Journal articles: 'Camphor Biosynthesis'

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Luan, Xiaoyue, Wenlin Xu, Jiaqi Zhang, Tengfei Shen, Caihui Chen, Mengli Xi, Yongda Zhong, and Meng Xu. "Genome-Scale Identification, Classification, and Expression Profiling of MYB Transcription Factor Genes in Cinnamomum camphora." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 14279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214279.

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The camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl.) is the representative species of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests in eastern Asia and an important raw material for essential oil production worldwide. Although MYBs have been comprehensively characterized and their functions have been partially resolved in many plants, it has not been explored in C. camphora. In this study, 121 CcMYBs were identified on 12 chromosomes in the whole genome of C. camphora and found that CcMYBs were mainly expanded by segmental duplication. They were divided into 28 subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis and gene structural characteristics. In the promoter regions, numerous cis-acting elements were related to biological processes. Analysis of RNA sequencing data from seven tissues showed that CcMYBs exhibited different expression profiles, suggesting that they have various roles in camphor tree development. In addition, combined with the correlation analysis of structural genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, we identified CcMYBs from three subgroups that might be related to the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. This study systematically analyzed CcMYBs in C. camphora, which will set the stage for subsequent research on the functions of CcMYBs during their lifetime and provide valuable insights for the genetic improvement of camphor trees.

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Ivanov, Marija, Abhilash Kannan, Dejan S. Stojković, Jasmina Glamočlija, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Dominique Sanglard, and Marina Soković. "Camphor and Eucalyptol—Anticandidal Spectrum, Antivirulence Effect, Efflux Pumps Interference and Cytotoxicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020483.

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Candidaalbicans represents one of the most common fungal pathogens. Due to its increasing incidence and the poor efficacy of available antifungals, finding novel antifungal molecules is of great importance. Camphor and eucalyptol are bioactive terpenoid plant constituents and their antifungal properties have been explored previously. In this study, we examined their ability to inhibit the growth of different Candida species in suspension and biofilm, to block hyphal transition along with their impact on genes encoding for efflux pumps (CDR1 and CDR2), ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG11), and cytotoxicity to primary liver cells. Camphor showed excellent antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.125–0.35 mg/mL while eucalyptol was active in the range of 2–23 mg/mL. The results showed camphor’s potential to reduce fungal virulence traits, that is, biofilm establishment and hyphae formation. On the other hand, camphor and eucalyptol treatments upregulated CDR1;CDR2 was positively regulated after eucalyptol application while camphor downregulated it. Neither had an impact on ERG11 expression. The beneficial antifungal activities of camphor were achieved with an amount that was non-toxic to porcine liver cells, making it a promising antifungal compound for future development. The antifungal concentration of eucalyptol caused cytotoxic effects and increased expression of efflux pump genes, which suggests that it is an unsuitable antifungal candidate.

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Qiu, Fengying, Xindong Wang, Yongjie Zheng, Hongming Wang, Xinliang Liu, and Xiaohua Su. "Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing and Different Chemotype Expression Profile Analysis of Genes Related to Monoterpenoid Biosynthesis in Cinnamomum porrectum." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 6230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246230.

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Leaves of C. porrectum are rich in essential oils containing monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and aromatic compounds, but the molecular mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in C. porrectum is still unclear. In this paper, the differences in the contents and compositions of terpenoids among three chemotypes were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Furthermore, the differential expression of gene transcripts in the leaf tissues of the three C. porrectum chemotypes were analyzed through a comparison of full-length transcriptomes and expression profiles. The essential oil of the three C. porrectum chemotypes leaves was mainly composed of monoterpenes. In the full-length transcriptome of C. porrectum, 104,062 transcripts with 306,337,921 total bp, an average length of 2944 bp, and an N50 length of 5449 bp, were obtained and 94025 transcripts were annotated. In the eucalyptol and linalool chemotype, the camphor and eucalyptol chemotype, and the camphor and linalool chemotype comparison groups, 21, 22 and 18 terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes were identified respectively. Three monoterpene synthase genes, CpTPS3, CpTPS5 and CpTPS9, were upregulated in the eucalyptol chemotype compared to the linalool chemotype and camphor chemotype. CpTPS1 was upregulated in the camphor chemotype compared to the linalool chemotype and the eucalyptol chemotype. CpTPS4 was upregulated in the linalool chemotype compared to the camphor chemotype and the eucalyptol chemotype. Different unigenes had different expression levels among the three chemotypes, but the unigene expression levels of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4phosphate (MEP) pathway were generally higher than those of the mevalonate acid (MVA) pathway. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR(qRT-PCR) further validated these expression levels. The present study provides new clues for the functional exploration of the terpenoid synthesis mechanism and key genes in different chemotypes of C. porrectum.

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Yang, Zerui, Chunzhu Xie, Yuying Huang, Wenli An, Shanshan Liu, Song Huang, and Xiasheng Zheng. "Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage." PeerJ 9 (July 1, 2021): e11465. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11465.

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Background The borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora (BCC), a monoterpene-rich woody plant species, is the sole source prescribed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the production of natural D-borneol, a major monoterpene in BCC used for millennia as a topical analgesic in China. Nevertheless, the possible gene-regulatory roles of transcription factors (TFs) in BCC’s monoterpenoid biosynthesis remained unknown. Here, a joint analysis of the transcriptome and terpenoid metabolome of BCC induced by mechanical damage (MD) was used to comprehensively explore the interaction between TFs and terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes that might participate in monoterpene biosynthesis in BCC. Results Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis detected 14 monoterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. All but two monoterpenes underwent a significantly increased accumulation after the MD treatment. RNA sequencing data revealed that 10 TPS, 82 MYB, 70 AP2/ERF, 38 BHLH, 31 WRKY, and 29 bZIP unigenes responded to the MD treatment. A correlation analysis revealed that three monoterpene synthase genes (CcTPS1, CcTPS3, CcTPS4) highly correlated with multiple monoterpenes, namely D-borneol, camphor, and bornyl acetate, which could be responsible for monoterpenoid biosynthesis in BCC. Furthermore, five WRKY, 15 MYB, 10 ERF/AP2, five bZIP, and two BHLH genes had strong, positive correlations with CcTPS1 or CcTPS4, judging by their high coefficient values (R2 > 0.8). The bioinformatics results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Conclusion This study provides insight into the genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of monoterpene in BCC and thus provides a pool of candidate genes for future mechanistic analyses of how monoterpenes accumulate in BCC.

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Luo, Yong Ming, Shi Rong Li, and Xiao Yin Yin. "Studies on Chemotypes of Cinnamomum Camphora." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1193.

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Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the essential oil extracted from the leaves of 50 individual plants of Cinnamomum camphora, which were collected from the same mountain in Jiangxi province of China. 32 peaks in total were identified in these samples, which were then categorized into five chemotypes (bornel type, BN; camphor type, CP; isoneolidol type, ID; cineole type, CE; linalool type, LN) according to the primary component in the essential oil. In the meanwhile, total DNA was extracted from each sample for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, As a result, a total of 97 amplification products derived from 10 RAPD primers were obtained. These RAPD data were then analyzed using SPSS 10.0 software with 1 and 0 matrix, Jaccard’s coefficient and between-group linkage methods. Our results revealed that the estimated Jaccard’s differences between chemotypes varied in the range of 0-25, and that the pattern obtained from RAPD was totally accordant with the identification of GC-MS and the biosynthesis pathways of terpene. Thus, we propose that both GC-MS and RAPD are reliable and useful to identify the chemotypes of Cinnamomum camphora, and that quality control and large-scale cultivation of Cinnamomum camphora are possible.

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Singh, Priyanka, Raviraj M. Kalunke, Anurag Shukla, Oren Tzfadia, Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram, and Ashok P. Giri. "Biosynthesis and tissue-specific partitioning of camphor and eugenol in Ocimum kilimandscharicum." Phytochemistry 177 (September 2020): 112451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112451.

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Yang, Zerui, Wenli An, Shanshan Liu, Yuying Huang, Chunzhu Xie, Song Huang, and Xiasheng Zheng. "Mining of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of dextrorotatory borneol in Cinnamomum burmannii by transcriptomic analysis on three chemotypes." PeerJ 8 (June 10, 2020): e9311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9311.

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Background Dextrorotatory borneol (D-borneol), a cyclic monoterpene, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as an efficient topical analgesic drug. Fresh leaves of Cinnamomum trees, e.g., C. burmannii and C. camphor, are the main sources from which D-borneol is extracted by steam distillation, yet with low yields. Insufficient supply of D-borneol has hampered its clinical use and production of patent remedies for a long time. Biological synthesis of D-borneol offers an additional approach; however, mechanisms of D-borneol biosynthesis remain mostly unresolved. Hence, it is important and necessary to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of D-borneol. Results Comparative analysis on the gene expression patterns of different D-borneol production C. burmannii samples facilitates elucidation on the underlying biosynthetic pathway of D-borneol. Herein, we collected three different chemotypes of C. burmannii, which harbor different contents of D-borneol.A total of 100,218 unigenes with an N50 of 1,128 bp were assembled de novo using Trinity from a total of 21.21 Gb clean bases. We used BLASTx analysis against several public databases to annotate 45,485 unigenes (45.38%) to at least one database, among which 82 unigenes were assigned to terpenoid biosynthesis pathways by KEGG annotation. In addition, we defined 8,860 unigenes as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 13 DEGs were associated with terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. One 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and two monoterpene synthase, designated as CbDXS9, CbTPS2 and CbTPS3, were up-regulated in the high-borneol group compared to the low-borneol and borneol-free groups, and might be vital to biosynthesis of D-borneol in C. burmannii. In addition, we identified one WRKY, two BHLH, one AP2/ERF and three MYB candidate genes, which exhibited the same expression patterns as CbTPS2 and CbTPS3, suggesting that these transcription factors might potentially regulate D-borneol biosynthesis. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to detect the actual expression level of those candidate genes related to the D-borneol biosynthesis pathway, and the result showed that the expression patterns of the candidate genes related to D-borneol biosynthesis were basically consistent with those revealed by transcriptome analysis. Conclusions We used transcriptome sequencing to analyze three different chemotypes of C. burmannii, identifying three candidate structural genes (one DXS, two monoterpene synthases) and seven potential transcription factor candidates (one WRKY, two BHLH, one AP2/ERF and three MYB) involved in D-borneol biosynthesis. These results provide new insight into our understanding of the production and accumulation of D-borneol in C. burmannii.

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Zhang, Yi, Fuxian Ma, Yi Wang, Zhijuan Yang, Tuozhang Wang, and Yuan Zheng. "Transcriptome profiling of abiotic responses to cold and drought stress of Cinnamomum kanehirae." BioResources 17, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 4962–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.3.4962-4988.

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Stout camphor tree (Cinnamomum kanehirae) is an economically and socially valuable timber species that is conserved in Taiwan Province, China. In this study, Illumina sequencing technology was used to identify genes in C. kanehirae and analyze their levels under drought and low temperature stresses. The obtained reads generated 27,885 single genes, including 8,136 that were differential. Based on the results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment, the primary metabolic pathways in response to drought and low temperature stress included sucrose and starch metabolism, photosynthesis, glycolysis and sugar metabolism synthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction, and flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the identification of transcription factors (TFs) with different patterns of expression. Finally, the RNA-Seq data were validated using real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis to identify TFs with different patterns of expression. These data provide a valuable resource for further research on the molecular mechanisms of drought and low temperature stress in C. kanehirae and contribute to the exploration of drought and cold resistance genes.

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Ohta, Shinji, Tohru Yamamitsu, and Takayuki Suga. "An efficient method for following the enzymic reactions involved in camphor biosynthesis in cinnamomum camphora by use of GC-MS and regiospecifically deuteriated substrate." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 31, no. 5 (May 1992): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580310509.

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Shen, Tengfei, Haoran Qi, Xiaoyue Luan, Wenlin Xu, Faxin Yu, Yongda Zhong, and Meng Xu. "The chromosome‐level genome sequence of the camphor tree provides insights into Lauraceae evolution and terpene biosynthesis." Plant Biotechnology Journal 20, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13749.

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Krock, Bernd, Sybille Schmidt, Christian Hertweck, and Ian T. Baldwin. "Vegetation-derived abscisic acid and four terpenes enforce dormancy in seeds of the post-fire annual,Nicotiana attenuata." Seed Science Research 12, no. 4 (December 2002): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2002117.

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AbstractThe native tobacco,Nicotiana attenuata, synchronizes its germination with the immediate post-fire environment with a combination of germination stimulants found in wood smoke and inhibitors from the unburned litter of the dominant vegetation. The inhibitors override the stimulants and prevent seeds from germinating maladaptively in unburned habitats adjacent to burns. To understand the physiological basis of this environmental control of germination, we tested several previously isolated signals, phytohormones and their respective biosynthesis inhibitors. The germination inhibitors methyl jasmonate (MeJA, a constituent of sagebrush litter), bornane-2,5-dione (BD, a constituent of juniper litter extract, JLE) and JLE did not alter abscisic acid (ABA) content of imbibed seeds. Treatment with the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, fluridone, inhibited the dormancy-inducing effects of BD, JLE and MeJA, but surprisingly did not affect endogenous ABA levels in treated seeds. However, ABA leached from litter of the species, which dominate the plant community before fires, plays an important role in germination control. We conclude thatN. attenuataseeds, which can lie dormant in the soil for 150 years between fires, time their germination with the post-fire environment by responding to smoke, ABA and four terpenes (BD, 1,8-cineole, β-thujaplicin and camphor) leaching from the litter of the dominant vegetation.

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Dehal, Shangara S., and Rodney Croteau. "Metabolism of monoterpenes: Specificity of the dehydrogenases responsible for the biosynthesis of camphor, 3-thujone, and 3-lsothujone." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 258, no. 1 (October 1987): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(87)90346-8.

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Tanase, Corneliu, Ruxandra Ștefănescu, Diana Gabriela Gheorghieș, Loredana Dandu, Adrian Nisca, Béla Darkó, and Sonia Ancuța Socaci. "Effects of Beech Bark Extract in the Sage (Salvia Officinalis L.) Plant Growth and Volatile Oil Profile." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050676.

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The use of bioactive compounds can act in growth stimulation and also influence the biosynthesis of the metabolites in plants. The aim of this paper is to assess the influence of the beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) bark crude extract (BBCE) on the growth and development of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants. Special attention was given to the analysis of volatile oil obtained from the sage treated plant. Thus, the biological activity of BBCE was assessed by determining the germination capacity, biomass accumulation, histo-anatomical aspects, and photoassimilatory pigment accumulation, quantitative, and qualitative sage volatile oil analysis. The results show stimulation of the biomass and photoassimilatory pigment accumulation. The mesophyll thickness and the vascular tissue surface are smaller in the treated variants, compared to the control. On the other hand, the amount of volatile oil was significantly higher in the treated plants. In the experimental variants, an increase in the quantity of eucalyptol, camphor, camphene, and α-caryophyllene is observed. The amount of eucalyptol increased in the experimental variant, with about 82%, compared to the control. BBCE could be properly used as natural bioregulators because according to our results seems to improve the yield of the sage crop. The results of this research have the potential to contribute greatly to ecological agricultural production.

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Radulović, Niko, and Polina Blagojević. "Volatile Profiles of Artemisia alba from Contrasting Serpentine and Calcareous Habitats." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 7 (July 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500729.

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GC and GC-MS analyses of the essential oils of two populations of Artemisia alba Turra, wild-growing on calcareous and serpentine substrates, enabled the identification of 227 different components. Volatile profiles of the two samples differed significantly and only 48 components were in common to both oils. Major constituents of the oils were as follows: germacrene D (38.3%) in the serpentinophyte A. alba (sometimes regarded as A. alba ssp. saxatilis or A. saxatilis) oil and spathulenol (11.8%), artemisia ketone (10.1%), camphor (7.5%) and 1,8-cineole (7.4%) in A. alba (from calcareous habitat) oil. The noted differences were observable on the class level as well: with 73% the sesquiterpenoids (48.2% hydrocarbons, 24.5% oxygen or sulfur containing) were the most abundant compound class in A. saxatilis oil, while the other oil was dominated by monoterpenoids, comprising ca. 60% of the oil (2.1% hydrocarbons and 54.7% oxygenated). Additionally, the serpentinophyte yielded ca. four times less essential oil. These results pointed out to the fact that the type of substrate (soil) could have an important influence on the biosynthesis of A. alba volatiles (genetically predetermined or environmental), especially in the case of populations grown on serpentine rock, characterized by a deficiency of water and indispensable mineral elements.

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Villa-Ruano, Nemesio, Luis Ángel Morales-Mora, Jenaro Leocadio Varela-Caselis, Antonio Rivera, María de los Ángeles Valencia de Ita, and Omar Romero-Arenas. "Arcopilus aureus MaC7A as a New Source of Resveratrol: Assessment of Amino Acid Precursors, Volatiles, and Fungal Enzymes for Boosting Resveratrol Production in Batch Cultures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 4583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104583.

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The chemical factors that regulate the synthesis of resveratrol (RV) in filamentous fungi are still unknown. This work reports on the RV production by Arcopilus aureus MaC7A under controlled conditions and the effect of amino acid precursors (PHE and TYR), monoterpenes (limonone, camphor, citral, thymol, menthol), and mixtures of hydrolytic enzymes (Glucanex) as elicitors for boosting fungal RV. Batch cultures with variable concentrations of PHE and TYR (50–500 mg L−1) stimulated RV production from 127.9 ± 4.6 to 221.8 ± 5.2 mg L−1 in basic cultures developed in PDB (pH 7) added with 10 g L−1 peptone at 30 °C. Maximum levels of RV and biomass were maintained during days 6–8 under these conditions, whereas a dramatic RV decrease was observed from days 10–12 without any loss of biomass. Among the tested volatiles, citral (50 mg L−1) enhanced RV production until 187.8 ± 2.2 mg L−1 in basic cultures, but better results were obtained with Glucanex (100 mg L−1; 198.3 ± 7.6 mg L−1 RV). Optimized batch cultures containing TYR (200 mg L−1), citral (50 mg L−1), thymol (50 mg L−1), and Glucanex (100 mg L−1) produced up to 237.6 ± 4.7 mg L−1 of RV. Our results suggest that low concentrations of volatiles and mixtures of isoenzymes with β-1, 3 glucanase activity increase the biosynthesis of fungal RV produced by A. aureus MaC7A in batch cultures.

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Fu, Chao, Xinliang Liu, Qian Liu, Fengying Qiu, Jindong Yan, Yueting Zhang, Ting Zhang, and Jianan Li. "Variations in Essential Oils from the Leaves of Cinnamomum bodinieri in China." Molecules 28, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 3659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093659.

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Cinnamomum plants are rich in natural essential oils, which are widely used as materials in the fragrance, insecticidal, antibacterial agent, pharmaceutical, and food industries; however, few studies have investigated the essential oil components of Cinnamomum bodinieri. Therefore, this study investigated the diversity of essential oils from the leaves of 885 individual C. bodinieri plants across 32 populations in five provinces. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and then qualitative and quantitative analyses of the compounds were performed by GC-MS and GC-FID. A total of 87 chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils, including 33 monoterpenes, 48 sesquiterpenes, and six other compounds. The average oil yield was 0.75%, and individual oil yields ranged from 0.01% to 4.28%. A total of 16 chemotypes were classified according to variations in the essential oil chemical constituents of C. bodinieri, among which the camphor-type, citral-type, and eucalyptol-type were dominant. Moreover, the borneol-type, cymol-type, elemol-type, methylisoeugenol-type, and selina-6-en-4-ol-type were reported in C. bodinieri for the first time. The yield and principal components of the essential oils were mainly affected by altitude, temperature, and sunshine duration, among which altitude had the most significant effect; thus, low-altitude areas are more suitable for the synthesis and accumulation of essential oils. Based on the different characteristics of the essential oils in the leaves of C. bodinieri, several excellent populations and individuals were identified in this study. Moreover, the findings provide a foundation for breeding superior varieties and studying essential oil biosynthesis mechanisms in the future.

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Benali, Taoufiq, Ahmed Lemhadri, Kaoutar Harboul, Houda Chtibi, Abdelmajid Khabbach, Si Mohamed Jadouali, Luisa Quesada-Romero, et al. "Chemical Profiling and Biological Properties of Essential Oils of Lavandula stoechas L. Collected from Three Moroccan Sites: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations." Plants 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061413.

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The aim of this study was the determination of the chemical compounds of Lavandula stoechas essential oil from Aknol (LSEOA), Khenifra (LSEOK), and Beni Mellal (LSEOB), and the in vitro investigation of their antibacterial, anticandidal, and antioxidant effects, and in silico anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. The chemical profile of LSEO was determined using GC-MS-MS analysis, the results of which showed a qualitative and quantitative variation in the chemical composition of volatile compounds including L-fenchone, cubebol, camphor, bornyl acetate, and τ-muurolol; indicating that the biosynthesis of essential oils of Lavandula stoechas (LSEO) varied depending on the site of growth. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS and FRAP methods, our results showed that this tested oil is endowed with an ABTS inhibitory effect and an important reducing power which varies between 4.82 ± 1.52 and 15.73 ± 3.26 mg EAA/g extract. The results of antibacterial activity of LSEOA, LSEOK and LSEOB, tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, revealed that B. subtilis (20.66 ± 1.15–25 ± 4.35 mm), P. mirabilis (18.66 ± 1.15–18.66 ± 1.15 mm), and P. aeruginosa (13.33 ± 1.15–19 ± 1.00 mm) are the most susceptible strains to LSEOA, LSEOK and LSEOB of which LSEOB exhibits bactericidal effect against P. mirabilis. furthermore The LSEO exhibited varying degrees of anticandidal activity with an inhibition zones of 25.33 ± 0.5, 22.66 ± 2.51, and 19 ± 1 mm for LSEOK, LSEOB, and LSEOA, respectively. Additionally, the in silico molecular docking process, performed using Chimera Vina and Surflex-Dock programs, indicated that LSEO could inhibit SARS-CoV-2. These important biological properties of LSEO qualify this plant as an interesting source of natural bioactive compounds with medicinal actions.

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FOROUTAN NIA, Amir, Hassanali NAGHDI BADI, Ali MEHRAFARIN, Sanaz BAHMAN, and Mehdi SEIF SAHANDI. "Changes in the essential oil content and terpene composition of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) by using plant biostimulants." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 107, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.107.1.15.

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Plant biostimulants can stimulate the increase of growth, metabolism and the biosynthesis of metabolites in plants. This study investigated the changes of rosemary essential oil and its components composition under use of biostimulants for the possible reduction in use of chemical fertilizers. Treatments included biostimulants based on amino acids in four formulations, Aminolforte, Kadostim, Humiforte, and Fosnutren (each of them at 0.75 and 1.5 L ha-1), and application of N.P.K fertilizer as a control treatment (by applied complete fertilizer at 100 kg per hectar with proportion of 15:8:15 percentage of N:P:K in the fertilizer). Results showed that the essential oil content and its components were significantly affected by biostimulants application. The maximum content of essential oil was obtained at 1.5 L ha-1 Humiforte and both concentrations of Aminolforte. While, the highest content of α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor as major components of rosemary essential oil were obtained at 1.5 L ha-1 Fosnutren. In addition, the maximum content of linalool, z-pinocamphone, bornyl acetate, and caryophyllene oxide were observed at 1.5 L ha-1 Fosnutren.Although, the highest content of myrcene and verbenone was obtained in the treatment with N.P.K fertilizer, but the maximum contents of β-pinene, camphene, borneol, and α-terpineol were related to the both concentrations of Aminolforte.We can conclude that biostimulants based on amino acids can be an effective alternative in reducing the use of chemical fertilizer and increasing the quantity and quality of rosemary essential oil.

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Chemat, Smain, Sonia Boudjelal, Issam Malki, and Alexei Lapkin. "Biosynthesis of spathulenol and camphor stand as a competitive route to artemisinin production as revealed by a new chemometric convergence approach based on nine locations’ field-grown Artemesia annua L." Industrial Crops and Products 137 (October 2019): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.05.056.

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Gong, Xue, Tengfei Shen, Xiuqi Li, Hanbin Lin, Caihui Chen, Huihu Li, Zhaoxiang Wu, et al. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Analysis of bHLH Transcription Factors Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora (‘Gantong 1’)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 3498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043498.

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Cinnamomum camphora is one of the most commonly used tree species in landscaping. Improving its ornamental traits, particularly bark and leaf colors, is one of the key breeding goals. The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) are crucial in controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis in many plants. However, their role in C. camphora remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified 150 bHLH TFs (CcbHLHs) using natural mutant C. camphora ‘Gantong 1’, which has unusual bark and leaf colors. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 150 CcbHLHs were divided into 26 subfamilies which shared similar gene structures and conserved motifs. According to the protein homology analysis, we identified four candidate CcbHLHs that were highly conserved compared to the TT8 protein in A. thaliana. These TFs are potentially involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in C. camphora. RNA-seq analysis revealed specific expression patterns of CcbHLHs in different tissue types. Furthermore, we verified expression patterns of seven CcbHLHs (CcbHLH001, CcbHLH015, CcbHLH017, CcbHLH022, CcbHLH101, CcbHLH118, and CcbHLH134) in various tissue types at different growth stages using qRT-PCR. This study opens a new avenue for subsequent research on anthocyanin biosynthesis regulated by CcbHLH TFs in C. camphora.

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Zhu, Changsan, Fan Zhang, Silin Chen, Kun Wang, Ganju Xiang, Xiaojing Liang, Jiacheng An, Kaixiang Li, and Li Liu. "Proteomics Analysis and Identification of Proteins Related to Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091487.

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Cinnamomum camphora is an evergreen tree that contains essential oils and the leaf is the main organ used to extract essential oils. Isoprenoid is a key component contributing to the essential oils of C. camphora. Still, the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways underlying isoprenoid biosynthesis remain to be explored. In our study, we found that the content of linalool was higher in 65-day-old leaves than that in 15-day-old leaves of linalool-type C. camphora. The leaf proteome of these two materials was then analyzed based on data-independent acquisition, respectively, and 11,503 proteins were identified, of which 11,076 were annotated. Analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed that the expression levels of MCT, MDS, and AACT increased significantly in 65-day-old leaves. Further analysis of the protein interaction network indicated that 15 differentially expressed proteins related to isoprenoid biosynthesis were co-expressed, and also suggested that the transcription factor families of BES1, C3H, MYB, NF-YC, Nin-like, WRKY, ZF-HD, and bHLH may act as candidate regulators of leaf development in C. camphora. Our study verified that the process of isoprenoid biosynthesis in C. camphora is regulated by a complicated network consisting of conserved synthetases, and provides proteomic information for further investigation of isoprenoid metabolic.

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Aouf, Abdelhakim, Sarah Bouaouina, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, and Amr Farouk. "In Silico Study for Algerian Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Pus Samples." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101317.

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In the context of the globally growing problem of resistance to most used antibacterial agents, essential oils offer promising solutions against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic-resistance profiles of bacteria responsible for pyogenic infections in Regional Military University Hospital of Constantine. Disc diffusion and broth microdilution (MIC) methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from five Algerian aromatic plants growing wild in the north of Algeria—Salvia officinalis (Sage), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Mentha pulegium L. (Mentha), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), and Pelargonium roseum (Geranium)—against reference and MDR strains. During three months of the prospective study, 112 isolates out of 431 pus samples were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant species (25%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.42%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21%), and Escherichia coli (17.95%). Among pus isolates, 65 were MDR (58.03%). The radial streak-line assay showed that R. officinalis and M. pulegium L. had weak activity against the tested strains, whereas P. roseum showed no activity at all. Meanwhile, T. vulgaris was the most potent, with an inhibition zone of 12–26 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.25 and 1.25%, followed by S. officinalis with an inhibition zone of 8–12 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.62 and 2.5%. Generally, A. baumannii and S. aureus ATCC6538P were the most sensitive strains, whereas P. aeruginosa ATCC27853 was the most resistant strain to the oils. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of chemical composition revealed the presence of borneol (76.42%) and thymol (17.69%) as predominant in thyme, whereas camphor (36.92%) and α- thujone (34.91%) were the major volatiles in sage. The in-silico study revealed that sesquiterpenes and thymol had the highest binding free energies against the vital enzymes involved in biosynthesis and repair of cell walls, proteins, and nucleic acids compared to monoterpenes. The results demonstrated that T. vulgaris and S. officinalis are ideal candidates for developing future potentially active remedies against MDR strains.

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Du, Yuqing, Hua Zhou, Liying Yang, Luyuan Jiang, Duanfen Chen, Deyou Qiu, and Yanfang Yang. "Advances in Biosynthesis and Pharmacological Effects of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl Essential Oil." Forests 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071020.

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Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl essential oil (CCEO) is a volatile oil with aroma and is extracted from various tissues of Cinnamomum camphora. It is traditionally used as a spice, preservative, as an anti-inflammatory and for sterilization. Terpenoids are the main active components in CCEO. Based on currently available research, considerable effort is still needed to study the biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids in CCEO. In this review, the research progress related to terpenoid biosynthesis and bioactivity in CCEO in recent years is summarized, with the data compiled and presented mainly from online resources such as PubMed, Scopus and CNKI in China up to May 2022. The research advances related to key enzymes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway are mainly discussed. Previous studies have isolated some genes encoding key enzymes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis; however, among these genes, only a few TPS genes have been verified to catalyze the production of terpenoid synthases at the protein level. Most genes encoding key enzymes have been cloned and isolated, but no transgenic experiments have been carried out to verify gene function. In-depth study of the biosynthesis of terpenoids in CCEO may contribute to a better understanding of the differential accumulation of terpenoids in different types of C. camphora and provide reference for improving terpenoid content in CCEO.

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Akhtar, Tariq A., and Eran Pichersky. "Veratrole Biosynthesis in White Campion." Plant Physiology 162, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.214346.

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Huang, Weidong, Minghui Xu, Haiming Duan, Yaling Bi, and Haibing Yu. "Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by AgNPs biosynthesised using Cinnamomum camphora fruit extract." IET Nanobiotechnology 13, no. 1 (September 26, 2018): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5065.

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Odoom-Wubah, Tareque, Xiaoer Chen, Jiale Huang, and Qingbiao Li. "Template-free biosynthesis of flowerlike CuO microstructures using Cinnamomum camphora leaf extract at room temperature." Materials Letters 161 (December 2015): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.08.142.

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Chen, Caihui, Yongda Zhong, Faxin Yu, and Meng Xu. "Deep sequencing identifies miRNAs and their target genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in Cinnamomum camphora." Industrial Crops and Products 145 (March 2020): 111853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111853.

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Ni, Zhouxian, Xin Han, Caihui Chen, Yongda Zhong, Meng Xu, Li-an Xu, and Faxin Yu. "Integrating GC-MS and ssRNA-Seq analysis to identify long non-coding RNAs related to terpenoid biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora." Industrial Crops and Products 171 (November 2021): 113875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113875.

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Gupta, Alok K., Tariq A. Akhtar, Alex Widmer, Eran Pichersky, and Florian P. Schiestl. "Identification of white campion (Silene latifolia) guaiacol O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of veratrole, a key volatile for pollinator attraction." BMC Plant Biology 12, no. 1 (2012): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-158.

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McLain, Katherine A., Kenneth A. Miller, and William R. Collins. "Introducing Organic Chemistry Students to Natural Product Isolation Using Steam Distillation and Liquid Phase Extraction of Thymol, Camphor, and Citral, Monoterpenes Sharing a Unified Biosynthetic Precursor." Journal of Chemical Education 92, no. 7 (May 2015): 1226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed500426e.

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Zhong, Yongda, Caihui Chen, Xue Gong, Xiaoyue Luan, Zhaoxiang Wu, Huihu Li, Qiaoli Liu, Meng Xu, and Faxin Yu. "Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal a key role of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway cascade in the pigmentation of a Cinnamomum camphora red bark mutant (‘Gantong 1’)." Industrial Crops and Products 175 (January 2022): 114236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114236.

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Xu, Chenyi, Bin Wang, Qingyun Luo, Yuandan Ma, Tiefeng Zheng, Yingying Wang, Yuyan Cai, and Zhaojiang Zuo. "The uppermost monoterpenes improving Cinnamomum camphora thermotolerance by serving signaling functions." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (December 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1072931.

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Terpenes serve important functions in enhancing plant thermotolerance. Cinnamomum camphora mainly has eucalyptol (EuL), camphor (CmR), linalool (LnL) and borneol (BeL) chemotypes basing on the uppermost monoterpenes. To reveal the thermotolerance mechanisms of these uppermost monoterpenes (eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, and borneol) in C. camphora, we surveyed the ROS metabolism and photosynthesis in the 4 chemotypes fumigated with the corresponding uppermost monoterpene after fosmidomycin (Fos) inhibiting monoterpene synthesis under high temperature at 38°C (Fos+38°C+monoterpene), and investigated the related gene expression in EuL and CmR. Meanwhile, the thermotolerance differences among the 4 uppermost monoterpenes were analyzed. In contrast to normal temperature (28°C), ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the 4 chemotypes increased under 38°C, and further increased in the treatment with Fos inhibiting monoterpene synthesis at 38°C (Fos+38°C), which may be caused by the alterations in expression of the genes related with non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant formation according to the analyses in EuL and CmR. Compared with Fos+38°C treatment, Fos+38°C+monoterpene treatments lowered ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities for the increased non-enzymatic antioxidant gene expression and decreased enzymatic antioxidant gene expression, respectively. High temperature at 38°C reduced the chlorophyll and carotenoid content as well as photosynthetic abilities, which may result from the declined expression of the genes associated with photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis, light reaction, and carbon fixation. Fos+38°C treatment aggravated the reduction. In contrast to Fos+38°C treatment, Fos+38°C+monoterpene treatments increased photosynthetic pigment content and improved photosynthetic abilities by up-regulating related gene expression. Among the 4 uppermost monoterpenes, camphor showed strong abilities in lowering ROS and maintaining photosynthesis, while eucalyptol showed weak abilities. This was consistent with the recovery effects of the gene expression in the treatments with camphor and eucalyptol fumigation. Therefore, the uppermost monoterpenes can enhance C. camphora thermotolerance as signaling molecules, and may have differences in the signaling functions.

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Jiang, Rihong, Xinlian Chen, Xuezhu Liao, Dan Peng, Xiaoxu Han, Changsan Zhu, Ping Wang, et al. "A Chromosome-Level Genome of the Camphor Tree and the Underlying Genetic and Climatic Factors for Its Top-Geoherbalism." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (April 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.827890.

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Camphor tree [Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl], a species in the magnoliid family Lauraceae, is known for its rich volatile oils and is used as a medical cardiotonic and as a scent in many perfumed hygiene products. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of C. camphora with a scaffold N50 of 64.34 Mb and an assembled genome size of 755.41 Mb. Phylogenetic inference revealed that the magnoliids are a sister group to the clade of eudicots and monocots. Comparative genomic analyses identified two rounds of ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD). Tandem duplicated genes exhibited a higher evolutionary rate, a more recent evolutionary history and a more clustered distribution on chromosomes, contributing to the production of secondary metabolites, especially monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which are the principal essential oil components. Three-dimensional analyses of the volatile metabolites, gene expression and climate data of samples with the same genotype grown in different locations showed that low temperature and low precipitation during the cold season modulate the expression of genes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, especially TPS genes, which facilitates the accumulation of volatile compounds. Our study lays a theoretical foundation for policy-making regarding the agroforestry applications of camphor tree.

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Czechowski, Tomasz, Caroline Branigan, Anne Rae, Deborah Rathbone, Tony R. Larson, David Harvey, Theresa M. Catania, et al. "Artemisia annua L. plants lacking Bornyl diPhosphate Synthase reallocate carbon from monoterpenes to sesquiterpenes except artemisinin." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (October 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1000819.

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The monoterpene camphor is produced in glandular secretory trichomes of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua, which also produces the antimalarial drug artemisinin. We have found that, depending on growth conditions, camphor can accumulate at levels ranging from 1- 10% leaf dry weight (LDW) in the Artemis F1 hybrid, which has been developed for commercial production of artemisinin at up to 1% LDW. We discovered that a camphor null (camphor-0) phenotype segregates in the progeny of self-pollinated Artemis material. Camphor-0 plants also show reduced levels of other less abundant monoterpenes and increased levels of the sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate plus sesquiterpenes, including enzymatically derived artemisinin pathway intermediates but not artemisinin. One possible explanation for this is that high camphor concentrations in the glandular secretory trichomes play an important role in generating the hydrophobic conditions required for the non-enzymatic conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid tertiary hydroperoxide to artemisinin. We established that the camphor-0 phenotype associates with a genomic deletion that results in loss of a Bornyl diPhosphate Synthase (AaBPS) gene candidate. Functional characterization of the corresponding enzyme in vitro confirmed it can catalyze the first committed step in not only camphor biosynthesis but also in a number of other monoterpenes, accounting for over 60% of total volatiles in A. annua leaves. This in vitro analysis is consistent with loss of monoterpenes in camphor-0 plants. The AaBPS promoter drives high reporter gene expression in A. annua glandular secretory trichomes of juvenile leaves with expression shifting to non-glandular trichomes in mature leaves, which is consistent with AaBPS transcript abundance.

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Wang, Xin-Dong, Chun-Yan Xu, Yong-Jie Zheng, Yan-Fang Wu, Yue-Ting Zhang, Ting Zhang, Zhen-Yu Xiong, et al. "Chromosome-level genome assembly and resequencing of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) provides insight into phylogeny and diversification of terpenoid and triglyceride biosynthesis of Cinnamomum." Horticulture Research, September 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac216.

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Abstract Cinnamomum species attract attentions owing to their scents, medicinal properties, and ambiguous relationship in the phylogenetic tree. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly of C. camphora, based on which two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events were detected in the C. camphora genome: one was shared with Magnoliales, and the other was unique to Lauraceae. Phylogenetic analyses illustrated that Lauraceae species formed a compact sister clade to the eudicots. We then performed whole-genome resequencing on 24 Cinnamomum species native to China, and the results showed that the topology of Cinnamomum species was not entirely consistent with morphological classification. The rise and molecular basis of chemodiversity in Cinnamomum were also fascinating issues. In this study, six chemotypes were classified and six main terpenoids were identified as major contributors of chemodiversity in C. camphora by the principal component analysis. Through in vitro assays and subcellular localization analyses, we identified two key terpene synthase (TPS) genes (CcTPS16 and CcTPS54), the products of which were characterized to catalyze the biosynthesis of two uppermost volatiles (i.e.,1,8-cineole and (iso)nerolidol), respectively, and meditate the generation of two chemotypes by transcriptional regulation and compartmentalization. Additionally, the pathway of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) biosynthesis in Lauraceae was investigated for the first time. Synteny analysis suggested that the divergent synthesis of MCT and long-chain triglyceride (LCT) in Lauraceae kernels was probably controlled by specific medium-chain fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (FatB), type-B lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (type-B LPAAT), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2b (DGAT 2b) isoforms during co-evolution with retentions or deletions in the genome.

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Chen, Xinlian, Shichao Sun, Xiaoxu Han, Cheng Li, Fengjiao Wang, Bao Nie, Zhuangwei Hou, et al. "Multiomics comparison among populations of three plant sources of Amomi Fructus." Horticulture Research 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhad128.

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ABSTRACT Amomi Fructus (Sharen, AF) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from three source species (or varieties), including Wurfbainia villosa var. villosa (WVV), W. villosa var. xanthioides (WVX), or W. longiligularis (WL). Among them, WVV has been transplanted from its top-geoherb region, Guangdong, to its current main production area, Yunnan, for >50 years in China. However, the genetic and transcriptomic differentiation among multiple AF source species (or varieties) and between the origin and transplanted populations of WVV is unknown. In our study, the observed overall higher expression of terpenoid biosynthesis genes in WVV than in WVX provided possible evidence for the better pharmacological effect of WVV. We also screened six candidate borneol dehydrogenases (BDHs) that potentially catalyzed borneol into camphor in WVV and functionally verified them. Highly expressed genes at the P2 stage of WVV, Wv05G1424 and Wv05G1438, were capable of catalyzing the formation of camphor from (+)-borneol, (−)-borneol and DL-isoborneol. Moreover, the BDH genes may experience independent evolution after acquiring the ancestral copies, and the following tandem duplications might account for the abundant camphor content in WVV. Furthermore, four populations of WVV, WVX, and WL are genetically differentiated, and the gene flow from WVX to WVV in Yunnan contributed to the greater genetic diversity in the introduced population (WVV-JH) than in its top-geoherb region (WVV-YC), which showed the lowest genetic diversity and might undergo genetic degradation. In addition, terpene synthesis (TPS) and BDH genes were selected among populations of multiple AF source species (or varieties) and between the top- and non-top-geoherb regions, which might explain the difference in metabolites between these populations. Our findings provide important guidance for the conservation, genetic improvement, and industrial development of the three source species (or varieties) and for identifying top-geoherbalism with molecular markers, and proper clinical application of AF.

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Salam, Lateef Babatunde, Oluwafemi Sunday Obayori, Mathew Olusoji Ilori, and Olukayode Oladipo Amund. "Deciphering the cytochrome P450 genes in the microbiome of a chronically polluted soil with history of agricultural activities." Bulletin of the National Research Centre 46, no. 1 (October 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00947-1.

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Abstract Background Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are exciting biocatalysts that catalyzes diverse regio- and stereoselective reactions of a broad range of substrates. The cytochrome P450 genes (CYPomes) of a chronically polluted soil (3S) with history of agricultural activities were deciphered via functional annotation of putative ORFs (open reading frames) using KEGG KofamKOALA, PHMMER, the Cytochrome P450 Engineering Database CYPED v6.0, and the NCBI Batch Web CD-Search tool. Results Annotation revealed the detection of seventy-seven CYP families and eight standalone CYPs cutting across the three domains of life. The prokaryote CYPome has 72 CYP families, 93 subfamilies, and seven standalone CYPs. The phylum Proteobacteria and the genera Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, and Bacillus with 17, 16, 24, and 5 CYP families were predominant, while the domain Archaea was represented by CYP119A1. The phylum Cyanobacteria has two families, while 23 actinobacterial CYPs (other than Streptomyces and Mycobacterium) were also detected. The detected prokaryote CYPs are responsible for biodegradation of camphor, hydroxylation of monoterpene alcohols, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and hydroxylation of fatty acids and steroidal compounds. The eukaryote CYPome was represented by seven fungal CYPs (CYP505A3, CYP505B1, CYP51A, CYP51C, CYP55A1, CYP55A2, and CYP55A3) from Acremonium egyptiacum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus oryzae, Gibberella moniliformis, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium lichenicola, respectively, and CYP524A1 from the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. The fungi CYPs were involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, hydroxylation of fatty acids, and nitrate reduction and denitrification. Conclusions This study has established the diverse roles played by CYPs in soil, its implication for soil health and resilience, and its potentials for industrial application.

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Bansal, Shilpi, Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya, Bhawana Mishra, Muktesh Chandra, Ritesh Kumar Yadav, and Neelam Singh Sangwan. "HMG-CoA reductase from Camphor Tulsi (Ocimum kilimandscharicum) regulated MVA dependent biosynthesis of diverse terpenoids in homologous and heterologous plant systems." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (February 23, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17153-z.

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Yang, Zerui, Ting Zhan, Chunzhu Xie, Song Huang, and Xiasheng Zheng. "Genome-wide analyzation and functional characterization on the TPS family provide insight into the biosynthesis of mono-terpenes in the camphor tree." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.039.

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Shariati, Aref, Mojtaba Didehdar, Shabnam Razavi, Mohsen Heidary, Fatemeh Soroush, and Zahra Chegini. "Natural Compounds: A Hopeful Promise as an Antibiofilm Agent Against Candida Species." Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (July 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.917787.

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The biofilm communities of Candida are resistant to various antifungal treatments. The ability of Candida to form biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces is considered one of the most important virulence factors of these fungi. Extracellular DNA and exopolysaccharides can lower the antifungal penetration to the deeper layers of the biofilms, which is a serious concern supported by the emergence of azole-resistant isolates and Candida strains with decreased antifungal susceptibility. Since the biofilms’ resistance to common antifungal drugs has become more widespread in recent years, more investigations should be performed to develop novel, inexpensive, non-toxic, and effective treatment approaches for controlling biofilm-associated infections. Scientists have used various natural compounds for inhibiting and degrading Candida biofilms. Curcumin, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, terpinen-4-ol, linalool, geraniol, cineole, saponin, camphor, borneol, camphene, carnosol, citronellol, coumarin, epigallocatechin gallate, eucalyptol, limonene, menthol, piperine, saponin, α-terpineol, β–pinene, and citral are the major natural compounds that have been used widely for the inhibition and destruction of Candida biofilms. These compounds suppress not only fungal adhesion and biofilm formation but also destroy mature biofilm communities of Candida. Additionally, these natural compounds interact with various cellular processes of Candida, such as ABC-transported mediated drug transport, cell cycle progression, mitochondrial activity, and ergosterol, chitin, and glucan biosynthesis. The use of various drug delivery platforms can enhance the antibiofilm efficacy of natural compounds. Therefore, these drug delivery platforms should be considered as potential candidates for coating catheters and other medical material surfaces. A future goal will be to develop natural compounds as antibiofilm agents that can be used to treat infections by multi-drug-resistant Candida biofilms. Since exact interactions of natural compounds and biofilm structures have not been elucidated, further in vitro toxicology and animal experiments are required. In this article, we have discussed various aspects of natural compound usage for inhibition and destruction of Candida biofilms, along with the methods and procedures that have been used for improving the efficacy of these compounds.

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Tang, Yin, Xiaofan Lv, Yumin Liu, Donghong Cui, and Yani Wu. "Metabonomics Study in Mice With Learning and Memory Impairment on the Intervention of Essential Oil Extracted From Cinnamomum camphora Chvar. Borneol." Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (March 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.770411.

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Our objective was to explore the mechanism of essential oil that was extracted from Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol (Borneol essential oil) for improving learning and memory impairment in mice. Brain tissue and plasma samples of a normal group, a model group, a Borneol essential oil group and a reference group were detected using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) in order to find differential metabolites and analyze metabolic pathways. Results showed that there were 11 different metabolites --including glycine and azelaic acid --in plasma samples, and that there were 26 different metabolites--including adenine and aspartic acid --in brain tissue samples. These metabolites are involved in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, beta-alanine metabolism, glyoxylate acid and dicarboxylate metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Thus, Borneol essential oil may improve learning and memory impairment by regulating amino acid metabolism and/or neurotransmitter changes.

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Eldeghidy, Abeer, Gamal Abdel-Fattah, Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed, and Ghada G. Abdel-Fattah. "Production, bioprocessing and antiproliferative activity of camptothecin from Aspergillus terreus, endophyte of Cinnamomum camphora: restoring their biosynthesis by indigenous microbiome of C. camphora." Microbial Cell Factories 22, no. 1 (August 3, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12934-023-02158-3.

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AbstractFungal producing potency of camptothecin (CPT) raise the hope for their usage to be a platform for industrial production of CPT, nevertheless, attenuation of their productivity of CPT with the subculturing and preservation is the challenge. So, screening for novel endophytic fungal isolates with a reliable CPT-biosynthetic stability was the objective. Among the isolated endophytic fungi from the tested medicinal plants, Aspergillus terreus OQ642314.1, endophyte of Cinnamomum camphora, exhibits the highest yield of CPT (89.4 μg/l). From the NMR, FT-IR and LC–MS/MS analyses, the extracted CPT from A. terreus gave the same structure and molecular mass fragmentation pattern of authentic CPT (349 m/z). The putative CPT had a significant activity against MCF7 (0.27 µM) and HEPG-2 (0.8 µM), with a strong affinity to inhibits the human Topoisomerase 1 activity (IC50 0.362 μg/ml) as revealed from the Gel-based DNA relaxation assay. The purified CPT displayed a strong antimicrobial activity for various bacterial (E. coli and B. cereus) and fungal (A. flavus and A. parasiticus) isolates, ensuring the unique tertiary, and stereo-structure of A. terreus for penetrating the microbial cell walls and targeting the topoisomerase I. The higher dual activity of the purified CPT as antimicrobial and antitumor, emphasize their therapeutic efficiency, especially with growth of the opportunistic microorganisms due to the suppression of human immune system with the CPT uses in vivo. The putative CPT had an obvious activity against the tumor cell (MCF7) metastasis, and migration as revealed from the wound healing assay. The overall yield of A. terreus CPT was maximized with the Blackett-Burman design by twofolds increment (164.8 μg/l). The CPT yield by A. terreus was successively diminished with the multiple fungal subculturing, otherwise, the CPT productivity of A. terreus was restored, and increased over the zero culture upon coculturing with C. camphora microbiome (1.5% w/v), ensuring the restoring of CPT biosynthetic potency of A. terreus by the plant microbiome-derived chemical signals “microbial communication”. This is the first report exploring the feasibility of A. terreus “endophyte of C. camphora” to be a preliminary platform for commercial production of CPT with a reliable sustainability upon uses of indigenous C. camphora microbiome.

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Chen, Caihui, Yongjie Zheng, Yongda Zhong, Yangfang Wu, Zhiting Li, Li-An Xu, and Meng Xu. "Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora." BMC Genomics 19, no. 1 (July 24, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4941-1.

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Hou, Jiexi, Jie Zhang, Beihong Zhang, Xiaofang Jin, Haiyan Zhang, and Zhinong Jin. "Transcriptional Analysis of Metabolic Pathways and Regulatory Mechanisms of Essential Oil Biosynthesis in the Leaves of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl." Frontiers in Genetics 11 (November 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.598714.

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Zhang, Zhang, Yi Wang, Xiao-Long Yuan, Ya-Na Luo, Ma-Niya Luo, and Yuan Zheng. "Effects of Culture Mechanism of Cinnamomum kanehirae and C. camphora on the Expression of Genes Related to Terpene Biosynthesis in Antrodia cinnamomea." Mycobiology, April 21, 2022, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2022.2059156.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Camphor Biosynthesis'

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