalment, l'estudi del pas del tungstat al fetus durant la gestació mostra com hi ha una acumulació molt marcada en les cries de mares que han estat tractades durant la gestació.
This work is framed inside the study of the sodium tungstate as an antidiabetic agent , which its normoglycemic capacity has been studied as well as the not desired potential effects which can be derived of the treatment.
Considering these indications, we have studied the alterations associated to a diabetes type I induced with estreptozotocin (STZ) in rats, during a period of three months, observing the capacity of the sodium tungstate counteracts these reproductive alterations. Moreover, we have studied the effect of this compound on the reproductive function by itself. The results in male and female rats show us that tungstate has a normoglycemic effect. In the males, one can observe as the treatment with tungstate causes a loss of weight, more evident in the diabetic animals. The serum levels of the studied hormones (insulin, FSH, LH and testosterone) fall in the diabetic rats, and the treatment with tungstate is able to recover them until normal levels. The treated diabetic animals suffer an interruption in mosaic of the spermatogenesis, probably, to an increase of the toxic effects of the STZ. Acording to these results we suggest to use another animal model, different to the STZ diabetic.
Leydig cells are the most affected cells by the diabetes, presenting a vacuolized cytoplasm for lipid accumulation (androgen precursors), also the synthesis is diminished, implying an alteration in testosterone levels, situation which will affect negatively to the libido, fertility and prolificity. Likewise, these cells show a decrease in the expression of different markers of reproductive function, as SCF and androgen receptors. Another affected parameter is the expression of the IGF-I receptor, which diminishes in diabetic rats. These results show that there are direct and indirect effects on the testicle, via hypophysis.
The epydidimis structure has been shown resistant to any change caused by the diabetes in all parameters evaluated in this work.
In the female rats, a loss of weight is also observed due to the treatment with tungstate. However, the partameters affected by diabetes as the decrease of hormonal levels are recovered by the treatment with tungstate except progesterone levels in serum. These hormonal alterations will condition the oestrous cycles and the possible gestations.
Diabetic females did not have descendant. We have also observed that the treatment with tungstate is able to improve the libido, comparing with the diabetic control animals, but the prolificity is diminished markedly. This fall of the prolificity would be caused by the sum of different aetiologies, mainly of hormonal type. In the case of the males, the prolificity of the diabetic animals diminishes regarding the healthy ones, and between the diabetic animals, the tungstate treated animals have less breedings, for effect of the partial interruption of the spermatogenesis on these animals. Finally, the study of the across of the tungstate to the fetus during the gestation shows that there is accumulation in the breedings of mothers that have been treated during the gestation.
Correa, Vanegas Paula Andrea. "Estudio de la Reconstitución de Poblaciones de Linfocitos T Mediante Marcadores Epigenéticos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117319.
Full textDuring development the lymphocytes have many choices by taking in order to define their identity. The first choice is about T (LT) or B (LB) lineage. Then the lymphocytes select their TCR αβ or γδ. Later they define their identity with CD4 vs CD8 co-receptors. Finally, in periphery they define among Th1, Th2, Th17, or regulatory T cells (Treg) lineages. Some stages of T cells differentiation are complex to identify such as Treg or Recent Thymic Emigrants (RTEs). The T cell differentiation and development are control by activation and repression a lot of specific genes. The Epigenetica and specifically the DNA methylation has a pivotal role in genome dynamics. In the human genome DNA methylation plays an important role in establishing and maintaining chromatin structures and in regulating gene transcription during development and differentiation. DNA methylation predominantly occurs at cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG). However, some areas are CpG rich and they are not always methylated. These regions are calling CpG islands (CGIs) and are present in many promoter genes or intragenic places. This mechanism has an important role in T-cell and lineage commitment and differentiation. The CD4 and CD8 co-receptor is coded by the CD4, and CD8A, and CD8B genes, and is the main lineage differentiation protein for T cells. CD4 gene has a CGIs upstream on the promoter and CD8A gene has three well-defined CGIs amenable to perform quantitative DNA methylation analysis. The aim of the present work is to analyze the methylation pattern of CD4 and CD8A genes and assess its possible use for staging the maturation state of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. We studied three CpG islands located within promoter region of CD8A gene. The methylation analysis was performed in purified T cell populations from human thymus, cord blood and adult peripheral blood. T lymphocytes were sorted by FACS and included: i) single positive CD4 and CD8 T cells from thymus and ii) recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), naïve and memory T cells from cord blood and from adult blood. Genomic DNA from each population was treated with bisulfite and amplified by Nested-PCR with specific primers for each CpG island. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced for quantitative methylation analysis. Initial results showed that CpG Island 2 is not methylated in any of the T cell populations studied, while the CpG islands 1 and 3 have a variable degree of methylation. We identified a specific region of CD8A CpG island 1 that is differentially methylated in T cell populations. This region is clearly more methylated in CD4 T cells than in CD8 T cells. Moreover, within CD8 T cell populations there were differences between naïve and memory cells. It was also feasible to design a protocol for the rapid detection of methylation in this region. This protocol is based on the ability of FRET probes to discriminate nucleotide changes in a melting step by qPCR. Using it we were able to analyze 4 CpG positions and we determined the exact number of methylated positions (0-4) in each sample. In conclusion, we have identified a specific region in CD8A gene that is differentially methylated in T cell populations, which could be an epigenetic marker for T cell differentiation between CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. The methylation patterns of this region are probably part of the maturation mechanisms that occur in the transition from naïve to memory cells among CD8 T lymphocytes.
Gil, Folch Víctor. "Neural inhibitory mechanisms regulating colonic mechanical activity: role of adenosine triphosphate, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulphide." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125873.
Full textInhibitory neuromuscular transmission is involved in the control of colonic motility. Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause membrane hyperpolarization of smooth muscle, that is, an inhibitory junction potential (IJP) which is the electrophysiological basis of muscle relaxation. Thus, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are signalling molecules which can exert this control. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of ATP, NO and H2S in inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the rat and human colon. Sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) was used as the source of H2S. Specific P2Y1 receptor antagonists completely inhibited the purinergic component of the IJP in the human and rat colon (potency range: MRS2500> MRS2279> MRS2179). β-NAD produced smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation in the human colon. However, the relaxation was not blocked by P2Y1 antagonists. In the rat colon, it was observed that the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters produced both spontaneous IJP and a sustained muscle hyperpolarization. MRS2500 revealed that P2Y1 receptors were responsible for spontaneous IJP. Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) allowed us to establish that the tonic state of muscle hyperpolarization was nitrergic in origin. Apamin, spadin and ODQ were used to assess the involvement of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SKCa), TWIK-related potassium channels 1 (TREK1) and the guanylate cyclase (GC) pathway on purinergic and nitrergic neuromuscular transmission. Apamin blocked both components with a different relative sensitivity. ODQ only blocked nitrergic neuromuscular transmission. Furthermore, even though the presence of TREK1 channels was revealed in rat colon, none of the components was blocked by spadin, an effective TREK1 channel inhibitor. The expression of H2S-producing enzymes was determined by immunohistochemistry in the epithelium, muscle and nerve cells in the rat colon. In addition, it was demonstrated that the rat tissue was able to enzymatically produce H2S. Although in some cases the effects of H2S-producing enzymes inhibitors were not specific, they caused muscle depolarization and an increase in colonic mechanical activity. In segments of rat colon, NaHS caused a dual effect on motility patterns when administered via serosa. NaHS inhibited propulsive contractions whereas it caused an increase in the amplitude of ripples. NaHS inhibited cholinergic excitatory junction potentials and hyperpolarized smooth muscle cells. However, NaHS did not modify the colonic pacemaker located at the level of the submucosal plexus. Luminal addition of NaHS did not modify motility patterns. Purinergic neurotransmission in the rat and human colon is mediated by P2Y1 receptors. ATP and NO are released by myenteric plexus inhibitory neurons and have complementary functions in the colon. I.e. ATP produces a phasic action on membrane potential and mechanical activity and NO has a tonic effect. Both purinergic and nitrergic responses are in part apamin sensitive suggesting a possible involvement of SKCa in both pathways. NO effects on membrane potential are produced by GC activation but TREK1 channels are not involved. In the rat colon, H2S is produced and released endogenously and it might be a signalling molecule modulating action on colonic motility. H2S mechanism of action involves inhibition of neurally mediated cholinergic responses and muscle hyperpolarization.
Martínez, Orellana Pamela Analía. "Analysis of host responses and fitness in different pandemic H1N1 (2009) influenza virus in mice and ferrets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145393.
Full textInfluenza is a worldwide public health concern, being one of the most common infectious diseases and a highly contagious airborne pathology. From April 2009, a new influenza A H1N1 virus with swine origin gave rise to the emergence of worldwide outbreaks which was subsequently declared as a pandemic situation. Nowadays pdmH1N1 2009 virus continues on circulation and generally triggers mild and self-limiting infections. Nevertheless, a small percentage of the patients require hospitalization and specialized attention in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Noteworthy, in ICU patients an increased proinflammatory cytokine production has been identified. This observation would suggest the hypothesis that the heterogeneity in the outcome of pdmH1N1 2009 influenza virus infection could be due not only to differential fitness/virulence of the diverse circulating pandemic virus strains but also to the host immune environment that may contribute to severe respiratory pathogenesis, probably by an exacerbated immune response associated to hypercytokinemia. To test such hypothesis the work was divided in four studies describing the experiments performed in mice and ferrets with pdmH1N1 2009 viruses isolated during the 2009 outbreak from patients that showed mild to severe disease in order to analyse pathological features of the infection. Experiments in chapters 5 and 6 were conducted in order to evaluate whether high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and in particular IL-6, might affect host immune responses and the clinical course of infection. Mice were treated with LPS or mice expressing with high levels of IL-6 were infected with pdmH1N1 2009 (CAT09) simultaneously. In the case of LPS exposure, results showed that clinical signs and weight loss were directly influenced by LPS in CAT09 infected. However, no differences in viral load of lungs from infected mice were detected upon LPS exposure, indicating that LPS treatment was not affecting viral replication in vivo. IL-6 secretion upon LPS exposure correlated with body weight loss and higher pathology. The role of IL-6 in influenza infection was addressed by inducing IL-6 in mice prior CAT09 infection. Again, IL-6 levels correlated with weight loss. Surprisingly, viral replication was not affected by high levels of IL-6 since viral load did not exhibit significant differences when both infected groups were compared, although high level of IL-6 in infected animals correlated with sooner viral clearance than the CAT09 infected animals. A strong antibody response was detected in infected animals, being only CAT09 infected mice without IL-6 treatment, the ones with the highest hemagglutinin inhibiting titers. IL-10 levels correlated with IL-6 levels in serum and lungs in the first days after infection. Finally, histopathological lesions were more severe in mice with high levels of IL-6 and CAT09 infected. From the onset of the 2009 pandemic, oseltamivir resistance (OsR) mutations have been described on circulating pdmH1N1 2009 viruses. In chapter 7, in vitro and in vivo experiments in which two strains (R6 and R7) of OsR pandemic virus were compared. There were kinetics differences in both virus in vitro that finally were reflected in the pathogenesis of infection in vivo. The results obtained in the in vitro analysis showed different fitness in viral replication in the virus studied in comparison with a oseltamivir sensitive virus (F), being F>R6>R7. On the following in vivo experiment, both OsR strains produced a fatal outcome although with different magnitude and kinetics, R6-infected group experimented a 40% of lethality and R7-group a 20% at 4 dpi. However, at 7 dpi the percentatge of survival was a 50% in both OsR-infected groups. Viral replication detected in lungs from OsR-infected groups had higher but not statistically different values for R7 than for R6. There was a strong antibody response at 14 dpi on both infected groups for each virus but no cross- reactive antibodies. Interestingly, high levels of IL-6 were detected in serum from R7-mice with significant differences. Surprisingly, levels of IL-6 in lungs of R6, R7 and control animals were similar at all time-point with no statistical differences. Serum and lung IL-10 had also slightly higher values in R7-mice when compared with controls at 3 and 5 dpi respectively. Histopahological findings showed more severe lesions on R7-mice at 5 dpi. To analyze possible virulence differences in viral fitmess, ferrets were infected with two contemporary pdmH1N1 2009 viruses from two patients without known co-morbid conditions, one that became fatal (F) while the other only showed mild (M) respiratory disease. These were studied in chapter 8. Ferrets developed different degree of clinical signs severity that did not correlate with the origin of the virus used in the infection, exhibiting severe (S) or non severe (NS) pathology. A significant decrease in body weight was detected in S animals compared to NS animals at 4 to 7 dpi. Clinical progress of the infection correlated directly with histopathological findings. The analysis of the acute phase proteins showed that the concentrations of haptoglobin (HP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) increased in both groups after 2 dpi. Virus titres in all tissues were higher in ferrets belonging to S group when compared to ferrets belonging to NS group at 4 dpi. Animals infected with both virus showed a strong hemagglutinin inhibiting antibody response in sera to both viruses at 10 and 14 dpi. Ferrets with a severe progress of the clinical infection showed slightly higher antibody responses and higher viral titers after infection.
Dávalos, Aranda Guillermo. "Detección de QTLs de importancia económica y análisis de genes candidatos en poblaciones porcinas comerciales españolas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5635.
Full textobjetivo es investigar si QTLs de importancia económica en la industria productora
porcina, previamente descritos en cruces de razas divergentes, se encuentran
segregando en poblaciones comerciales. En el presente estudio se analizaron dos
poblaciones porcinas de tipo comercial Pietrain y Large White, donde fue analizada la
presencia de QTLs, búsqueda y análisis de genes candidatos. La búsqueda de QTLs se
efectuó mediante el análisis de la segregación alelica de microsatélites y su relación con
los caracteres productivos medidos. Se analizaron 10 regiones de los cromosomas 1, 2,
3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, tres de las cuales fueron utilizadas como regiones control (1, 6, 9)
por no haber QTLs descritos previamente en ellas. Los resultados muestran segregación
de QTLs para los cromosomas 2, 3, 4, 7 y para las regiones control 1 y 9 en la población
Large White, mientras en la población Pietrain se detectaron QTL en los cromosomas 7
y 8. En resumen, se observó que los QTLs descritos en cruces de razas divergentes están
presentes en poblaciones comerciales, sin embargo no segregan por igual entre las
distintas poblaciones.
Adicionalmente se realizó un estudio de asociación de los genes candidatos H-FABP,
receptor de leptina (LEPR) y la piruvato carboxilasa (PC). El gen H-FABP reveló la
existencia de asociación entre los distintos genotipos para los caracteres de grasa dorsal,
longitud de canal y pH, sin embargo estas asociaciones no se presentan por igual en las
distintas poblaciones. El análisis de asociación del gen receptor de leptina reveló la
existencia de asociación entre sus distintos genotipos con un menor pH a las 24 horas
postmortem, sin embargo esta asociación se presentó solo en la población Large White.
La secuenciación del cDNA del gen de la piruvato carboxilasa reveló una alta similitud
nucleotídica con la de otras especies de mamíferos, y que además es polimórfica. Así
mismo el mapeo mediante el panel de células somáticas híbridas irradiadas reveló que el
gen de la PC está localizado en el cromosoma 2 en el brazo p entre los microsatélites SW2623 (9.8 cM) y el SW256 (19 cM).
The present study was developped under the framework of the European PigQTech
project, whose objective was to investigate the segregation of economically important
QTLs previously described in divergent pig crosses in commercial populations. In the
present study, we analysed the segregation of QTL and candidate genes in Pietrain and
Large White. The search of QTLs was made by the analysis of the microsatellite allelic
segregation and its influence on the recorded commercial traits. Ten regions on
chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 13 were analysed. As not QTL had been
previously described in the regions located in chromosomes 1, 6 and 9, we used these
segments as control regions. In Large White, results showed segregation of QTLs in
chromosomes 2, 3, 4 and 7 as well as in the Ssc1 and Ssc9 control regions. The analysis
in Pietrain indicated the presence of QTL in chromosomes 7 and 8. In summary, we
observed that QTLs described in experimental pig crosses are also present in
commercial breeds. However these QTLs do not show the same segregation pattern
among different populations.
Additionally, we carried out an association analysis of the heart fatty acid binding
protein (H-FABP), leptin receptor (LEPR) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) candidate
genes. The association analysis between H-FABP and the recorded traits, revealed the
influence of this gene on back fat thickness, carcass length and pH in some of our
populations. Influence of LEPR on the pH at 24 hours postmortem was detected in
Large White. The analysis of the nucleotidic sequence of the PC cDNA, revealed both a
high similarity between other mammal species, and the existence of sequence
polymorphism in our populations. Furthermore, we allocated PC in the short arm of
chromosome 2 (2p), between the markers SW2623 (9.8 cM) and SW256 (19 cM) in an
RH panel.
Gargallo, Ridao Sílvia. "Estimación de la degradabilidad ruminal y digestibilidad intestinal de los aminoácidos de suplementos proteicos in vitro." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5677.
Full textLa tesis se estructura en tres experimentos. En los dos primeros se estudia la degradabilidad ruminal de los aminoácidos de cuatro suplementos proteicos (harina de soja, harina de gluten de maíz, harina de sangre y harina de pescado) mediante un sistema de cultivo continuo de flujo doble. Este sistema in vitro simula el proceso de fermentación que ocurre en el rumen, y a la vez permite mantener controlados los diversos factores que pueden afectar a la fermentación ruminal. De esta manera se puede diferenciar el flujo de aminoácidos procedentes de la proteína de la ración que no ha sido degradada en el rumen, y estudiar las posibles variaciones en el perfil de aminoácidos de esta proteína causadas por la fermentación ruminal. Los resultados de estos dos trabajos muestran que existen diferencias en la degradabilidad ruminal de los aminoácidos individuales de un mismo suplemento proteico, así como diferencias en la degradabilidad de aminoácidos entre distintos suplementos. No obstante, y a pesar de las estrictas medidas de control aplicadas, la variabilidad obtenida en los resultados no permite establecer valores precisos de degradación.
La falta de una técnica rápida y fiable para la determinación de la digestión intestinal no sólo de proteínas sino también de aminoácidos, es la motivación del tercer experimento. En la primera parte de este experimento se desarrolló una técnica capaz de estimar de manera rápida y fiable la digestibilidad intestinal de proteínas y aminoácidos procedentes de suplementos proteicos. Para ello se modificó la técnica desarrollada por Calsamiglia y Stern (1995) adaptándola a un incubador in Vitro, con tal de agilizar la técnica y adaptarla al estudio de aminoácidos. Una vez puesta a punto la técnica, se estimó la digestibilidad intestinal de los aminoácidos procedentes de 11 suplementos proteicos de uso frecuente en vacuno lechero. Los resultados de este experimento muestran diferencias en la digestibilidad intestinal de los aminoácidos dentro de un mismo suplemento. En general, los aminoácidos esenciales se muestran más digestibles en el intestino que los no esenciales. Asimismo, los resultados reflejan diferencias en la digestión intestinal de aminoácidos entre suplementos proteicos, lo que no permite establecer valores generales de digestibilidad para cada aminoácido, ya que estos pueden diferir en función del suplemento proteico estudiado. La técnica DaisyII desarrollada en este trabajo puede ser un buen método para la obtención de valores de digestibilidad específicos para cada aminoácido de los distintos suplementos proteicos.
Current feeding systems for dairy cows include the prediction of amino acids requirements and supply to the small intestine. Supply of absorbable amino acids of dietary origin depends of the amount of dietary protein escaping ruminal degradation, intestinal digestibility of the amino acids that escape ruminal degradation, and the amino acid composition of rumen undegraded intestinally digested protein. Some authors (Crooker et al., 1987; Susmel et al., 1989; Erasmus et al., 1994) observed changes in the amino acid profile after ruminal incubation of proteins, although effects of ruminal fermentation on the amino acid profile of dietary proteins remain unclear. Rumen undegraded dietary protein flows to the small intestine to be digested. However, its digestibility in the small intestine and its amino acid profile is highly variable depending on type of feed and processing. Little information is available concerning the digestion of individual amino acids in the small intestine, which will become increasingly critical as systems that incorporate amino acid requirements are introduced. In vivo estimates of amino acid ruminal degradation and intestinal digestion are labor intensive, time consuming and subject to considerable sources of variation. The use of in vitro simulation systems offers an alternative that allows the study of the effects of microbial fermentation and intestinal digestion on amino acid composition of protein supplements under controlled conditions, and considering the potential interactions that occur on rumen fermentation. The objective of this study was to estimate rumen microbial degradation and small intestine digestion of amino acids from protein supplements of common use in dairy cow feeding.
Eight dual flow continuous culture fermenters were used in three replicated periods in first and second experiment to study the effects of diets containing increasing levels of heat-treated soybean meal, corn gluten meal, fish meal or blood meal on microbial fermentation, nutrient flow and relative ruminal escape of dietary amino acids. Results from these studies suggest that the individual amino acid of a protein supplement differ in their resistance to ruminal fermentation and microbial attack, although the establishment of accurate values of ruminal degradation for individual amino acids is difficult.
The lack of a fast and reliable method to estimate intestinal digestion of proteins and amino acids justified a third experiment. A three-step in vitro procedure was developed by Calsamiglia and Stern (1995) to estimate intestinal digestion of proteins in ruminants in a fast and cost-effective manner. However, this method does not allow to estimate the intestinal digestion of individual amino acids. The objective of this third study was to modify the procedure of Calsamiglia and Stern (1995), by adapting it to a Daisy II incubator, to further reduce the cost and labor involved in the determination of intestinal digestion of proteins, and to be able to estimate the intestinal digestion of individual amino acids. The intestinal digestion of 11 protein supplements and its amino acids was determined using the proposed technique. Results from the Daisy II technique show differences within and between feedstuffs in the proportion of their individual amino acids that are digested in the small intestine, and suggest a preferential digestion of essential amino acids. The use of the Daisy II technique results in a substantial reduction in cost and labor, is sensitive to differences between feedstuffs for individual amino acid digestibilities, and allows the selection of proteins with high digestibilities of those amino acids that are most likely to limit production.
Laborda, Jambrina Eduardo. "Aumento de la potencia oncolítica de los adenovirus mediante el uso de virus adeno-asociados y generación de un adenovirus oncolítico canino como tratamiento para la clínica veterinaria y modelo para la clínica humana con adenovirus." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/120183.
Full textCancer remains as a main cause of death in the developed world. The improvements made in conventional therapies as chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, detection, and diagnosis of cancer have led to increased survival indexes and higher patient quality of live. However, some tumor types have not effective treatments yet. Virotherapy with adenoviruses is as a promising therapy for cancer treatment as it allows minimizing the initial administered dose due to the amplification of the virus within the tumor. This amplification increases the amount of virus present in the tumor. Moreover, the knowledge about adenoviruses and new molecular technics allows us to confer the virus tumor selectivity and oncolytic potency. Further, due to the multiple pathways that are involved in the virus cycle, the development of tolerance is quite difficult, as it happens for the well-known chemotherapeutic agents. Nevertheless, when viruses reach preclinical in vivo assays or clinical phases in human patients, new limitations related with this therapy appear. Low oncolytic potency is an example of these limitations. Life cycle of wild type adenovirus is one of the reasons of this low potency as it is optimized to maximize the total production what needs of low levels of released virus at early times decreasing the immune response against virus. However, immune response in tumor environment is inhibited. Moreover, enhanced adenovirus release correlates with increased antitumor activity. In the first part of this work we have combined adenovirus with adeno-asociated virus as enhanced apoptosis and cell death is described when combination of both viruses is performed. This combination resulted in enhanced adenovirus release, increasing adenovirus propagation and cytotoxicity in vitro, and antitumor activity in vivo when both virus were injected intratumoraly. Another problem of virotherapy with adenovirus is the lack of good predictive models. Murine models are widely used for toxicity and efficacy assays. However, these models are poor permissive to adenovirus replication, they have compromised immune system to allow artificial implanted human tumors to grow subcutaneously, and these tumors show different clinical evolution compared to spontaneous tumors within patients. All these factors led to poor correlated therapeutic indexes when adenoviruses reach clinical phases and less frequently to unexpected adverse events. In the second part of this work we have generated and characterized in preclinical assays a canine oncolytic adenovirus named ICOCAV17. This virus was conceived as a therapeutic veterinary agent and a model to human virotherapy. ICOCAV17 is a retinoblastoma pathway controlled virus, expressing a hialuronidase to enhance virus spread through the tumor, and has an RGD motif in the fiber to increase tumor cell infectivity. Moreover, five canine patients with different tumor types have been treated intratumoraly. Results suggest a good safety profile injecting the virus intratumoraly and efficacy has been observed in three patients.
Navinés, i. López Jordi. "Diagnòstic de la complicació sèptica postoperatòria intraabdominal a la cirurgia colo-rectal electiva mitjançant biomarcadors imflamatoris." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/121638.
Full textThis study evaluates the clinical diagnostic utility of the inflammatory biomarkers concerning the septic postoperative complication of patients taken part of elective colo-rectal surgery. The postoperative peritonitis is the main cause of postoperative sepsis and cause of death in those patients. Despite of the last advances in postoperative management, the follow-up usually is being made in base to criteria of gravity, so delaying the diagnostic of the complication. Biomarkers of sepsis like C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT), have been used in clinical as diagnostic markers of sepsis. The present work pretends to find the indicators of bad clinical evolution from the inflammatory biomarkers used in clinical practice, which from to be able to indicate diagnostic-therapeutic specific manoeuvres. It does a descriptive analysis from a sample of 341 cases of colo-rectal cancer prospective-consecutive collected, with 53 cases of anastomotic leakage (AL), 23 of them clinical leaks, and 73 organ-space surgical-site infection (OS-SSI). The sample for biomarkers analysis is of 298 patients, sample that includes 45 cases of AL, and 67 cases of OS-SSI. The global infection rate, taking both surgical site infection (SSI) and non-surgical or “at distance” site infection (DI), is 47.51%. The DI has been of 17.30%. The SSI has been of 37.24%. The incidence of the SSI-OE has been of 21.41%. The AL rate is of 15.54%. The AL within the SSI-OE has been of 72.60%. The mean day of diagnostic has been the 7th postoperative day (rank 2-35 days). The global reoperation index has been of 12.17%. The mortality index has been of 6.40%, with 22 cases of death. The mortality in the OS-SSI group is of 16.00%, so on the other hand the precocious AL (before the 6th day) has showed a mortality (26.67%) doubly upper to the late, from the 6th day and beyond (10.53%). It has been detected 19 cases with diagnostic delay, defined as the difference between the day of diagnostic and the first day of suspicion. The distribution of the diagnostic delay takes a rank of values about 30 days, distributed in two modes, one of main surroundings the 2.5 days, and one of later and lesser, surroundings the 22.5 days. The 30.33% of the patients present at least one criterion SIRS the day before of the SI. From the multivariant analysis the variables that shows statistical relationship with the development of OS-SSI are (Xi2) the addition of 50 points in the value of the CRP, the presence of 3 identifiers of bad clinical evolution (IBCE), 3 criteria SIRS, or the presence of chronic hepathopaty. These parameters allow the building of a score of risk for the achievement of the septic complication identification. The score, once applied to the study sample, obtains an average of overcoming days of 6,95 days (mean of 6,0, minimum of 0 days, maximum of 32 days) to the diagnostic of OS-SSI. The application to the sample obtains a sensitivity of 83,56%, and a specificity of 52,61%, with a negative predictive value of 92,16%. As a conclusions it can be affirmed that the new inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, PCT) do fulfil a function as a diagnostic tool of the septic intraabdominal postoperative complication in elective colo-rectal surgery, obtaining his greater utility in combination with the identifiers of bad clinical evolution (IBCE) in the sample studied, and not separately (IBCE defined as the presence of 10 possible identifiers of bad clinical evolution, collected at the bedside, including fever, haemodinamic disfunction, alteration of consciousness, taquipnoea, abdominal pain, paralytic ileum, diarrhoea, low urine output, request of complementary tests and alteration of the debit of the drainages or other). This combination does not take advantage by the inclusion of more biomarkers in a same prediction diagnostic model. The score compounded by the values of the CRP, jointly with the numeral IBCE and the presence (or not) of chronic hepathopaty constitutes a more powerful diagnostic tool than the classical suspicion criteria, reaching a mean save of 6 days to the diagnostic of the septic complication in the simulation over the study sample. The present study shows that the combination of clinical bad evolution parameters and biomarkers (combined between them) within of the 10 first days in the postoperative period of an elective colo-rectal intervention with anastomosis or suture, allows a more powerful diagnostic of the septic complication that the clinical alone, then changeable in days won in front of the diagnosis, and allows, therefore, the possibility of initiate diagnostic-therapeutic specific manoeuvres precociously.
Gómez, Urviola Nílton César. "Caracterización estructural, morfológica y genética de la población de cabras autóctonas de la región apurímac del Perú." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125720.
Full textGoats in five provinces of the Apurimac region of Peru were investigated with the objective of characterizing them structurally, morphologically and genetically. The structure of all apurimeñas goat farms is characteristic of an extensive system and family type, where the regime of communal land possession (90.7%) and the smallholding [land <10 ha (93.3 %)] predominate. The distances from the farms to the urban center are different between provinces (P<0.001), between 1 and 6 km (68%), with access by dirt roads (56%). The average size of flocks is reduced (13.6 animals) and differs between provinces (P<0.05), and it is mainly made of animals older than 1 year [1.03 males (7.6%) and 6.25 females (45.8%)] and growing animals under 1 year [6.35 (46.6%)]. These animals rest in farmyards made of wood, trunks and/or branches (56%) and stone (16%), producing 1 liter of milk/day and 15.6 kg of meat. The goats are sold through intermediaries by 65.3% of the farm owners, who are on average have 49 years old, have no education (33.3%), nor belong to any type of organization, however, 89.3% of them want to partner with the aim of obtaining technical and financial support from the government (85.3%), and also for improving marketing channels and means of marketing (77.3%). The average labor input per farm is 1.1 UTA (UTA 0.14 per goat). The apurimeña goat has a eumetric phenotype, with a brevilineous to mediolineous trend. Frontonasal profile is straight (69.4%), horns are arched (53.6%) and coat color is generally spotted in various patterns (44.5%). The hair is short (86.6%), ears have medium length (57.4%) and are horizontal (49.3%). Most have a beard (60.8%), skin and mucous membranes are usually pigmented (82.3%) as are hooves (95.2%). There is a marked sexual dimorphism for the frontonasal profile and the type of horns (P<0.001). Significant sexual dimorphism is also seen in these quantitative variables: height at withers, chest height, chest width, rump width, chest girth and cannon bone circumference. The head length, head width, cannon bone circumference, chest height and body length, were the variables most discriminating in order of importance, among different goat subpopulations. The values of Mahalanobis distances determined that the Andahuaylas and Chincheros subpopulations were the most morphologically similar (P>0.05) while Chincheros and Abancay were the most heterogenous (P<0.001). Genetic variability was high, with a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.70 across all loci and a mean number of alleles per locus of 8.62. The five subpopulations showed similar levels of genetic diversity (no significant differences) and genetic variability explained by the small differences between them (FST = 0.03). Individually (FIS = 0.11) and overall (FIT = 0.13), the subpopulations deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to a deficit of heterozygotes, probably because of the bad practices of the farmers in these studied areas, characterised by unplanned reproductive management, indiscriminate mating, males loan between farms and maintaing a very low ratio of male/female. The factorial correspondence analysis and dendrograms obtained by UPGMA and NJ methods, clearly indicates that the subpopulations of Abancay, Andahuaylas and Chincheros are more related genetically, which is in perfect agreement with the geographical proximity between them. The analysis also indicate that the subpopulations Aymaraes and Grau show a degree of separation from the other subpopulations. Overall the subpopulations are a homogeneous genetic group suggesting that there is a single genetic population structure.
de, Juan Franco Elena. "Estrategias de inmovilización de anticuerpos para la detección directa de hormonas mediante Inmunosensores de Resonancia de Plasmón Superficial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125864.
Full textThis thesis focused on the development of different strategies for the site-directed immobilization of antibodies on the sensor surface of Surface Plasmon Resonance devices. These immunosensors were applied in the determination of the hTSH and hGH hormones, which play a crucial role in the human growth and development. The main goal was to maximize the efficiency of the antibody immobilization procedures, controlling its orientation and density on the sensor surface, in order to achieve high performance immunosensors. The content of this work is divided in three sections. In the first one, the development of a method with a great potential in the detection of doping with hGHr, which is identical to the hGH isoform of 22kDa, the biologically active isoform. The ratio between this variant and the one of 20 kDa, is a biomarker parameter of the hGH doping. By using the biotin/streptavidin system for the antibody immobilization, an immunoassay for the simultaneous determination of both isoforms were developed, one of biggest challenges in the development of tests antidoping, which at the moment require two assays. The second section of the work focused on the development of a novel method for the immobilization of antibodies, based on the use of a fusion protein. The pair BSA/anti-BSA was used as model system for the optimization of the method conditions, and finally, it had been employed in an immunoassay for the determination of the 22 kDa hGH isoform. The utility of this protein for the achievement of an oriented immobilization of the antibodies in a simple way whilst consuming only tiny amounts of reagents and time was demonstrated. Finally, in the third section an immunosensor for the diagnosis of Neonatal Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) was developed. Two approaches have been explored for the functionalization of the sensor surface, one of them based on the optimization of the methodology used for the development of the hGH isoforms immunoassay. The second strategy employed was based in the use of the protein G. The immunosensors developed in this work allowed the detection in serum of 1.2 ng/mL of hTSH, below the cut-off value for the diagnosis of CH, and 0.9 ng/mL of 22 kDa hGH and 20 kDa hGH, below basal levels of the 22 kDa isoform (~ 1.1 ng/mL), and above basal levels of the 20 kDa (~ 0.11 ng/mL). These results demonstrate the potential clinical application of the immunosensor developed for the detection of hTSH. Regarding the immunosensor developed for the detection of the hGH isoforms, although its application in anti-doping analysis would be limited by reduction of the 20K isoform after hGH administration (due to a negative feedback mechanism), the immunoassay allows the calculation of the hGH 22K:hGH 20K ratio, biomarker parameter of hGH doping.
Garcia, Garcia Mar. "Estudi de cèl.lules t reguladores en limfomes malt gàstrics: influència en la resposta al tractament i en l’evolució." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126523.
Full textFOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) play an essential role in modulating host responses to tumors and infections. Because of the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of MALT lymphomas remains unknown, the aims of the study were to quantify the number of infiltrating FOXP3+ and CD3+ cells in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma at diagnosis and to study kinetics of these cells and CD20+ tumor cells after treatment and during long-term follow-up. For this purpose, FOXP3+, CD3+ and CD20+ cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the number of cells was quantified using a micrometric ocular. Samples of 35 patients with gastric MALT lymphoma at diagnosis and after treatment were included. Diagnostic samples were compared to 19 cases of chronic gastritis and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the stomach. Regarding the results, the median number of FOXP3+ infiltrating cells was higher (27 cells/cm2) in gastric MALT patients than in DLBCL (10 cells; p=0.162) but similar to chronic gastritis (20 cells; p=0.605). No characteristic or specific distribution pattern of infiltrating FOXP3+ cells was found. Gastric MALT lymphoma patients responding to bacterial eradication therapy had higher number of FOXP3+ cells at study entry. Kinetics of both infiltrating FOXP3+ cells and tumor CD20+ cells were strongly dependent on the treatment administered. In conclusion, gastric MALT lymphomas have a number of Treg cells more similar to chronic gastritis than to DLBCL. Patients with higher number of tumor infiltrating FOXP3+ cells at study entry seem to have better response to antibiotics. Kinetics of Treg and tumor cells are influenced by type of treatment.
Canet, Lorente Belén. "Papel de las RHO GTPasas en el carcinoma de ovario." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129150.
Full textClinical and pathological features of ovarian clear cell carcinomas (CCC) differ from that of high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC). The former appears to be confined to the ovary (stage I) more often than the latter, its overall prognosis is unfavorable and characterized by poor response to chemotherapy. The RHO family of proteins is involved in tumor invasion and metastasis through regulation of the cytoskeleton, cellular adhesion and migration. CCC showed higher expression of the inhibitor RHO GDIα than HGSC, lower expression levels of the RHO GTPase CDC42, and lower levels of PAK1, a target protein of CDC42. These results could explain that CCC are lower invasive than HGSC. In fact, in CCC, expression levels of the RHO GTPases RHOA y RHOC correlate positively with tumor stage. In HGSC, RHOA seems to be involved in resistance to chemotherapy. Most CCC and endometrioid carcinomas (EC) arise from ovarian endometriosis (EM). CDC42 is involved in intracellular traffic and in cell cycle progression and it is known that CDC42 can induce cellular transformation directly or indirectly. We investigated the expression of this RHO GTPase in EM unassociated with cancer, EM associated with carcinoma (contiguous EM), and in the corresponding carcinoma (CCC and/or EC). Genetic and protein expression of CDC42 was higher in EM unassociated with cancer than in EM associated with carcinoma. Immunohistochemical experiments showed that dense infiltrate of macrophages were present in all samples and CDC42 was exclusively expressed by macrophages. We found higher rate of CDC42-positive macrophages (CDC42+) in EM without cancer than in EM associated with carcinoma. This rate was higher in contiguous EM than in their corresponding carcinomas. It has been reported that decreased expression of CDC42 in macrophages results in reduced phagocytic ability. The decrease number of macrophages CDC42+ from EM to carcinoma suggests that these macrophages may play an important role in the malignant transformation of ovarian EM.